流通概论形成性考核册作业1

流通概论形成性考核册作业1 流通概论形成性考核册作业1—3章 一、填空题 1、社会分工、商品交换 2、劳动生产率、相互依赖 3、产权MATCH_ word word文档格式规范word作业纸小票打印word模板word简历模板免费word简历 _1716615029003_3、商品交换 4、宏观经济因素 5、服务、选址 6、百货店、超级市场 7、竞争优势性、运营“两便性” 8、批发商业、零售商业 二、名词解释 1、社会分工:就是指人类从事各种劳动的社会划分及其独立化、专业化。 2、业种与业态:是两种对商业进行分类的方法。按业种进行分类就是按商业的经营对象——商品的种类(或大类)对商业进行分类，也叫商品别分类，业种强调的是“卖什么”;按业态进行分类就是按商业的经营方式进行的分类，也叫经营或销售方式别分类，业态强调的是“怎样卖”。 3、零售要素组合:是指零售商用以满足顾客需求并影响其购买决策的各种营销要素的组合。其各种要素包括商品、价格、服务、广告及促销、店铺设计与商品陈列、销售、选址等。 4、正规连锁:以单一资本直接经营11个以上的零售业或饮食业，也称所有权连锁。正规连锁与其它形态的连锁店相比，是由单一资本构成，所有权属于同一公司或同一资本所有。只有一个决策机构决定各家连锁店的经营品种，集中进行商品采购，并分销给各家连锁店，统一指定商品价格，采取一致的促销手段和店堂布置，便于统一投资，统一财务管理核算。 5、超级市场:在我国，是指采取自选方式，以销售食品为主，生鲜品占一定比重，满足人们日常生活需要的零售店。 三、单项选择题 1、C 2、C 3、B 4、A 5、D 6、A 7、C 8、D 9、D 10、B 四、判断正误 1、×。应为:第二次社会大分工是手工业与农业、畜牧业的分离。 2、? 3、? 4、×。我国商业的就业比重仅次于制造业，居第二位。 5、×。商业对经济增长的贡献程度可通过商业增长贡献率、商业增长贡献额和商业产出弹性系数等指标来衡量。 6、×。批发商业和零售商业的最终分离大约发生在19世纪70年代产业革命时期。 7、×。适者生存理论是美国学者吉恩特和迪斯曼提出的。 8、×。应将“正规连锁”改成“自由连锁” 9、×。应将“日本”改成“美国”，将“6点”改成“7点”。 10、×。商业与这五个方面不完全具有直接的相关性。 五、简答题 1、联系所在地区的实际，说明商业对充分就业的贡献。 答:我们知道，商业的一个基本特征就是对劳动力有较强的吸纳能力。正因为这个特征，才使商业成为一个对充分就业有特别贡献的产业。实践证明，一国就业水平的高低在很大程度上取决于商业的发展水平。从各国实际情况来看，商业的确承担了相当大部分的就业任务。因此，有的国家甚至把扶持、发展商业作为解决就业问题的一项经济政策。 2、零售商业三次革命的主要内容是什么, 答:零售商业的第一次革命的标志是现代意义的百货店的诞生。最早的百货店是19世纪50年代法国巴黎人创设的“大百货公司”。60年代以后，百货店很快在世界各国，特别是在美国迅速发展起来。百货店的出现，是零售商业对以机械化为基础的大量生产体制和城市化进程加快，尤其是大城市加快发展的直接反应。因而百货店是现代零售业的最主要形式。 连锁商店的产生，是继百货店出现以后，零售商业的又一次革命。连锁商店的原型可追溯到中世纪晚期，德国的富格尔公司在15世纪时就在欧洲各地设立了许多分店;17世纪中叶，日本的三井公司也开办了连锁形式的商店。一般认为，现代意义的连锁商店于1859年在美国诞生。20世纪20年代以后，连锁商店迅速发展，1967年美国连锁商店所实现的销售额已占压倒优势，欧洲和日本的连锁商店虽然起步较晚，但也很快取得了优势地位，成为零售商业领域的主力军。 零售商业的第三次革命是超级市场的产生。20世纪30年代，超级市场首先出现在美国，随后逐渐被引进到日本和欧洲。超级市场产生以后，发展十分迅速，经营范围也不断扩大，经营的商品由生鲜食品和加工食品扩大到服装、电器和日用杂品，且店铺规模不断扩大，管理手段也日益现代化。超级市场的出现，不仅改变了消费者的购物方式，而且改变了消费者的生活方式，并对生产和流通产生了深远的影响。 3、与其他产业相比，零售商业具有哪些特点, 答:(1)交易次数频繁，交易批量小; (2)对店铺选址及店铺设计有较高的依赖; (3)经营场所分散，经营受商圈的限制。 4、简述超级市场的经营特征和主要优势。 答:与其他业态相比，超级市场的经营特征和主要优势有:商品构成是以食品、衣服、日用杂货等常用必需品为主;实行自我服务和一次集中结算的销货方式;薄利多销，商品周转速度快;商品新鲜、洁净，明码标价，并在包装上注明商品的质量与重量;实行商品经营管理制度，按部门陈列山品;设有停车场。 案例分析: 便利店是指以经营即时性商品为主，以满足便利性需求为第一宗旨，采取自选购物方式的小型零售店 便利店的基本特点—教材77页第15行开始到77页结束 案例思考题: 从而可以看出太阳系连锁便利店的经验，虽然与那些上市或国有连锁便利店的资本相比太阳系明显处于弱势，相应在门店扩张速度上远远落后于后面在门店数量达到30家以后，太阳系的扩张变得越来越乏力，但是太阳系连锁店还是坚持全部门店24小时营业，通过为了解决采购规模问题和配送问题，佟培新把他们发展成了加盟店，从而解决了进货规模也解决了太阳系门店扩张资金不足的问题。 从太阳系连锁便利店经营方式得出:一是项目选择 很多人习惯性的从个人喜好出发，往往主观的认为自己喜欢的项目就同等于消费者也喜欢，缺乏对前期市场准确的调查和理性分析。另外，对项目发展前景过于乐观，对销售及利润率预计偏高，而对自身的营运能力，后续资金的投入投资风险等因素估计不足、成本核算不到位，许多新的老板容易将成本核算过于简单化，是对“成本”这一概念的理解上产生了偏差，以为成本就是公司的租金、员工的工资及产品的进货成 本，二是许多隐性成本可能还没有核算，例如电脑等固定资产的折旧、资金安排不合理、现有资金分配不够合理，缺乏资金整合使用规划，资金使用时基本不考虑整体性，以及是否存在超出安全比例的情况。 以下就是我总结的太阳系连锁便利店的经验和教训:管理方式简单，不仅仅是内部运营管理而且涉及到客户管理、员工管理和激励等方面，因为缺乏经验许多老板都容易从惯性思维出发，依照自己的心情来做，于是经常性出现员工和顾客倒戈的事情也就不足为怪了。 <<流通概论》形成性考核册作业2(除分析题外)参考答案 一、 填空题1. 理想的店铺位置应该是商业活动频繁、 人口密度与客流量、交通便利、接近集客地以及 同类商店的地区。2. 商圈可分为核心商圈、次级商圈和 边缘商圈三个层次。其边缘商圈的顾客大约占 10%。3. 店铺的外观设计必须遵循两个原则，这就是:让顾客确知店铺的存在和让顾客来店。4. 评价商品组合优劣的标志归纳起来主要有:发展性、竞争性和盈利性。5. 确定商品结构的基本要求是:适合顾客对商品的选择;适合地区特点和经营条件;保持顾客的基本需要;保证顾客对商品配套的需求;适合 商品销售规模和经济效益的要求。6. 与零售商业相比，批发商业具有交易批量大、交易范围广、 交易关系稳定等特点，并具有集散商品、调节供求、节约成本、 信息传递、流通加工、 流通金融和物流等功能，在商品流通中发挥着重要作用。7. 按经营主体不同，可将批发商业分为独立批发商、制造批发商、 共同批发商、批兼零批发商、连锁批发商和商品代理商。8. 与零售商业不同，批发商业的用户主要包括 再销售者、产业用户、 事业用户和政府部门四类。二、名词解释1(商圈——商圈是指店铺能够有效吸引顾客来店的地理区域。商圈可分为三个层次，即核心商圈、次级商圈和边缘商圈。2(商品陈列——是指商店通过各种工具与设施向目标顾客展示商品。对一个商店来说，商品陈列主要有两种，即橱窗商品陈列与卖场商品陈列。3(商品组合——就是一个零售企业经营的全部商品的结构。它通常包括若干商品大类，即商品系列。4(关联商品——是指同主力商品或辅助商品共同购买、共同消费的商品。如西服与领带。5(批发商业——是指向再销售者、产业和事业用户销售商品和服务的商业。再销售者是指通过转卖商品而获得利润的营利性组织，具体包括批发商与零售商，是二次及其以下的批发商和零售商。三、单项选择题(将正确答案的字母序号填写在括号内) 1(次级商圈是指核心商圈的外围区域，在这个区域内顾客来店购物比较方便。次级商圈的顾客大约占(C)。A(55,,70, B(60,,70, C(15,,25, D(20%,25,2(商圈分析是指经营者对商圈的构成情况、特点、(A)以及影响商圈规模变化的因素进行实地调查和分析。A(范围 B(规模 C(目标顾客 D(收入水平3(“零售引力法则”认为，城市人口越多、规模越大，商业越发达，对顾客的吸引力就越大。这一法则是由(D)在1929年提出的。A(美国零售学者戴维?霍夫 B(日本学者小林启孝C(日本学者渡边敬二 D(美国学者威廉?雷利4(一个地区内的商业区或购物区类型大体包括:(D)。A(中心商业区、副中心商业区、购物中心B(中心商业区、副中心商业区、购物中心和独立店区C(中心商业区、副中心商业区、商业小区、购物中心D(中心商业区、辅助商业区、客表示歉意C(商品调节、价格调节、服务调节和向顾客表示歉意D(现金退还、商品调节、价格调节和向顾客表示歉意9(从全社会来说，流通成本是指花费在商品流通过程中的各种费 用，包括(B)与物流费用。A(运输费用 B(商流费用 C(保管费用 D(谈判费用10(流通加工功能是批发商业的重要功能，事实证明，一些具有竞争实力的批发商往往都是很具有流通加工能力的批发商。流通加工是指要对采购的商品进行(D)。A(分类、分级、分等、包装和初加工B(分类、分级、分等、整理、包装和初加工C(分类、分等、整理、包装和初加工D(分类、分级、分等、整理、编配、包装和初加工四、判断正误(若有错误，请更正)1( 在测定商圈的基础上，通过地区分析、商业区分析，便可选择、确定理想的店铺位置。(×)更正:在测定商圈的基础上，通过地区分析、商业区分析和具体位置分析，便可选择、确定理想的店铺位置。2( 核心商圈是指最接近店铺的区域，在这个区域内顾客来店购物最方便。大型店铺的核心商圈在8公里内，其顾客大约占60,一80,。 ×)更正:核心商圈是指最接近店铺的区域，在这个区域内顾客来店购物最方便。大型店铺的核心商圈在5公里内，其顾客大约占55,一70,。3( 居住人口是次级商圈中基本顾客的主要来源。零售店铺附近的居住人口越多，潜在的顾客也就越多，商圈规模也就相对扩大。 (×)更正:工作人口是次级商圈中基本顾客的主要来源。零售店铺附近的工作人口越多，潜在的顾客也就越多，商圈规模也就相对扩大。(或:居住人口是核心商圈中基本顾客的主要来源。零售店铺附近的居住人口越多，潜在的顾客也就越多，商圈规模也就相对扩大。4( 对新设店铺来说，其商圈的确定，可根据当地零售市场的销售潜力，运用趋势分析来确定，如运用城市规划、人口分布、住宅建设、小区开发、公路建设、 (?)5( 通道的宽度因客流量及公共交通等方面的资料来确定商圈的范围。 卖场面积的大小而不同，但最低应保持两人并行时所需要的宽度，即在1米之间。 (×)更正:通道的宽度因客流量及卖场面积的大小而不同，但最低应保持两人并行时所需要的宽度，即在0.8,0 9米之间。6( 设计适当的照明是商店展示店容、宣传商品、方便选购的重要手段。 (?)7( 顾客来店往往通过“看、听、嗅、尝、触”五种感觉来进行购买决策，因此，卖场的商品陈列应该达到有效刺激顾客五种感觉的效果。为此，要遵循八大原则。 (×)更正:顾客来店往往通过“看、听、嗅、尝、触”五种感觉来进行购买决策，因此，卖场的商品陈列应该达到有效刺激顾客五种感觉的效果。为此，要遵循“醒目、亲切、丰满、吸引力、方便、展示、附加说明、心理、整体、效益”十大原则。8( 零售学研究者们发现，商品陈列的高度决定顾客“易见易触”的商品程度，从而直接影响商品的销售。一般来说，商品陈列高度的有效范围在离地面的0(8,1(8米之间。(×)更正:零售学研究者们发现，商品陈列的高度决定顾客“易见易触”的商品程度，从而直接影响商品的 (6,1(8米之间。9( 商销售。一般来说，商品陈列高度的有效范围在离地面的0 品结构中的主力商品就是指高档商品。(×)更正:主力商品也称拳头商品，是指那些周转率高、销售量大，在零售经营中，无论是数量还是销售额均占主要部分的商品。10(批发商既是制造商的销售代理人，也是零售商的采购代理人。(×)更正:批发商既是生产者的销售代理人，也是零售商或产业用户的购买代理人。五、简答题1(为什么说店铺选址对零售经营具有特别重要的意义?答:选址就是店铺位置的选择、确定。对有店铺零售商来说，店铺选址是非常重要的。因为，顾客选择商店进行购物时，店铺的位置是所考虑的最重要因素，同时，店铺的空间位置也是形成差别化甚至垄断经营的重要条件。零售经营者可以随时改变他们的价格、商品组合、服务内容与促销手段等营销组合要素，而店铺的位置一旦决 定就很难改变了，因此，占据优越的店铺位置是获得其他竞争者不易模仿的竞争优势的重要途径。其重要意义表现为:店铺选址是一项大的、长期性投资，关系到零售企业的发展前途;店铺选址是零售经营者确定经营目标、制定经营策略的重要依据;店铺选址是影响经营效率的重要因素。2(商品陈列有哪些技术要求?答:商品陈列的技术要求主要有:a) 陈列高度及位置。所有的商品陈列都必须是“易见易触”的陈列，它直接影响商品的销售。一般来说，商品陈列高度的有效范围在离地面的0(6米,1(8米之间，其中又可为四段，即上段(1(2,1(8米)、黄金段(0(85,1(2米)、中段(0(5,0(85米)和下段(0(1,0(5米)。然而，各段的商品陈列效果却是不同的。b) 标题说明。商品陈列要附有简单的标题或文字说明，以帮助顾客了解商品的具体销售地点、商品的性能和用途。卖场的商品陈列标题可分为“大标题”、“中标题”和“小标题”。c) 背景色彩。商品的颜色、种类多种多样，因此，背景色彩的选择也很困难，但背景色彩配置的好坏对商品陈列效果也有一定的影响，在选择背景色彩时要注意以下几点:?不能太显眼。?不使用补色。?选择与商品同系统的色调。?多使用冷色。d) 陈列技巧。商店为了提高销售业绩，可以使用各种技巧进行陈列，以达到吸引顾客注意，唤起顾客购买欲望的目的。常用的陈列“小技巧”有:?表现“廉价”的陈列。?表现“高级”的陈列。?表现“丰富”的陈列。?表现“别人买过”的陈列。3(观察你所在地区的某个商场或店铺，分析其内部设计，并指出在某一方面的特色。4(未来批发商业的发展方向是什么?答:从总体上看， ) 组织化。它包括两层含义:一是批发商自批发商业将呈现以下发展趋势:(1 身的组织化;二是用户组织化。(2) 信息化。它主要包括两项内容:一是高效率的信息搜集、加工和处理系统;二是向用户提供高质量的信息。(3) 物流化。物流功能是批发商业的重要功能。从发展趋势看，批发商必须将工作重点转向物流，将提高物流服务能力作为自己的核心竞争力来培养。(4) 专业化。从发展看，各种专业批发商将成为批发商的主流，并由“业种批发”向“业态批发”转变。 案例分析题答案 此案例给我的启示就是店铺选址的比品牌重要。 景德镇瓷城这样的店对铺零售商来说，店铺的选址非常重要。这是因为顾客选择商店进行购物时，店铺的位置是其所考虑的重要因素，同时店铺的空间位置也是形成差别化甚至垄断经营的重要条件。就陶瓷城的经营者来说，他可以随时改变他们的价格，服务内容与促销手段等营销组合要素，而店铺的位置一旦决定就难以改变了，因此，该陶瓷城优越的地理位置是其他竞争对手不易模仿的竞争优势的重要途径。 店铺的选址是经营者确定经营目标，制定经营策略的重要依据，不同的地区不同的地段有不同的社会环境、心理特点、交通条件、公共设施、人口状况和潜在的顾客群。景德镇陶瓷对消费者来说是一种高档的奢侈品，将店铺设在王府井商业街的繁华地段，可以吸引大量的购物人群前来购买，特别是中外游客及一些固定客户，由于店铺所在位置的优势，就使得店铺销售业绩一直很好。 可见，调查店铺选址所在商圈的特点构成范围就很重要。该商圈的潜在购买力很大意义上决定店铺经营的成败，是企业经营目标，制定经营策略的重要依据，是影响经营效率的重要因素，关系到零售企业的发展前途。 首都北京市一个拥有悠久历史文化、背景的历史和世界名城，而北京王府井商业街，在全国乃至世界都有影响力的商业街，这里的人流量大，商业活动频繁，而 且经常有外国游客慕名而来。随着消费市场的逐步成熟和行业声誉的建立，陶瓷城的销售额会更好，营业额会更高，这一切都说明零售店铺选址的重要性。 景德镇在中国也是具有2000多年的历史，其工艺质量也值得信赖，在品牌中占据了优势，品牌的长期暗示往往能创造出潜在的商机，这种行业的声誉的建立和未来消费市场的培育使投资者更看重的。 因此，针对销售产品的特点和面向客户群体，选择一个有利的位置，无疑是成功的重要因素，因此陶瓷城的兴隆就不足为奇了。 《流通概论》形成性考核册作业32010-10-06 21:42 《流通概论》形成性考核册作业3 7—8章参考答案 一、填空题 1( 在批发市场的发展过程中，主要发生了两个转变:一是由自发形成到自觉建设 的转变，二是由民间开办到政府开办的转变。 2( 批发市场一般是不以盈利为目的的事业法人，而批发商是以以盈利为目的 的企业法人或自然人。 3( 批发市场有许多种类，按交易批量的大小及 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 化程度的高低，可将批发市场划分为中央批发市场、地方批发市场和自由批发市场 。各类批发市场在商品流通中发挥着不同的功能与作用。 4( 一般来说，批发市场的交易规则主要包括三个层次，即交易原则、 会员制度和保证金制度。从国内外批发市场的实际情况来看，拍卖或投标原则、 委托代理原则、公平原则、限制性原则、收费原则是批发市场应遵循的基本原则。 5.批发市场的交易形式基本上有两种;一种是 交易所形式，另一种是摊位制。目前，我国的批发市场大多数都采用摊位制的交易形式。 6( 世界上大多数商品交易所都采取会员制形式的商品交易所。这类商品交易所其内部组织机构大致包括:交易所会员、 交易所理事会、专业委员会和结算机构四部分。 7( 商业自动化是运用现代化科学手段和方法实现商业管理现代化的过程，主要包括信息流通 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 化、 商品销售自动化、物流自动化、商品配选自动化、服务设施自动化、管理信息系统建设等。 8( 与传统商店相比，网上商店有许多特点，如节省商店的租金和设备费用、 降低商店的营运成本、经营规模不受地域和场所限制、可更好地为消费者提供服务、有固定的消费者群体等。 二、名词解释 1(批发市场——是指集中进行现货批量交易的场所。 2(商品交易所—是指集中进行一种或数种商品的期货交易的场所。 3(网上贸易——也称电子贸易或网上交易，是指利用国际互联网或其他专用网络进行的贸易活动。 4(网络营销——网络营销是电子商务下一种新型销售方式，是通过互联网渠道销售商品的市场营销活动。 5(POS系统——是销售时点管理系统的简称。它是利用第三类收款机(即POS收款机)进行销售数据的实时输入，系统实时处理销售业务，并进行经营业务分析的管理信息系统。 三、单项选择题(将正确答案的字母序号填在括号内) 1(不论是哪种类型的批发市场，其交易规则、管理制度都是日趋(C)的，这是现代批发市场的基本特征。 A(成熟化 B(条理化 C(二规范化 D(法制化 2(批发市场既不同于集市和商品交-易所，也不同于单体批发商或批发企业，是一种独特的批发组织，因而也具有独特的功能，即(B)。 A(媒介功能、管理功能、传递功能 B(媒介功能、服务功能、管理功能C.媒介功能、储存功能、服务功能 D(金融功能、服务功能、管理功能 3(结合我国的国情，我们应该适度发展(C)，以进一步完善商品市场体系，促进商品流通效率的提高。A(中央批发市场 B(自由批发市场 C.区域批发市场 D(外资型批发市场 4(批发市场的交易者是指参与批发市场交易的组织或团体，具体又可分为(D)等。 A(上市者、中间批发商、交易参加者、市场管理者 B(上市者、代理批发商、交易参加者、市场监督者 C(上市者、代理批发商、中间批发商、专业委员会 D(上市者、代理批发商、中间批发商、交易参加者 5(商品交易所必须有大量的从事期货交易的交易者，这些交易者主要有四种，即投机散户、投机大户、经纪公司和场内经纪人。(A)俗称“抢帽子交易者”，是场内最活跃的交易者。 A(投机散户 B(经纪公司 C(场内经纪人 D(投机大户 6(商品交易所进行的是(B)。 (现货交易 B(合约交易 C(现金交易 D(分期付款交易 A 7(电子商务的应用领域十分广泛，它可以为各种类型企业提供(C)的全方位服务。A(网上采购 B(网上金融服务 C.网上交易与管理 D(网络营销 8(电子商务作为一种新型的交易方式，与传统的交易方式有很大不同，由于交易手段的变化，产生了一些新特点，它们是(D)。 A(交易过程电子化、交易对象特定化、交易高效化 B(交易过程电子化、交易对象特定化、交易市场虚拟化 C(交易过程电子化、交易高效化、交易市场虚拟化 D(交易过程电子化、交易对象特定化、交易高效化、交易市场虚拟化 9(网上贸易是电子商务中企业与企业间的交易形式，具有良好的发展前景。与网上商店不同，网上贸易的交易对象是(A)。 A(商业用户 B(代理商 C.个人消费者 D(零售商 10(有一商品的条码为6914973304024，其中“49733”的含义是(B)。A(校验码 B(制造商代码 C(商品代码 D(制造商国家或地区 四、判断正误(若有错误，请更正) 1.批发市场和集市都必须是常设的交易市场，必须具有连续不断的交易特性;另外，两者一般都实行会员制。 (×)更正:批发市场都必须是常设的交易市场，必须具有连续不断的交易特性;批发市场一般都实行会员制。 2(批发市场与商品交易所都是集中进行商品批发交易的常设场所，批发市场主要进行现货交易，而商品交易所主要进行期货交易。 (?) 3.批发市场是一种有组织的市场形式，特别是比较规范的批发市场一般都实行会员制度，并由会员来共同维持与管理批发市场的有关业务。 更正:批发市场是指集中进行现货批量交易的场所。这里所说的批发市场是具体的商品交易所，且是进行现货批量交易场所，是一种有形市场。(批发市场既不同于集市和商品交易所，也不同于单体批发商，是一个独特的批发组织，具有媒介功能、服务功能与管理功能。) .4.批发商的主要任务是通过对商品的采购、销售、运输与储存，把商品转售给再销售者或产业用户，而批发市场的任务是保证批量交易公正、合理地进行，并为商品交易者提供各种交易服务，本身不从事商品交易。 (?) 5.中央批发市场是规范化程度最高、交易规模最大的一种批发市场，其主要特点是:大多设在商品的集散中心、交通中心或消费者密集的大城市;一般都是“官办的”，且交易者很多。 (×) 更正:中央批发市场是规范化程度最高、交易规模最大的一种批发市场，其主要特点是:大多设在商品的集散中心、交通中心或消费者密集的大城市;一般都是“官办的”,且交易者不多，但交易量去很大。 6.批发市场的关联者是指专门为批发市场交易活动提供服务的个人或企业，主要包括负责货物仓储托运业务的服务组织、提供通讯业务的服务组织、提供金融业务的服务组织等等。 (?) 7.网上贸易与传统的贸易形式相比，有以下特点:交易范围广、交易效率高、交易成本低、贸易全球化，且是网上网下相结合。 (?) 8.商业自动化是指商业经营设施的机械化、自动化、信息化。 (×) 更正:商业自动化是指广泛采用现代化手段和方法，实现经营设施的机械化、自动化，经营管理的科学化、合理化。 9.商品条码技术，主要针对商品信息的录入与处理，特别是在商店的商品销售和仓储配送过程中起到了重要的作用。 (?) 10(网上广告同传统的广告形式相比，其首要特点是具有广泛的传播时空。(×) 更正:网上广告同传统的广告形式相比，其首要特点是广告成本较低. 五、简答题 1( 商品交易所对上市商品有哪些规定? 答:世界各地的商品交易所对上市商品都有较严格的规定，一般来说，交易所的上市商品必须具备以下条件:(1) 必须是耐久性商品。这一条件保证了上市商品可以长期储藏，以保证日后的实物交割，从而便于期货合约的形成及其交易的连续进行。(2)必须是替代性商品。这一条件保证了上市的同种商品之间不存在形状与品质的差别，易于比较和标准化。而 ) 只有商品易于标准化，才能形成标准化的期货合约，进而才能进行标准化合约的买卖。(3必须是大量需求与大量供给的商品。这一条件保证了上市商品能够有大量的买主与大量的卖主，以便进行竞争买卖。(4) 必须是供求波动或价格波动较大，且没有管制或不具垄断性质的商品。这一条件保证了上市商品交易的高度灵活性、流动性和自由竞争性，从而保证市场机制的形成及其作用的充分发挥。 2( 说明批发市场的交易方法。答:根据批发市场的交易原则，批发市场的交易方法主要有以下几种: 1( 拍卖交易。在规范化的批发市场中绝大部分商品是通过拍卖形式交易的。拍卖时依次叫价的方法有两种，一种是上增叫价，一种是下减叫价。 2( 投标交易。这种交易方法是，先由拍卖人公布商品，然后由各竞买人在规定时间内将密封标书交给拍卖人，拍卖人在预约时间内公开开标，并将商品卖给出价最高的投标人。这种交易方法也能招徕买主，加快货物周转，调节商品供求，因此，在不少工业品批发市场中经常使用。 3( 协商交易。协商交易是指交易双方分别报出自己的价格，在二者所报价格分歧不大时，双方相互做出某种让步，最后在高、低之间形成一个统一价格，以示成交。协商交易大多在不太规范的批发市场中使用。 4( 凭样品交易。凭样品交易是指通过眼力观察样品的质量而进行交易。这是比较传统的交易方式，许多工业品批发市场仍采用这种交易方式。 5( 凭规格交易。凭规格交易是指交易双方以商品的一定规定，如大小、长短、粗细等等作为依据而进行的交易。凭规格交易在生产资料批发市场和部分工业日用品批发市场中经常使用。 6( 凭 标准品级交易。凭标准品级交易是指交易双方对某些商品以其标准品质如成份、含量、纯度等作为依据而进行的交易。 3.请简述电子商务的作用。 答:电子商务改变了原有的经营模式，对传统的营销方式和生产方式产生了巨大冲击，对企业来说是面临新的挑战，同时也是新的机遇。企业一旦得以充分运用这种新型交易形式，便会在市场竞争中增强实力。具体来说电子商务的作用有:(1) 增加销售机会，扩大销售收入。开展电子商务，企业可以在保证原有市场的前提下，扩大市场范围，开辟新的市场领域。同时，网上销售成本低，无中间环节，价格也较低，再加上购买方便，可吸引大量的客户。(2) 降低企业成本，提高经济效益。开展电子商务，可以从多方面降低企业运营成本。首先，在网上采购企业需要的材料与用品，可以降低采购成本。其次，在网上购销，供应商和购买者可直接联系，无中间环节，从而减少了中间商的代理费用。再者，企业在网上销售可以节省场地、设备等费用，也无需雇用大量销售人员，可以大大降低销售费用。(3) 减少库存积压，改善库存结构。在电子商务条件下，可以将生产和销售紧密联系起来，根据市场情况制定生产计划，根据生产计划制定采购计划，把库存降到最低，有些企业甚至做到了零库存。(4) 提高服务质量，增强竞争能力。电子商务加强了供应商与客户之间的联系，双方沟通便捷。提高了客户的服务水平，与客户建立长期联系，增强企业的竞争实力。(5) 树立企业形象，提高企业知名度。在新经济中，企业通过开展电子商务，给企业创造了在网上宣传自己形象的空间，借助于互联网覆盖面广、传播速度快的特性，在网上介绍自己，可取得较好的效果。(6) 加强内部管理，提高信息化程度。电子商务的开展，要求企业内部有完善的信息系统，以对网上交易及时作出反应，使企业管理者可以及时、动态、全面掌握企业的总体情况，以便做出正确的决策。 4(与传统的市场营销相比，网络营销有哪些特点? 网络营销是电子商务下一种新型销售方式，是通过互联网渠道销售商品的市场营销活动。与传统的市场营销相比，网络营销有以下特点:(1) 商品交易的形式发生了变化。传统的市场营销，是在有形的市场上进行交易，交易双方面对面洽谈业务，而网络营销通过互联网传递信息，在网上完成交易活动。(2) 营销策略发生了变化。传统的市场营销有完善的促销方式，但网络营销由于销售方式发生了变化，传统的营销策略已经不适合或不能满足需要，应建立适应于网络营销的营销策略。(3) 商品交易的对象发生了变化。传统的市场营销有特定的交易对象，而网络营销针对的是网络客户，网络客户有独特的消费心理和消费需求。(4) 商品交易的范围发生了变化。从交易的地域来看，网络营销比传统营销有着更广泛的范围，可以在全球范围内销售商品。但网络营销的商品有一定的限制。(5) 交易双方的交流方式发生了变化。网络营销利用电子化手段传递信息，交易双方交流顺畅，使客户在营销过程中的地位得到提高，网络营销是一种互动式的定制营销，企业可以根据客户的要求改进产品设计，引导客户消费。 枫树开放教育博客 六、分析题 锦程GBC模式分析 公司概况 锦程国际物流集团股份有限公司创立于1990年6月，2000年获得“高新技术企业”认定，2001年通过了ISO9001质量体系认证，并成为FIATA(国际货运协会)会员，1999至2004年以来，连续三届荣获“中国十大优秀货代公司”称号。2004年，在中国国际货代综合实力百强排名评选中综合实力全国排名第五位，中国物流百强企业排名第三名，中国民营物流企业前30名中排名第一位，同时荣获“2004年中国最具竞争力物流企业”及“中国物流十大杰出品牌”称号。随着现代物流产业的发展，集团以强大的国际海运业务为基础，对内重组业务流程，对外整合运输资源，开始向全程国际物流服务提供商转型并发展。近年来， 公司在加速实体服务网络建设的同时，为提升物流服务水平，自主开发业务管理软件，创办“锦程物流网”(www.jctrans.com)，搭建电子商务平台。目前，“锦程物流网”已成为行业内最知名的网站，年访问量始终保持同行业相关网站的第一名，被列为国家电子信息系统倍增计划。2004年，公司网上物流项目被列入大连市信息化示范项目和国家重点扶持的国债专项支持项目。 GBC项目简介 大连锦程国际订舱有限公司是锦程国际物流集团股份有限公司的全资子公司，也是锦程国际物流集团的业务核心及未来战略发展支点。依托锦程国际物流集团的庞大实体网络和行业影响，以及“锦程物流网”的强大信息支持，GBC将“资源整合、集中采购”的商业理念应用于传统货运代理领域，依托电子商务、国内分支机构和国外代理网络，整合全国(全球)海运进出口集装箱资源，向承运船东集中采购优势运价，进而打造“集中采购、整合资源”这一营运模式。GBC项目于2004年10月进入筹备期，2005年试运营，目前启动运营效果良好。 项目模式 在货运代理领域，箱量资源的整合是通过以下方式实现的:即集合箱量资源向船东集中采购获取合约运价合约运价销售 整合更多箱量 获取更低运价 前面过程的循环 获得规模收益。 有别于传统的订舱服务，GBC将以专业网站和一整套成熟的电子商务系统为技术支点，实现业务的全信息化管理，从而快速提高公司知名度，吸引客户、协助GBC进行业务整合，为客户提供优质、高效、便捷、透明的在线服务。因此，GBC运营系统将围绕“不断实现更多箱量整合以获得规模效益”这一核心来运作。在这一过程中，运价是关键，决定了市场销售的效果，市场推广是基础，促进优势运价的签署。因此，GBC各职能部门相互协作:订舱服务中心是实现运价销售推广的系统保障;航线开发部担负着保持“合约价格始终具有市场竞争性”和“舱位保障”的重要使命;其他部门则为目标的实现保驾护航。(更多信息可上网查询) 案例思考:请分析GBC项目运营模式的优势及问题。 答:中国物流业第一个呼叫中心、第一个全国统一订舱电话、第一个全航线专业订舱中心(GBC)——锦程全球订舱中心，凭借“资源整合，创新发展”的商业模式，在中国物流市场因此而生动起来。提出建设“以连锁经营为手段的网络布局，以全信息化管理为基础的电子商务，以业务整合为核心的集中采购”。 锦程全球订舱中心致力于打造全、快、低的船公司公共订舱平台，为客户提供覆盖全球的航线船期、即时更新的海运运价，更通过箱量整合和集中采购，向客户提供更为有竞争力的优势运价。 一、锦程的GBC项目运营模式优势 锦程通过合并具有良好发展势头、有多年经验的现成企业，将其变为锦程的子公司;通过资源的力量，管理、控制公司，进行文化、业务和服务等方面的整合，达到信息同步、监管同步，实现网络布局，迅速汇集客户资源。通过网络技术的支持，整个资源能得到有效的整合，从而实现集中采购，获得行业里在价格上的竞争力。低成本的采购可以使客户和企业在分享利益的同时，利于客户资源和公司内部竞争力的培养。 锦程按照既定的战略目标，完成了电子商务建设和网络实体布局，积累了宝贵的经验和丰富的市场资源。为全面实现“集中采购”这一核心目标奠定了坚实的基础。随着锦程的异军突起，加盟连锁概念已浮出水面。突破发展瓶颈、整合资本与资源，编织全球网络。锦程，正在成为中国物流界一个积极的拓疆者。 锦程以网络布局为切入点，拢和资源，使企业有了快速的发展，每年营业额更是以超过80,的速度增长。到2004年底，锦程分支机构已达102家。2005年伊始，第一家全球定舱中心的建立，将锦程推上了新一轮的飞速发展轨道。预计今年营业额增长将超过150,，至年底分支机构预期达180家。今天的锦程还将一路凯歌，乘风而上～利用全球网络，提供从采购到运输完结的一站式服务，成为国际型的综合物流集团。 通过精心运营、全力打造，锦程全球订舱中心已经逐步实现在一个平台内向客户提供全方位的运价咨询和订舱服务，锦程全球订舱网的日访问量突破万余次，呼叫中心日业务处理量达到百余次，订舱会员超过万余名，各口岸船期运价齐全、优势航线明显，订舱中心创新商业模式显示出强大的发展潜力和巨大的想象空间。锦程全球订舱中心开创了中国传统物流行业创新发展的成功之路，将实现一个从不可能到可能，由理论到实践的历史性突破。 二、锦程的GBC项目运营模式的问题。 1、快速发展的连锁加盟模式使许多不同类型、不同背景的企业统一在锦程的旗下统一管理，多种元素的融合过程中难免遇到新的问题。以新型运作模式运营的传统物流企业，在文化、业务、服务等各方面都需要彻底整合。 2、企业的迅速庞大要依赖信息技术的应用。要发挥网络的功能，实现全信息化管理，是有效管理企业的基本要素。在网络领域的开发，并通过信息化达到公司整体的同步监管。对公司整体文化的整合也是有效管理的一个重要因素，公司文化是一个公司发展的灵魂。但在这样一个不断拓展的企业中达到文化的统一也存在一定难度，公司加盟要首先接受锦程的经营理念，进而在磨合中不断调整，贯彻锦程的公司文化。 《流通概论》形成性考核册作业4参考答案 一、填空题 1(物流是指物品在由供应者向需求者的实体移动过程中，包装、装卸、保管、运输、流通加工等各种活动所构成的集成系统。 2(现代物流是指为满足顾客的需求，对来源点到使用点的货物、服务及相关信息的有效率、有效益的流动及储存进行计划、执行与控制的供应链管理过程。 3(在近年电子商务迅速发展的推动下，现代物流呈现了以下特征:全球化、信息化、网络化、自动化、智能化、柔性化，标准化。 4(现代物流产业是由国民经济中各个领域的物流经济实体构成的，包括以下几个层次:一是物流基础业，二是物流装备制造业，三是自营物流业，四是物流服务业，五是物流咨询业。 5(物流合理化就是通过优化管理，推动物流构成要素及其经营活动趋向和谐一致、快速便捷的发展，从而实现“ 低成本、高效益”目标的物流;改进过程。物流合理化包括物流作业合理化、物流结构合理化和物流体制合理化。 6(配送中心的根本任务在于通过高度集中的采购与配送行为，使流通规模扩大，实现理想的经济效益。具体来说，配送中心的作用主要表现在:实现配送作业的经济规模，使流通费用降低;减少用户库存，加快商品周转;促进业务的发展和扩散，实现物流资源的合理配置;加强了与供方的关系。 7(配送中心物流合理化的途径主要有:配送作业计划化;配送路线短捷化;配送进出批量化;配送作业省力化;配送作业共同化;配送管理信息化。 8(商品流通政策的基本功能可概括为两个方面:一是矫正“市场失败”，二是扶持、促进商品流通的发展。 二、名词解释 1(物流管理——指以最低的物流成本达到用户所满意的服务水平，对物流活动进行的计划、组织、协调与控制。或者说是对物流构成要素的系统管理。 2(供应链——是指在生产和流通过程中，涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游企业所形成的网络结构。 3(第三方物流——又称契约物流或外包物流。从广义上理解，第三方物流是相对于企业自营物流而言的，凡是由社会化的专业物流企业按照货主要求所从事的物流活动都属于第三方物流;从狭义上看，第三方物流是指能够提供现代化、系统化、定制化和连续性、增值性物流服务的物流服务企业。 4(配送中心——是从事配送业务的物流场所或组织，应基本符合下列要求:主要为特定的用户服务;配送功能健全;完善的信息网络;辐射范围小;多品种、小批量;以配送为主，储存为辅。 5(共同配送——指多家企业共同组建或参与只由一家公司独立进行的配送作业，以互惠互利为原则，实现整体的配送合理化。 三、单项选择题(将正确答案的字母序号填在括号内) 1(现代物流是流通现代化的产物，是经营的“黑暗大陆”、“降低成本的最后的处女地”和“第三利润源泉”，同时也是新经济的重要支撑力量。(B)的高低能充分反映出一国的综合实力和企业的市场竞争能力。A(电子商务水平 B(物流发展水平 C(经营管理水平 D(配送水平 2(物流的构成要素或基本环节主要包括“(D)”。物流就是这些构成要素的集成系统。 A(六要素 B(五要素 C(八要素 D(七要素 3(物流的种类很多，可按不同的标准进行分类。将物流分为供应物流、生产物流、销售物流、退货物流、回收物流和废弃物流，就是按(B)不同划分的。A(物流活动的空间范围 B(企业生产经营阶段C(物流系统性质 D(企业所有制性质 4(现代物流体系对国民经济的运行起着特别重要的作用，一个物流体系的建立，需要有宏观及微观两个方面的推动力。具体来讲，现代物流体系要实现以下几个发展目标:(D)。 A(布局合理，政策法规完善;快速、及时和便捷的服务;坚持“顾客导向”观念 B(快速、及时和便捷的服务;规模优化，总成本节约;坚持信息化、自动化 C(布局合理，政策法规完善;规模优化，总成本节约;坚持自动化、标准化 D(布局合理，政策法规完善;快速、及时和便捷的服务;规模优化，总成本节约 5(现代物流管理的永恒主题是(B)，要努力提升物流增值性服务。A(质量和数量 B(成本和服务 C(费用和利润 D(成本和利润 6((C)管理构成了现代物流管理的基础，其它层面的管理都是建立在这个基础上的。A(物流信息 B(物流成本 C(物流作业 D(物流服务 7(现代意义上的配送不同于一般性的运送或运输，其特点有:(D)。A(是按用户需求进行商品组配与送货活动;不是一般的送货，有许多功能; B(不是一般的送货，有许多功能;是一个综合性的物流运动; C.是按用户需求进行商品组配与送货活动;是一个综合性的物流运动; D(是按用户需求进行商品组配与送货活动;不是一般的送货，有许多功能;是一个综合性的物流运动; 8(配送可按许多标准进行分类，将配送分为自营配送、代理配送和共同配送， 就是按(B)进行分类的。A(配送起点。 B(配送的组织形态 C(配送的经营权限 D(配送的功能 9(商品流通政策的目标包括两个层次:一是商品流通政策的一般目标;二是商品流通政策的特定目标。其一般目标可概括为:(C)。A(经济发展、经济稳定、经济公正、物流通畅 B(经济稳定、经济公正、经济自由、经济效益 C(经济发展、经济稳定、经济公正、经济自由 D(经济发展、经济稳定、经济自由、经济公平 10(从发展趋势来看，我国商品流通政策将在(B)发生变化，如重视对中小商业的保护与扶持等。 A(二个方面 B(三个方面 C(四个方面 D(五个方面 四、判断正误(若有错误，请更正) 1(物流与商流是紧密联系在一起，不可分割的。 (×) 2(物流定义中的“物品”是指最终产品。 (×) 更正:物流定义中的“物品”不只是指最终产品，还包括生产所用原料、零部件和伴随销售出现的包装容器、包装材料等，以及生产和消费过程中产生的废弃物。 3(流通加工是在流通阶段所进行的为方便物流或消费而进行的不改变物品基本性能的加工。流通加工能提高商品附加价值。 (?) 4(物流能力是构成企业核心竞争能力的重要因素，其发展的快慢将影响着企业在市场上的竞争优势的形成。 (?) 5(现代物流管理应坚持的7R原则可概括为快速、便利、准确、安全原则。 (?)6(物流质量管理必须满足两方面的要求，一方面是满足生产者的要求;另一方面是满足用户的要求。这两方面的要求完全是一致的。 (×)更正:物流质量管理必须满足两方面的要求，一方面是满足生产者的要求;另一方面是满足用户的要求。这两方面的要求基本上是一致的，但有时也有矛盾。 7(配送中心的所有业务都是物流作业，因此配送中心是一个纯物流组织。 (×)更正:配送中心起到集配的作用，具有多种功能;它在服务内容上由商流、物流、信息流有机结合。因此配送中心不是一个纯物流组织。 8(作为商品流通政策主体的社会公共机构主要由三部分构成，即立法、司法与行政机构。行政机构是最高层次的商品流通政策主体。 (×)更正:作为商品流通政策主体的社会公共机构主要由三部分构成，即立法、司法与行政机构。立法机构是最高层次的商品流通政策主体。 9、 目前在发达国家，仓库配送已经成为货物配送的主要形式，其发展代表了未来配送发展的方向.(×)更正:目前在发达国家,配送中心配送已经成为货物配送的主要形式,其发展代表了未来配送发展的方向. 10、各国制定商品流通组织化政策的主要目的是为了提高商品流通的效率。 (?) 五、简答题 1(联系国内或本地区的实际，请说明发展现代物流产业的重大意义。答:现代物流发展的动力来自于新经济，新经济带来了物流的远程化和大规模化，促进物流发展的合理化和精益化，并最终促成了“现代物流产业”这一概念的形成。发展现代物流产业对中国经济发展的意义十分重大，主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)发展现代物流产业，将促进中国经济增长方式的转变;(2)发展现代物流产业， 将大大提高中国企业国际竞争能力;(3)发展现代物流产业，将积极推动中国第三产业的发展;(4)发展现代物流产业，将推动中国区域经济发展战略的实施;(5)发展现代物流产业，是迎接入世挑战的需要。 2(说明第三方物流与第四方物流的区别。 (1)第三方物流，又称契约物流或外包物流。从广义上理解，第三方物流是相对于企业自营物流而言的，凡是由社会化的专业物流企业按照货主要求所从事的物流活动都属于第三方物流;从狭义上看，第三方物流是指能够提供现代化、系统化、定制化和连续性、增值性物流服务的物流服务企业。(2)第四方物流是一个供应链集成商，它调集和管理组织自己的以及具有互补性服务提供商的资源、能力和技术，以为用户提供一个综合的供应链解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 。第四方物流实际上是供应链的整合者、集成者、咨询者和管理者;是第三方物流的发展延伸;相对于第三方物流而言，第四方物流可以在更大范围内整合资源，并构筑更大规模的、覆盖面更广的物流信息平台。同第三方物流比较而言，第四方物流具有以下特征: ?第四方物流提供了一个综合性供应链解决方案，并能够有效地适应用户的多样化和复杂化需求，集中所有资源为用户完美地解决问题; ?第四方物流能够为供应链上的所有用户创造价值; ?第四方物流能够影响很多服务者(第三方物流、网络工程、电子商务、运输企业等)，并通过合作或联盟向用户提供多样化服务。 3(请介绍配送中心的一些基本功能。答:配送中心一般具有以下功能:(1)服务功能。服务功能是配送中心的基本功能。配送中心的活动实质上就是为用户提供物流方面的整体服务，做到不积压、不脱销、无货损、成本低、速度快。(2)集货功能。配送中心从众多供应商处采购大量的、品种和规模较齐全的商品，按用户需要配送就是集货。(3)加工功能。采购来的产品有的需要简单加工，大多数农产品都需要简单加工。加工功能可以有效地提高配送水平。加工活动可按照用户对商品的不同要求，进行分割、分装、配装、套载、清洗、摘取等活动。(4)储存功能。虽然现在商品储存的时间越来越短，但配送中心修建仓库，使自己具有储存功能还是必要的，这样可以满足临时商品滞留之需。(5)分拣功能。是指将储存货物按用户要求分拣配齐以后，送到指定配货场，经配装送至用户，这正是配送中心与普通仓库的主要区别。(6)装卸功能。集货、储存、分拣等过程都需要进行装卸搬运。装卸作业效率的高低、质量的好坏直接影响到配送的速度和质量。配送中心必须具备装卸功能，配备相应的设备。(7)送货功能。将分装、配组好的货物送到各用户。运输车辆可借用社会运输车辆，也可自建运输队。(8)信息功能。配送中心必须有灵敏、完整的信息情报系统，这是保证配送业务顺利进行的关键。 4(商品流通政策的基本属性是什么?答:根据商品流通政策的定义，可将商品流通政策的基本属性作如下概括:(1)商品流通政策是社会公共机构对社会商品流通活动的一种公开介入和干预，因此，是一种公共政策而非私人政策，具有公共物品的性质。(2)商品流通政策体现的是社会公共机构的价值判断或意志。从这个意义上讲，商品流通政策又具有时空上的差异性。(3)商品流通政策包含着自动变迁的机制或者说具有动态可变性。(4)商品流通政策所指涉的对象是整个商品流通过程，因此，既有针对专业化商品流通部门的政策，也有针对非专业化流通部门，即生产者或消费者的政策;既有法律、法规等强制性政策，也有行政“指导”或“劝告”等非强制性政策，这就是说商品流通政策也是一个自成体系的系统，具有系统性。 枫树开放教育博客 六\分析题答:原因主要是在中国市场的经营战略特别是竞争战略的不同而引起的，具体从业态选择、选址布局、市场扩张方式、物流配送策略、赢利模式选择等几个方面进行分析。 流通作业4答案 答;沃尔玛在中国市场的扩张速度、影响力、收益等方面均不及家乐福，我认为以下原因导致的。 1、家乐福的国际化及本土化发展要早于沃尔玛。目前其跨国的国际化程度也强于沃尔玛。因此，其在中国适应得快，门店发展也快一些(有违规成分)。此外，其管理模式不一样，沃尔玛侧重于供应链管理，相对要发展完善要缓慢。 2、沃尔玛更愿意把更多的市场利润让利于供货商，并与他们保持良好的协作关系，以降低供应商的运营成本。沃尔玛在中国扩张的道路上，也利用了通过美国国内市场获得的宝洁公司、高露洁、通用电气、雀巢、可口可乐及3M等供货商的供销资源，为沃尔玛在中国的连锁店提供了高效的供货渠道。在供应商管理上，家乐福和沃尔玛可谓是平分秋色。 3、从沃尔玛的选址来看，似乎有点和中国的市场不太吻合，因为在中国的城市中，人口居住集中，汽车也没有进入大多数城市家庭，人们的购物消费多数还集中在步行范围内或公共交通便利的地方，沃尔玛很多店铺选择在城郊结合部往往不靠近大的居民区，公共交通还不够方便，限制了来店的客流量。尽管随着城市的发展，繁华商圈未来可能会让位于高档产品或者个性化产品，但是目前来看，沃尔玛的很多店要经过多年的培育，等到周围的商圈形成，才能充分吸引客流。相比之下，家乐福的选址似乎更适应当前中国城市居民的购物活动规律，满足了短期扩张的目标。 4、沃尔玛目前在中国开设了的近30家店中包括沃尔玛购物广场、山姆会员商店和沃尔玛社区店。中国消费者更多的是冲动性购物而并非目标式购物，因此对于更多的消费者来说，逛商场是一种休闲式的日常生活方式，而并不是每一次都是想好买什么再来大宗采购，因此，沃尔玛的会员制商场也影响到沃尔玛在消费者心目中的认可度。 5、从目标客户定位来看，家乐福多瞄准工薪收入的大众消费群体，而沃尔玛把更多眼光投向了中高收入消费群体。这和他们的选址方式似乎有着密切的联系，家乐福将超市建在交通发达、人口稠密的地段，贴近普通百姓的日常生活消费，而沃尔玛则多将超市建在市郊，为的是让中高档次消费者驾车前往。尽管沃尔玛瞄准了最有购买力的中高收入群体，但是其地址的选择依然还是影响到这些群体的消费，毕竟中国的消费者还是喜欢“在家门口买东西”。 6、沃尔玛的价格一向是采取最低价位的策略，因此，沃尔玛的“天天平价”几乎成为了囊括一切的代名词，意味着:沃尔玛总是以最低的价格供应给你最好的、你最信赖的品牌——一如既往。这样简单直接的广告总能留给顾客很深刻的印象，同时吸引了大批的客源。当然，这种非常实在的诉求使得沃尔玛在消费者心目中的影响力远远不如家乐福，中国消费者可能更喜欢那种有人在吆喝，可以试吃、试用，常常有新的促销诱惑的热闹的卖场气氛，这一点上，家乐福就很能顺应潮流，沃尔玛则显得过于安静。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.