2010年考研英语真题+答案+作文范文

2010年考研英语真题+ 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 +作文范文 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 American’National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthore Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior. The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to __5____of the experments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_something was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself. After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store: _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of reproductivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the weeking week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down. 1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored 2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off 3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof 4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous[D] ambiguous 5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments 6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate[D] work 7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that[C] in case that [D] so long so 8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion 9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant 10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by 11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed 12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to 13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source 14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading 15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual 16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly 17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued 18. [A]Therefore [B]Furthermore [C]However [D]Meanwhile 19. [A]Attempted [B]tended [C]chose [D]intenced 20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. Not only have many newspapers done away with their book-review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time classical-music critics. Even those papers that continue to review fine-arts events are devoting less space to them, while the “think pieces” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past. It is, I suspect, difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century, including Virgil Thomson’s The Musical Scene (1945), Edwin Denby’s Looking at the Dance (1949), Kenneth Tynan’s Curtains (1961), and Hilton Kramer’s The Age of the Avant-Garde (1973) consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their erudite contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the discursive newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.1 Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men (for they were all men) believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’” Why, then, are virtually all of these critics forgotten? Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. How is it possible that so celebrated a critic should have slipped into near-total obscurity? 21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers. B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews. C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers. D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies. 22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized by A free themes. B casual style. C elaborate layout. D radical viewpoints. 23. Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on? A It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals. B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing. 24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs? A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today. B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. C His style caters largely to modern specialists. D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition. 25. What would be the best title for the text? A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of [A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with asset allocation [C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over authorization 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? [A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions [B] It involves a very big business transaction [C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit [D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S. 28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means [A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility [C] change of attitude [D] enhancement of disnity 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents [A] are immune to legal challenges [B] are often unnecessarily issued [C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increase the incidence of risks 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? [A] A looming threat to business-method patents [B] Protection for business-method patent holders [C] A legal case regarding business-method patents [D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don’t seem to be required of all. The researchers’ argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influcencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendence to be. 31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to [A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics [B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas [C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics [D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials. 32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” [A]serves as a solution to marketing problems [B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends [C]has won support from influentials [D]requires solid evidence for its validity 33.what the resarchers have observed recenty shows that [A] the power of influence goes with social interactions [B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media [C] influentials have more channels to reach the public [D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention 34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who [A] stay outside the network of social influnce [B] have little contact with the source of influnence [C] are influenced and then influence others [D] are influenced by the initial influential 35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence? [A]The eagerness to be accepted [B]The impulse to influence others [C]The readiness to be influenced [D]The inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.” European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions. 36. Bankers complained that they were forced to [A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules [B]collect payments from third parties [C]cooperate with the price managers [D]reevaluate some of their assets. 37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in [A]the diminishing role of management [B]the revival of the banking system [C]the banks’ long-term asset losses [D]the weakening of its independence 38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to [A]keep away from political influences. [B]evade the pressure from their peers. [C]act on their own in rule-setting. [D]take gradual measures in reform. 39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they [A]misinterpreted market price indicators [B]exaggerated the real value of their assets [C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts. [D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets. 40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of [A]satisfaction. [B]skepticism. [C]objectiveness [D]sympathy Part B Directions: For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) [A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe,compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative. [B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need. [C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyer,tather than the seller,to decide what to buy .At any rate,this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,regardless of how long the current consummer pattern will take hold. [D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European whloesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too. [E]Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends. [F]For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to ,268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000- more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate. [G]However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land.community have no economic value.Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteyrity,they are entitled to continuance. When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them,the evideuce had to be comic in order to be valid. It is pamful to read these round about accounts today .We have no land ethic yet ,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species”. Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly .or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe ,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the Non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community ,to be preserved as such ,within reason. To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats. Section ? Writing Part A 51. Directions: You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “postgraduate association” instead. Part B 52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 参考答案 Section I Use of English 1(A 2(B 3(C 4(B 5(C 6( B 7(D 8(A 9(C 10(D 11(C 12(A 13(A 14(D 15(B 16(A 17(D 18(C 19(B 20(D Section II Reading Comprehension Part A 21.B 22.A 23.C 24. A 25. B 26.C 27.D 28.C 29. B 30. D 31.B 32.D 33.A 34. C 35.C 36.A 37.A 38.C 39.C 40. D Part B 41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. A Part C Translation 46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。 47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点:那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。 48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据:这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或"没有价值的物种"。 49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。 50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。 Section III Writing 51(小作文 以研究生会的名义写一封通知，通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包括申请者的基本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字，用"Postgraduates'Association"代替。 参考范文一: Notice Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted. Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity. The major task for this position are as follows: to begin with, to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world; in addition, to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference, aiming at facilitating the process of the meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome! Postgraduates' Association 参考范文二: Notice Twenty volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted among the students in our school. The positions recruited include receptionist, conference guider, transportation guider and English interpreter. The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be active, open-minded and conscientious. The Conference falls on September 23 at China Institute of International Studies, and all the volunteers will be trained for 5 days before the conference and provided with free transportation and meal. For those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1. Postgraduates' Association 参考范文三: Announcement Postgraduates' Association is recently looking for Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration. Applicants should be currently studying at the university, and should preferably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events. The successful applicant will be expected to propaganda the theme of globalization in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. Fair pay for the position is available and will be based on your experience. If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1st. Postgraduates' Association 52(大作文 根据下图写一篇160~200个单词的文章 1. 解释它要表达的意思2. 简单描述这幅图3. 给出你的评论 注:火锅里的文字有:佛、功夫、解构、礼、毕昇、儒、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯 坦、道、仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等 参考范文: The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultures. Obviously, the picture characterizes the status quo of Chinese society in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries have been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown their enthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this oriental country. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world. In my opinion, the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become inevitable trend of the time. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the western world. The clearer we grasp the current situation, the more it would be beneficial to the global villagers