广播电视学概论复习资料

广播电视学概论复习资料 广播电视学概论复习资料(综合版) 一、选择题(*多为多选题，注意名词解释和简答题有可能在选择题中涉及): ? 中国第一部电视剧是1958年的《一口菜饼子》(P238) ? 中国境内最早的广播电台是由美国人奥斯邦与1922年底在上海创办。(P59) ? 中国人建立的第一座官办广播电台是“哈尔滨广播无线电台”。(P59) ? 广播作为一项事业，是从国民党创办的中央广播电台开始的。(P60) ? 1958年4月30日，我国自行研制成功第一套3个频道的黑白电视中心设备及黑白摄 像机，并于当天在生产厂家开路试播成功，李晓兰、莫瑄表演的小歌剧《姑嫂河边》 首次被搬上了中国试验性电视屏幕。(P8) ? 1958年5月1日，北京电视台(中央电视台前身)宣告诞生，开始试验广播，当晚 播出的新闻节目有工农战线代表的座谈会和新闻纪录片《到农村去》。试播4个月后， 9月2日正式广播。(P8-P9) ? 1973年5月1日，我国彩色电视试验广播开始。同年10月1日，北京、津、上海三 大城市进行彩色电视节目微波试传成功，同日，北京电视台彩色电视转入正式播出 (P9) ? 电视制片人(普遍采用的方法)首先出现在1993年5月1日，当天的《东方时空》 首次出现制片人这一新词。(P408) ? 1958年5月1号我国第一座电视台——北京电视台(中央电视台的前身)诞生。(P76) ? 1983年3月召开的第十一次全国广播电视工作会议提出“四级办广播、四级办电视、 四级混合覆盖”的方针，并确定了采取广播卫星覆盖全国的方针(P77) (了解)1962年2月14日，台湾地区第一个电视台--国立教育电视试验广播电台问 日中国电视事业有限股份公司(中视)开播，首先推出连戏剧。世，1969年10月31 1971年“华视’开播。台湾电视事业形成鼎足局面，三家公司均为商业电视体制。1984年5月起进入三个台的频道，卫星电视、有线电视以及所谓的“民主电视台”纷纷涌现，台湾电视进入了多元发展时期。1993年，台湾当局宣布开放一家全岛性电视台—民间全民联合无线电视台。经过审议，1995年，第四家无限电台的筹办许可。民视于1997年6月正式开播运营。三家商业电视台垄断台湾地区无线电视的格局被打破。(P81-P83) (了解)香港电视台:1亚洲电视有线公司(ATV):前身为1957年5月成立的丽的呼声有限公司经营的里的电视台，为香港最早的电视台 ，初期为黑白有线电视英文台。 2电视广播有限公司(TVB): 3卫星电视台 4有线电视台 5传讯电视网 6凤凰卫视 7华侨娱乐电视(P88) (了解)澳门广播电视有限公司(简称“澳广视，英文缩写TDM”)是澳门唯一的无线电视广播机构，原名为澳门广播电视公司，于1982年1月1日正式成立(P93) *电视广播的语言符号系统:(1)可视性系统:造型语言和文字语言;(2)可听性系统:具象音响语言和抽象音响语言(P282)造型语言包括形体语言、表情语言、着饰strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 语言、色彩语言、空间语言、图表语言、特技语言(P288-P290) *文艺节目的编排: (1)文艺节目的编排原则:协调一致原则、服务听众原则、繁荣文艺原则、严格把 关原则; (2)文艺节目编排方法:同一法、对比法、拼盘法(P354-P355) 媒介竞争是广播电视发展的动力:第一层面竞争:广播电视与其他大众传播媒介的竞争;第二层面竞争:广播电视行业内部的竞争;第三层面竞争:广播电视和第四媒介的竞争。(P126-P138) *广播电视传播的 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 : 国营制度型:俄罗斯 罗马尼亚 朝鲜 古巴 越南 法国 新加坡 印尼 印度 土耳其 西 班牙 公共制度型:联邦德国 英国 意大利 奥地利 瑞典 挪威 芬兰 丹麦 荷兰 比利时 瑞 士 以色列 商业制度型:美国 加拿大 澳大利亚 菲律宾 日本 香港 台湾 黎巴嫩 阿根廷 巴拉圭 尼加拉瓜(P16) *广播电视的传播共性:传播的快速性与声音画面的易逝性;内容的丰富性与视听的 P170) 被动性;声画并茂与信息的传真性(P166- *广播电视的社会功能:传播新闻的功能、舆论监督的功能、传授知识的功能、提供服务的功能、愉悦身心的功能(P171-P178) *电视的负面功能: (1)电视的出现使地球村成为可能，但同时也疏远了人与人之间的关系 (2)电视帮我们打开视野，但同时又导致社会麻醉。 (3)电视提供了丰富的精神食粮，但同时也混淆了社会风气。(当前电视台播出的 儿童电视节目对儿童产生负面的影响报了电视节目对青少年成年人产生负面 影响) (4)电视台进入市场经济，有可能导致文化沉沦 (5)电视为人们提供了方便，但却影响了人们的身体健康(P179-P185) *广播电视节目系统构成:新闻节目、文艺节目、社教类节目、服务性节目 *广播电视新闻的优势:时效性强 群众性强 易受性强 信息量大 (P226) 二、名词解释: (1) 蒙太奇 (重点) 1. 什么是蒙太奇 指镜头的组合关系和连接方法。蒙太奇为法语音译词，原意为建筑学上的构 成、装配之意，借用到影视领域中则是形式与内容组合，构成的总称。 在各类影视摄制中，根据主题的需要，情节的铺陈，观众注意力和关心的程 y implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraintble for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictlsponsiystem. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department recurity "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible sol seis responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must contr uction responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, whoe prodduction safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote saff reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for proon selduction supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correctiesponsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety proof r tion (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pairOffice issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the produc a pair of > (Hunandepth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of -rk regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the inuct woe spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff condduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve thstrengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conthe qualityccording to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not a-g arrangements work, no inwardinnd mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forcated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as undergrouompliunderstanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too c se, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "conceptpurpo rvise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense ofnism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supemecha 2 度，将全篇主要表现的内容分解为不同的段落，场面，镜头，分别进行处理和拍摄。然后根据原定的摄制构思，利用各种技巧，将这些镜头，场面，段落合乎逻辑地，富有节奏地重新组合，使之通过形象间的相辅相成和相反相成的关系，产生连贯，对比，呼应，联想，悬念，构成一个连绵不断的有机整体 完整地反映生活，表达思想，传播信息，播映生动真实的影视片。这一构成一个完整影视片的独特表现方法称为蒙太奇。 2. 蒙太奇的地位、功能、类别 地位:是影视片反映现实独特的结构方法，贯穿影视片摄制的全过程。始于影视 文字稿的构思，完成于影视片的最后剪辑、声画合成。 功能:1选择取舍，概括与集中 2引到观众的注意力激发观众的联想 3可以创造独特的画面时间和空间 4可形成不同的节奏 5组织、综合各种语言符号 6表达意义，创造意境 画面本身具有强的叙事能力，只要有相对足够的时间，蒙太奇可以独立的 承担起叙事的任务。 类别: 叙事蒙太奇 表现蒙太奇(详见书本) 3. 蒙太奇在新闻画面编辑中的运用: a.熟悉素材，寻找感觉，把握总体 b.控制节奏，按内容的需要进行组接 (2) 声画合一(重点) ? 这是指电视画面和声音同时指向一个具体形象的结合形式。它的特点是声画 同 ? 步、发展，视听高度统一，使画面和声音具有最高的保真性 ? 声画合一又有两种形式，它们可以是画内音响空间和视觉空间的统一——画 内声画合一，也可以是画面空间与画外音响空间的统一，但它们必须是在时 间上的同步。也就是说，必须指向同一时间内音响与画面的同一现象，可称 之为“画外声画合一” ? 画内声画合一的形式，主要表现为画面物象及其声音的合一。各种器物音响 作为背景，使新闻现场气氛浓郁，各式人物的声音，能充分表述情节内容 ? 画外声画合一，常见于报道内容严肃、节奏缓慢的新闻和运用画外音解说的 纪录片和艺术片。这样的声画合一或统一的组合方式，符合一般的观赏收听 水平，比较明白畅晓、通俗易懂。 (3) 声画对位(重点) 这是指电视节目中画面与声音对列，它们按照各自不同的规律，独自表现不同事物的信息，却又有机的围绕和表现同一内容。 “声画对位”传播，是利用声音和画面不同步所产生的信息差距充分调动人们视听两个感知通道的“注意力”，引起声画信息叠加联想，加大感知深度，产生一加一(声加画)大于二(声画)的传播效果 声画对位的形式在电视新闻中得到广泛采用。在新闻性节目中，声画对位的组合方式适用于三种情况: 1)画面信息十分清晰、一目了然，而观众仍有一些疑问或题外的误解或 深层次的要求，报道词就应解释、分析、说明。 safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe produc ctionreporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for produsupervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self uctionsponsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety prodHunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of retion (Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the produclement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan depth study and imp-k regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the intual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct worish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiristrengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establhe qualityt is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and tdepth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effec-arrangements work, no in s to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwardingd mineated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as undergrountanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicunderse, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept he implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purposvise tism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and superment the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanimple le for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictlyThe safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsibstem. urity "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible syponsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control secs restion responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who i3 2)有些电视记者无法拍到实况，又非报道不可，则报道词反映新闻事实， 而画面反映时过境迁的一些实地景象或附近居民动态。 3)新闻评论，画面出现电视新闻场景，而记者在旁叙述 在文学性节目中，这种声画对位主要存在于旁白、独白、心声、画外音等之中。这是为了充分表现剧情，让声音和画面暂时分离，有时甚至表述相反的意义，去追求格子的情境，又在情境，又在情境的融合或对比中，生发出强烈的表现力和感染力 (4) 内容为王 “内容为王”是前人对事物核心内容的强调， “内容为王”，并非有“内容”便可称“王”。 “内容为王”亦非人们习以为常的“内容第一，形式第二”那个霸王“内容”。电视节目制作 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 中的“内容为王”是指电视节目中最能满足观众思想、观念、信息需求的那些抽象信息元素，这就是最好、最合适的节目内容。 “内容为王”是电视媒体生存的公理和铁律，内容准确、正确是基础，关键还要是“独家”。强调电视节目“内容为王”，是追求内容的正确、准确、合适与独家。 电视节目从诞生之日起本就是一个以抽象思维(内容选择)为起点，与具象思维(形式寻找)有机整合于始终的载体样式。 “内容为王”是前人对事物核心内容的强调，“形式是金”对电视外在样式的强调，两“强”合一，便化解了“画面与声音孰重孰轻”的争拗。“内容为王，形式是金”是制作人对电视节目制作、分析、评价应有的双重价值观(亦称电视双主体价值观)，因为，这一观念科学解构了电视节目的诸元素间的整体关系，可以解决电视节目制作过程中的一系列观念性、操作性难题。 (5) 地球村(重点) 地球村，这一概念是著名的传播学家麦克鲁汉最早提出来的。他指出，电视和卫星等新兴技术的出现，使地球“越来越小”，人类已跨越空间和时间的限制，使信息在瞬息之间即可传送到世界的每一个角落，因而，地球已变成了一个小村庄。“村民”即指人类互相之间的信息传播和思想交流极为方便，人们虽距离遥远而联系却日益紧密，几乎成了“四海一家”、“天涯若比邻”。在这个信息爆炸的时代，任何国家都不可能再与世隔绝，游离在地球村之外。卫星上天，光缆下地，为人们实现“地球村”提供给了有利条件。 中央电视台的节目要覆盖全世界，只需要三个同步卫星，便可实现全球播出的一体化。“地球村”的具体体现，某过于体育节目的现场同步传播。 电视传播的全球化，为人们开阔视野、丰富世界知识、迅速获知天下最新的大事提供了有利条件，但同时也衍生出诸多问题 (6) 四级办台 “四级办台”意思是中心、省、市、县“四级办电视、四级混合覆盖”的事业建设。1983年，第十一次全国广播工作会议召开，制定了“四级办电视，实现混合覆盖”的方针。彻底改变原来中心和省(区、市)两级办电视的事业格局，使中国电视事业布局向多级办台转变，极大推动电视的普及和发展。各具特色的地方台满足更多人对广播电视的需求，也丰富了电视内容，让人们有更多的选择。另外，四级办台所带来的台与台之间收视竞争，能促进各级地方台改善制作条件、提高制作水平，创新节目内容，从而极大推动我国电视事业的全面发展。 duction supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correctiesponsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety proof r tion (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pairOffice issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the produc a pair of > (Hunandepth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of -rk regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the inuct woe spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff condduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve thstrengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conthe qualityccording to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not a-g arrangements work, no inwardinnd mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forcated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as undergrouompliunderstanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too c se, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "conceptpurpo rvise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense ofnism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supemecha y implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraintble for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictlsponsiystem. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department recurity "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible sol seis responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must contr uction responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, whoe prodduction safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote saff reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for proon sel4 但是，四级办台也带来的不少弊端。中国电视事业发展中，大量的重复制作、重复播出、重复覆盖导致了重复投入，增大了支出成本，造成了很大的社会浪费。同时，由于各级电视台之间的无序竞争，相互瓜分观众群，致使覆盖效益降低，个别小台为维持生计，从音像市场购买廉价的海外影视剧，乱播滥放，对中央电视台和省级电视台主频道的主导地位形成冲击，“散”、“乱”成为现阶段电视事业发展的一个严重障碍。从宏观的角度看，中国电视事业发展中存在的结构失衡、力量分散、重复建设、效益不高、资源浪费等问题，严重制约了中国电视事业的健康发展。 90年代后期的我国作了突破性改革思路，撤销地县两级电视台的建制并逐步实行制播分离。比起前一阶段的微调，这是具有突破性的改革思路。但在整个体制和大环境没有根本改变的情况下，这两项改革办法的实施碰到极大的困难。 三、简答 (1) 从主体思想、拍摄风格、情节、制作方法等评析广播电视作品(两部) (2) 文化在广播电视发展的作用 广播电视传播本身就是一种社会文化现象，必然根植于特定的文化环境之中，既然如此，广播电视的发展就不可避免地与文化发生千丝万缕的联系，折射出文化母体遗传因子所赋予的种种规定性。文化在广播电视发展的作用表现在狭义和广义两方面: 狭义文化在广播电视发展中所扮演的角色: )公众文化素质与广播电视发展的关系: 1 a.居民的文化程度是影响居民成为广播电视稳定受众的重要因素之一。人们 携带的信息宇多，文化程度越高，也就越会增强对信息的需求度，具体表现 是成为大众传播工具的稳定受众。大众传播工具稳定受众的增多，也就意味 着广播电视收听率增长。 b.受众的文化程度取向和品位影响节目的编排制作。首先，受众的不同文化 程度，决定了受众对广播电视节目内容的编排取向。这是不同文化心理结构 和信息需求使然。其次，受众文化水平提高有利于广播电视传播质量的提高， 包括信息的可信度、深度、保真度和单位时间的信息含量等等 2)广播电视的发展需要有较高文化修养的传播者: a.传播者的文化修养在“把关”过程和节目制作中的影响。传播者的“把关” 不仅是消极地“过滤”，更指主动对传播内容进行选择和加工处理。广播电 视传播者在节目制作和把关过程中，起作用的有两方面:一是社会意识形态、 价值观念以及国家法律、政党政策等通过传播者起作用;二是传播者所具有 的水平、倾向和好恶直接起作用 b.广播电视呼唤文化底蕴丰厚的界面人物。 广播电视的界面人物是指广播电视中出声的记者、播音员、串播和播讲人员 以及主持人和部分演绎人员。在广播电视中，他们是各类信息最直接的传送 者，其文化底蕴丰厚与否，直接关系到其传播技能的高下。 广义文化在广播电视发展中所扮演的角色: ? 文化本身对原有的文化模式的维护，使广播电视不得不调整传播的内 容和方式，以适应广播电视传播指向的文化圈的需要 ? 文化传播的优势扩散原理告诉我们，优势文化有利于广播电视的发 展。优势文化具有较强的传播力，反之亦然。广播电视的发展，必须 依托先进的物质文化和精神文化的传播 reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for produsupervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self uctionsponsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety prodHunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of retion (Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the produclement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan depth study and imp-k regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the intual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct worish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiristrengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establhe qualityt is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and tdepth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effec-arrangements work, no in s to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwardingd mineated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as undergrountanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicunderse, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept he implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purposvise tism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and superment the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanimple le for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictlyThe safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsibstem. urity "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible syponsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control secs restion responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who isafety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe produc ction5 ? 文化的圈层性使广播电视产生“窄播”和非群体化的发展态势 (3) “地球村”对世界文化发展的影响 “地球村”的形成对世界文化的影响有积极和消极两方面: ? “地球村”的形成使电视传播扩大了传播的环境，使新闻舆论传播和宣传发 挥了更大的作用，创造了巨大的物质文化，为世界文化的发展提供了更多便 捷、快速的传播载体，大大推动了世界文明的向前发展和创新。各种文化随 着科技的发展和社会的进步进行激烈的碰撞和融合，孕育着新的文化。以往 多元化、多样化的文化，朝世界文化一统化的进程日益加剧。随着电视事业 的进一步发展，这种世界一统化的进程日益加剧 ? 但是，从某种意义上说，目前“地球村”文化传播的概念就是一些强大富有 的国家的“话语霸权”，就是一种“文化帝国主义”。强国的文化在文化传 播当中处于强势地位，势必对弱势民族文化产生巨大的冲击，慢慢吞噬弱势 民族原有的文化传统， ? 特别是跨国电视传媒在全世界不均衡的信息传播，更是加剧了这方面的危险 性。各国在发展经济、推动个社会进步的同时，还要花费相当大的力气保护 本国民族文化，防止因为外来文化的入侵而使得民族文化传统趋于消亡，以 免重蹈美洲玛雅文化消亡的覆辙。 ? 再者，世界文化是由多样化、多元性的民族文化构成的，民族文化的相互交 流、学习、融合、发展，推动着世界文化的发展。民族文化是世界文化的独 特色彩，如果世界文化一统形成，民族文化多样性消失，将会导致各地文化 内容、形式、手段的单一、枯燥、乏味，导致世界文化的停滞不前，陷入荒 芜、消亡的困境。 ? 另外，“地球村”的形成还会激化东西方文化的冲突。各国为了防止“地球 村”形成带来的文化侵略的消极作用，戒备森严，对外来文化严格控制，力 求保护本民族的文化传统。这种排他的“文化封闭主义”不仅不利于民族文 化的发展，同时阻碍着世界文化的发展 (4) 电视语言系统包括哪些方面 综观电视语言的构成，根据电视声画兼备的特点，可以将电视语言系统归纳为可视性的而语言子系统和可听性的语言子系统两部分。 可视性系统: ? 造型语言:电视要求有准确的内容和精确呃表现形式，这可称之为“神形兼 备”。造型语言，是表现内容的总形式，它由线条、光线、色彩、影调层次、 空间关系等因素综合协调组成。造型的目的，是使电视内容取得准确传播的 形象结构和造型的过程，是电视信息形象化的过程，在电视的图像范畴内， 涵括着以活动图像为主，静态图像为辅的动静两大类造型语言，虽然这两类 语言有各自不同的结构和规律，但其中语言的基本要素却完全相同，这些要 素分别是形体语言、表情语言、着饰语言、色彩语言、空间语言、图表语言 和特技语言 ? 文字语言:文字语言是指出现在屏幕上的文字，这类文字的出现有两种情况， 一是画面内的文字;一是节目编辑后期制作上去的文字。画面文字是指出现 在画幅内的文字，这类文字由于处于特定的现场，因而它往往表现了现场的 某些要素。这类文字往往比单纯的语言描绘更为简介而有吸引力，有时还可 起到画龙点睛的作用，但因画幅所限和精肉流动等因素影响，常常是不完整 的，因此要注意防止歧义的产生。 duction supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correctiesponsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety proof r tion (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pairOffice issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the produc a pair of > (Hunandepth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of -rk regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the inuct woe spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff condduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve thstrengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conthe qualityccording to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not a-g arrangements work, no inwardinnd mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forcated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as undergrouompliunderstanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too c se, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "conceptpurpo rvise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense ofnism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supemecha y implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraintble for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictlsponsiystem. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department recurity "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible sol seis responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must contr uction responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, whoe prodduction safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote saff reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for proon sel6 屏幕文字是指后期制作时加到屏幕上的文字，这种屏幕文字，最经常、最大量出现在电视新闻节目中，而在电视剧等艺术类节目中应用较少。屏幕文字有三大功能:1)加强节目的记忆深度;2)保持节目的完整性;3)易于受众理解和接受 可听性系统 听觉性语言子系统包括形象的音响语言和抽象的音响语言。 ? 形象性的音响语言，包括音响和音乐 a) 形象音响，也即普通意义上的音响效果，在电视中大多数是处于背景位 置上，与画面构成“分立”的关系。音响能渲染气氛、点染画面，使电 视节目更具真情实感。音响的运用使画面具有更丰富的表现力。音响可 以在时间上形成一种自然的联系，使画面之间的衔接流畅、自然。 b) 音乐所表现的是“心灵的直接现实”，它诉诸人们的听觉，善于表达深层 的感情。音乐与画面结合通常有两种方式:一为音画同步——即用音乐 语言来复述，强调画面语言的视觉内容，一为音画对位——即音乐语言 与画面语言不相统一的组合方式。音乐语言大体可分为三类:一是背景 性音乐语言，它说明交代画面内容的背景，有抒情效果;二是现场性音 乐，它是事件现实的一个组成部分;三是抒情性音乐语言，以画外音乐 来抒发人物或创作者的内在情感，补充、加强作品的情绪色彩。 ? 抽象性的音响语言 这种语言是指在电视新闻中能准确传达内容、情感的有声人类话语，它包括画内语言和画外语言 a) 画内语言是指由电视画面内场景中传来的有声语言。画内语言在 电 视艺术中的表现形式，是人物的对白，它不仅可以表现人物性格，激起 外部形体动作，还能展现人物性格成长的历史，以及人物复杂的心态。 b) 画外语言，是指在画面所反映的现场图景中，实际并不存在所听到的有 声语言，它是在后期编辑制作中加进去的，它包括新闻性节目的播音语 言，纪录片及其他艺术类节目之中的解说，电视剧中的独白、旁白、独 白等。另外，艺术片中的心声也是一种画外语言，不少艺术片中都常用 “心声”的画外音来表现出人物的内心活动。 le for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictlyThe safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsibstem. urity "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible syponsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control secs restion responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who isafety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe produc ctionreporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for produsupervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self uctionsponsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety prodHunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of retion (Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the produclement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan depth study and imp-k regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the intual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct worish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiristrengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establhe qualityt is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and tdepth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effec-arrangements work, no in s to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwardingd mineated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as undergrountanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicunderse, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept he implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purposvise tism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and superment the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanimple 7