汽车设计课后答案

汽车 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 课后答案 第一章 汽车总体设计 1-1:在绘总布置图时，首先要确定画图的基准线，问为神马要有五条基准线缺一不可,各基准线是如何确定的,如果设计时没有统一的基准线，结果会怎样, 答:在绘制整车总布置图的过程中，要随时配合、调整和确认各总成的外形尺寸、结构、布置形式、连接方式、各总成之间的相互关系、操纵机构的布置要求，悬置的结构与布置要求、管线路的布置与固定、装调的方便性等。因此要有五条基准线才能绘制总布置图。 1-2:发动机前置前轮驱动的布置形式，如今在乘用车上得到广泛采用，其原因究竟是神马,而发动机后置后轮驱动的布置形式在客车上得到广泛采用，其原因又是神马, 答:前置前驱优点:前桥轴荷大，有明显不足转向性能，越过障碍能力高，乘坐舒适性高，提高机动性，散热好，足够大行李箱空间，供暖效率高，操纵机构简单，整车m小，低制造难度 后置后驱优点:隔离发动机气味热量，前部不受发动机噪声震动影响，检修发动机方便，轴荷分配合理，改善后部乘坐舒适性，大行李箱或低地板高度，传动轴长度短。 1-3:汽车的主要参数分几类,各类又含有哪些参数,各参数是如何定义的, 答:汽车的主要参数分三类:尺寸参数，质量参数和汽车性能参数1)尺寸参数:外廓尺寸、轴距、轮距、前悬、后悬、货车车头长度和车厢尺寸。2)质量参数:provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 整车整备质量、载客量、装载质量、质量系数、汽车总质量、轴荷分配。3)性能参数:(1) 动力性参数:最高车速、加速时间、上坡能力、比功率和比转距 (2) 燃油经济性参数(3) 汽车最小转弯直径(4) 通过性几何参数(5) 操纵稳定性参数(6) 制动性参数(7) 舒适性 1-4:简述在绘总布置图布置发动机及各总成的位置时，需要注意一些神马问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 或如何布置才是合理的, 答:在绘总布置图时，按如下顺序:?整车布置基准线零线的确定?确定车轮中心(前、后)至车架上表面——零线的最小布置距离?前轴落差的确定?发动机及传动系统的布置?车头、驾驶室的位置?悬架的位置?车架总成外型及横梁的布置?转向系的布置?制动系的布置?进、排气系统的布置?操纵系统的布置?车箱的布置 1-5:总布置设计的一项重要工作是运动校核，运动校核的内容与意义是神马, 答:内容:从整车角度出发进行运动学正确性的检查;对于相对运动的部件或零件进行运动干涉检查 意义:由于汽车是由许多总成组装在一起，所以总体设计师应从整车角度出 发考虑，根据总体布置和各总成结构特点完成运动正确性的检查;由于汽车是运动着的，这将造成零、部件之间有相对运动，并可能产生运动干涉而造成设provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 计失误，所以，在原则上，有相对运动的地方都要进行运动干涉检查。 1-6、具有两门两座和大功率发动机的运动型乘用车(跑车)，不仅仅加速性好，速度又高，这种车有的将发动机布置在前轴和后桥之间。试分析这种发动机中置的布置 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 有哪些优点和缺点, 优点:1将发动机布置在前后轴之间，使整车轴荷分配合理;2这种布置方式，一般是后轮驱动，附着利用率高;3可使得汽车前部较低，迎风面积和风阻系数都较低;4汽车前部较低，驾驶员视野好。 缺点:1发动机占用客舱空间，很难设计成四座车厢;2发动机进气和冷却效果差 第二章离合器设计 2-1:设计离合器及操纵机构时，各自应当满足哪些基本要求, 答:1可靠地传递发动机最大转矩，并有储备，防止传动系过载 2接合平顺 3分离要迅速彻底 4从动部分转动惯量小，减轻换档冲击 provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 5吸热和散热能力好，防止温度过高 6应避免和衰减传动系扭转共振，并具有吸振、缓冲、减噪能力 7操纵轻便 8作用在摩擦片上的总压力和摩擦系数在使用中变化要小 9强度足，动平衡好 10结构简单、紧凑，质量轻、工艺性好，拆装、维修、调整方便 二、压紧弹簧和布置形式的选择 1周置弹簧离合器:多用圆柱弹簧，一般用单圆周，重型货车用双圆周。优:结构简单、制造方便、 缺:弹簧易回火，发动机转速很大时，传递力矩能力下降;弹簧靠在定位座上，接触部位磨损严重。 2中央弹簧离合器: 离合器中心用一至两个圆柱(锥)弹簧作压紧弹簧。 优:压紧力足，踏板力小，弹簧不易回火 缺:结构复杂、轴向尺寸大 3斜置弹簧: 优:工作性能稳定，踏板力较小 缺:结构复杂、轴向尺寸较大 2-3:何谓离合器的后备系数,影响其取值大小的因素有哪些, 答:后备系数β:反映离合器传递发动机最大转矩的可靠程度。 选择β的根据:1摩擦片摩损后, 离合器还能可靠地传扭矩2防止滑磨时间过长provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality (摩擦片从转速不等到转速相等的滑磨过程)3防止传动系过载 4)操纵轻便 2-4:膜片弹簧弹性特性有何特点,影响因素有那些,工作点最佳位置如何确定, 答:膜片弹簧有较理想的非线性弹性特性，可兼压紧弹簧和分离杠杆的作用。结构简单，紧凑，轴向尺寸小，零件数目少，质量小;高速旋转时压紧力降低很少，性能较稳定，而圆柱螺旋弹簧压紧力降低明显;以整个圆周与压盘接触，压力分布均匀，摩擦片接触良好,磨损均匀;通风散热性能好，使用寿命长;与离合器中心线重合，平衡性好。影响因素有:制造工艺，制造成本，材质和尺寸精度。 2-5:今有单片和双片离合器各一个，它们的摩擦衬片内外径尺寸相同，传递的最大转距Tmax也相同，操纵机构的传动比也一样，问作用到踏板上的力Ff是否也相等,如果不相等，哪个踏板上的力小,为神马, 答:不相等。因双片离合器摩擦面数增加一倍，因而传递转距的能力较大，在传递相同转距的情况下，踏板力较小。 第三章 机械式变速器设计 3-1:分析3-12所示变速器的结构特点是神马,有几个前进挡,包括倒档在内，分别 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 各档的换档方式，那几个采用锁销式同步器换档,那几个档采用锁环式同步换档器,分析在同一变速器不同档位选不同结构同步器换档的优缺点, provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 答:结构特点:档位多，改善了汽车的动力性和燃油经济性以及平均车速。工友5个前进档，换档方式有移动啮合套换档，同步器换档和直齿滑动齿轮换档。同步器换档能保证迅速，无冲击，无噪声，与操作技术和熟练程度无关，提高了汽车的加速性，燃油经济性和行驶安全性。结构复杂，制造精度要求高，轴向尺寸大 3-2:为神马中间轴式变速器的中间轴上齿轮的螺旋方向一律要求取为右旋，而第一轴、第二轴上的斜齿轮螺旋方向取为左旋, 答:斜齿轮传递转矩时，要产生轴向力并作用到轴承上。在设计时，力求使中间轴上同时工作的两对齿轮产生的轴向力平衡，以减小轴承负荷，提高轴承寿命。 3-3:为神马变速器的中心距A对齿轮的接触强度有影响,并说明是如何影响的, 答:中心距A是一个基本参数，其大小不仅对变速器的外型尺寸，体积和质量大小都有影响，而且对齿轮的接触强度有影响。中心距越小，齿轮的接触应力越大，齿轮寿命越短，最小允许中心距应当由保证齿轮有必要的接触强度来确定。 第四章 万向传动轴设计 provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 4-1:解释神马样的万向节是不等速万向节、准等速万向节和等速万向节, 答:不等速万向节是指万向节连接的两轴夹角大于零是，输出轴和输入轴之间以变化的瞬时角速度比传递运动，但平均角速度相等的万向节。 准等速万向节是指在设计角度下以相等的瞬时角速度传递运动，而在其他角度下以近似相等的瞬时角速度传递运动的万向节。 等速万向节是指输出轴和输入轴以始终相等的瞬时角速度传递运动的万向节。 4-2:神马样的转速是转动轴的临界转速,影响临界转速的因素有那些, 答:临界转速:当传动轴的工作转速接近于其弯曲固有振动频率时，即出现共振现象，以至振幅急剧增加而引起传动轴折断时的转速;影响因素有:传动轴的尺寸，结构及支撑情况等。 4-3:说明要求十字轴向万象节连接的两轴夹角不宜过大的原因是神马, 答:两轴间的夹角过大会增加附加弯距，从而引起与万向节相连零件的按区振动。在万向节主从动轴支承上引起周期性变化的径向载荷，从而激起支撑出的振动，使传动轴产生附加应力和变形从而降低传动轴的疲劳强度。为了控制附加弯距，应避免两轴间的夹角过大。 第五章 驱动桥设计 5-1、驱动桥主减速器有哪几种结构形式,简述各种结构形式的主要特点及其应provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 用。 答:根据齿轮类型: (1)弧齿锥齿轮:主、从动齿轮的轴线垂直相交于一点。应用:主减速比小于2.0时 (2)双曲面齿轮:主、从动齿轮的轴线相互垂直而不相交，且主动齿轮轴线相对从动齿轮轴线向上或向下偏移一距离。应用:主减速器比大于4.5而轮廓尺寸有限时 (3)圆柱齿轮:广泛用于发动机横置的前置前驱车的驱动桥和双级主减速器驱动桥以及轮边减速器。 (4)蜗轮蜗杆:主要用于生产批量不大的个别总质量较大的多桥驱动汽车和具有高转速发动机的客车上。 根据减速器形式: 1单级主减速器:结构:单机齿轮减速 应用:主传动比i0?7的汽车上 2双级主减速器:结构:两级齿轮减速组成 应用:主传动比i0 为7-12的汽车上3双速主减速器:结构:由齿轮的不同组合获得两种传动比 应用:大的主传动比用于汽车满载行驶或在困难道路上行驶;小的主传动比用于汽车空载、半载行驶或在良好路面上行驶。 4贯通式主减速器:结构:结构简单，质量较小，尺寸紧凑 应用:根据结构不provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 同应用于质量较小或较大的多桥驱动车上。 5-2:主减速器中，主、从动锥齿轮的齿数应当如何选择才能保证具有合理的传动特性和满足结构布置上的要求, 答:1为了磨合均匀，主动齿轮齿数z1、从动齿轮齿数z2应避免有公约数。 2为了得到理想的齿面重合度和高的轮齿弯曲强度，主、从动齿轮弯曲强度，主、从动齿轮齿数和应不少于40。 3为了啮合平稳、噪声小和具有高的疲劳强度，对于乘用车，z1一般不少于9;对于商用车，z1一般不少于6。 4主传动比i0较大时，z1尽量取得少些，以便得到满意的离地间隙。 5对于不同的主传动比，z1和z2应有适宜的搭配。 5-3:简述多桥驱动汽车安装轴间差速器的必要性。 答:多桥驱动汽车在行驶过程中，各驱动桥的车轮转速会因车轮行程或滚动半径的差异而不等，如果前、后桥间刚性连接，则前、后驱动车轮将以相同的角速度旋转，从而产生前、后驱动车轮运动学上的不协调。 5-4:对驱动桥壳进行强度计算时，图示其受力状况并指出危险断面的位置，验算工况有几种,各工况下强度验算的特点是神马, 答:驱动桥壳强度计算 全浮式半轴的驱动桥强度计算的载荷工况:与半轴强度计算的三种载荷工况相provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 同。 危险断面:钢板弹簧座内侧附近;桥壳端部的轮毂轴承座根部(1)当牵引力或制动力最大时，桥壳钢板弹簧座处危险断面的(2)当侧向力最大时，桥壳内、外板簧座处断面(3)当汽车通过不平路面时 桥壳的许用弯曲应力为300~500MPa，许用扭转切应力为150~400MPa。可锻铸铁桥壳取较小值，钢板冲压焊接壳取较大值。 5-5:汽车为典型布置方案，驱动桥采用单级主减速器，且从动齿轮布置在左侧，如果将其移到右侧，试问传动系的其他部分需要如何变动才能满足使用要求，为神马? 答:可将变速器由三轴改为二轴的，因为从动齿轮布置方向改变后，半轴的旋转方向将改变，若将变速器置于前进挡，车将倒行，三轴式变速器改变了发动机的输出转矩，所以改变变速器的形式即可，由三轴改为二轴的。 第六章 悬架设计 6-1:设计悬架和设计独立悬架导向机构时，各应当满足哪些基本要求, 答:悬架:1保证汽车有良好行驶平稳性2具有合适的衰减振动3保证汽车有良好的操作稳定性4汽车加速或制动时，保证车身稳定，减少车身纵倾，转弯时车身侧倾角要合适5有良好的隔音能力6结构紧凑，占用空间尺寸小7可靠传provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 递车身与车轮间的力与力矩，满足零件不见质量小，同时有足够的强度和寿命 悬架导向机构:对前轮独立悬架导向机构的要求是:1)悬架上载荷变化时，保证轮距变化不超过?4(Omm，轮距变化大会引起轮胎早期磨损。2)悬架上载荷变化时，前轮定位参数要有合理的变化特性，车轮不应产生纵向加速度。3)汽车转弯行驶时，应使车身侧倾角小。在0(4g侧向加速度作用下，车身侧倾角不大于6?,7?，并使车轮与车身的倾斜同向，以增强不足转向效应。4)汽车制动时，应使车身有抗前俯作用;加速时，有抗后仰作用。 对后轮独立悬架导向机构的要求是:1)悬架上的载荷变化时，轮距无显著变化。2)汽车转弯行驶时，应使车身侧倾角小，并使车轮与车身的倾斜反向，以减小过多转向效应。 此外，导向机构还应有够强度，并可靠地传递除垂直力以外的各种力和力矩。 6-2:汽车悬架分非独立悬架和独立悬架两类，独立悬架又分为几种形式,它们各自有何优缺点, 答:1双横臂式:侧倾中心高度比较低，轮距变化小，轮胎磨损速度慢，占用较多的空间，结构稍复杂，前悬使用得较多 2单横臂式:侧倾中心高度比较高，轮距变化大，轮胎磨损速度快，占用较少的空间，结构简单，但目前使用较少 3单纵臂式:侧倾中心高度比较低，轮距不变，几乎不占用高度空间，结构简单，provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 成本低，但目前也使用较少 4单斜臂式:侧倾中心高度居单横臂式和单纵臂式之间，轮距变化不大，几乎不占用高度空间，结构稍复杂，结 构简单，成本低，但目前也使用较少5麦弗逊式:侧倾中心高度比较高，轮距变化小，轮胎 磨损速度慢，占用较小的空间，结构简单、紧凑、乘用车上用得较多。 6-3:影响选取钢板长度，厚度，宽度及数量的因数有哪些, 答:钢板弹簧长度指弹簧伸直后两卷耳中心之间的距离。在总布置可能的条件下，尽量将L取长些，乘用车L=(0。4-0。55)轴距;货车前悬架L=(0。26-0。35)轴距，后悬架L=(0。35-0。45)轴距。片厚h选取的影响因素有片数n，片宽b和总惯性矩J。影响因素总体来说包括满载静止时，汽车前后轴(桥)负荷G1，G2和簧下部分荷重Gu1，Gu2，悬架的静扰度fc和动扰度fd，轴距等。 6-4:以纵置钢板弹簧悬架为例说明轴转向效应。为神马后悬架采用钢板弹簧结构时，要求钢板弹簧的前铰接点比后铰接点要低些, 答:轴转向效应是指前、后悬架均采用纵置钢板弹簧非独立悬架的汽车转向行驶时，内侧悬架处于减载而外侧悬架处于加载状态，于是内侧悬架缩短，外侧悬架因受压而伸长，结果与悬架固定连接的车轴的轴线相对汽车纵向中心线偏转一角度，对前轴，这种偏转使汽车不足转向趋势增加，对后桥，则增加了汽provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 车过多转向趋势。 使后悬架钢板弹簧前铰接点(吊耳)比后铰接点(吊耳)低，是为了使后桥轴线的偏离不再使汽车具有过多转向的趋势。由于悬架钢板弹簧前铰接点(吊耳)比后铰接点(吊耳)低，所以悬架的瞬时运动中心位置降低，处于外侧悬架与车桥连接处的运动轨迹发生偏移。 6-5:解释为神马设计麦弗逊式悬架时，它的主销轴线、滑柱轴线和弹簧轴线三条线不在一条线上, 答:(1)、主销轴线与滑柱轴线不在一条线上的原因: 在对麦弗逊悬架受力分析中，作用在导向套上的横向力F3=))((1cdbcabF,,，横向力越大，则作用在导向套上的摩擦力F3f越大，这对汽车平顺性有不良影响，为减小摩擦力，可通过减小F3，增大c+b时，将使悬架占用空间增加，在布置上有困难;若采用增加减振器轴线倾斜度的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 ，可达到减小a的目的，但也存在布置困难的问题。 (2)弹簧轴线与减振器轴线在一条线上的原因: 为了发挥弹簧反力减小横向力F3的作用，有时还将弹簧下端布置得尽量靠近车轮，从而造成弹簧轴线成一角度。 第七章 转向系设计 7-1:人人皆知:设计转向系时，至少要求做到转向轮的转动方向与转向盘的转provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 动方向保持一致。回答下列问题: 1)，当采用循环球式转向器时，影响转向轮和转向盘转动方向保持一致的因素都有哪些, 答:?差速器+万向节:但存在一个反作用力，系统有回复到直线(差速器2方无速度差)的趋势。力的大小和速度差有线性关系。?转向助力系统:油压或电动机构，抵消(减少)上述线性关系。 2)，当采用齿轮齿条式转向器时，影响转向轮与转向盘转动方向保持一致的因素都有哪些, 答:一般多采用斜齿圆柱齿轮/有齿轮模数主动小齿轮齿数及其压力角/齿轮螺旋角/齿条齿数/变速比的齿条压力角/齿轮的抗弯强度和接触强度. 3)，当采用液压动力转向时，影响转向轮与转向盘转动方向保持一致的因素都有哪些, 答:万向节和锥形齿轮的啮合 7-2 液压动力转向的助力特性与电动助力转向的助力特性或电控液压助力转向的助力特性之间有神马区别,车速感应型的助力特性具有神马特点和优缺点, 答:液压助力:液压泵产生的油液压力帮助减轻转向操作时遇到的阻力，助力能量能通过调 节液压阀进行调节，从而实现轻松转向。它的特点是技术相当成熟，普及率是最高的。液压 provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 式动力转向由于油液的工作压力高，动力缸尺寸、质量小，结构紧凑，油液具有不可压缩性，灵敏度高以及有也得阻尼作用也可以吸收路面的冲击等优点，被广泛使用。 EPS(电动助力转向):根据方向盘上的转矩信号和汽车的行驶车速信号，利用电子控制装置使电动机产生相应大小和方向的辅助动力，协助驾驶员进行转向操作。电动助力转向系统只需电力不用液压，与机械式液压动力转向系统相比较省略了许多元件。没有液压系统所需要的油泵、油管、压力流量控制阀、储油罐等，零件数目少，布置方便，重量轻。而且无“寄生损失”和液体泄漏损失。因此电动助力转向系统在各种行驶条件下均可节能80%左右，提高了汽车的运行性能。与液压助力相比具有节能环保，装配方便，效率高，路感好，回正性好的优点。 电控液压助力转向ECHPS:EHPS是在液压助力系统基础上发展起来的，其特点是原来有发动机带动的液压助力泵改由电机驱动，取代了由发动机驱动的方式，节省了燃油消耗。ECHPS是在传统的液压助力转向系统的基础上增加了电控装置构成的。电液助力转向系统的助力特性可根据转向速率、车速等参数设计为可变助力特性，使驾驶员能够更轻松便捷的操纵汽车。 车速感应式转向助力机构以液压动力转向机构为基础增加控制器和执行元件构成电控液压助力转向系统，同时通过车速传感器将车速信号传至控制器或微型计算机系统，控制电液转换装置改变助力特性，达到在低速或急转弯行驶时驾provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 驶员能以很小的力转动方向盘，而在高速行驶时又能以稍重的手力进行转向操作。 7-3:转向系的性能参数包括哪些,各自如何定义的,齿轮齿条式转向器的传动比定义及变速比工作原理是神马, 转向器的正效率:功率P从转向轴输入，经转向摇臂轴输出所求得的效率。 转向器的逆效率:功率p 从转向摇臂输入，经转向轴输出所求的效率。 逆效率大小不同，转向器可分为可逆式、极限可逆式和不可逆式。 转向系的传动比包括转向系的角传动比wio和转向系的力传动比ip。 从轮胎接地面中心作用在两个轮上的合力2Fw与作用在转向盘上的手力Fh之比，称为力传动比。转向盘角速度ωw与同侧转向节偏转角速度ωk之比，称为转向系角传动比iwo(也是齿轮齿条传动比定义) 转向盘角速度ωw与摇臂轴角速度之比ωp，称为转向器角传动比iw。 摇臂轴角速度ωp与同侧转向节偏转角速度ωk之比，称为转向传动机构的角传动比iw’ 变速比工作原理:太多，详见P230 第八章 8-1:设计制动系时，应当满足哪些基本要求, 答:1具有足够的制动效能2工作可靠3在任何速度下制动时，汽车都不应丧失操纵性和方向稳定性4防止水和污泥进入制动器工作表面5制动能力的热稳定provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality 性良好6操纵轻便，并具有良好的随动性7制动时，制动系产生的噪声尽可能小8作用滞后性应尽可能好9摩擦衬片(块)应有足够的使用寿命10摩擦副磨损后，应有能消除因磨损而产生间隙的机构，且调整间隙工作容易，最好设置自动调整间隙机构11当制动驱动装置的任何元件发生故障并使其基本功能遭到破坏时，汽车制动系应有音响或光信号等报警提示。 8-2:鼓式和盘式制动器各有哪几种形式,试比较分析它们的制动效能因数的大小及制动效能稳定性的高低, 答:鼓式制动器分为领从蹄式、单行双从蹄式、双向双领蹄式、双从蹄式、单向增力式、双向増力式。盘式制动器按摩擦副中固定元件的结构不同，分为钳盘式和全盘式。制动器的效能由高到低是:增力式，双领蹄，领从蹄，双从蹄。按效能稳定性则刚好相反。 provisions of paragraph 6.5 submission of complete information. Monitoring inspection and safety assessment of the implementation of the outcome of the owners of the relevant regulations. 10.11 the completion at the end of the contract period, we will transfer to the owners of all monitoring facilities, engineering data, documents, reports and other project-related content. For monitoring facilities, replaceable equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 100%, not replacing equipment availability monitoring instruments should be 95% or more. Curtain Grouting in the 11th Chapter 11.1 project overview the on curtain Grouting works primarily for River yongxing secondary hydropower station dam Foundation curtain grouting, quantities of 200m. Dam Foundation curtain Grouting in dam concrete pouring is complete, reaches a certain intensity, agreed by the supervising engineer and began construction. 11.2 11.2.1 General requirements we are responsible for the procurement of materials, transport, storage, keeping drilling and apart from the employer's manpower required to grout materials for all materials. Admixture, admixture of each procurement shall meet the relevant quality