煤矿通风设计毕业论文文献翻译

煤矿通风设计毕业MATCH_ word word文档格式规范word作业纸小票打印word模板word简历模板免费word简历 _1716147614127_0文献翻译 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 本科毕业(设计)论文 文献翻译 院( 系 ) 安全科学与工程学院 专业名称 安全工程 年级 六年级体育公开课教案九年级家长会课件PPT下载六年级家长会PPT课件一年级上册汉语拼音练习题六年级上册道德与法治课件 班级 学生姓名 指导老师 ****年*月*日 1 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 第一篇 英文原文 The thick seam hangs moves the support to put goes against the coal technology [Abstract]The thick seam saves widely in our country partial mining area tax, in the article introduced the thick seam hangs moves takes a step the support to put goes against the coal technology, through the practice and the research, has obtained some experiences and the understanding, has provided the model experience for similar condition coal bed mining. 1 Introduction Coal thick in the 3.5~5m thick seam in mining bureaus and some place ore widespread tax and so on our country Handan, Feng Feng, Pingdingshan, Huai Nan, Hsuchou, Tatun, Xishan saves, along with puts goes against the coal craft the rapid development, the thick seam method of exploitation also has the profound transformation, changes gradually by original lamination mining picks Gao Zhengceng to mine and to put greatly goes against coal mining; Compares with lamination mining, not only picks Gao He to put greatly goes against coal mining to enhance the working surface large scale the output, the efficiency, reduces the drivage ratio and the maintenance cost, reduces the cost, moreover simplified the production system, has realized the centralism production.Because picks greatly has the equipment to be unwieldy high, the initial investment is big, the soft coal bed guards against the cave-in of sides of a mine tunnel to solve and the stave roof with difficulty 2 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) controls and so on the questions with difficulty, the sub-bureau ore experiment uses puts goes against coal mining, but the thick seam puts goes against coal mining to have following two main problems:?Coal thick small, goes against the coal thickness after the coal mining machine coal cutting to be smaller than generally 3m, actual and the laboratory simulation experiment indicated through the massive scenes, is at the highest point when coal thickness is smaller than 2.5~3m, in goes against the coal to put falls in the process to assume the similar false roof without the rule to brave to fall the condition, creates the coal gangue mix, causes to pick rate reduces.?Goes against the coal thickness to be small, easy to produce the abscission layer, the break, creates the support control roof to be difficult, specially the end surface non-supports and protections space goes against the coal, possibly occurs as necessary braves to fall, thus causes goes against braves to go against, controls the end surface to go against the coal is directly the thick seam puts goes against coal mining to obtain one of success key technologies. How acts according to the mine pit the concrete term, whether chose the appropriate frame and the suitable craft is the thick seam obtains the success the key, Kong Zhuangkuang uses the ZWM grid type in 7177 working surfaces to hang moves the support to put goes against the coal technology. 2 Working surface basic survey Kong Zhuangkuang7177 working surfaces move towards long 350m, inclines long average 100m, on the working surface the boundary is the F6-6 fault, dropping variance 152m; Lower part boundary F8 fault, dropping variance 21m.Mines coal the level is the 7# coal, the tax saves stably, in coal bed hard, coal thick 4~5.36m, average 3 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 5.0m, coal bed inclination angle average 24?.The coal bed goes against directly for the cinereus sandstone and the iron grey novaculite interbed, thick 5.6m, Yi Maoluo; Always goes against for the shale, thick 8.5m, jointing growth, Yi Maoluo; The coal bed direct bottom is the mudstone, thick 1.4m.In working surface F6-6 and F8 fault influence, associated minor fault comparison growth.The damp rank is the low gas mine pit, the coal bed spontaneous combustion time is 6~12 months. 3 ZWM grid type hangs moves takes a step to put goes against the coal support survey ZWM grid type to hang moves takes a step the support, is situated between the synthesis to pick puts goes against between the coal support and the slipping top-beam one kind of transition type support, it by the host, the sub-frame is composed, the host, the sub-frame are composed by the top-beam and three hydraulic pressure props, the host, the subsidiary spar fall the slide achievement through one pair to fall an organization, between its and is connected with a pair of expandable joint arm, causes the entire working surface to possess in uses the support all to connect a whole, the entire working surface supporting beam build becomes the network shape, front end the king post is loaded with vane type throat Liang, main subsidiary spar rear endAll is loaded with the box writing style “the bow” the shape stabilizing bar, about the pedestrian as well as puts the coal work and so on all on under after stabilizing bar shield, strengthened the stability, the security greatly, moreover has a quite comfortable spacious work environment, the support support is highly 1.8~2.4m, at the beginning of the design supports the strength is 900kN, the 4 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) fixed working resistance is 1800kN, controls the zenith distance is most greatly 3.65m, slightly controls the zenith distance is 3.05m.Bay center distance 1.1m, the support volume small, the weight is light, the support transportation, the installment, the disassemblage, the replacement, the accent frame, the operation quite are convenient nimbly. 4 Picks puts the craft (1) Coal cutting, transports the coal.The working surface use domestic product MG-150AW double roll coal mining machine falls the coal, the coal mining machine truncation depth is 0.6m, the feed way for the reason bevelling feed, mining coal is highly 2.1m, puts goes against coal thick 1.9~3.26m, the coal cutting uses the SGD-220 scraper chain conveyor transportation, puts goes against the coal to use the SGW-40 scraper chain conveyor transportation. (2) Shop net, networking.Goes against the shop metal diamond network, the net extends 0.7m, long 5.6m, the material is the 10# galvanized wire, mesh for 60×60mm, the networking uses the 14# galvanized wire, separates the hole double strand to cancel twists 3, the artificial shop networking, spreads net lag coal mining machine 5~10m, through raises support throat Liang to contract the shop good wire netting to carry on the temporary supports and protections, simultaneously uses the DZ-2500 monomer prop in coal wall each 4~5m to hit a belt hat column to go against the area spatially as the coal wall the temporary supports and protections. (3) Moves the frame.Must pay attention to the prompt supports and protections, after the coal mining machine coal cutting must move promptly the frame, pursues 5 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) machine moves a distance not to be bigger than 2, moves a speed slowly when should reduce the coal cutting speed.Moves when takes back sub-frame throat Liang first, raises the sub-frame three props, first moves sub-frame 0.6m, the fluid injection rises the column, the similar sub-frame operation, first moves main frame 0.6m, after moves integrity to move again neighboring. (4) Puts goes against the coal.After the experiment determined as soon as the working surface puts the coal craft is two picks puts, puts a coal step distance is 1.2m, uses the monowheel gap to put the coal way from bottom to top.Uses the low position to put the coal, puts the coal mouth to cut “?” Long 0.4m, the end opening is apart from on the chute along 100mm, puts coal mouth spacing 1.1m, simultaneously opens puts the coal mouth not to surpass 3, after puts the coal to see the gangue to block immediately, net mouth use “#” seal. (5) Cycle operation way.The cycle operation way uses 38 systems, two classes produce one class to overhaul. 5 Working surface ores Press the appearance rule through to parameter tests and so on 7177 working surface support working resistance to indicate that, the roof first presses a step distance is 19~29m, in the working surface, middle first presses a step distance basically close, lower part the working surface first presses a step distance to be bigger than in this upside.The cycle presses a step distance is equally 9.6m.The working surface moving load coefficient is equally 1.25, biggest 1.43.Support working resistance obedience normal distribution, but distributes the value not to be 6 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) extremely unreasonable, the working resistance use factor is low, the insufficient working resistance 1/3 support occupies the entire working surface 84%. 7177 working surfaces press the period ore to press the appearance to be fierce, the appearance characteristic increases besides the support load, displays the working surface to go against the coal obviously to crush, the coal wall cave-in of sides of a mine tunnel (cave-in of sides of a mine tunnel depth 10~100cm does not wait), in front of to brave to go against (braves to go against highly reaches most greatly about 3m), the stair submersion and the prop inserts phenomena and so on bottom, when 7177 working surfaces first press, cuts the crest line along the coal wall long to reach about 30m, the prop drills the bottom quantity to be big, after specially the column, most greatly reaches 80~100cm, causes the working surface support to assume “the anti-aircraft gun” the shape, in presses the period also appears the support to fight, the prop escapes the nest, the top-beam turn over and so onThe phenomenon, the support part damage is serious. After 7177 working surfaces shear the first knife coal, the middle shift in moved in a process to occur has pushed cross to brave to go against the accident, the support lost face 24 from 20~43#; When the working surface advances to 66m, the 21~24# support pushes to the coal gang, has affected the work regular production. 6 Coal dust, the spontaneous combustion prevent and control (1) Coal dust preventing and controlling: Drills the irrigation in advance to the coal bed, after the irrigation the coal body moisture content from 2% enhances to 3.5%, specially has in addition supposed a dustproof pipeline along the working 7 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) surface old pond side, uses in putting time the coal dustproof. (2) coal bed spontaneous combustion preventing and controlling: Mainly adopts to picks the depletion region note yellow mud, the enhancement picks rate and the reduction picks the depletion region to leak out and so on the measures, returns picks the period has not appeared the coal bed spontaneous combustion phenomenon. 7 Economic efficiency analyses Picks according to the statistical 7177 working surfaces rate is 87.7%, compared with similar condition 7# coal lamination mining enhanced 9 percentage points. According to coal puts to Kong Zhuangkuang the 7# goes against coal mining and the lamination mining economy compares, finally indicated, puts goes against coal mining because the direct work efficiency enhances, cost reduction 2.93 Yuan /t, tunnel tunneling expense low 5.44 Yuan /t, maintenance cost low 0.57 Yuan /t, the equipment rents expense low 0.81 Yuan /t, the material consumes low 5.85 Yuan /t, puts goes against coal mining to reduce 15.60 Yuan /t compared to the lamination mining total cost. 8 Mainly realized and knew (1)ZWM grid hung moves the support to undergo 7177 working surfaces first to press, the cycle presses, the fault, the old cave, condition and so on crushed zone tests, proved the support design basically reasonable, but the rack partial weldment welding quality was bad, specially fell a slide the slippery plate, joins the arm the extension arm, the universal welding was not good. (2) Support structure must adapts with the roof and the coal bed condition, also 8 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) must guarantee the support work the stability.From is advantageous and puts the coal effect in the roof management to consider that, goes against the coal hardly to select the top-beam long frame suitably, goes against the coal to be soft the easy cave-in of sides of a mine tunnel to pull out goes against selects the top-beam short frame suitably.The practice indicated the similar 7177 working surface condition, selects short Liang to hang suitably moves the support for suitably, also must further enhance the ZWM grid support stability, prevented the support loses face, pushes the accident occurrence. (3) Working surface picks high must control strictly, after the superelevation the rack is not steady, simultaneously can create goes against the coal excessively to be thin, causes puts when the coal the percentage of refuse content rise, picks Gao Guodi to be able to create the stabilizing bar and the Liang build becomes saddle-shaped, moves a difficulty, affects the security and the production. (4) Aims at 7177 working surface management the characteristic, should use “in the supports and protections, protect, controls, the proper attention to both steadily”, by “protects, controls” the primarily principle. 7177 working surface support load is not big, the support has the enough at the beginning of design to support the strength and the working resistance, in order to control goes against the coal the stability, maintains certain initially supports the strength and the reasonable working resistance is necessary, also namely “”.“Protects” the main purpose is the maximum limit control goes against the coal to brave to leak, accidents and so on coal wall cave-in of sides of a mine tunnel occurs, simultaneously is “” the creation good condition, therefore 9 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) “protects” is “” the premise, protects goes against not well on a not zeal, on the one hand should reduce the end surface to control the zenith distance as far as possible, strengthens the working surface support end surface supports and protections ability, controls above working surface machine to go against the coal not to brave to fall; On the other hand needs the prompt supports and protections, the implementation scratches goes against moves the frame, the enhancement protects goes against.“Controls” namely controls the prop to drill the bottom, enhances the supports and protections system rigidity, adopts the plan should be floats the ledger wall the coal cleaning up to be clean, or defers to the ledger wall resistant to compression to enter the intensity, puts on shoes to the prop, when necessity may use measures and so on bottom millstone.“Steady” namely guaranteed the support the stability, prevented the crooked frame, loses face, ceases the accident the occurrence.Because ZWM grid support own on heavy under light, is the unstable structure, the support beam column position and the entire frame condition, puts the support the synthesis to be more nimble than, once therefore operates carelessly, the beam column position is unreasonable, supports and protects the resistance to be insufficient lightly, the heavy piece of damage support even appears loses face the accident, therefore the worker technology and the management level play the very major role in the support use, should strengthen the working surface production management, must control the good prop top-beam position, the relative relations and the phase, prevented the prop welcomes the mountain insufficiently, the support crooked, the top-beam flees the position and so on. 10 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) (5) This grid support both may with machine pick the coordination and to be possible to pick the coordination with the artillery, its initial investment only quite Yu Zong puts the support total investment 1/5 to 1/8 about, it has the volume small, the weight light, the structure simple, the installment and the transportation convenient, the operation easy and so on the merits, to returns to picks the geological condition complex and side the horn block section coal bed has the good nimble compatibility, therefore in the present coal mine economy universal difficult situation, it suits in the small coal mine.Uses the ZWM support to put correctly goes against the coal and takes the efficient measure, may display its nimble, the compatibility fully strong, the cost low, the semiautomation, the security and the high production highly effective merit. 11 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) (中文翻译) 中厚煤层悬移支架放顶煤技术 【摘要】中厚煤层在我国部分矿区赋存广泛,文中介绍了中厚煤层悬移迈步支架放顶煤技术,通过实践与研究,得出了一些体会和认识,为类似条件煤层的开采提供了借鉴经验。 1 引言 煤厚在3.5,5,的中厚煤层在我国邯郸、峰峰、平顶山、淮南、徐州、大屯、西山等矿务局及一些地方矿广泛赋存,随着放顶煤工艺的迅速发展,中厚煤层开采方法也发生深刻的变革,由原分层开采逐渐转向大采高整层开采和放顶煤开采;与分层开采相比,大采高和放顶煤开采不仅大幅度提高工作面的产量、效率,减少掘进率和维修费用,降低成本,而且简化了生产系统,实现了集中生产。由于大采高存在设备笨重 ,初期投资大,松软煤层的防片帮难以解决和破碎顶板难以控制等问题,部分局矿试验采用放顶煤开采,但中厚煤层放顶煤开采存在以下两个主要问题:?煤厚较小,在采煤机割煤后顶煤厚度一般小于3,,通过大量现场实测和实验室模拟试验表明,当顶煤厚度小于2.5,3,时,在顶煤放落过程中呈类似伪顶无规则冒落状态,造成煤矸混合,使采出率降低。?顶煤厚度较小,易产生离层、断裂,造成支架控制顶板困难,特别是端面无支护空间的顶煤,随时可能发生冒落,从而引起直接顶冒顶,控制端面顶煤是中厚煤层放顶煤开采取得成功的关键技术之一。 如何根据矿井的具体条件,选择合适的架型和适当的工艺是中厚煤层能否取得成功的关键,孔庄矿在7177工作面采用了,,,网格式悬移支架放顶煤技术。 2 工作面基本概况 孔庄矿7177工作面走向长350,,倾斜长平均100,,工作面上部境界为,6-6 12 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 断层,落差152,;下部境界,8断层,落差21,。所采煤层为7#煤,赋存稳定,煤层 ,5.36,,平均5.0,,煤层倾角平均24?。煤层直接顶为灰黑色砂岩与中硬,煤厚4 灰白色细砂岩互层,厚5.6,,易冒落;老顶为页岩,厚8.5,,节理发育,易冒落;煤层直接底为泥岩,厚1.4,。工作面内受,6-6和,8断层的影响,伴生的小断层比较发育。矿井瓦斯等级为低瓦斯矿井,煤层自然发火期为6,12个月。 3 ,,,网格式悬移迈步放顶煤支架概况 ,,,网格式悬移迈步支架,是介于综采放顶煤支架和滑移顶梁之间的一种过渡式支架,它由主、副架组成,主、副架均由顶梁和三根液压支柱组成,主、副梁通过一对降架滑块作为降架机构,其架与架之间用一对可伸缩的联接臂相连,使全工作面所有在用支架全都联成一个整体,整个工作面支架梁体形成网络状,主梁前端装有翻板式前探梁,主副梁的后端都装有箱体式“弓”形尾梁,上下行人以及放煤作业等都在后尾梁的掩护之下,大大增强了稳定性、安全性,而且有一个比较舒适宽敞的作业环境,支架支撑高度为1.8,2.4,,设计初撑力为900,,,额定工作阻力为1800,,,最大控顶距为3.65,,最小控顶距为3.05,。架间中心距1.1,,支架体积小、重量轻,支架的运输、安装、拆卸、更换、调架、操作比较方便灵活。 4 采放工艺 (1)割煤、运煤。工作面使用国产,,-150,,型双滚筒采煤机落煤,采煤机截深为0.6,,进刀方式为端头斜切进刀,采煤高度为2.1,,放顶煤厚1.9,3.26,,割煤采用,,,-220型刮板运输机运输,放顶煤采用,,,-40刮板运输机运输。 (2)铺网、联网。顶铺金属菱形网,网宽0.7,,长5.6,,材料为10#镀锌铁丝,网孔为60×60,,,联网采用14#镀锌铁丝,隔孔双股勾拧3圈,人工铺联网,铺网滞 13 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 后采煤机5,10,,通过升起支架前探梁压紧铺好的金属网进行临时支护,同时在 ,5,采用,,-2500型单体支柱打带帽点柱作为煤壁空顶区的临时支煤壁每4 护。 (3)移架。要注意及时支护,采煤机割煤后要及时移架,追机移架距离不大于2架,移架速度慢时应降低割煤速度。移架时先收回副架前探梁,升起副架三根支柱,前移副架0.6,,注液升柱,类似副架操作,前移主架0.6,,移完整架后再移相邻一架。 (4)放顶煤。经试验确定工作面放煤工艺为两采一放,放煤步距为1.2,,采用自下而上单轮间隔放煤方式。采用低位放煤,放煤口剪成“?”型,长0.4,,下口距溜子上沿100,,,放煤口间距1.1,,同时开启的放煤口不超过3个,放煤见矸后立即封网,网口采用“#”型封口。 (5)循环作业方式。循环作业方式采用三八制,两班生产一班检修。 5 工作面矿压显现规律 通过对7177工作面支架工作阻力等参数测试表明,顶板初次来压步距为19,29,,工作面上、中部初次来压步距基本相近,工作面下部初次来压步距大于该面中上部。周期来压步距平均为9.6,。工作面动载系数平均为1.25,最大1.43。支架工作阻力服从正态分布,但分布中值极不合理,工作阻力利用率低,不足工作阻力1/3的支架占全工作面的84%。 7177工作面来压期间矿压显现剧烈,显现特征除支架载荷增大外,明显表现出工作面顶煤被压碎、煤壁片帮(片帮深度10,100;,不等 )、架前冒顶(冒顶高度最大达3,左右)、台阶下沉和支柱插底等现象, 7177工作面初次来压时,沿煤壁切顶线长达30,左右,支柱钻底量大,特别是后柱,最大达80,100;,,致使工 14 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 作面支架呈“高射炮”状,在来压期间还出现支架咬架、支柱脱窝、顶梁翻转等现象,支架部件损坏严重。 7177工作面割完第一刀煤后,中班在移架过程中发生了推跨性冒顶事故,支架从20,43#倒架24架;工作面推进到66,时, 21,24#支架推向煤帮,影响了工作的正常生产。 6 煤尘、自然发火防治 (1)煤尘的防治:对煤层超前打眼注水,注水后煤体的含水率由2%提高到3.5%,另沿工作面老塘侧专设了一条防尘管路,用于放煤时防尘。 (2)煤层自然发火防治:主要采取向采空区注黄泥浆、提高采出率及减少采空区漏风等措施,回采期间未出现煤层自然发火现象。 7 经济效益分析 据统计7177工作面的采出率为87.7%,与类似条件7#煤分层开采相比提高了9个百分点。 根据对孔庄矿7#煤放顶煤开采与分层开采经济比较,结果表明,放顶煤开采由于直接工效提高,成本降低2.93元/,,巷道掘进费用低5.44元/,,维护费用低0.57元/,,设备租赁费用低0.81元/,,材料消耗低5.85元/,,放顶煤开采比分层开采总成本降低15.60元/,。 8 主要体会和认识 (1),,,网格悬移支架经受了7177工作面初次来压、周期来压、过断层、过老峒、过破碎带等条件的考验,证明支架设计基本合理,但架子部分焊接件焊接质量差,特别是降架滑块的滑盘、联接臂的加长臂,普遍焊接不好; (2)支架的结构要与顶板和煤层条件相适应,且要保证支架工作的稳定性。从 15 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 有利于顶板管理和放煤效果考虑,顶煤较硬的宜选用顶梁较长的架型,顶煤较软易片帮抽顶的宜选用顶梁短的架型。实践表明类似7177工作面条件,宜选用较短梁的悬移支架为宜,且要进一步提高,,,网格支架稳定性,防止支架倒架、挤架事故的发生; (3)工作面采高必须严格控制 ,超高后架子不稳,同时会造成顶煤过薄,使放煤时含矸率上升,采高过低会造成尾梁与梁体形成马鞍形,移架困难,影响安全与生产; (4)针对7177工作面管理的特点,在支护上应采用“支、护、控、稳”兼顾,以“护、控”为主的原则。 7177工作面支架载荷并不大,支架有足够的设计初撑力和工作阻力,为了控制顶煤的稳定性,保持一定的初撑力和合理的工作阻力是必要的,也即“支”。“护”的主要目的的是最大限度的控制顶煤冒漏、煤壁片帮等 时为“支”创造良好条件,因此“护”是“支”的前提,护不好顶就支事故发生,同 不上劲,一方面应尽可能减少端面控顶距,加强工作面支架端面支护能力,控制工作面机道上方顶煤不冒落;另一方面需及时支护,实施擦顶移架,加强护顶。“控”即控制支柱钻底,提高支护系统刚度,采取的 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 应是将底板浮煤清理干净,或按照底板抗压入强度,给支柱穿鞋,必要时可采用底梁等措施。“稳”即保证支架的稳定性,防止歪架、倒架,杜绝事故的发生。由于,,,网格支架自身上重下轻,属不稳定结构,支架梁柱位置及整架的状态,均比综放支架灵活,所以一旦操作不慎,梁柱位置不合理,轻则支护阻力不够,重则损坏支架甚至出现倒架事故,故工人技术及管理水平在支架使用中起到很大作用,应加强工作面生产管理,要控制好支柱顶梁位置、相对关系和位态,防止支柱迎山不够、支架歪斜、顶梁窜位等; (5)该网格支架既可与机采配合又可与炮采配合,其初期投资仅相当于综放支 16 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 架总投资的五分之一至八分之一左右,它具有体积小、重量轻、结构简单、安装和运输方便、操作容易等优点,对回采地质条件复杂和边角块段煤层具有较好的灵活适应性,因此在目前煤矿经济普遍困难的情况下,其适合于中小煤矿。正确使用,,,支架放顶煤和采取得力的措施,可以充分发挥其灵活、适应性强、成本低、半自动化、安全和高产高效的优点。 17 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 第二篇 英文原文 Science of Complexity and Its Revelation on Study of Coal Mine Safety Behavior Problems CHEN Hong (School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China) Abstract: Complexity science is the foreland of system science. In recent years, coal industry has got rapid development in China,and does important contribution to economy growth. The problem of mine safety has always been a shackle to the sustainable development of coal enterprises. It is a significant task to study mine safety problem from a new angle of view. This paper has a systematic thought combined with the development of complexity science in recent years, and forms some revelations on the study of coal safety problems. Keywords: science of complexity; coal mine safety; chaos 1 Development of Complexity Science The science of complexity takes complex system or the complexity of system as its study objects. Different scholars give different definitions to complexity. It is difficult to give an exact definition. Combined with some points of view, the complexity of system can be mainly embodied in the following aspects: 1) The connections between cells of system are wide and tight with network. Therefore, the change of any cell will be affected by the changes of other cells, and will cause changes of other cells. 2) System consists of many agents with a multi-level and multi-function structure. Every level is the cell of upper level, and is helpful to the realization of a certain function. 3) System consists of feedback annulus. In the process of development, system can learn continuously and have a recompose of its level structure and function structure. 4) System is open to environment; it has a close relationship with environment, and has an interaction with environment. 5) System is an evolvement system with self-adapting ability. 6) It cannot be explained with traditional theory and method. 7) System has the characteristics of dynamic and 18 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) non-linearity. 8) System has the character of span level, such as embedded, interlinked, inter influenced and affected. Complex system exists in all fields of our world: physics system, biology system, human society system,etc. From the life phenomenon of a single cell, structure of the brain and intelligence, ups and dow ns in the stock market, to rise and decline of the society, immunity system of the human body, the common character of these systems is that behind uncertain changes, there comes out some uncertain orders. The aim of complexity study is not only to reveal and describe the locomotion principles, but also to solve the problem of forecasting and controlling of the complex system that seems unsolvable and cannot be handled before [1-5]. In 1984, with the support of Nobel Physics Prize winner Murray Gell-mann, Philip Anderson, and Nobel Economics Prize winner Arrow, assembling a group of research experts from the fields of physics, economics,theory biology and computing science, the most famous Santa Fe Graduate School was established. They tried to reveal the general principles dominating the complex system by gathering personnel and thoughts of these fields. Brussels College under the leadership of Prigogine and coauthored with Nilicos, wrote the famous book “Exploration of Complexity”, and set a strong foundation to this science. The study of opening complex “huge system” in our country represented by Qian Xuesen is different in approach but equally satisfactory in result with study of complexity system abroad. The concept of opening complex “huge system” abstracted by Qian Xuesen, the synthetic integration methods of qualitative and quantitative methods to deal with these systems, to combine expert group (experts from all fields), data and all information with the computing technology organically, and to combine theories and knowledge of various subject together organically, have the same study methods with Santa Fe Graduate School. In specific field, the main theory contributions on complexity are as follows: Reward Increase by Degrees, is also called Owner Gain, by Brian Arthur. Outstanding scientists such as Marry Gellman, George Cowan, and Philip Anderson also put forward the thought of subject conformity, they think that subject should be in the direction of development from revert to unity, they also put forward the 19 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) concepts of “Agent” and “Emergence”. John Holland initiates gene arithmetic, sorter system, impels the development of nerve network arithmetic, deduces the characters of complex self-adapting system. Chris Longton sets up the manpower life theory, impels the development of cell motivator theory, and puts forward the concept of complex attractor. Fammer unites nerve network, inheritance arithmetic, classifying system model, auto-catalyze model and immunity system model together as node-associate model by the thought of connectionist. Denmark born physics Per Bak puts forward the concept of self-organization criticality.Kauffman puts forward the theory of self-organization criticality conditions. As the most protruding manifestation of complexity, organization management theory is trying to set up new relative theory on the basis of theories above to solve problems regarded as puzzles and dilemma under traditional management theory, there are already some progress at present. “Complexity: a Science Born at the Edge of Order and Chaos” describes the origin and starting process of complex system theory from the angle of theory founder. The earliest academically published books are “Complexity, Supervisor and Organization” and “Chaos: Naissance of a New Science”，the latter is considered the most classical works in this realm. “At the Home of Universe: Study on Principles of Self-organization and Complexity” demonstrates the great significance of complexity science in the field of economy and organization theory. “Leadership and New Science: Organizational Study of the Universe in Order” studies the quanta structure and complex theory and introduces them to leadership and organization science. “Collapse of Chaos: Exploring the Simple Laws of Complex world ” describes some simple laws in the history of finding chaos and complexity. “Complexity and Creativity in Organizations” narrates how to apply new science to the development and transformation of organizations. It is an absolutely new subject to apply complexity science to the management of organizations, because complexity science itself is a science in the process of formation, with no existing and ripe theory structure to be applied for. But the new model of thinking and metaphor that complexity science supplies for organization management is really a great wealth. 20 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 2 Present Research Situation of Coal Mine Safety Problems At present, coal occupies over 70% in energy consuming construction in our country. This kind of energy consuming structure will not change in 30-50 years in the future. Since the foundation of our country, coal industry has got rapid development and has done a major contribution to the national economy. Coal production greatly influenced by geology and environment. Safety is a Life Line of coal production. It is a significant subject in front of us to study safety problems in coal production. The current research on safety problems of coal production in our country mainly lies in the following aspects: 2.1 Research from Aspect of Technique The research of this aspect starts early and has many achievements, involving primarily the technological prevention and controlling of disasters such as gas, coal dust, water leakage, coal self-burning, etc. In recent years, the state-owned large and medium-sized mine enterprises have got substantial improvement in the aspects of safety techniques and equipments. 2.2 Cause and Effect Analysis from Aspect of Psychology Chen Qichang thought that contrived factors had important function in the occurrence of casualty accidents[6]. Yi Yiqin connected with the reality of mine safety problems, probed into the causes of casualty accidents, especially the factors of psychology and behavior, and their causations, representations, principles,and controlling measures[7]. Lin Zeyan found in his research that no matter in state-allocated mines, state-owned local mines, or village-owned(including individual) mines, the accident number and death number resulted from factitious adventure are higher than that of accidents by chance[8]. He thought psychological factors such as people’s consciousness and emotion are the main reasons for the cause of accidents. 2.3 From Aspect of Systematic Science Feng Zhaorui and Cui Guozhang had a systematic analysis on the unsafe factors in the production system and their possible damages to the system by means of cause and effect analysis, safety check table, incident tree,accident tree, and fatalness 21 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) pre-analysis[9]. Li Jinping and Li Zhonghai applied “safety starlight huge system”management method into mine production safety management[10]. He thought that nowadays organizations are no longer like pyramids, instead, they tend more like “universe”. “Huge System” means to manage safety problems beyond safety itself. Liang Bingduo tried to apply stereoscopic mode of management, circumvolve type of circulating management, and spiral ascension type of management into coal safety management[11].Zhang Heping and Wang Guanchang applied the theory and method of mine safety system project into the evaluation of safe production in coal mines[12]. The abroad research literatures and books concerning safety problem are more from America and Europe,but little aims at safety problem in coal mine directly. This is due to the petrolem-dominated energy consuming structure instead of coal-dominated energy consuming structure. Heinrich (1881-1962) studied accidents on the foundation of a great deal of statistic data, and emphasized on the real causes of accidents. Behavior psychologists (Haddon, Scherzer, & Suchman, 1961) put forward the idea that accidents can be reduced by changing workers’ behaviors. Nick W.Hurst，Stephen Young，Ian Donald ,and Hu Gibson, by research on the six major hazard sites in four countries of Europe, they found that right attitude to safety and favorable PSMS performance can reduce accidents happening on site or enterprises with great hidden risks[13]. T.P. Kelly and J.A. McDermid put forward the method to keep safety state by system measures[14].Neil Mitchison,Georgios A.Papadakis research how to appraise and perform the safty system[15]. Birgitte Rasmussena and Kurt E. Petersenb established a society technology system model for factory functions, and used this model as bases to evaluate the effect of safety management[16]. Alison G. Vredenburgh summed up six factors that would affect successful safety management in his research report. These factors are managers’ responsibility, encouragement, communication and feedback, selection, training and participation. He also respectively studied the influence degree of each factors to reduce personal damage[17]. N. McDonald , S.Corrigan, C. Daly and S. 22 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) Cromie put forward a self-regulation model to test different organizations how to manage safety. This model stresses espacially on interactions between human and organizations[18]. Goetsch put forward the idea of TSM(total safety management). This is a safety management method formed from the basic priciple of TQM and used as a guide to practice[19]. It can be seen that research theories and methods on safety are mainly focused on specific problems at present, and they are limited to the validity of space and time. Weinstein thinks these methods emphasize on technology requirement and prefer short-term effect[20]. It is necessary to recognize the problem of excessive coal accidents that has puzzled coal production in our country for a long time. The writer has the following standpoints: 1) Safety problem has been a fatal thing for organizing, decision-making and operating of safe coal production. 2) Mine safety behavior system is a complex system. Its complexity mainly lies in complexity and uncertainty of safety behavior environment; complexity of safety organization behavior of multiplayer,multi-cell, multifunction, and multi-target; non-linearity and uncertainty of safety behavior prediction,decision-making and controlling; non-symmetry of information; non-balance and chaos of safety behavior system; interaction of all factors, and complexity of the process of interaction with complex environment and self-organization and self-adaptation of safety behavior system, etc. 3) Behavior complexity is a property, corresponding with great high-dimension probability space. The dominant characteristics are soft behavior, small risk process (acumen modulus passivation ), medium-sized range (statistic contiguity of uncertain management behavior). 4) There is reverse direction evolvement in unsafe behavior system. 5) Management countermeasures based on complex system analysis may be a valuable supplement to research of mine safety problems 3 Revelation of Complexity Science on Study of Coal Mine Safety Behavior Problems 23 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) The first revelation is: hold the whole. The safety problem in coal mine is very complex. This means that it has a quite new character as a whole, and the traditional methods of thinking are facing enormous challenge.When analyzing this kind of problems, we used to divide them into simple analyzable ingredients, analyze them respectively, and then compose into a result. Though this exactitude analysis method has always been a measure to support the progress of science and technology, with the development of science and technology, the limitation of this unilateral dissection exactitude analysis method is more and more obviously. When a problem is divided into ingredients, some important factors get lost. Coal safety problem is essentially an undividable life system. Once it is divided, it lose its meaning of original proposition. Therefore, to study coal safety problems must fix on the mode of holding the whole. The second revelation is: spontaneous behavior of multi-individuals will bring whole rules of aggregations,that is: attach importance to “mergence” and self-organization. The ability of composing system or engendering structure out of spontaneous behavior of individuals is called “Emergence”. The ability to engender advanced system and complex system interior of an organization spontaneously without exterior force is called self-organization. The method of looking on problems using emergence and self-organization is quite different from traditional planning method for structure and management system. This offers a new angle of view for study of coal safety problems: shouldn’t intentionally plan and manage unsafe behaviors, instead, should stress on the process and method of inspiring safe behavior self-organization. The third revelation is: get acquainted with correlative safe behavior environment, because correlation inspires self-organization. How to find the best measures to inspire safety behavior self-organization and emergence: getting acquainted with correlative safety behavior environment is the best way. Prigogine once pointed out that it needs three terms for a system to engender self-organization: first, it should be an opening system, having energy, material and information intercourse with the outside; second, the system should be dynamic and beyond balance; third, there exists feedback in the system to get rapid progress through 24 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) certain course. Prigogine indicated that for the existence and occurrence of the third term, information sharing mechanism in the system must be developed, because the system as a whole will bring correlation and accordingly engender a correlative environment. These three premising terms for self-organization in natural phenomena supply valuable revelation on safety behavior self-organization in coal mine safety problems. A coal enterprise with safety behavior self-organization has the following characteristics: 1) employees have high consciousness; 2) safety targets arise from bottom to top; 3) new notions and measures about safety come into being continuously; 4) corresponding reactions can turn to complex environment. The fourth revelation is: acknowledge the ability to produce safety behavior agglomeration. How to engender safety behavior self-organization in correlative environment? According to the research of Prigogine,it depends on the rise and down of microcosmic level. That is: by safety behavior interference process in microcosmic level of employees, by individual behavior to inspire safety behavior self-organization and emergence of enterprise, and determine operating direction in macrocosmic level of the whole enterprise. The fifth revelation is: conjunct evolvement of whole and parts. How can individuals change the organization? It needs conjunct evolvement. In the developing process, every part of safety problem will have interaction and influence with other parts; therefore, it inspires conjunct evolvement of all the parts in the safety system. The sixth revelation is: safety behavior system evolves exceedingly, the evolving process itself also evolves,and super evolvement itself (circulation process and rules of coal mine safety system) also evolves. Rules are changing, so we can change them. The seventh revelation is: find out oddity and create safety behavior system in leading coalmines. The theory of dissipation structure shows that it is almost impossible to forecast complex safety system or structure evolvement result. Chaos theory indicates that in the non-linearity system, minuteness in original state will not result in extreme distinctness of the outcome. On the sense of these two aspects, it is impossible to forecast complex safety problems. The best forecasting method is creation. When coming across only once non-anticipations, decision should be made 25 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) at once because rules will not repeat themselves. Therefore,organization managers should bear in mind the mode transformation from oddity: never forecast the future, but to create leading coalmine safety behavior system. Up to now, complexity system is still not a strict scientific theory, but a gathering of a series of ideas.These ideas anticipate to take full use of the mighty computing capability of computer technology combining with analysis, logical reasoning and concept exploitation, may find out some simple rules behind some dynamic models, and try to discover how the consistent and intention whole emergence from the interaction of simple and aimless elements. Anyway, it supplies a quite new stage for us to research coal mine safety problems. Table 1 gives some possible applications of complex system theory to research of coal mine safety problems. Table 1 Possible application of complex system theory Concept Deduction Practical application Adaptability Region choose from the Looking for evolving strategy of safety Landform whole behavior Adaptability Deformation of common Realize the existence of safety Landform development behavior feedback annulus and interactions with interest correlations of all levels Attractor Behavior passively It is more important to create safety follow a certain mode behavior mode than try to influence existing facts Simulation “Noise” will increase Find out dominating factors from Anneal creativity noises, new voice or outside viewpoints about safety problems Simulation Governing chaos with A certain chaos (noise) is beneficial to Anneal chaos control collectivity safety behavior, 26 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) data stream, or information pick-up Patches Divide a whole into Divide safety system organization into separately acting connecting patches patches Tau Too much data stream Limit behavior change of enterprises in will choke the channel the same period Reward Knowledge economy is Make use of any possible opportunity Increase by entirely different from to increase influence on safety Degrees traditional economy zoological system network of enterprises and society Initial Value Forecasting is Create safety behavior system in Sensitivity impossible leading coal mines References [1] Xu Zhengquan. 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Occupational Hazards, 1996,58(8):76-85 28 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 中文翻译 复杂性科学及其在煤矿安全行为问题研究方面的启示 摘要:复杂性科学是一种前沿的系统科学 近年，中国的煤炭工业迅速发展，并为经济的增长作出了重要的贡献。煤矿的安全问题对于煤炭工业的可持续发展来说历来是一个桎梏 。站在一个新的视角来看，煤矿安全问题的研究是一个值得重视的课题。本文把近几年中复杂性科学的发展与其在煤矿安全行为问题研究方面的启示相结合，对其进行了系统的研究。 关键词:复杂性科学 ，矿井安全，混乱 1复杂性科学的发展 复杂性科学的研究对象为复杂的系统或系统的复杂性。不同的学者对于复杂性给出了不同的定义。但却难以给出一个精确的定义。总结各种观点，系统的复杂性主要可以概括为以下几个方面:1 ) 系统各单元之间是一种广泛且紧密的网络式联系。所以，其中任何一个单元的变化都可能影响到其他的单元并引起其他单元的变化。2)系统是包含众多因素的一个多层次，多机能的结构。每一个层次是一个单元，它有助于实现一个特定的机能。3 ) 系统中包含有一个回馈循环。 在发展过程中，系统能不断的学习并改进其层次结构和机能结构。4 ) 系统是开放的，它与外界有密切联系并相互作用。5 ) 系统具有不断演变的自我适应能力。6)它不能用常规的理论与方法来解释。7 )系统的特性曲线是动态与非线性的。8)系统具有跨越水平得特性，例如包含，关联，互相影响和作用。 复杂系统存在于我们世界的各个领域:物理系统,生态学系统,社会系统,等等.根据生命现象得的独立单元，智能信息结构，原料销售的起伏 ，社会的进步和衰退，人体的免疫系统，这些系统的共同特征是，在不确定的变化之后会出现一些不确定的秩序。研究复杂性的目的不仅仅是揭示和描述其运转原理，而是要解决如何预测和处理复杂系统中那些以前无法解释和处理的问题。 在1984年，在诺贝尔物理学获奖人穆拉伊.耶尔-曼,腓力.安德森,和诺贝尔经济学的获奖人 阿罗的赞助下,集合了一群来自物理学，经济学，生态学原理和计算机科学方面的研究专家，创建了著名的圣菲研究所。他们集中这些领域的人员和思维，去试图揭示复杂系统的主要原理。布鲁塞尔大学在普里果金领导下和尼里克斯合作,撰写了著名的“复杂性研究”一书，并为这一学科打下了坚实的基础。 29 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 在我国由钱学森提出的开放综合性“庞大系统”的研究和国外复杂性的研究是异曲同工.由钱学森提出的开放综合性“庞大系统”原理，应用定性分析法和定量分析法来讨论这些系统，集中专家小组(来自所有领域的专家)，资料和所有的信息通过有机计算，并将各种原理和多种学科的知识有机的结合，这与圣菲研究所的研究方法是一样的。 在专业领域，关于复杂性的主要理论学说有: 布赖恩.亚瑟将效益递增叫做Owner Gain(拥有者增益)。卓越的科学家例如:马里.热尔曼 , 乔治.科旺和菲力普.安德森也提出相似观点，他们认为学科应该朝着一致性的方向发展，他们也 提出“Agent(作用因素)”和“Emergence(紧急事件)”的观念。约翰.奥朗首创了因子运算 ，系统分类法，推动了神经网络运算的发展，推断出了复杂系统的自我适应性。Chris Longton 建立了人力寿命理论，推动了激励个体理论的发展，并提出复杂引起注意的观念。斐莫将神经网络，固有运算，分类系统模式，自动催化模型和免疫系统模式结合在一起，运用连结机制的思想提出了结点联想模型。丹麦物理学家佩尔.鲍克提出自我组织临界性原理，考夫曼提出了自我组织临界性条件的理论 。 由于复杂性的突出表现形式较多，根据上述的原理试图建立新的相关的组织管理理论，解决曾经在传统的管理理论下被认为是难题的问题，目前已经有了一些进展。“复杂性:一个产生于秩序和混乱交界处的学科”从理论角度描述了复杂性系统理论的来源和启动过程。最早出版的学术著作是“复杂性,管理者和组织”和“混乱:诞生的一个新的学科”，在此领域中，后者被认为是非常经典的著作。“在国内的领域:研究自我组织和复杂性原则”表明复杂性学科在经济和组织理论方面有着巨大的重要性。“领导者和新的学科:保证总体的状况良好的组织性研究” 研究量子结构和 综合的理论并将其引入领导者和组织学科。“崩溃的混乱:探索的复杂世界的简单规律”描述了过去在混乱和复杂性中发现的一些简单规律。“机构中的复杂性和创造性”叙述了将新的学科应用到 机构的发展和改革中去。将复杂性学科应用到企业的经营中，这绝对是一门新的学科，因为复杂性学科本身是一个发展中的学科，没有现成的和成熟的理论结构可以应用。但是，复杂性学科所提供的新的思维模式对于企业管理来说真是笔巨大的财富。 2 介绍煤矿安全问题的研究形势 30 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 目前，在我国的能源消耗结构中煤炭占据了70,以上。在将来的30,50年间，这种能源消耗结构不会改变。自从我国建国以来，煤炭工业迅速发展并未国家的经济建设做出了重大的贡献。煤炭生产主要受地质与环境的影响。安全是煤炭生产的一条生命线。它是在研究煤矿安全生产问题时，摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。 当前我国对于煤矿安全生产问题的研究主要表现在以下几个方面: 2.1从技术方面进行研究 这方面的研究开始较早并取得了许多成绩，主要包括事故的预防和控制技术，例如瓦斯，煤尘，渗水，煤的自然，等等。在近年间，国有大中型煤矿在安全技术和机械设备上做了重大改善。 2.2从心理学方面进行因果分析 陈启昌提出人为因素在伤亡事故的发生中起重要作用。易亦勤对于煤矿安全问题的实质，伤亡事故的原因进行了深入的研究，尤其是心里因素和行为因素以及其原因，表现，原理，控制手段。林泽岩经研究发现，无论是国营煤矿，国有煤矿或者私有煤矿，人为因素引起的事故与死亡次数要高于偶然因素引起的事故次数。他认为心里因素例如，人的意识和情绪是使事故发生的主要原因。 2.3从系统科学方面进行研究 冯兆瑞和崔国章通过因果研究，安全检查表，事件树，事故树和危险性预测，对生产系统中的不安全因素和潜在的危害进行了系统的分析。李金平和李中海将“safety starlight huge system (安全之光庞大系统)”管理方法应用到了煤矿安全管理方面。他认为现今的体制 不再是金字塔式的，他们更趋向于“universe(全域) ”;“Huge System(庞大的系统) ”，这意味着安全管理问题超过了安全的本身。梁秉铎试着将立体经营模式，循环经营模式和螺旋上升式经营模式应用到煤矿安全管理中去。张和平和王管昌将煤矿安全系统工程的理论与方法应用到了对煤矿安全生产的评估中。 国外的研究文献和书籍涉及的安全问题较多是来自美国和欧洲,但只很少注意煤矿的安全问题.这是由于石油为主体的能源消耗结构代替了煤炭为主体的能源消耗结构。 海因里克根据大量的统计资料对事故进行研究,他注重于强调事故发生的真 31 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 正原因.行为心理学者(哈登,舍茨,舒奇曼,1961)提出了通过转变劳动者的行为可以减少事故的发生的概念.尼克.纬纱.胡斯特，史蒂芬.扬，伊恩.唐纳德 ,与胡.吉普森洒,通过对欧洲四个国家的六个主要危险地点进行的研究发现,在有重大隐患的工厂或企业,只要有正确的安全态度和良好的PSMS性能,就可以减少事故的发生.T. P. 凯尔与J. A. 麦克德米德提出使用规章 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 来保证工人的安全态度的方法.尼尔.米奇森,乔治 .A. 帕帕扎基斯 研究了如何对安全体系进行评价和实施. 比吉特 瑞斯姆森纳与库尔特 E. 彼得森创建 了一个适于工厂机能的社会技术系统模型,并运用这一模型为标准来评价安全管理的效果.艾莉森 G 洛登堡在他的研究报告中总结了影响安全管理成果的六项因素。这些因素是管理者的职责，奖励，交流和回馈，选择，顺序和参与。他还分别研究了各个因素减少人身事故的作用程度。N 麦克唐纳 ,S 科里甘 ,C 达 ,S 克鲁密提出了一个自我调整模型用来测试不同的体制如何安全经营。这种模型更注重与人和团体间的相互作用 。格奇提出了TSM概念(完全安全管理)。这个安全管理方法是根据TQM 的 基本原理形成的，并用于指导实践。 它可以表明在目前关于安全研究的原理和方法主要集中于特定的问题，并限于确切的空间 和时间。魏因施泰因认为这些方法强调于技术需求并倾向于短期影响.必须承认，过多的煤矿事故早已成为困扰我国煤炭生产的问题。作者有以下观点: 1)无论是在建矿,领导生产还是经营过程中,安全问题已经成为煤矿生产中一个非常重大的事情. 2)矿山安全行为系统是一个复杂系统.它的复杂性主要表现在安全行为的复杂性与不确定性;安全行为体系的复杂性,多单元,多功能,多指标;安全行为预测的非线性和不确定性;决定生产与控制;资料的非协调性;安全行为系统的不平衡和混乱;各个因素的相互作用,安全行为系统中的周围环境的相互影响,自我组织,自我适应过程的复杂性,等等. 3)行为的复杂性是一个参数,相当于巨大的高维概率空间.其主导特征是行为软件,小风险处理(敏锐 模数 钝化 ),介质尺寸(统计分析不确切的管理行为) 4)在煤矿的不安全行为系统中存在一种反向演变 5)对于矿山安全问题的研究来说,根据复杂性系统的研究采取措施也许是一种有 32 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 用且灵活的方法. 3复杂性科学在煤矿安全行为问题研究方面的启示 启示一:把握整体.煤矿安全问题是非常复杂的.这意味着它作为一个整体具有相当新的特性，传统方法的思想面临着巨大的挑战。分析这类问题的时候，我们习惯于将它们划分成简单的可分解的要素，分别研究再综合其结果。虽然这种规规矩矩的解析法曾推动了科学技术的进步，但是随着科学技术的发展，这种单独分析的解析方法的局限性越来越明显。当一个问题被分解成各个要素的时候，会造成一些重要因素的丢失。煤矿安全问题是一个重要的生命系统。一旦它被划分，他将会失去原有的意义。因此 ，研究煤矿安全问题必须把握整体模式。 启示二:过多个体的自发的行为将要引起整体规律的集聚，亦即:着重于“合并 ”和自我组织。系统的组织能力或者生成结构出自个体的无意行为则被称作"意外事故"。在无外部事物的影响下，能引起高级系统和复杂系统内部自动组织的能力被称作自我组织能力。用于观察意外事故和自我组织的方法完全不同于传统的结构和管理体制的组织方法。在这里提供一个新的视角来研究煤矿安全问题:不应该有意的去限制和控制不安全行为，而应该强调灌输自我安全行为意识的步骤和方法。 启示三:熟悉安全的行为相关的周围事物，因为它能引起自我组织。如何找到引发安全行为自我组织和意外事故的最好手段:熟悉安全的行为相关的周围事物是最好手段 。普里果金曾经 指出一个系统引起自我组织需要满足三个方面的指标:第一,它应该是一个开放式系统，与外界有能源,物质，和信息和交流。第二:系统应该是动态的和超过平衡的。第三:在系统中存在某个回馈过程使其得到迅速的发展。普里果金指出的第三方面，信息共享机制是必定要发展的，因为系统作为一个整体来说于周围事物是相互依存的。自然现象中的这三项自我组织前题，为煤矿安全问题中的安全行为自我组织提供了重要的启示。一个具有安全行为自我组织能力的煤矿具备 以下特性 :1)员工有高度的自觉性;2)由下至上确立安全指标;3)新的安全观念和手段层出不穷。4)适当的反馈作用可以改变复杂的周围环境。 启示四:确认能够产生安全行为凝聚。相关的外界介质如何引起安全行为自我组织,按照普里果金的研究，这取决于微观的水平的起伏。亦即:微观层次方面， 33 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 员工的安全行为的扰乱过程 ，由于个人行为引起安全行为自我组织和意外事故的活动并决定了整体水平方面整个煤矿的运转 方向。 启示五:整体和部分的联合演变。个体是如何改变集体的,安全问题的每个部分与其他部分之间都会相互影响，相互作用，它将引起安全系统中所有部分的联合演变。 启示六:安全行为系统是逐渐形成展开的，形成过程的本身也是逐渐的，演变本身(煤矿安全系统的循环流程和规律)也是逐渐形成的。规律是变化的，所以我们也可以改变它们。 启示七:在领导煤矿生产中发现问题并建立安全行为系统。耗散结构的理论表明要预测综合安全系统或构造的演变结果几乎是不可能的。混沌理论指出在非线性系统中，在初始状态一瞬间 不会引起极端明显的结果。由这两方面判断，要预测复杂的安全问题是不可能的。最好的预防方法是创造 。一旦非预期的问题出现的时候，应该立即做出决策，因为规律本身不会重复。所以，管理者必须注意根据事故来转换模式:从不预测结果，而是领导建立煤矿安全行为系统。 到目前为止 ,复杂性系统仍然不是一个精确的科学理论,但它是一各综合的概念 .这个概念以提前应用到了具有强大计算能力的计算机技术的研究,逻辑推理和原理应用当中,也许会发现一些简单规律中的一些动态模型,并设法找到各简单并零散的元素间的交互作用的一致性和目的性的整体变化.总之,它为我们研究煤矿安全问题提供了一个新的平台. 表1给出了一些复杂系统理论在煤矿安全问题方面的潜在作用: 表 1 复杂系统理论的潜在用途 原理 推论 实际应用 地形适从整体中选择区域 寻找安全行为的展开策略 应性 34 河南理工大学本科毕业设计(文献翻译) 地形适共同发展的演变 认识到安全行为反馈循环和各个水平之间相互 应性 作用与联系的存在。 吸引物 消极行为遵循某一建立安全行为模式比改变现状更重要。 特定模式 模拟 “干扰 ”能够提高 根据干扰 ,新的意见或者外界观点找出安全问锻炼 创造性 题的主要因素 。 模拟 管理的混乱与无序 某种混乱(干扰 )有益于 控制器 全体安全行为,锻炼 数据流或者信息 的选择。 单元 将整体划分为独立将安全系统体制划分为相互关联的单元。 的行为单元 T字形过多的数据流将会在同一周期企业的行为改变是受到限制的 理论 阻塞通道 效益递知识经济完全不同利用任何潜在的机会提高对企业或社会的安全增 于传统经济 生态系统的影响。 初值灵预测是不可能的 领导建立安全行为系统 敏度 参考文献 [1]徐征权.组织信息和复杂性科学.学科和管理，2003,1:16-19 [2]宋雪峰.关于管理的复杂性的研究与发展.科学管理，2000,10:56-58 [3]陈思维.复杂性科学和系统工程，管理学学报，1999, 2(2):1-7 [4]宋雪峰.系统复杂性的检测方法.In :关于管理的复杂性发展的第一次全国会议,2001.64-73 [5]约翰 N 沃菲尔德.发散思维:说明工作效率低的团体.系统研究,1995,12(1):5-14 [6]陈启昌.安全生产和心理状态.重庆:重庆出版社,1985 [7]易亦勤.煤矿安全问题的心理学研究.北京:中国煤炭工业出版社,1992 [8]林泽炎.人为事故预防学[M].黑龙江教育出版社,1998,12-15. 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