各种教学方法优缺点比较.doclunwen

各种教学方法优缺点比较 Instructional methods 和 teaching methods意思相同，都是主要描写学习目标导向的活动和师生交流的，虽然有人会从另一个方面考虑，但是作为一名教师对这些方法的意义是否不同而吹毛求疵对学习过程是毫无作用的。直接教学和间接教学是许多教师认为有用的教学法的两个主要分类，但是，大家知道，将所有的教学分为两类是有点复杂的。一位教师使用的任何教学法都有其优点、缺点和必要的准备。在相同的课程教学过程中，某一种教学法常常会自然地过渡到另一种教学法，而且优秀的教师还可以不着痕迹地进行教学方法之间的过渡。 对于某一课程来说哪种教学法是正确的取决于许多因素，其中就包括学生的年龄和发展水平、学生已知信息、要达到课程目的学生还需知道的 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 、主题内容、课程目标、人物、时间、空间、 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 资源和设备。另一个更加困难的问题是为一种教学类型和课程内容选择一种最合适的教学法。虽然没有哪种教学法是教授某一课程的正确方法，但是许多与教学法有关的标准能够帮助教师尽可能作出最好的决定。下面是ADPRIMA教育系统教学部分提供的教学法，这些教学法并非按教师选用顺序排列，不存在公认的优劣等级，显然，也并不意味着所有的方法适用于所有的年级和主题内容。 直接教学 优点 缺点 准备条件 学习目标非常具体。 教师告诉学生内容重要的原因——帮助阐明课程目标。 非常容易测试学生的学习成果。 是一个被广泛应用的教学法。 有利于教授具体事实和基础技巧。 遏制教师的创造性。 要求组织良好的准备内容和优秀的口头交流技巧。 只能按照规定的顺序一步步进行。 根据教师的知识积累和技巧，可能对于高度条理性的思维技巧没有帮助。 内容必须事先组织好。 教师要通知学生为课程作准备。       合作学习 优点 缺点 准备条件 帮助培养相互的责任感。 作为有效的技术，需要调查的支持。 学生在宽容、批评较少和同情较多的环境下学习。 有些学生在这种教学法中工作并不好。 不合群的人感到难以与他人分享答案。 活泼的学生想控制一切。 聪明的学生表现得高高在上。 决定学习什么技巧或知识。 有时需要要求学生学习如何进行小组协作。       演讲 优点 缺点 准备条件 真实的材料要直接并符合逻辑方式。 可以提供演讲中所灌输的经验——对大的分组有用。 需要熟练的口头技巧。 听众通常是被动的。 难以对学习进行评价。 交流是单向的。 不适于低于4年级的儿童。 要有清晰的引言和总结。 有效控制时间和演讲内容。 具有听众的特定性，经常引用例子和趣闻。       演讲讨论 优点 缺点 准备条件 学生至少在演讲结束后参与。 学生可以提问、阐述和挑战。 演讲中可以穿插讨论。 时间的局限性可能影响讨论的机会。 有效性关系到适当的问题和讨论：通常要求教师能够快速“换挡”。 教师要适当地为问题做准备。 教师也应该提前准备不同的问题和合适的答案。       专家小组 优点 缺点 准备条件 专家会提供不同的观点。 能够诱导比个人讨论更好的讨论。 不断更换演说人可以持续吸引学生的注意力。 名人效应可能使演说内容黯然失色。 专家往往不是很好的演说者。 主题可能没有按逻辑顺序进行。 不适宜小学生。 后勤工作会很麻烦。 教师协调专家小组演说主题、引言和总结。 教师对专家小组做简要介绍。       头脑风暴 优点 缺点 准备条件 是能够对新想法产生创造性思维的听力练习。 因为所有的想法都会被记录下来，所以鼓励所有人参与。 取材于小组知识和经验。产生合作精神。 一个想法能够引出其它想法。 没有着重点。 需要控制在5到7分钟内。 让学生摆脱已知的事实可能存在很大难度。 如果管理不当，可能出现批评和消极评价。 对于学生来说，头脑风暴的价值部分取决于他们的成熟水平。 教师选择话题。 当活动过程中出现无望的停顿时，教师必须准备干涉。       录像带/幻灯片 优点 缺点 准备条件 以娱乐的方式介绍内容和提出问题。 通常能吸引大家的注意力。 用专业的眼光看待问题。 促进讨论的进行。 会引起太多问题而使讨论没有针对性。 可能无法使所有的人参与讨论。 只有遵循讨论才会最有效。 需要一些设备。 只有教师为播放内容之后的讨论做了准备才会有效。       讨论 优点 缺点 准备条件 集中小组的思想和经验。 在需要分析的展示、电影或经历之后进行有效。 允许每个人参与到积极的过程。 多于20位学生就无法实施。 少数学生会控制讨论。 一些学生可能不参与。 花费时间。 可能偏离轨道。 教师要仔细计划如何引导讨论。 要有问题大纲。 优点 缺点 准备条件 允许每个人参与。 学生在小组通常感觉更自在。 小组能够达成一致意见。 需要对分组目的仔细思考。 分组可能偏离轨道。 要对具体任务和小组需要回答的问题进行准备。       案例学习 优点 缺点 准备条件 培养分析和解决问题的技巧。 允许对复杂问题的解决方法进行探究。 允许学生应用新知识和技巧。 学生可能不明白自己工作的重大意义。 信息不足会导致结果不当。 不适用于小学生水平。 必须对案例解释清楚。 对案例学习必须有所准备。       短剧表演 优点 缺点 准备条件 以戏剧的形式引入问题。 为学生提供扮演其他角色的机会，从而欣赏其它观点。 允许探究解决问题的方法。 提供实践技巧的机会。 有些学生可能过于害羞。不适用于大组。 有些学生可能感觉紧张。 教师必须对问题情况和角色做清晰的解释。 教师必须给出一个非常清晰的说明。       学生作业单/调查 优点 缺点 准备条件 允许学生不受他人影响地思考。 个人的想法可以在大组内与他人分享。 只能用于短期任务。 教师必须准备纸质资料。       嘉宾演讲 优点 缺点 准备条件 个性化的话题。 打破听众的固定形象。 可能不是一个很好的演讲者。 联系并协调演讲者。 适当地介绍演讲者。       价值澄清 优点 缺点 准备条件 探究价值和信念的机会。 允许学生在安全的环境下讨论价值。 给予学生讨论的结构。 学生可能对他们的道德标准不坦诚。 学生可能太害羞。 学生可能不能很有效地表达他们的道德标准。 教师必须仔细为练习做准备。 教师必须给出清晰的说明。 教师必须准备讨论的问题。       英文原文： Instructional Methods Information Updated February 2, 2009 Instructional methods and teaching methods mean the same thing and are primarily descriptions of the learning objective oriented activities and flow of information between teachers and students. Although some may argue otherwise, to split hairs over whether such methods are meaningfully different adds nothing to the process of learning to be a teacher. Direct and indirect instruction are two main categories that many educators find useful for classifying teaching methods, but it is, as you will see, a bit more complicated than placing all instruction into two categories. Any instructional method a teacher uses has advantages, disadvantages, and requires some preliminary preparation. Often times, a particular teaching method will naturally flow into another, all within the same lesson, and excellent teachers have developed the skills to make the process seamless to the students. Which instructional method is "right" for a particular lesson depends on many things, and among them are the age and developmental level of the students, what the students already know, and what they need to know to succeed with the lesson, the subject-matter content, the objective of the lesson, the available people, time, space and material resources, and the physical setting. Another, more difficult problem is to select an instructional method that best fits one's particular teaching style and the lesson-situation. There is no one "right" method for teaching a particular lesson, but there are some criteria that pertain to each that can help a teacher make the best decision possible. The following teaching or instructional methods relate to the instruction part of the ADPRIMA Instruction System. The methods are not listed in a preferred sequence, no hierarchy of putative superiority of method is intended, and obviously, not all are appropriate for all grades and subject matter content areas. DIRECT TEACHING Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Very specific learning targets.Students are told reasons why content is important - helps to clarify lesson objective.Relatively easy to measure student gains.Is a widely accepted instructional method.Good for teaching specific facts and basic skills. Can stifle teacher creativity.Requires well-organized content preparation and good oral communication skills.Steps must be followed in prescribed order. May not be effective for higher-order thinking skills, depending on the knowledge base and skill of the teacher. Content must be organized in advance.Teacher should have information about student prerequisites for the lesson.       COOPERATIVE LEARNING Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Helps foster mutual responsibility.Supported by research as an effective technique.Students learn to be patient, less critical and more compassionate. Some students don't work well this way.Loners find it hard to share answers.Aggressive students try to take over.Bright students tend to act superior. Decide what skills or knowledge is to be learned.Requires some time to prepare students to learn how to work in groups.       LECTURE Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Factual material is presented in a direct, logical manner.May provide experiences that inspire- useful for large groups. Proficient oral skills are necessary.Audience is often passive.Learning is difficult to gauge.Communication is one-way.Not appropriate for children below grade 4. There should be a clear introduction and summary.Effectiveness related to time and scope of content.Is always audience specific; often includes examples, anecdotes.       LECTURE WITH DISCUSSION Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Involves students, at least after the lecture.Students can question, clarify and challenge.Lecture can be interspersed with discussion. Time constraints may affect discussion opportunities.Effectiveness is connected to appropriate questions and discussion; often requires teacher to "shift gears" quickly. Teacher should be prepared to allow questions during lecture, as appropriate.Teacher should also anticipate difficult questions and prepare appropriate responses in advance.       PANEL OF EXPERTS Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Experts present different opinions.Can provoke better discussion than a one person discussion.Frequent change of speaker keeps attention from lagging. Personalities may overshadow content.Experts are often not effective speakers.Subject may not be in logical order.Not appropriate for elementary age students.Logistics can be troublesome. Teacher coordinates focus of panel, introduces and summarizes.Teacher briefs panel.       BRAINSTORMING Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Listening exercise that allows creative thinking for new ideas.Encourages full participation because all ideas are equally recorded.Draws on group's knowledge and experience.Spirit of cooperation is created.One idea can spark off other ideas. Can be unfocused.Needs to be limited to 5 - 7 minutes.Students may have difficulty getting away from known reality.If not managed well, criticism and negative evaluation may occur.Value to students depends in part on their maturity level. Teacher selects issue.Teacher must be ready to intervene when the process is hopelessly bogged down.       VIDEOTAPES/SLIDES Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Entertaining way of introducing content and raising issuesUsually keeps group's attentionLooks professionalStimulates discussion Can raise too many issues to have a focused discussionDiscussion may not have full participationMost effective when following discussion Need to obtain and set up equipmentEffective only if teacher prepares for discussion after the presentation       DISCUSSION Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Pools ideas and experiences from groupEffective after a presentation, film or experience that needs to be analyzedAllows everyone to participate in an active process Not practical with more than 20 studentsA few students can dominateSome students may not participateIs time consumingCan get off the track Requires careful planning by teacher to guide discussionRequires question outline       SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Allows for participation of everyoneStudents often more comfortable in small groupsGroups can reach consensus Needs careful thought as to purpose of groupGroups may get side tracked Need to prepare specific tasks or questions for group to answer       CASE STUDIES Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Develops analytic and problem solving skillsAllows for exploration of solutions for complex issuesAllows student to apply new knowledge and skills Students may not see relevance to own situationInsufficient information can lead to inappropriate resultsNot appropriate for elementary level Case must be clearly definedCase study must be prepared       ROLE PLAYING Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Introduces problem situation dramaticallyProvides opportunity for students to assume roles of others and thus appreciate another point of viewAllows for exploration of solutionsProvides opportunity to practice skills Some students may be too self-consciousNot appropriate for large groupsSome students may feel threatened Teacher has to define problem situation and roles clearlyTeacher must give very clear instructions       WORKSHEET/SURVEYS Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Allows students to think for themselves without being influenced by othersIndividual thoughts can then be shared in large group Can be used only for short period of time Teacher has to prepare handouts       GUEST SPEAKERS Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Personalizes topicBreaks down audience's stereotypes May not be a good speaker Contact speakers and coordinateIntroduce speaker appropriately       VALUES CLARIFICATION Advantages Disadvantages Preparation Opportunity to explore values and beliefsAllows students to discuss values in a safe environmentGives structure to discussion Students may not be honest about their values.Students may be too self-conscious.Students may not be able to articulate their values in an effective way. Teacher must carefully prepare exerciseTeacher must give clear instructionsTeacher must prepare discussion questions