BS 7121-13-2009 起重机安全使用
操作规程
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BS 7121-13-2009 起重机安全使用操作规程.液压龙门
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BSI British Standards
Code of practice for safe use of cranes –
Part 13: Hydraulic gantry lifting systems
BS 7121-13:2009
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BS 7121-13:2009 BRITISH STANDARD
Publishing and copyright information The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when
the
document was last issued.
??a name=baidusnap7><8 BSI 2009
ISBN 97<8 0 5<80 6<8410 4
ICS 53.020.20
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:
Committee reference MHE/3/11 Draft for comment 02/710<845 DC
Publication history
First published August 2009
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
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BS 7121-13:2009
Contents
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 1
4 Management of installation and the lifting operations 4
5 Contract lift or HGLS hire 9
6 Planning of the lifting operation 11 7 Selection and duties of personnel 13 <8 Minimum attributes of personnel 15 9 Training and qualifications 16 10 Selection of HGLS and equipment 1<8 11 Safety 1<8
12 Siting of the HGLS 21
13 Erection and dismantling 24
14 Procedures and precautions 30 15 Operating conditions 33
16 Slinging and handling of loads 39 17 Thorough examination including testing 42
Annexes
Annex A (normative) Training of appointed persons and HGLS lift supervisors 45
Annex B (normative) Training of HGLS operators and HGLS slingers/ signallers 52
Annex C (informative) Background to the BS 7121 series 60
Bibliography 61
List of figures
Figure 1 – HGLS contract options 10
Figure 2 – Basic jacking system 25
Figure 3 – Track beams 26
Figure 4 – Jacking unit details 27
Figure 5 – Jacking unit on track showing track wheel guide locations
2<8
Header and cross beams 29 Figure 6 –
Figure 7 – Typical lift link 30
Figure <8 – Propel cylinder attachment 37
List of tables
Table 1 – Mass of materials 40
Table A.1 – HGLS categories 47
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 62, an inside back cover and a back cover.
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BS 7121-13:2009
Foreword
Publishing information
This part of BS 7121 is published by BSI and came into effect on 31 August 2009. It was prepared by Subcommittee MHE/3/11, Crane safety and testing, under the authority of Technical Committee MHE/3, Cranes and derricks. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.
Relationship with other publications
The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) [1] and the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) [2] came into force in December 199<8. Details of the Regulations, an Approved Code of Practice plus Health and Safety Executive (HSE) guidance can be found in the HSE books Safe use of lifting equipment
[3]
and Safe use of work equipment [4].
BS 7121-1 provides general recommendations for crane types not covered in an additional part of BS 7121. BS 7121-2 covers in-service inspection, thorough examination and, where appropriate, testing for the safe use of all types of cranes. Subsequent parts of BS 7121 deal with the specific crane types as follows:
?? Part 3: Mobile cranes;
?? Part 4: Lorry loaders;
?? Part 5: Tower cranes;
?? Part 6: Derrick cranes;
?? Part 7: Overhead/under-hung travelling and goliath cranes;
?? Part <8: High pedestal and portal jib dockside cranes;
?? Part 9: Container handling cranes;
?? Part 10: Rail mounted cranes;
?? Part 11: Offshore cranes;
?? Part 12: Recovery vehicles and equipment;
?? Part 13: Hydraulic gantry lifting systems;
?? Part 14: Side boom pipelayers.
When all parts of BS 7121 have been published, CP 3010 will be withdrawn and BS 5744 will be revised to cover manually operated and light cranes only.
Information on the background to the development and use of the BS 7121 series since the initial publication of BS 7121-1 in 19<89
is given
in Annex C.
The BS 7121 series has been accepted as representing the consensus
of
practical experience for safety on cranes.
Information about this document
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with other parts of BS 7121 to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that lifting operations are carried out safely.
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The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) commends the use of this British
Standard to those who have duties under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 [5]. This standard was drawn up with the participation
of
HSE representatives and will be referred to in relevant HSE
publications.
Use of this document
As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification, and particular care should be taken to ensure that
claims
of compliance are not misleading.
Any user claiming compliance with this British Standard is expected to be able to justify any course of action that deviates from its recommendations.
It has been assumed in the preparation of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose use it has been produced.
Presentational conventions
The provisions in this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its recommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is “should”.
Commentary, explanation and general informative material is
presented
in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.
Contractual and legal considerations
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.
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1 Scope
This part of BS 7121 gives recommendations for the safe use of hydraulic
gantry lifting systems (HGLS). Subjects covered include safe systems
of work, management, planning, selection, erection and dismantling,
inspection, testing, examination, training, operation and maintenance.
NOTE 1 This part of BS 7121 has been developed along the lines of
BS 7121-1 with significant modifications to incorporate HGLS-specific
aspects. The modifications include some information contained in the
US Specialized Carriers and Rigging Association (SC&RA) document,
Recommended Practices for Hydraulic Jacking Systems [6].
This part of BS 7121 is intended to be used in conjunction with
BS 7121-2, which provides general guidance on the inspection, testing
and examination of all types of cranes.
NOTE 2 Annex A and Annex B give detailed recommendations on the
training of HGLS personnel. Annex C provides background information on
the BS 7121 series.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the
application of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BS 7121 (all parts), Code of practice for safe use of cranes
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of BS 7121, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 appointed person
person nominated (typically by the employing organization) to plan, and to have overall control of, the lifting operations
3.2 competent person
person who has such practical and theoretical knowledge and experience of the HGLS and the equipment used in the lifting operation as is necessary to carry out the function to which the term relates in each particular context
3.3 control/power unit
remote station that hydraulically or electronically provides the energy
that actuates the cylinders in the jacking units
NOTE On hydraulically powered machines, this unit contains a motor and pump that provides oil flow to the control levers. This flow is then
transmitted to the jacking unit via hoses. On electrically powered machines,
the control unit sends electrical signals to the jacking unit which contains
the motor, pump and oil. On this type of system, only electric cables
connect
the jacking units to the control units.
3.4 cross beam
second set of header beams (or beam) placed across the first set and used to attach the lifting object
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3.5 header beam
structural section, usually a wide flange rolled shape or a fabricated box section
NOTE This beam is placed on the header plates. Lifting accessories
can
be attached to this beam and the lifting object to facilitate lifting or
lowering the lifting object.
3.6 header plate
plate attached to the top of the lift cylinder or lift boom with a swivel
fitting, used to attach the header beam to the jacking unit
NOTE This fitting is usually designed such that swivel is possible in one
plane only.
3.7 HGLS lift supervisor
person who controls the lifting operation, and ensures that it is carried
out in accordance with the appointed person’s safe system of work
3.<8 HGLS operator
person who operates the HGLS for the purpose of lifting and
positioning loads
3.9 HGLS slinger/signaller
person, other than the HGLS operator, who is actively involved in the
lifting operation and undertakes tasks such as attaching and detaching
the load and directing the HGLS operator to ensure the safe movement
of the HGLS
3.10 in-service
condition where the HGLS is handling loads not exceeding the rated
capacities with acceptable wind speeds (as stated in the Beaufort Wind
Speed Scale) and other conditions as specified by the manufacturer
3.11 jacking unit
structured box supported on wheels having one or more vertical lift
cylinders or a vertical lift boom mounted on top
NOTE These units can be free wheeling or self-propelled. The cylinders
booms of these jacking units (usually two or four operated as a or
set)
are extended or retracted to lift or lower the lifting object. The jacking
unit can move longitudinally (see 3.1<8) to transport loads horizontally
(see 3.19).
3.12 lateral direction
horizontal direction perpendicular to the axis of the jacking system
track
3.13 lift boom
assembly of two or more nested structural boxes that telescopes as
the lifting object is lifted or lowered and provides structural strength
to resist vertical (and also horizontal) forces that might occur during
the lift
NOTE The telescoping of the boom is driven by one or more internal or external hydraulic cylinders. The lift boom can also provide vertical
support to the lifted object by means of devices that mechanically lock the
sections of the boom to one another. These might be incorporated in a
jacking unit.
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3.14 lift cylinder
telescopic hydraulic cylinder, either single stage or multiple stage
NOTE Lift cylinders can be single-acting (pressure extend, gravity retract)
or double-acting (pressure extend and pressure retract).
3.15 lift link
structural fitting used to provide a point of attachment between the
header beam(s) and the lifting accessories attached to the lifting object
NOTE Typically, lift links are made from a piece of flat plate that is cut out
to fit around the beam and drilled at the bottom to allow for attachment
of a shackle or other pinned fitting. Other designs are also in use, some of
which are self propelled.
3.16 lifting accessory
equipment from which the load can be suspended
NOTE Typical lifting accessories include shackles, wire rope slings, synthetic
slings, chains, and slings made from wire rope and clips.
3.17 lifting object
component or load lifted (and moved) by an HGLS
3.1<8 longitudinal direction
horizontal direction parallel to the axis of the jacking system track
NOTE The propel motion of the jacking unit (along a pair of tracks for
example) is always in the longitudinal direction.
3.19 propel
longitudinal movement of a jacking system unit along the floor or track
NOTE There are three basic concepts for propel devices:
a) built in: the jacking unit has a motor (usually hydraulically driven) that
drives some or all of the wheels of the unit through chains or gears;
b) external cylinder: used on free wheeling jacking units, a cylinder is
pinned close to the bottom of the unit’s base at one end and to the
track at the other. The cylinder is extended and retracted repeatedly
to move the jacking units;
c) external drive wheels: one or more motor-driven drive wheels are
mounted on the base of the jacking units.
3.20 rated capacity
maximum load that the HGLS is designed to lift with the telescopic
cylinder(s) at a specific stage
NOTE The rated capacity was formerly known as “safe working load”
(SWL).
3.21 rated capacity indicator
RCI
device that warns of the approach to overload and prevents the HGLS from being overloaded
NOTE 1 This was previously known as an “automatic safe load indicator
(ASLI)” and “overload protection”. For information on ASLIs, see
BS 7262.
NOTE 2 Further information on RCIs is given in BS EN 12077-2.
3.22 side shifting
lateral movement of a suspended lifting object, usually accomplished by means of hydraulically propelled skates built into the lifting
links or
rack and pinion travelling device
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3.23 track
assembly consisting of two parallel beams, usually tied together at
regular intervals, to guide the wheels of the jacking unit
NOTE 1 The beams are either wide flange shapes or fabricated box
sections, and are typically fitted with one or more structural elements that
guide the jacking unit’s wheels. The beam gauge is equal to the transverse
wheel spacing of the jacking unit. Most track is designed in short sections
that can be bolted together end to end.
NOTE 2 The track members can be designed to carry the jacking unit
wheel loads over significant clear spans or to be fully supported by the
underlying surface, functioning only to provide a smooth, guided surface
for the jacking unit’s wheels. Since jacking units are usually operated in
pairs, two track assemblies (parallel to one another) are usually required
for a lifting operation.
4 Management of installation and the
lifting operations
4.1 Safe system of work
A safe system of work should be established and this should be followed for every lifting operation, whether for an individual lift or a group
of
repetitive operations. The same principles should be applied when the lifting operations are carried out at a temporary site or when the
HGLS
is being used in a permanent fixture for a length of time.
The safe system of work should include:
a) planning of the operation (by way of the method statement; see 6.3);
b) selection, provision and use of a suitable HGLS configuration and associated equipment (may be included in risk assessment; see 6.2);
c) any necessary preparation of the site and erection and dismantling of the HGLS;
d) maintenance, examination and, where necessary, testing of the HGLS and equipment;
e) the provision of properly trained and competent personnel who
have been made aware of their relevant responsibilities under the Heath and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 [5], the Management of Health and Safety at Work Act 1992 [7] (which is specific to risk assessments and method statements) and Regulation 9 of PUWER [2];
f) adequate supervision by properly trained and competent personnel having the necessary authority given by the operator company;
g) ensuring that all necessary reports of thorough examination and other documents are available;
h) preventing unauthorized movement or use at all times;
i) ensuring the safety of persons not involved in the lifting
operation.
The safe system of work should be communicated to all parties concerned with the lifting operation.
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It is essential for the safety of the operation to ensure that all
personnel can communicate clearly in the same language.
NOTE Attention is drawn to PUWER [2] Regulation 4 and 20 on “Suitability
of work equipment” and “Stability” respectively and LOLER [1] Regulation 4
on “Strength and stability” in relation to the safe system of work.
4.2 Control of the lifting operation
4.2.1 General
In order to implement the safe system of work effectively, one person
should be appointed to have overall control of the lifting operation to
act on behalf of the management of the employing organization. The
appointment of the person does not remove any legal responsibility
from the management but enables them to use the appointed person’s
expertise, the better to fulfil their responsibilities. The person appointed
may have other duties and need not be an employee of the employing
organization. The appointed person should have adequate training and experience to enable these duties to be carried out competently.
NOTE The appointed person is appointed by either the employing organization or by the HGLS company, depending on the contractual circumstances. Occasionally, for the duration of the actual lifting operation, the role of the appointed person may be delegated to the HGLS lift supervisor if this is considered to be more appropriate.
4.2.2 Selection and assessment of appointed person
When selecting an appointed person, the employing organization should take into account the variety and complexity of the operation, as well as all the problems that could arise from proximity hazards and environmental courses. The appointed person should be notified formally in writing of their appointment. The appointed person should be given authority to carry out the duties involved, including consulting others with specialist knowledge and experience, and should be able to delegate duties and tasks for any part of the safe system of work to suitably qualified individuals.
The employing organization should review and assess the performance of the appointed person periodically. The complexity of the installation/lifting operations might entail selection of a more experienced appointed person, as appropriate, or provision of additional training to the existing appointed person.
4.2.3 Avoidance of collisions
On sites where there is a risk of collision between the HGLS and other equipment, the appointed person should plan the sequence of HGLS movements to prevent collisions. Any corresponding instructions from the appointed person to the HGLS lift supervisor should be given directly or via the respective signallers. In such
circumstances,
the signallers should obtain the agreement of the appointed person before carrying out any operation.
The positioning of the HGLS and components in the out-of-service condition, as specified by the manufacturer’s instructions, should
be
such that no collisions can take place. This activity should be part
of
the initial planning process.
NOTE To assist in the selection
of an appointed person, some
examples of lifting operations
that require different levels of
expertise, training and experience,
and that impose different duties
on the appointed person, are
given in 4.3. Recommendations for
installation operations are given in
Clause 12 and Clause 13.
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4.3 Duties of the person appointed to control the lifting operation
4.3.1 General
The appointed person’s duties should include the following:
a) assessing the lifting operation to provide such planning,
selection
of HGLS, its configuration and lifting accessories, instruction and supervision (by personnel with the necessary competence, experience and qualifications) as is necessary for the task to be undertaken safely. This might include consultation with other responsible bodies, if necessary, and ensuring that, where different organizations are involved, they collaborate as necessary;
b) ensuring that adequate inspection/examination and maintenance of the HGLS and associated lifting accessories has been carried out;
NOTE 1 For further information, see BS 7121-2.
c) ensuring that there is an effective procedure for reporting defects and incidents and taking any necessary corrective action;
d) taking responsibility for the organization and control of the lifting operation.
The appointed person should be given the necessary authority for the performance of all these duties and, in particular, the authority to stop the operation whenever they consider that danger is likely
to
arise if the operation were to continue.
Duties may be delegated to another person (perhaps the HGLS lift supervisor) where considered appropriate.
NOTE 2 See 4.2.1 regarding delegation of the role of the appointed person to the HGLS lift supervisor during the actual lift if
considered to be
more appropriate.
The duties of appointed persons for HGLS operations can vary according to the complexity of the operation. The duties for a basic lift are considerably fewer and less demanding than for a lift at a hazardous
location. An appointed person employed for a basic lift might not be suitably trained or experienced for a more complicated operation, and another appointment could be required for this. The information given in 4.3.2 to 4.3.4 can be used so that an appropriate appointment is made and a suitable method statement produced for each lifting operation. The requirement for an appointed person with appropriate training and experience also applies to installation operations.
4.3.2 Basic lift
If the mass of the load(s) can be simply established, the lift is a
static
lift (straight up and down lift; see 15.2.2) and there are no
significant
hazards or obstructions within the area of the operation, then the duties of the appointed person should include the following:
a) establishing the mass of the load. This can be by a reliable source of information, weighing the load, or calculation (with allowance for possible inaccuracies);
NOTE If HGLSs are used to lift loads from water, the load could also include forces due to water flow or suction and the effect of loss of buoyancy.
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b) selecting the HGLS, based on the mass of the load, including the hook block and any lifting tackle, and the maximum height of lift. The rated capacity of the HGLS should be specified by the manufacturer in the information for use supplied with the HGLS, or else on the current report of thorough examination issued by the competent person. The manufacturer’s sales leaflets should
not be relied on for the rated capacity for a specific HGLS;
c) considering the location of the operation, taking into account the access and egress required for the HGLS, and the suitability of the ground to take the loads imposed on the HGLS during preparation for the lift and during the lift itself;
d) ensuring that the HGLS is not operated in wind speeds in excess
of
those given in the instruction manual for the HGLS. Consideration should also be given to the wind area of the load to ensure that
its movement in the wind does not present a hazard;
e) ensuring that the HGLS has been thoroughly examined at least within the previous 12 months (including testing, where appropriate), inspected and checked before use;
f) ensuring that a system for reporting defects is in place;
g) selecting appropriate lifting accessories, including their method of attachment to the load, and any protection used to prevent damage;
h) ensuring that lifting accessories have been thoroughly examined, at least within the previous six months, inspected and checked before use;
i) designating a person to check the lifting accessories and any lifting points that are provided on the load to ensure they are free from any obvious defects before attaching the load to the HGLS;
j) briefing all persons involved in the lifting operation to ensure that the safe system of work described in the method statement is understood. All persons involved in the lifting operation should be instructed to seek advice from the appointed person if any change is required to the lifting operation, or if any doubts about safety arise. If handlines/taglines are required to give more control of the load, the appointed person should designate persons to handle the lines;
k) checking that no changes are required in the safe system of work if numerous loads are to be lifted over a long period;
l) ensuring that there is an HGLS lift supervisor designated to direct personnel and that the operation is carried out in accordance with the method statement.
The appointed person and HGLS lift supervisor should be aware of the limits of their knowledge and experience concerning lifting operations, and, when conditions exceed these limits, further advice should be sought.
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4.3.3 Standard lift
If there are significant hazards, either within the working area of the HGLS or on the access route to the working area, or the lifting operation includes longitudinal travel (see 15.2.3), the duties of
the
appointed person should include the following, in addition to the duties listed in 4.3.2:
a) investigating all hazards in the operating area, including any areas required for access or erection/dismantling of the HGLS;
NOTE 1 Hazards can be from surrounding buildings, or overground or underground services.
b) taking account of increased risks if the load is lifted from a structure at a height above the standing position of the HGLS;
NOTE 2 Additional risks can arise from the HGLS lift supervisor not being able to observe the load while taking the initial strain, and movements due to deflections as the load is lifted clear of the supporting structure making it not possible to put the load back down.
c) liaising with any other person or authority, as required to
overcome
any hazard, by including any necessary corrective action or special measures in the safe system of work;
d) considering the effect of the lifting operation on surrounding
property or persons, including the general public. This should lead to arranging for appropriate action to minimize any adverse effects, and to giving appropriate notice to all persons concerned.
4.3.4 Complex lift
If the lifting operation includes topping and tailing, side shifting or
the use of more than four jacking units (see 15.2.4 and 15.2.5), is at a
location with exceptional hazards (for example, at a chemical plant), or involves lifting a load from height, or if the load being lifted is
a complex shape or with a large wind area, the appointed person should ensure, in addition to the duties listed in 4.3.2 and 4.3.3, that:
a) the mass of the load and the position of its centre of gravity are accurately known;
b) the wind area of the load is known and a limiting wind speed for lifting is established;
c) any lifting points provided on the load are adequate for the loads applied;
d) the method statement includes access, ground conditions, erection etc., as well as the exact sequence of operations when lifting the load.
NOTE The lifting of persons with an HGLS is regarded as a complex lift. Further guidance is given in BS 7121-1.
4.4 Duties and responsibilities of other persons
As described in 4.3, the appointed person needs to plan HGLS lifting operations on the basis that personnel with the necessary competence, experience and qualifications are available.
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An adequate number of personnel should be used as considered necessary to complete a safe HGLS lifting operation. This always involves an HGLS lift supervisor, assisted by an HGLS operator/s and one or more HGLS slingers/signallers. The number of personnel should
be selected so that all of the jacking units and associated equipment
can be satisfactorily observed throughout the operation. Every effort
should be made to ensure that no personnel are positioned within the
lifting area during the lifting operation.
NOTE Attention is drawn to LOLER [1] Regulation <8(1)(c), which requires
that lifting operations are carried out in a safe manner.
5 Contract lift or HGLS hire
5.1 General
Given the wide variety of contractual arrangements, it is important to
ensure that the planning, organization control and management of
lifting operations is not compromised. In general, any organization
requiring a load to be moved by an HGLS, which does not have its own
lifting equipment, has two basic options: hiring an HGLS (hired HGLS)
or employing a contractor to carry out the lifting operation (contract
lift). The difference between the two options is summarized in Figure 1.
If an individual or organization does not have expertise in lifting
operations they should not hire an HGLS but should opt for a contract
lift. Before entering into a contract, the employing organization should
satisfy itself that the contractor has the necessary competence to carry
out the work.
NOTE Responsibilities for insurance in terms of the HGLS, personnel,
the
load and third parties might also need to be clarified.
5.2 Contract lifting operations
The employing organization may enter into a contract with a contractor who undertakes the work on their behalf.
The parties to the contract should ensure that:
a) all work is carried out in accordance with the BS 7121 series;
b) the contractor appoints a person, in accordance with 4.3, to the satisfaction of the employing organization;
c) all information or services provided by the employing organization to facilitate compliance with the BS 7121 series are notified to the contractor in writing.
The contractor should carry out lifting operations in accordance with the BS 7121 series. The contractor should be given full authority by the employing organization to work in accordance with the BS 7121 series including, where appropriate, authority to control and
instruct
the employing organization’s personnel.
NOTE Although the BS 7121 series is intended to assist organizations to comply with their statutory and common law obligations, it does
not
relieve them from these obligations.
Before entering into a contract, the employing organization should
ensure that the contractor has the necessary competence to carry out
the work in accordance with the BS 7121 series.
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Figure 1 HGLS contract options
LOY R Z
The organization requiring
the load to be moved.
HIRED HGLS
(Hired and Managed)
The Employing Organization
should:
carry out all work in
accordance with BS 7121;
supply the Appointed
Person;
plan the lift and operate
a safe system of work;
ensure that the HGLS
hired is of a suitable type
and capacity;
check the credentials of
the HGLS hire company
and certification supplied.
The HGLS owner has a duty
to:
provide an HGLS that is
properly maintained,
tested and certified;
provide a competent driver.
CONTRACT LIFT
(Fully Contracted)
The Employing Organization
should specify:
that all work is to be
undertaken in accordance
with BS 7121;
that the contractor is to
supply the Appointed
Person;
what information and/or
services will be provided
to the Contractor by the
Employing Organization.
The Contractor is
responsible for:
supplying the
Appointed Person;
planning the lift, and
operation of a safe
system of work;
organization and control
of the lifting operation.
5.3 User’s duties when using a hired HGLS
When an HGLS is hired out from a third party, together with an HGLS operator, to the user organization, the HGLS owner should provide a competent HGLS operator (see 7.2.2 and <8.2) and an HGLS that is properly maintained, inspected, thoroughly examined, tested
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in accordance with BS 7121-2 and has a current report of thorough examination (see 11.7, 11.<8, 14.2, 14.3, 14.5 and Clause 17).
The user organization retains the responsibility for nominating the appointed person in accordance with 4.2 and for following the recommendations given in the BS 7121 series. Notwithstanding any advice the HGLS owner might have offered concerning the selection of a particular HGLS or any other relevant matter, the responsibility for ensuring that the HGLS is of a suitable type, size and capacity for
the task being undertaken, and for planning the operation, remains with the user organization. The appointed person should be fully involved in the planning process in conjunction with the HGLS owner.
Therefore, if an individual or organization does not have expertise in
lifting operations, they should not hire an HGLS but should opt for a
contract lift.
6 Planning of the lifting operation
6.1 General
All lifting operations should be planned to ensure that they are carried out safely and that all foreseeable risks have been taken into account. Planning should be carried out by an appointed person who has the appropriate knowledge for the lift being undertaken (see 4.3.2 to 4.3.4).
In cases of repetitive or routine basic lifting operations, this planning
might only be necessary in the first instance, with periodic reviews
to
ensure that no factors have changed.
Planning of the lifting operation should take into account:
a) the load, its characteristics and the method of lifting;
NOTE It might also be necessary to make allowance for any adhesion between the load and its support.
b) the selection of a suitable HGLS configuration appropriate to the operation ensuring that adequate clearances are maintained between the load(s) and the HGLS structure;
c) the selection of accessories for lifting/lifting attachments, the
mass
to be taken into account when assessing the load on the HGLS;
d) the position of the HGLS and of the load before, during and after operation;
e) the site of the operation, including proximity hazards, space availability and suitability of the grounds or foundations;
f) the way in which the lift is to be performed, particularly in terms of the location of the running tracks (where appropriate);
g) the access route to where the lift is to be carried out in terms
of
transporting and erecting the HGLS equipment;
h) power supply details (if required);
i) any necessary erection and dismantling of the HGLS;
j) the environmental conditions (lighting, heating, weather –
including wind – conditions) that exist or could occur at the site of the operation, which could necessitate stopping the operation when conditions are unsuitable.
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Although information and records provided by the employing
organization on aspects relating to items c) and h) should be
considered,
the information should always be confirmed by a competent person when this is deemed necessary. As a general rule, a competent person (e.g. structural engineer) should always be consulted if there is any doubt whatsoever about the structural integrity of the floor.
If possible, the mass of the lifting object and the position of the
centre
of gravity should also be checked on the day of the lifting operation. The requirement for these checks to be undertaken should be included in the method statement, as should the requirement to recheck the floor conditions if this is considered to be necessary (in case of
heavy
rain on an outside site, for example).
If the required capacity (load) of an HGLS is not available for a given lift, then it is usually acceptable for a higher capacity (load)
system
to be used. However, in considering this, a re-assessment of the floor loadings should be carried out to allow for heavier equipment.
An HGLS lift supervisor and HGLS operator with the required training and experience should be selected. It is not acceptable for a person to be substituted (due to illness or other reasons) by a person unless he/she has the equivalent training and experience. To this end, it is important for operator companies to maintain good training of their personnel by ensuring that they have constant exposure to new experiences and job types (see Clause 9).
6.2 Risk assessment
The risk assessment carried out by the appointed person as part of the
planning process should identify the significant hazards associated
with the proposed lifting operation. The assessment should evaluate
the risks involved, and the nature and extent of any measures required
to mitigate those risks. The appointed person should take into
consideration hazards identified by the overall site risk assessments.
NOTE The HSE has produced guidance in a leaflet entitled Five steps to
risk assessment – A step by step guide to a safer and healthier workplace [<8].
Generic risk assessments are unlikely to be sufficient since most sites
have hazards that are unique to that situation and should be taken
into account in the separate site-specific assessment.
The results of the risk assessment should be recorded in writing and
used in the preparation of the method statement (see 6.3) for that site.
The risk assessment, together with the manufacturer’s instructions,
should then be used to develop a detailed method statement for the
safe transportation, assembly, erection, use and dismantling of the
equipment at that site.
6.3 Method statement
Once the risk assessment has been carried out, the appointed person should ensure that a full method statement is prepared, detailing the safe system of work (see 4.1) for the lifting operation and including the risk assessment.
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The appointed person should, when necessary, consult with others
with specialized knowledge and experience to assist in the planning process for which the appointed person retains responsibility.
A copy of the method statement and associated operating instructions should be given to all those involved in the planning of the lifting
operation, including the employing organization and the owner of the
HGLS. The method statement may be based on an existing template
or written specifically for the job. The HGLS operator should adhere to
the method statement.
The method statement might include engineering documents
prepared for all aspects of the job. These plans might include one or
more of the following:
a) drawings or sketches of the lifting equipment;
b) layout views of the HGLS at the lift site;
c) specifications for all equipment;
d) other pertinent information, e.g. site topography (site levels).
If unforeseen situations arise which necessitate deviations from the
method statement to be made, the HGLS lift supervisor should formally
assess the method statement and, accordingly, refer back any changes
to the appointed person. Such changes should always be recorded in a
written form by the appointed person.
7 Selection and duties of personnel
NOTE See 4.2 and 4.3 for the selection and duties of the appointed person.
7.1 Selection of personnel
Safe HGLS lifting operations (including installation) depend upon the selection of suitable personnel who are competent to carry out the required duties. Records of training and experience of persons such as the HGLS lift supervisor and HGLS operator assist in the selection of personnel for particular applications (including when substitution might be required). HGLS lift supervisors, HGLS
operators
and HGLS slingers/signallers should be trained in accordance with Annex A and Annex B, as appropriate.
Those responsible for the selection of personnel should ensure that the personnel involved in the operation are efficiently organized in order to ensure good teamwork in the working situation.
Work associated with lifting operations should not be carried out by personnel whose efficiency is impaired by alcohol, drugs or other influences. All personnel in the team should be made aware of both this fact and their other duties (see 7.2).
Where personnel are undergoing training, they should be supervised by appropriate personnel.
NOTE For basic lifts, it might be appropriate for one person to
undertake
more than one of the duties identified in 7.2, depending on the hazards identified by the risk assessment.
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7.2 Duties of personnel
7.2.1 HGLS lift supervisor
The HGLS lift supervisor should be responsible for:
a) directing the on-site erection and dismantling of the HGLS
assembly;
b) supervising the moving of the lifting object;
c) supervising the correct operation of the HGLS in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions and within the safe system of work
(see 4.1) as detailed in the method statement;
d) in the absence of the appointed person, briefing the lifting team members on the safe system of work;
e) consulting with the appointed person in the event of any deviation from the safe system of work.
The HGLS lift supervisor should ensure that all necessary guidance
and
help is provided from other personnel (i.e. the HGLS
slingers/signallers)
nominated by the appointed person on behalf of the employing organization.
7.2.2 HGLS operator
The HGLS operator should be responsible for:
a) moving the lifting object under the guidance of the HGLS lift supervisor;
b) the correct operation of the HGLS in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and within the safe system of work (see 4.1) as detailed in the method statement.
7.2.3 HGLS slingers/signallers
HGLS slingers/signallers and their appointment are the
responsibility
of the appointed person or employing organization. The HGLS
slingers/signallers should be positioned around the HGLS unit to
monitor and give feedback during the operation so as to ensure that
the lift is carried out satisfactorily and in a safe manner. Typical duties
that these HGLS slingers/signallers might be asked to perform include:
a) erecting and dismantling the HGLS assembly in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions (see Clause 13);
b) attaching and detaching the lifting object to and from the HGLS;
c) monitoring certain aspects of the lifting operation and providing
appropriate information to the HGLS lift supervisor by way of
signalling, the use of radio control, television monitoring or other
appropriate methods.
An HGLS slinger/signaller might be required to be positioned so as to
be able to observe at least one jacking unit and associated equipment
and be visible to the HGLS operator (see 4.4 on positioning of personnel
outside the lifting area). All slings and attachments should be observed at
all times during a lifting operation by one or more HGLS slingers/signallers
(and/or by the HGLS operator). Viewing aids, such as closed-circuit
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television (CCTV), laser monitoring or binoculars, should be used for
this
purpose whenever they are considered necessary.
7.2.4 Maintenance personnel
Maintenance personnel should be responsible for maintaining the HGLS and associated equipment and ensuring its safe and satisfactory operation. They should carry out all necessary maintenance in accordance with the manufacturer’s maintenance manual and within the
safe system of work (see 4.1). Wherever necessary, the
manufacturer’s
maintenance manual may be supplemented by the operator company to suit their particular needs and requirements. Such information should
be
passed on to the manufacturer.
<8 Minimum attributes of personnel
<8.1 HGLS lift supervisor
The HGLS lift supervisor should be:
a) competent to perform the tasks required of them (including the ability to judge distances, heights and clearances);
b) fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and reflexes;
c) physically able to supervise the HGLS safely;
d) adequately trained (see 9.2 and Annex A) for the type of HGLS being operated, with sufficient knowledge of the HGLS and its safety devices;
e) fully conversant with the duties of the HGLS operator and HGLS slingers/signallers (see 7.2.2 and 7.2.3) and should understand signal coding (as defined in BS 7121-1) and any alternative methods of relaying relevant information;
f) authorized by the employing organization to supervise the HGLS.
<8.2 HGLS operator
The HGLS operator should be:
a) competent to perform the tasks required of them (including the ability to judge distances, heights and clearances);
b) fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and reflexes;
c) physically able to operate the HGLS safely;
d) adequately trained (see 9.3 and Annex B) for the type of HGLS being operated, with sufficient knowledge of the HGLS and its safety devices;
e) fully conversant with the duties of the HGLS slingers/signallers (see 7.2.3) and should understand signal coding (as defined in BS 7121-1) and any alternative methods of relaying relevant information;
f) authorized by the employing organization to operate the HGLS.
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<8.3 HGLS slingers/signallers
The HGLS slingers/signallers should be:
a) competent (including the ability to judge distances, heights and clearances);
b) fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing, reflexes and
agility;
c) physically able to handle lifting accessories (where appropriate);
d) trained in the technique of slinging (where appropriate);
e) trained in the technique of signalling and should understand signal coding (as defined in BS 7121-1);
f) capable of giving precise and clear verbal instructions where audio equipment (e.g. radio) is used, and capable of operating the equipment;
g) capable of giving information to the HGLS lift supervisor and/or HGLS operator to enable the lifting operation to be carried out
safely;
h) nominated to carry out slinging duties (where appropriate);
i) adequately trained in the erection, dismantling and working of the type of HGLS and associated equipment being utilized (where appropriate).
<8.4 Maintenance personnel
The maintenance personnel should be:
a) competent;
b) fully conversant with the HGLS and the associated equipment they are required to maintain and its hazards;
c) properly instructed and trained, including attending appropriate courses given by the supplier of the HGLS (or their agents);
d) familiar with the procedures and precautions recommended in Clause 14.
9 Training and qualifications
9.1 General
The Supply of Machinery Regulations 200<8 [9] require that
information
is made available by the manufacturer on the operation and servicing of each size or model of HGLS sold to the purchaser. In addition,
manuals for each HGLS model, and other instrumental information, schematic drawings, part lists and maintenance requirements, are generally provided to the purchaser. The operating company, after initial post-purchase training by the manufacturer/seller, should
assume
responsibility for training its personnel in the use of the equipment, and should ensure each specific lift is planned and engineered to
allow
for training to safely accomplish the designated tasks.
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9.2 HGLS lift supervisor
In order to attain the necessary attributes of an HGLS lift supervisor (see <8.1), significant understanding and experience should be gained
on both the theoretical and practical aspects of HGLS equipment. An HGLS lift supervisor would normally have a good background in the general engineering or crane industries, have attended appropriate training courses on the relevant HGLS systems and have assisted other HGLS lift supervisors in performing a substantial number of lifting operations. Once the operator company is fully satisfied that the person has attained the required attributes, a company training record should be issued designating him/her to HGLS lift supervisor status. Recommendations for HGLS lift supervisor training and competency assessment are given in Annex A.
9.3 HGLS operator
In order to attain the necessary attributes of an HGLS operator (see <8.2), significant understanding and experience should be gained on both the theoretical and practical aspects of HGLS equipment. An HGLS operator would normally have a good background in the general engineering or crane industries, have attended appropriate training courses on the relevant HGLS systems and have assisted other HGLS operators in performing a substantial number of lifting operations. Once the operator company is fully satisfied that the person has attained the required attributes, a company training record should be issued designating him/her to HGLS operator status. Recommendations for HGLS operator training and competency assessment are given in Annex B.
9.4 HGLS slingers/signallers
It is desirable for HGLS slingers/signallers to have an understanding and experience of the practical aspects of HGLS equipment. It is also desirable for HGLS slingers/signallers to have a general background
in the crane industry and to have attended appropriate training courses on the relevant systems. Management discretion should be exercised in designating personnel to be HGLS slingers/signallers for specific lifts. Recommendations for HGLS slinger/signaller training
and
competency assessment are given in Annex B.
9.5 Maintenance personnel
It is desirable for maintenance personnel to have an understanding and experience of both the theoretical and practical aspects of HGLS equipment. They should ideally have attended relevant operation and servicing training courses for the appropriate systems and equipment. A company training record should be issued once the operator company is satisfied that the person has acquired the necessary attributes
relating
to maintenance.
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10 Selection of HGLS and equipment
Selection of the HGLS and equipment depends to a large extent on those systems available within or to the operator company. However, the following key aspects should be considered during the selection process:
a) the type of lift to be performed. One or a combination of the following five types of lifts can be performed by an HGLS:
1) straight up and down lift, i.e. raising and lowering the lifting object;
2) straight up and down lift with longitudinal travel, i.e. lifting and moving the lifting object horizontally;
3) top and tail (stand up/lay over) lift;
4) side shifting lift, i.e. moving the lifting object horizontally
in
lateral direction;
5) combination lift, i.e. using other types of lifting equipment in conjunction with the HGLS, such as fork lift trucks, mini-cranes, mobile cranes or machine skates.
b) the lifting object to be moved in terms of size, mass, position
of
centre of gravity and the structural integrity and position of the lifting accessories;
c) the distance the lifting object needs to be moved in the longitudinal direction (and lateral direction, if appropriate) and the minimum and maximum stroke required by the HGLS jacking units/lift cylinders;
d) site, ground and environmental conditions, or restrictions arising from adjacent buildings or machinery etc.;
e) space available (including height) for HGLS access, erection, travelling, operation and dismantling.
NOTE See 6.1 with regard to the substitution of a higher capacity (load) HGLS.
11 Safety
11.1 General
The person or organization having overall control of the place of
work,
and the employers of personnel involved in the lifting operation, have responsibility for safety. In order that this responsibility can
be
effectively discharged, the appointed person should be given the necessary authority to ensure that adequate systems to achieve safety
are in operation. Safety matters relating to lifting operations
include
the use, maintenance, repair and renewal of safety equipment and the instruction, and allocation, of responsibilities to the various
personnel
in relation to the equipment.
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11.2 Identification of the HGLS lifting team
The members of the HGLS lifting team should be easily identifiable, e.g. by wearing high visibility clothing if appropriate.
NOTE When choosing high visibility clothing, backgrounds, type of illumination and other relevant factors ought to be considered.
11.3 Personal protective equipment
The appointed person should ensure the following:
a) personal protective equipment is available that is appropriate for
the conditions of the location, such as helmets, safety spectacles,
safety boots and ear defenders;
b) equipment is inspected before and after use and maintained in
good working order or replaced, where appropriate;
c) a record of inspection and repairs is maintained, where appropriate.
Certain safety equipment (e.g. helmets and safety harnesses)
can deteriorate with age and should therefore be considered for
renewal periodically. Safety equipment damaged by impact should be
replaced immediately.
11.4 Use of personal safety equipment
All personnel working on, visiting or in the vicinity of the HGLS should
be made aware of the requirements relating to their personal safety and
to the use of the personal safety equipment provided.
Personnel should be instructed in the correct use of the safety equipment
provided and should be required to use it, as appropriate (see 11.7).
11.5 Access and egress, including emergency escape
11.5.1 General
Safe access to and egress from the HGLS lifting area of work, including means of emergency escape, should be provided and maintained.
11.5.2 Segregation of the HGLS area of work
As identified in the risk assessment, an exclusion zone should be set up around the HGLS operation to ensure that persons not involved in the operation are unable to enter the area. Access to the exclusion zone should be monitored at all times.
Arrangements for monitoring the exclusion zone should be detailed in the method statement.
No person(s) should be permitted to climb on any parts of the HGLS configuration without first obtaining the HGLS lift supervisor’s
permission.
11.5.3 Instruction of personnel
Personnel should be instructed to use only the proper access and
egress
routes that have been designated and specified.
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11.6 Fire extinguishers
Any fire extinguishers that are selected should be appropriate to the hazards involved in the particular lift area. Such hazards should include extreme possibilities, such as the spraying of hydraulic oil.
11.7 HGLS safety equipment
11.7.1 Rated capacity indicator and limiter (RCI/L)
NOTE The RCI was formerly known as the automatic safe load indicator.
A rated capacity indicator should be fitted on the HGLS to give warning of an approach to the rated capacity and a further warning when an overload occurs. The warnings should be clearly evident to the HGLS operator.
The RCI can take the form of a pressure gauge with suitable markings for both approach and overload.
The RCL can often take the form of a pressure relief valve on an individual jacking unit.
On more complex HGLS with multiple jacking units and/or where HGLS are used in combination with other lifting equipment, where there is a risk of overloading, a supervisory RCI/L should be
specified
by the appointed person.
11.7.2 Level indicator
Level indicators are able to sense the level position of a lift beam and give a constant read out at the control module, allowing the HGLS operator to make the proper adjustments to the height of the respective lift cylinders. HGLS beam level indicators should be
fitted
and used in accordance with the instruction manual, and maintained in good working order.
11.7.3 Marking of controls
The HGLS controls should be clearly and legibly marked to indicate function and direction of movement.
11.7.4 Guarding
Where fitted, guarding should be installed and maintained in good condition.
11.<8 Documentation
11.<8.1 Rated capacity charts
Readily understandable rated capacity charts applicable to the
relevant
HGLS, and for the different extension stages of the telescopic
hydraulic
cylinders, should be prominently displayed to the HGLS operator.
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11.<8.2 Instruction manuals
Instruction manuals in English (and other relevant languages) containing
information on the erection, use and dismantling of the HGLS should be
readily available for all relevant site personnel at the site on which the
HGLS is being operated.
11.<8.3 Reports of thorough examination and supplementary test
All current reports of thorough examination and supplementary test
for the HGLS and associated lifting accessories should be kept by the
operator company and a copy should accompany the equipment.
11.<8.4 Records
Records should be maintained for each HGLS model by the HGLS
owner that are sufficient to enable the condition of the HGLS to be
determined and its fitness for further operation to be properly assessed.
The records should include the following:
a) technical information, including maintenance instructions and
performance data provided by the manufacturer (if available);
b) test certificates, reports of thorough examinations and records
of
inspections carried out on the HGLS (whether statutory or not);
c) records of significant repairs and modifications to the HGLS and associated equipment, including renewal of major parts and confirmation of completion including signatures of responsible person(s).
Following an accident/incident, the HGLS should be thoroughly examined by a competent person.
Except where specific forms are required by legislation, the format in which records are kept is not important. Whatever method is used should be adequate to ensure that the records allow a relevant and coherent history of the HGLS to be readily retrieved. The records should be clearly identifiable with the HGLS and associated equipment to which they refer.
12 Siting of the HGLS
12.1 General
The siting of the HGLS should take account of all the factors that might affect its safe operation, particularly the following:
a) the load-bearing capacity of the general support for the HGLS;
b) the presence and proximity of other hazards;
c) the impact of environmental conditions;
d) the adequacy of access to allow for the placing or erection of the HGLS in its working position, and for dismantling and removing the HGLS and associated equipment following completion of lifting operations.
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12.2 HGLS standing or support conditions
12.2.1 Support condition types
Conditions available for supporting the HGLS vary depending on the specific lift site and type of operation being performed. Such
conditions
include the following:
a) soil/stone – the working site surface is soil, crushed stone or the like;
b) slab on grade of stone – the working surface is a concrete slab
on
grade stone;
c) structural floor system – the working site surface is a structural
floor system, such as a building floor;
d) pit and bulkhead locations – the jacking system is set up over,
or
adjacent to, a pit or bulkhead such that lateral pressures created
by the jacking system loads and their effects on the pit walls or
bulkhead need to be evaluated;
e) offshore/water surface – the jacking system is used on a vessel,
such as a barge. The vessel can be floating, partially grounded or
fully grounded.
12.2.2 Load distribution system types
The following types of load distribution systems can be used for an
HGLS, depending on the requirements for specific lift applications:
a) track – the jacking units are installed on a track system as
defined
in 3.23. This is by far the most common load distribution type used (see 13.5.1);
b) plate – the jacking units are installed on flat steel plates.
However,
under most circumstances, flat plates cannot be depended upon to provide significant distribution of the applied load. Plate normally provides only a smooth hard surface on which the jacking units can be propelled. The possibility of “sinking” should therefore
always be considered;
c) stands – structural frames directly support a jacking unit (propel not possible) or support a track system (propel possible);
d) mats/timber – mats, cribbing timbers and other wooden elements are used as part of the load distribution system under an HGLS. However, experience has shown that, if lifts have to be undertaken on soft ground using mats, substantial reductions of HGLS capacity should be considered for adequate stability to be ensured. In each case, all wooden elements used for load distribution systems should be in good condition.
12.2.3 Load considerations
The appointed person should ensure that the loads imposed by the HGLS can be sustained by the ground or any means of support, by obtaining the assessment of a competent person or company able to do so.
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The loadings should include the combined effects of the following:
a) the dead mass of the HGLS and associated equipment;
b) the dead mass of the lifting object and lifting accessories;
c) dynamic forces caused by movements of the HGLS and/or lifting object;
d) wind loading, taking into account the degree of exposure of the site.
In-service conditions are likely to produce the greater imposed loading
but out-of-service and erection/dismantling conditions should be taken
into consideration. As the vertical and horizontal forces are unlikely to
be uniformly distributed, an allowance should be made for these and
for any other unpredictable effects.
The appointed person should ensure that the ground or any means of
support is such that the HGLS can operate within horizontal tolerances
and other parameters which might be specified.
12.3 Proximity hazards
12.3.1 Outdoor aspects
For an HGLS operating on an outdoor site, consideration should be
given to the presence of proximity hazards, such as overhead electric
lines or cables, nearby structures, vehicles or ships being loaded or
unloaded, and stacked goods.
The danger to or from underground services, such as gas mains or
electric cables, should be taken into account. Precautions should be
taken to ensure that the HGLS support is clear of any underground
services or, where this is not possible, that the services are adequately
protected against damage.
The appointed person should ensure that the local offices of the electricity company or other line operator are consulted if the HGLS
is
to be used within 9 m of overhead lines on wooden poles or 15 m of overhead lines on steel towers.
WARNING. All overhead lines and other electrical apparatus should be treated as live unless declared “dead” and “safe” by
the line operator.
12.3.2 Indoor aspects
For an HGLS operating in an indoor site, consideration should be given to the presence of factory services, such as water and gas supplies, steam lines, compressed air lines, electrical cables, lighting,
ventilation
ducts, gas heating units and other installations.
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13 Erection and dismantling
13.1 Planning
The erection and dismantling of the HGLS should be thoroughly planned and properly supervised in the same way as the lifting operation (see Clause 6). Erection and dismantling should be incorporated in the method statement. This might include assembly drawings of all components showing erection markings, bolts and washers etc.
NOTE The planning has to take account of the need to dismantle the HGLS after use.
A correctly planned erection and dismantling procedure, as referred to in the method statement, should ensure that:
a) the entire erection and dismantling operation is controlled by the HGLS lift supervisor (see 7.2.1);
b) all personnel involved have a sound knowledge of their part in the operation;
c) only correct parts and components are used when replacement
is necessary;
d) the HGLS and associated equipment are level to within specified limits.
13.2 Transportation
Transportation (including on-lorry and off-lorry loading) of the HGLS equipment to and from the site of operation should be carried out in a safe manner so as to ensure that no damage is sustained to the components that could have a detrimental effect on the lifting operation. On-lorry/off-lorry loading should be supervised by a
competent person. If any part of the equipment is damaged during off-lorry loading (prior to a lift), the HGLS lift supervisor should authorize the use of a spare or send for a replacement unless he is absolutely satisfied that the damage is of no consequence in terms
of
impairing the integrity of the component.
13.3 Manufacturer’s erection and dismantling instructions
The HGLS manufacturer’s instructions (when available) should be
closely
followed. Any departure from the specifications should be approved by the manufacturer, a competent engineer or the appointed person, to ensure the stability of the HGLS and that structural and mechanical parts are not subject to excessive loading.
13.4 Identification of components and materials
13.4.1 Components
All major components that form part of an HGLS and are dismantled for transportation should carry a clear identification mark.
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13.4.2 Materials
Where components have been manufactured from special materials, they should be marked to indicate this.
NOTE Nuts and bolts manufactured from high tensile steel or other special steels carry markings so that they can be distinguished from
other
nuts and bolts. High strength friction grip bolts ought not to be
reused.
13.4.3 Electrical supply
The following points should be noted if the HGLS is electrically
operated.
a) The HGLS should have a power cable with a ground wire connected to an effective earth connection.
b) The HGLS should be internally grounded to the power cable ground in accordance with applicable electric codes and standards.
c) The characteristics of the power supply and of the HGLS equipment should be checked for compatibility before connection.
d) Any trailing cable should not be damaged during operational movement or when the jacking units are travelling. The travel distance should be well within the length of the trailing cable.
13.5 Erection of components
NOTE Figure 2 gives an example of a basic jacking unit system, showing the arrangement of different components.
Figure 2 Basic jacking system
1
2 3
4
5
6
Key
1 Lift links
2 Rigging
3 Header beam
4 Jacking unit
5 Lifted load
6 Track
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13.5.1 Tracks
Measurements should be made to ensure that the tracks are level, horizontal and parallel to each other within the prescribed
tolerances.
If there are gaps or the track is not level, steel shim packers should be placed under the track. The HGLS lift supervisor should therefore ensure that the track is laid to be within the tolerances stipulated. Tracks should be supported in a similar manner at regular intervals along their length as far as is possible. If, for any reason, tracks
are
unsupported over a significant length at a particular position (e.g. in order to bridge a gap in the floor), a detailed assessment by a competent person (e.g. structural engineer) should be undertaken to ensure that the tracks are not subjected to significant bending deflection. If this cannot be shown, a stronger track or additional support (i.e. bridging support) should be used.
NOTE Figure 3 shows the track beams and track gauge.
Figure 3 Track beams
1
2
3
4
Key
1 Cross member (used to tie the track beams together)
2 Wheel guide (usually on both beams)
3 Track beam
4 Track gauge
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13.5.2 Jacking units
The HGLS lift supervisor should ensure that the jacking units are set
up so as to be “plumb” within specified tolerances in both the
vertical
and horizontal planes.
NOTE Figure 4 shows details of a typical jacking unit. Figure 5 shows
a
jacking unit on the track.
Figure 4 Jacking unit details
1
2
4
6
3
5
7
Key
1 Header plate with beam seat and clamps
2 Beam seat on header plate
3 Lift boom or one or more lift cylinders
4 Height
5 Jacking unit structural base
6 Top surface of track
7 Wheel assemblies (may be fixed or adjustable)
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Figure 5 Jacking unit on track showing track wheel guide locations
1
2
3
4
Key
1 Jacking unit
2 Wheels
3 Wheel guide
4 Track
13.5.3 Header and cross beams
The header and cross beams should be secured and suitably clamped into position (in HGLS models where this is required and allowing for some element of movement in the system). Associated nuts and bolts should always be systematically tightened to the value of torque specified.
NOTE 1 It needs to be ensured that the required rotation under load
of
the header beams and cross beams (if fitted) can be accommodated by
the
header plate swivel joint.
NOTE 2 Figure 6 shows details of header and cross beams. Figure 7 shows
a typical lift link in relation to the header beam.
13.5.4 Control/power units/panels
The control/power units/panels should be placed side by side in
a pre-determined area. The hydraulic oil should be checked and
topped up, if required, with the designated fluid. Where possible,
the control/power units/panels should be positioned so that the HGLS
operator is able to 6><#00aa00'>view the lifted object and jacking units throughout
the lifting process. For significant moves along a track, it might be
necessary to move the control/power units/panels to different positions
throughout the lifting operation.
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Figure 6 Header and cross beams
1
2
3
4
Key
1 Track beams
2 Cross beams (spanning between header beams)
3 Jacking unit
4 Load slings (rigged to cross beams)
13.5.5 Hydraulic hoses
Hydraulic hoses to HGLS units usually have quick-fit couplings so that
it is impossible to fit them to the wrong cylinder. The connections
also give positive feedback when they are loaded in place. Locking couplings should be fitted in order to ensure that hose connections do not come apart if they are “dragged” during the operation. Hoses
should be numbered accordingly and a visual check on them should be maintained throughout the lifting operation. Hose burst valves should also be incorporated.
13.6 Assembly inspection
The HGLS assembly should be carefully inspected once it has been erected. This inspection should include the checking of the
horizontal
and vertical attitude of the beams and tracks to ensure that they are within the prescribed tolerances. The tracks should be inspected to ensure that they are free of debris etc.
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Figure 7 Typical lift link
3
2
1
Key
1 Header beam
2 Opening for header beam, which should be sized to keep lift link nominally centred on beam
3 Hole for shackle or other pinned fitting
13.7 Pre-lift
Once the HGLS has been assembled and inspected, one test without the lifting object should be carried out followed by a test with the
lifting
object whereby it is lifted just off the ground or supporting surface and the height of each jack is measured to determine if they are
lifting
evenly (or the beam leveller devices, if fitted, are monitored). The lifting object should then be lowered back to the ground or supporting surface and the exercise ought to have confirmed whether all the lift cylinders are operating correctly or not. Checks for leaks, as well
as
other visual checks, should be made during the pre-lift test.
14 Procedures and precautions
14.1 HGLS operation
Whether or not an HGLS is lifting a load, it should only be operated
by
a competent person (usually the HGLS operator; see 7.2.2) nominated by the employing organization or by the authorized person acting on their behalf.
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This should not inhibit a trainee operator being nominated in certain circumstances provided that the trainee is under the direct
supervision
of a competent operator (i.e. the HGLS operator) who has also been
nominated for that purpose. However, only a trainee operator who is in
the later stages of training should be considered for such nomination.
14.2 Working on HGLS assemblies
14.2.1 General
When personnel are required to work on HGLS assemblies for inspection,
maintenance or other reasons, a system should be in operation to ensure
that they are not endangered by any movement of the assembly and
that a secure working place is provided (e.g. scaffolding, if appropriate).
The system can usually be by means of verbal communication (telephone
or radio communication, if necessary) provided that it is clearly defined
and readily understood by all personnel.
14.2.2 Periodic checks
Specific HGLS lifting operations are typically conducted over a short
period of time (usually within one day). Rigorous periodic checks of
the HGLS and associated equipment areas are not required therefore,
provided that the assembly inspection (see 13.6) and pre-lift (see 13.7)
stages have been satisfactorily carried out. During the lifting process,
systematic checks should be made to ensure that:
a) no significant distortion (e.g. torsion or bending) of the assembly is occurring;
b) the header beams remain level within prescribed tolerances;
c) no permanent movement of the tracks (if appropriate) has occurred;
d) no significant oil leakage is evident;
e) all relevant instrumentation and alarm systems are operating satisfactorily.
For cases where HGLS lifting operations could extend over a prolonged period of time, a more systematic checking procedure should be carried out as defined by the HGLS operator and relayed to the appointed person. For example, if the operation extends over several days, then
it
would be wise to repeat the assembly inspection and pre-lift stages
at
the start of each day as well as undertaking the checks associated
with
list items a) to e) in this subclause.
14.3 Reporting of defects and incidents
The appointed person should ensure that there is an effective procedure for reporting defects and incidents. The procedure should
include notification to the appointed person for the recording of
action
taken to rectify any defects and clearances of the HGLS components
for
further service.
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The procedure should include the immediate notification of the following:
a) any defects found during “in-operation” checks;
b) defects found at any other time;
c) incidents or accidents, however slight;
d) shock loads, however they occur;
e) dangerous occurrences or reportable accidents.
The procedures should include provision for an examination by a competent person after any incident, whether or not a repair is necessary, to ensure that the HGLS component is fit for further
service.
14.4 Leaving the HGLS unattended
The staging of a lift should be planned such that a suspended lifting object is never left unattended.
14.5 Maintenance
14.5.1 General
Provision should be made to ensure that, throughout their use, the HGLS components and other equipment used in the lifting operation are maintained in a satisfactory condition.
The appointed person should be satisfied that adequate information (e.g. manufacturer’s instructions) is available and that the
maintenance
is carried out by trained personnel who have adequate knowledge of the correct procedures (see 7.2.4 and <8.4). The frequency and extent of such maintenance should take account of all factors that affect
the
HGLS in carrying out its required work.
Moving parts (such as the swivel fitting of the adapter plate) should be greased at regular intervals. The wheels on the jacking unit and tracks (particularly any weldments) require particular attention in terms of inspection.
In general, the HGLS components should be examined on their return to their storage premises following a lifting operation.
14.5.2 Storage
The storage arrangements for equipment can significantly affect the way it is maintained. In particular, care should be taken to ensure
that
equipment is stored so as to minimize the possibility of water
ingress,
leading to corrosion. To this end, the jacking units and control/power units should be stored inside a suitable building, or, if they have
to
be stored outside, they should at least have a suitable cover over them. It is also desirable for the other components to be stored under suitable covering. Possible deterioration of the environment in which equipment is stored should always be considered.
14.5.3 Planned maintenance
To ensure safe and satisfactory operation of the HGLS, a properly planned maintenance system should be established and used.
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Planned maintenance should include regular calibration of the
pressure
gauges in a way that is consistent and repeatable.
Other specific maintenance tasks should be carried out at stated
intervals
as recommended in the manufacturer’s instruction books, and these
periods should not be exceeded. The manufacturer’s instruction books
should also be referred to for recommendations on the lubrication points that require attention, the interval or frequency of greasing
and
oil changes, and the grades and quality of lubricant to be used.
A record (see 11.<8.4) should be kept of the major components comprising the HGLS model. The availability and source of replacement
items should be checked and recorded. Consideration should be given, where appropriate, to stocking certain expendable items and other parts to minimize downtime in the event of component breakdown.
NOTE The statutory thorough examination of the HGLS requires a competent person to assess whether or not the HGLS components are fit for service at the time of the examination. The examination does not cover the absolute legal requirement to ensure that the equipment is properly maintained, which involves carrying out a more frequent inspection that takes account of the frequency of use of the HGLS and associated equipment and the environmental conditions.
An effective planned maintenance system should recognize the possible need to prohibit the use of the HGLS until essential maintenance work is carried out.
14.5.4 Replacement components
Only components conforming to the manufacturer’s specification
should be used as replacement components.
14.5.5 Use of materials for repairs
If it is necessary to carry out repairs to any parts of the HGLS’s
components, information should be sought from the manufacturer regarding the correct procedure and this should be strictly adhered
to.
In particular, excessive heat that can change the properties of the
steel
should be avoided.
15 Operating conditions
15.1 Rated capacity
The rated capacity of the HGLS should not be exceeded other than for the express purpose of testing the HGLS within the criteria specified under LOLER [1] under the supervision of a competent person and/or the HGLS operator.
15.2 Operation and control
15.2.1 General
To ensure safe use of the HGLS, each control (e.g. the levers
controlling
each lift cylinder) should be marked to identify the motion controlled and the direction of movement (up or down in the case of the lift cylinder control). Markings should be in English and consist of internationally agreed symbols.
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On no account should the HGLS operator or other personnel tamper with any controls, mechanisms or equipment, either to enable the HGLS to function outside the operational range or loads specified by the HGLS manufacturer or other competent person, or to attempt to correct any suspected defect (see 14.3).
Before starting any lifting operation with an HGLS, the following should be observed.
a) The HGLS operator should be familiar with the controls and layout.
b) The HGLS operator should have a clear and unrestricted <#00aa00'>view of the lifting object and operational area or should
act
under the directions of other authorized personnel (i.e. HGLS slingers/signallers) positioned to have a clear and uninterrupted <#00aa00'>view. It is particularly important that the HGLS operator
ensures
that lifts can be carried out without causing damage.
c) Where telephone, radio or CCTV communications are being used, the HGLS operator should ensure that the calling signal is functioning satisfactorily and that verbal messages can be clearly
heard.
When starting up the control unit, sufficient time (several minutes)
should be given for the oil to warm up since it needs to be up to
temperature for correct pressure–load calibration. It is
recommended
that the various checks to the HGLS assembly are performed during
this “warm up” time. Oil levels should have been checked prior to this
stage and, through good maintenance, the equipment should be in
good working order at this point.
Lifting accessories (slings and shackles) can be attached to the header
beams after the HGLS has been assembled. Alternatively, and especially
for heavy lifts, it might be more appropriate for the lifting accessories
to be attached while the beams are still at floor level prior to HGLS
assembly. It is noted that all lifting accessories should have a test
certificate. Header beams generally need to be tested by a certifying
authority and written information (e.g. by way of suitable charts)
should be provided to show weight limits at different points (allowing
for different lengths of span between jacking unit pairs).
It is important that any constraints within the workplace do not
encourage any shortcuts in the planning and execution of the lifting
operation (e.g. low roof, obstructing objects resulting in an inability
to lay the track as required).
Careful monitoring of the pressure gauges should be observed at all times throughout a lift and clear user-friendly pressure–load
conversion information should be readily available to the HGLS operator. The lifting area should also be cordoned off with tape to stop personnel approaching and/or to identify danger areas (e.g. a hole left following removal of the lift time). Physical barriers, such
as
fences and scaffolding, can also be used for this purpose.
As described in 13.7, the lifting object should initially be lifted
just
clear of the ground or supporting surface. It should be returned to
the
ground or supporting surface and brought to rest. The HGLS should then be checked, before proceeding further. Proper care should be exercised by the HGLS operator at all times to avoid shock or side loadings being applied to the system.
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While the object is being lifted, care should be taken to ensure
that the HGLS operator and other authorized personnel (e.g. HGLS
slingers/signallers) are not distracted by other personnel or activities
(e.g. machinery) within the vicinity of the lift site.
In taking up the slack in the lifting accessories (i.e. slings), care should
be taken to ensure that the lifting object is being lifted evenly. If
not, it should be lowered to the ground or supporting surface and
appropriate adjustments made before lifting again.
In assessing the system in the early stages of a lift, it is important to
realize that the system might take a little time to settle. The clearance
above the ground and alignment of the tracks and jacking units etc.
need further checking as the job proceeds. Unusual sounds emanating
from the system should be investigated. If there has been a significant
delay between setting up the equipment and performing the lift, then
further checks (see 14.2.2) should be made to ensure that the HGLS
equipment has remained unchanged since the previous inspection. It
might be useful to mark (with spray paint, for example) the jacking units and/or tracks in order to detect any unintentional movement which might occur.
The height of each header plate should be monitored by a simple linear measuring device. Height checks should be made every metre to ensure that the cylinders are extending evenly. For high lifts,
checking
should ideally be every 100 mm to 200 mm and beam levelling monitoring devices should be fitted and used.
The hydraulic and electrical control should be switched off after the lifting operation has been completed.
The HGLS safety device should not be regarded as the routine means of stopping motion(s).
If a safety device is activated, the lifting object should be brought safely back down to the ground or supporting surface. The safety device should be reinstated by a competent person and a record of the event should be compiled.
15.2.2 Straight up and down lift
A simple straight up and down lift with an HGLS configuration requires significant attention to planning and supervision as it is
essentially
a multiple lifting operation, necessitating the use of more than one (usually two or four) jacking units. Lifting operations should
therefore be
planned with extreme care (see Clause 6) and should include an
accurate
assessment of the load to be carried by each jacking unit.
The total mass of the lifting object and its distribution should be either known with confidence or calculated. Where the information is taken from a drawing, due allowances should be made for casting and rolling margins and manufacturing tolerances.
The centre of gravity should be evaluated as accurately as possible. However, owing to the variable effect of manufacturing tolerances and rolling margins, quantity of weld metal etc., the centre of
gravity
might not be accurately known for some lifting loads. The proportion of the load being carried by each HGLS jacking unit might therefore be uncertain. Such uncertainty needs to be taken account of in the planning stage.
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The mass of the lifting gear should be part of the calculated load on
the HGLS assemblies. When handling heavy or awkwardly shaped loads,
the deduction from the rated capacity(ies) of the HGLS jacking units to
allow for the mass of the lifting accessories might well be significant.
The mass of the lifting accessories, and hook blocks where appropriate,
and their distribution should therefore be accurately known.
The distribution within the lifting accessories of the forces that
arise during the lifting operation should be established. The lifting
accessories used should, unless specially designed for the particular
lifting operation, have a capacity margin well in excess of that needed
for their proportional load. Special lifting accessories might be
necessary to suit the maximum variation in distribution and direction
of the application of loads or forces that might occur during the
lifting operation.
If the variations in the direction and magnitude of the forces acting on
the HGLS configuration during the lift are to be kept to a minimum,
the HGLS motions should be synchronous in their effects. Jacking units
of equal capacity and similar characteristics should therefore be
used
where possible.
If the appointed person is satisfied that all the relevant factors referred to here have been accurately identified, and are being monitored by appropriate instrumentation and/or other methods, the HGLS jacking units may be used up to their rated capacities. When all the factors cannot be accurately evaluated, a worst case scenario should be considered and HGLS equipment selected accordingly if the HGLS operator and the appointed person are satisfied.
15.2.3 Straight up and down lift with longitudinal travel
As noted in 3.19, there are three basic methods available on HGLS to propel the jacking units along tracks. The external cylinder method is the most common one used. To set up this propel action, pins are located in order to couple the propel cylinder to the track (the propel cylinder should already be attached to the jacking unit). The switch from lift to traverse mode can either be an electrical device
or
a handle on the jacking unit. The hydraulic hoses should have been attached to the propel cylinders by this stage. The jacking units are traversed by extending and contracting the propel cylinders.
The pins, in order to couple the propel cylinder to the track, should be located by one or more of the HGLS slingers/signallers. The HGLS operator and HGLS slingers/signallers should communicate to each other on this aspect (e.g. by hand signals). In traversing the jacking
units, care should be taken to ensure that they are moved evenly such that the chances of introducing torsion and bending loads into the system are minimized. Suitably designed end stops should be put in place to ensure that the HGLS cannot go off the tracks. It is suggested that the jacking units are connected by adjustable connection links, where practicable. However, it is recognized that lifts of very long loads might preclude mechanical connections and should be left to the judgement of the appointed person and included in the lift planning.
NOTE Figure <8 shows the propel cylinder attachment.
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Figure <8 Propel cylinder attachment
1
2
3
4
Key
1 Propel cylinder attachment
2 Propel cylinder
3 Track
4 Sliding shoe (example)
15.2.4 Top and tail lift
For performing a top and tail (stand up/lay over) lift, additional consideration should be given to determining the correct length of lifting accessories (long set and short set slings) and their rating. The
latter is necessary because the load shifts to one set of lifting accessories.
Particular care is necessary when the lifting object load moves from one set of lifting accessories to the other. In fact, the movement in
the position of the centre of gravity throughout the entire operation
is particularly significant as sudden movements induce significant
(indeterminate) dynamic loadings.
In performing a top and tail lift, it should be appreciated that the
jacking units move towards each other if the lifting object is being
lifted from “horizontal” to “vertical” position and move away from
each other if the lifting object is being lowered from “vertical” to
“horizontal” position. During a top and tail operation, the wheels
in
both pairs of jacking units should remain free to move. It is considered
bad practice to lock any pair of jacking units during such an operation
since this can lead to significant side loads being placed on the
hydraulic cylinder(s). It is essential that this information is detailed in
the method statement.
Height checks should be made every 300 mm for a top and tail
operation. As noted previously, such checks should be carried out
by means of a simple linear measuring device and beam levelling
monitoring devices should be fitted and used.
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If, for any reason, an overload situation arises during a top and tail lift,
the lifting object should be brought down to the ground or supporting
surface. If this is considered to be difficult to achieve in a safe manner,
the telescopic cylinders in each pair of jacking units should be adjusted
(i.e. raised or lowered) so as to transfer the load to be more equally
distributed between the jacking units.
15.2.5 Side shifting lift
Moving the lifting object in the lateral direction is the least common
task performed by an HGLS. Movements are likely to be very small,
however, and might be required for positioning an item into keys,
for example. Cross travel on a beam should only be carried out using
proper optional equipment. This may be in the form of hydraulically
propelled skates built into the lifting links, a rack and pinion travelling
device or push/pull hydraulic cylinders and a cable winch. The lifting
object should always be positively restrained on the beam and never
free to roll should an out-of-level situation occur. End stops should be
fitted to prevent the lifting object being pushed beyond the end of
the beam.
15.2.6 Combination lift
Consideration should be given to any equipment used in combination
with the HGLS to carry out the lifting operation (e.g. forklift, mini-crane,
crane or machine skates). It is important that the use of any mobile
equipment other than the HGLS is properly planned and supervised and
a safe system of work is detailed in the method statement.
15.3 Handling of loads near persons
Only the HGLS operator, HGLS lift supervisor, HGLS
slingers/signallers and
appointed person of the employing organization should be in the vicinity
of the lifting operation. They should stand clear of the lifting area.
15.4 Weather conditions
15.4.1 General
The operation of an HGLS in situations where it is likely to be affected
by the weather should be given careful consideration. Certain weather
conditions such as strong wind, heavy rain, ice or snow can impose loads on an HGLS and adversely affect the safety of operation.
NOTE Guidance on the evaluation of wind loads is given in BS 2573-1. Relevant information is also contained in BS 6399-2.
A lift either should not be started or should be terminated if the weather conditions or lighting are not sufficient.
15.4.2 Wind
The HGLS should not be operated in wind speeds that are in excess of those which have been specified in the method statement for the particular configuration of HGLS and geometrical properties of
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the lifting object. Gusting wind conditions might have an additional
adverse effect on the safe handling of the lifting object and the safety
of the HGLS. Even in relatively light wind conditions, extra care should
be taken when handling loads presenting large wind-catching areas.
This should be included in the method statement.
The limitation on wind speed for erecting, testing and dismantling the
HGLS might be lower than the limitation for normal operation, and, in
cases of doubt, the manufacturer’s or a competent engineer’s advice
should be obtained.
15.4.3 Wind speed indication
In the case of an HGLS operating in positions where it might be
adversely affected by high winds, an anemometer should be mounted
at a suitable high point, preferably on one of the header beams.
15.4.4 Visibility
In poor visibility, suitable means of communication should be provided
to ensure the safe operation of the HGLS. In extreme conditions, HGLS
operations should be stopped until there is sufficient improvement in
visibility to enable operations to be resumed safely.
15.4.5 Rain, snow or ice
During adverse weather conditions, the appointed person, in consultation with the HGLS operator, should ensure that adequate precautions are taken to avoid danger when the HGLS or the lifting object is affected by rain, snow or ice.
16 Slinging and handling of loads
16.1 Mass and centre of gravity of the load
16.1.1 Mass
The mass of the load to be lifted should be known to a reasonable accuracy. The mass should be determined by any of the following procedures.
a) Look to see if the mass is marked on the load. If it is, check to ensure that it is the mass of all parts of the load (a machine tool, for example, might not include the drive motor).
b) Check the mass stated on any documentation.
c) Look at a drawing of the load. If the mass is marked, check in the same way as in item a) to ensure it includes all parts of the load.
d) If the load is still on a trailer or truck, use a weighbridge.
e) Estimate the mass of the load by using tables of masses. BS 4-1
gives the mass of rolled steel sections and Table 1 gives masses for
other materials.
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Table 1 Mass of materials
Material Mass
kg/m3
Mass
lb/ft3
Aluminium 2 700 170
Brass <8 500 530
Brick 2 100 130
Coal 1 450 90
Concrete 2 400 150
Copper <8 <800 550
Earth 1 600 100
Iron and steel 7 700 4<80
Lead 11 200 700
Magnesium 1 750 110
Oil <800 50
Paper 1 120 70
Water 1 000 62
Wood <800 50
NOTE 1 In some cases the values given are an average and the actual
mass
might vary according to the particular composition/water content,
etc.
NOTE 2 All values have been rounded for convenience of use.
NOTE 3 When dealing with a hollow body, check whether or not it
contains anything and whether or not any such contents are liable to move.
16.1.2 Centre of gravity
16.1.2.1 General
The centre of gravity of the load should be known. This is the point at
which the total mass of the load is regarded as being concentrated, i.e.
the point about which the parts of the load exactly balance each other.
16.1.2.2 Regularly shaped load(s)
With a regularly shaped load (e.g. a rolled steel joist), the centre
of gravity can be easily judged by measuring the midpoint in each
direction.
16.1.2.3 More complex-shaped loads or irregularly shaped loads
For more complex shaped loads, it might be necessary to estimate the
centre of gravity of the various parts of the load and then combine
them to get a centre of gravity for the whole.
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16.2 Use of lifting accessories/attachments
Only slings and other lifting accessories/attachments for which a valid report of thorough examination (and, if produced, a valid test certificate) has been issued within the previous six months or in accordance with a scheme of thorough examination should be used.
Lifting accessories/attachments should be clearly marked with the rated capacity and an identification number (for record purposes).
Lifting accessories/attachments should be visually inspected on each occasion before use.
When not in use, such lifting accessories/attachments should be
stored
in secure dry conditions, preferably by hanging on a rack where they cannot get tangled, wet or contaminated by dirt, grease, concrete etc.
Lifting accessories/attachments should be released from the store
only
on the instruction of a person in charge of them.
Under no circumstances should slings be knotted.
When used in connection with the handling of molten metal or slag, the rated capacity of all lifting accessories/attachments should be de-rated to half the normal rated capacity.
Checks should be made to ensure that the lifting
accessories/attachments
can withstand the environment in which they are to be used, and that they have been protected from mechanical damage and other hazards such as heat, cold or corrosive substances.
Under no circumstances should chains be joined by means of bolts or wire, and when shackles are used the correct pins should be fitted.
Lifting accessories/attachments should not be dragged along the ground or floor.
NOTE The Code of practice for the safe use of lifting equipment [10] provides further information regarding the selection and use of
equipment.
16.3 Signalling systems
Copies of the code of hand signals to be used should be issued to all HGLS lift supervisors, HGLS operators, HGLS slingers and other personnel involved in the carrying out of a lifting operation to ensure
that a universal signalling code is used.
In situations where hand signals alone are inadequate, other forms of
communication should be used, by means of either radio or telephone, to supplement the hand signal code.
When radio is used as a means of signalling, the channel selected should be kept clear of all other communications. All personnel involved in the signalling should be given a clear and unique call sign,
and all communications should be preceded by this call sign. The HGLS operator should not respond to any command that is not preceded by the given call sign.
During the carrying out of the lifting operation, hand signals and any
voice instructions to the HGLS operator should only be given by one person at a time.
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17 Thorough examination including testing
17.1 General
17.1.1 Thorough examination
A thorough examination should be understood to mean the following:
a) a detailed examination by a competent person that is sufficient to ensure that the HGLS jacking units, associated components and equipment are safe for use;
NOTE 1 When considered necessary by the competent person, visual examination can be supplemented by methods of non-destructive testing that determine the condition of any part of the HGLS without causing any detrimental change to the materials.
b) when considered necessary, dismantling of parts of the HGLS configuration by a skilled person to the extent required by the
competent person.
The HGLS should be thoroughly examined by a competent person prior to use to ensure that the equipment is safe to use. In addition, thorough examination might be necessary following any substantial alteration or repair to the HGLS. Lifting accessories to be used with the HGLS should also have been thoroughly examined. This is generally done separately from the HGLS.
NOTE 2 In practice, individual HGLS or components are often thoroughly examined prior to assembly. This allows individual parts to be
examined
in more detail away from the lifting environment. The primary purpose of this examination is to detect any deterioration of the equipment
that
might affect the safe operation of the equipment. Once assembled, the competent person ought to undertake a second thorough examination of the completed assembly. The purpose of this second examination is to check that the HGLS has been assembled correctly in accordance with the manufacturer’s and appointed person’s instructions and that the
equipment has not been damaged during transportation or assembly.
17.1.2 Reports of thorough examination, test certificates and documentation for HGLS operations
The following should be taken into account.
a) An individual HGLS or components should not be used unless they have a current report of thorough examination.
NOTE 1 New HGLSs and components need to be CE marked and supplied with a declaration of conformity to the Machinery Directive [11].
Thorough examination is also required following substantial repairs or alterations, and/or periodically as deemed necessary by a competent person.
NOTE 2 Attention is drawn to the LOLER [1] for thorough examination, declaration of conformity and test certificates.
b) In service inspections, systematic maintenance, repairs and renewals should be carried out and recorded.
c) The rated capacity should be clearly marked on the HGLS jacking units and/or on charts affixed to the control panel(s).
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d) Header beams, cross beams and other appropriate components and attachments should be clearly marked with their rated capacity.
e) A copy of the operating instructions should be with the HGLS.
f) All reports of thorough examination, test certificates and records related to items a) to e) should be available for inspection (see 11.<8.4).
17.1.3 Test site
Careful consideration should be given to the conditions (e.g. environmental conditions, including weather) of the test site. It should be remembered that recommendations given in the operating instructions or elsewhere for the HGLS relate to operations within
the
rated capacity. Requirements, which might in certain cases be
statutory,
apply when loads are being applied for testing. The information should be provided by the employing organization or the appointed person acting on its behalf.
17.2 Conduct of tests
17.2.1 General
The tests should be carried out under the control of the competent person (usually the HGLS lift supervisor) appointed for this purpose, who should clearly indicate when the tests start and when they have been completed. During the tests the other personnel involved (usually the HGLS slingers/signallers) should accept instructions
only
from the HGLS lift supervisor.
Immediately prior to the tests, the competent person should ensure by thorough examination (see 17.1.1) that the appropriate HGLS equipment is:
a) free from any defect that would preclude it from safely handling the test lifting object;
b) in the correct configuration and condition according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
The HGLS lift supervisor and appointed person should also ensure that the site and weather conditions are suitable (see 17.1.3).
Shock loading, which might be caused by rapid acceleration of HGLS motions, erratic or sudden movement of the controls, should be
avoided.
WARNING. At the completion of the test and thorough examination, all safety devices should be restored and checked to ensure that they function correctly.
17.2.2 Overload testing
Testing of the HGLS by the application of loads in excess of the specified rated capacity should only be carried under the direction
of
a competent engineer at a suitable test facility (see 17.1.3).
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Overload testing is not normally undertaken during the thorough examination. It should only be undertaken when specified by the competent person carrying out the thorough examination of the equipment.
17.3 Thorough examination after test
A thorough examination (see 17.1.1) should be carried out by a competent person to ensure that the HGLS configuration has
withstood the test loadings without signs of structural damage that affect the safety of the HGLS, such as the following:
a) cracking;
b) permanent deformation;
c) paint flaking;
d) loosening of, or damage to, structural connections.
The examination should confirm that all mechanisms function correctly and are free from defects.
17.4 Records
After any test or examination the results should be recorded. If, for any reason, the competent person considers it necessary to restrict the use of an HGLS (e.g. size limitations prevent the testing of the
full
range of duties of the HGLS), the restrictions should be noted on the report and the use of the HGLS should be subject to these restrictions. The markings/tables of rated capacity on the HGLS should be amended to reflect these restrictions.
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Annex A (normative) Training of appointed persons and HGLS lift supervisors
A.1 General
The employment of a competent person to manage lifting operations is one of the most important factors in the safe use of an HGLS. Poor management, including planning and supervision, is a contributory cause of HGLS accidents, which can result not only in significant damage to plant, but also in severe injury to those doing the work
or
those nearby. Training enables suitable employees to learn the basic elements of managing HGLS operations. Following training, candidates should work under the supervision of an experienced appointed person until such time as their employer has assessed them as competent to perform their duties.
NOTE Detailed information about the content of training courses
varies
depending on the individual circumstances. The information provided in this annex will assist organizations running training courses,
either
internally or as a service to other organizations, to determine
whether
their courses are adequate.
A.2 Employer’s duties
Training of personnel should be treated as an important element in the overall planning and supervision of safe lifting operations. Therefore, the employer should:
a) use appropriate procedures to ensure that suitable trainees are selected (see A.3);
b) provide adequate basic training in the role of the appointed
person, including the principles of HGLS and lifting accessory selection, planning, supervision, operation, slinging, signalling, inspection, maintenance and thorough examination (see A.4);
c) train employees in the identification of hazards on sites where lifting operations are to take place and the identification of control measures to reduce the level of residual risk;
d) ensure that only employees who have been assessed as reaching an adequate level of competence are authorized to act as appointed persons (see A.6);
e) provide adequate supervision so that the competence of appointed persons can be monitored and the need for any refresher training assessed.
A.3 Selection of appointed persons and HGLS lift supervisors
A.3.1 General
Potential appointed persons and HGLS lift supervisors should be
carefully selected by the employer on the basis of their:
a) prior relevant experience;
b) academic and vocational qualifications;
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c) numerical ability and literacy;
d) supervisory and management skills, and experience.
Selection tests may be used as part of the process.
A.3.2 Assessment of training needs
An assessment should be made of the extent of training which is needed for an individual, bearing in mind that this could be influenced by any previous training and experience. When potential appointed persons are recruited, it is essential that employers check that their qualifications and experience relate to the job they are
to
do. Where the type of HGLS to be operated or the slinging procedures to be used are outside the employee’s previous experience,
additional
training should be provided. In any event, some further training is likely to be necessary to familiarize the employee with specific requirements of the new job.
A.4 Basic training of appointed persons
A.4.1 General
Basic training covers the principles, both theoretical and practical, governing the management of lifting operations with HGLSs.
A basic training course is usually designed with the requirements of novice potential appointed persons in mind but it would be unwise to assume that more experienced employees do not need basic training.
Training organizations might acknowledge this and run short courses for those with experience, recognizing that less time is necessary
for
training in the fundamental aspects.
A.4.2 Training venue
Training should be given at a suitable facility. Where it is given
at the
employer’s premises, it should be carried out independently of the
trainee’s normal work. This means that the instructor and trainee
together with the HGLS and loads should, during the basic training, be wholly devoted to that training. A suitable facility would include:
a) a segregated area set aside for the purpose of training;
b) firm, level ground, which can take the weight of the HGLS and the intended loads;
c) a site that offers a range of types of load, lifting accessories
and
simulated hazards;
d) a suitable classroom environment.
A.4.3 HGLS available for training
An HGLS together with a competent HGLS operator should be available at the training venue for the exclusive use of the instructor and
trainee
for the purposes of training. The HGLS should have similar
characteristics
to the type the trainee will be managing after training. It should
be in
good condition, safe to use and accompanied by a current report of thorough examination and all appropriate instruction manuals.
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A.4.4 Appropriateness of training
As far as possible, the instructor should ensure that the training provided covers the types of HGLS, the range of loads, lifting attachments, accessories and conditions likely to be met by the trainee, including any particular hazards met in normal operations. The employer should ensure that, if another organization carries out
the training, it is made aware of the sort of work the trainee is likely to be doing.
A.4.5 Course structure
The course should be both theoretical and practical in nature and sufficient to enable the trainee to master the necessary skills.
The course should follow a carefully devised programme which ensures that each knowledge requirement is introduced at an appropriate point in the course, building from the simpler taks and allowing adequate time for learning and practice before moving on.
A.4.6 Trainee/instructor ratio
It is important that the ratio of instructors and trainees suits the particular aspect of training being covered. There should be
sufficient
time for the instructor to demonstrate each part of the practical
training
and then for each trainee to practice the skills while also being able
to
learn from observing other trainees. A ratio of one instructor to four trainees should not be exceeded.
A.5 Training programme
A.5.1 General
As a minimum, the instructor should follow a carefully devised, documented training programme covering the subjects given in A.5.2 and A.5.3 as relevant to the category of HGLS for which training is being given (see Table A.1).
NOTE As the course content for appointed persons and HGLS lift supervisors is very similar, organizations might elect to run one
training
course for both categories with separate final competency criteria.
Table A.1 HGLS categories
Category Type of lifting operation
Basic Static lift
(Straight up and down, jack is stationary and does not travel)
Standard Straight up and down lift with longitudinal travel
Complex Top and tail lift
Side shifting lift
Combination lift
(Any equipment used in combination with the HGLS to carry out the
operation,
e.g. forklift, mini-crane, mobile crane or machine skates)
Multiple systems lift
(More than four jacks or additional lifting equipment, e.g. strand
jack)
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A.5.2 Theoretical topics
Theoretical topics should include:
a) an introduction to the course syllabus, with reasons for the importance of training;
b) the relevant legal requirements, including those to do with HGLS maintenance, thorough examination, documentation, record keeping and use;
c) the different responsibilities of all the individuals involved
with a
lifting operation;
NOTE 1 Reference could be made to relevant published material including British Standards and HSE and industry guidance;
d) an introduction to different types of lifting equipment such as HGLSs, loader cranes, mobile cranes, crawler cranes, overhead travelling cranes and forklift trucks;
e) a more detailed introduction to HGLSs, explaining the purpose of all main components, including the location and function of controls, instruments, indicators and safety devices;
f) the principles of mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical systems as they are relevant to the safe operation of HGLSs;
g) pre-operational checks, reporting and operator level maintenance in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions;
h) site surveys, hazard identification and the completion of risk assessments and method statements;
NOTE 2 HGLS lift supervisors need to be able to understand a risk assessment and method statement, identify site-specific hazards and implement suitable control measures.
i) the siting of the HGLS, including the assessment of strength and stability, and ground conditions, and the calculation of the
distribution of the total load;
NOTE 3 Calculation of the distribution of the total load is not required for HGLS lift supervisors.
j) the preparation of a drawing showing the area of the lifting operation, including the position of the HGLS and immediate hazards;
k) the assessment of loads, including estimation of masses and centres of gravity, and their stability;
l) lift categories, load complexities and environmental
complexities;
m) load charts and the selection of HGLSs for different duties;
n) good operating practices, including operation near other plant equipment, precautions near overhead lines, structures etc.;
o) communication with site managers, principal contractors and others in the area of the planned lifting operation;
p) an introduction to the different types of lifting accessories, and their functions, limitations and reasons for possible failure;
q) the routine care, inspection and maintenance of lifting
accessories
and reporting of defects. Information should be given on the
criteria for rejection and actions to be taken;
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r) the selection and correct use of appropriate lifting accessories, including methods of slinging, the methods of rating for multi-legged slings, the concepts of working load limit and rated capacity, interpretation of markings and de-rating of lifting accessories for any particular adverse conditions of use;
s) signalling methods, including the recognized code of hand signals;
t) the briefing of lifting team members in the details of the lift
plan.
A.5.3 Practical topics
Practical topics should include:
a) carrying out a site survey and preparing a drawing showing the intended position of the crane;
b) selecting suitable HGLSs for different lifting operations;
c) undertaking the elementary operation of all controls under “no-load” conditions;
d) assessing loads, HGLS lifting duties and correct lifting
accessories;
e) preparing the risk assessment and method statement;
NOTE This is not required for HGLS lift supervisors.
f) briefing the lifting team (HGLS slinger/signaller and HGLS
operator)
on the details of the lift plan;
g) supervising the siting and setting up of the HGLS in preparation for the lifting operation;
h) supervising the lifting operation;
i) practising the roles of slinger (see A.5.4) and signaller;
j) checking that the HGLS is left in a safe condition at the end of
the
lifting operation.
A.5.4 Training in slinging
Appointed persons and HGLS lift supervisors should be given training in slinging (see B.7) either because they need an appreciation of
those
skills or because they could be acting as the HGLS slinger during
lifting
operations.
A.5.5 Instructors
The success of any training depends largely on the effectiveness of the instructors. Training should be carried out by people who have been selected and trained for the purpose. Some information on their selection and training is given in A.7.
A.6 Appraisal and authorization
A.6.1 General
Continuous assessment of a trainee’s progress should be made by
the instructor during training to ensure the required standards are reached at each stage, monitored and maintained.
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A.6.2 Appointed person and HGLS lift supervisor tests
Potential appointed persons and HGLS lift supervisors should also be assessed by means of theoretical and practical tests, which confirm
their
ability to perform their duties satisfactorily. The tests should
include:
a) a written test, including questions relating to:
?? health and safety legislation;
?? British Standards for safe use of cranes including HGLSs;
?? identification of site hazards;
?? assessment of loads;
?? HGLS selection;
?? assessment of ground conditions, and the calculation of the distribution of the total load;
?? selection of lifting accessories and attachments;
?? HGLS signals;
?? operational issues and the attachment(s) used during training;
b) preparation of a lift plan for a theoretical lifting operation, including:
?? a drawing of the site showing all significant hazards and the intended position of the HGLS;
?? assessment of the load to be lifted;
?? details of the HGLS selected for the lifting operation;
?? details of the lifting accessories or attachments selected for the lifting operation;
?? a risk assessment and method statement.
NOTE Item b) is not required for HGLS lift supervisors.
A.6.3 Training records and certification
Trainees who have satisfactorily completed a training course should be awarded a certificate to that effect. The employee, or the employer on their behalf, and the accrediting body should keep records of training carried out and the results of tests undertaken.
A.6.4 Authorization of employees
Employers should give specific authorization to employees to act as appointed persons. Employers should be satisfied that the employee has had appropriate training and is competent to do the job.
A.6.5 Continuing assessment
Even after training has been completed and authorization given, a periodic assessment of personnel should be carried out to determine continued competence. Refresher training should be carried out routinely every five years. It might be required earlier, for example,
in
the event of long periods of inactivity.
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A.7 Selection and training of instructors
A.7.1 General
Training should be carried out by instructors who are competent, carefully selected and trained for the purpose.
A.7.2 Previous experience
As training contains a lot of practical and theoretical work,
instructors
should have a minimum of two years of experience working as an appointed person with HGLSs. In addition, instructors should hold a qualification in instructional techniques, and current certificates
for
“HGLS appointed person”, operation, slinging and signalling.
A.7.3 Instructor training course content
Instructor training should cover the following topics:
a) principles of instruction, including classroom techniques and
practice demonstration techniques;
b) the systems and processes used by the accrediting body;
c) instruction on delivering the topics covered in A.5.
A.7.4 Assessment
Assessments should include:
a) theoretical assessments of the instructor’s knowledge relating
to standards and legislation affecting HGLSs, technical aspects of HGLSs, operational requirements, training standards and instructional techniques;
b) practical assessments covering the operation of an HGLS, preparing and presenting practical and classroom lessons, the administration of practical operator assessments and producing assessment reports.
An instructor’s competency should be reviewed annually and refresher
training given, if needed.
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Annex B (normative) Training of HGLS operators and HGLS
slingers/signallers
B.1 General
The employment of competent, trained operators and
slinger/signallers
is one of the important factors in the safe use of an HGLS. Inadequate
employee training is a contributory cause of HGLS accidents, which can
result not only in significant damage to plant, but also in severe injury
to those doing the work or those nearby. Training enables suitable
employees to learn the basic elements of HGLS operation and slinging
and signalling.
NOTE Detailed information about the content of training courses varies
depending on the individual circumstances. The information provided
in this annex will assist organizations running training courses, either
internally or as a service to other organizations, to determine whether
their courses are adequate.
B.2 Employer’s duties
Training of personnel should be treated as an important element in the overall safe planning and supervision of lifting operations. Therefore, the employer should:
a) use appropriate procedures to ensure that suitable trainees are selected (see B.3);
b) provide adequate basic training in the principles of HGLS operation and slinging and signalling (see B.4 and B.7);
c) train employees in the use of the particular equipment (HGLSs or lifting attachments) which they are expected to use, and instruct them in the jobs they are required to do and any particular hazards of the sites where they could work (see B.6);
d) ensure that only employees who have been assessed as reaching an adequate level of competence (see B.<8) are authorized to operate the HGLS;
e) provide adequate supervision so that the competence of HGLS operators and HGLS slingers/signallers can be monitored and the need for any refresher training assessed.
B.3 Selection of HGLS operators and HGLS
slingers/signallers
B.3.1 General
Potential HGLS operators and HGLS slingers/signallers should be
carefully selected by the employer on the basis of appropriate criteria
(see <8.2 and <8.3). Selection tests may be used as part of the process.
B.3.2 Assessment of training needs
An assessment should be made of the extent of training which is
needed for an individual, bearing in mind that this could be influenced
by any previous training and experience. When HGLS operators or HGLS
slingers/signallers are recruited, it is essential that employers check
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that their qualifications and experience relate to the job they are to
do. Where the type of HGLS to be operated or the slinging procedures
to be used are outside the employee’s previous experience, additional
training should be provided. In any event, some further training is likely
to be necessary to familiarize the employee with specific requirements
of the new job.
B.4 Basic training of HGLS operators
B.4.1 General
Basic training covers the principles, both theoretical and practical,
governing the safe operation of a given category of HGLS (see
Table A.1).
A basic training course is usually designed with the requirements of
novice operators in mind but it would be unwise to assume that more
experienced employees do not need basic training. Many training
organizations acknowledge this and run short courses for those with
experience, recognizing that less time is necessary for training in the
fundamental aspects.
B.4.2 Training venue
Training should be given at a suitable facility. Where it is given
at the
employer’s premises it should be carried out independently of the
trainee’s normal work. This means that the instructor and trainee
together with the HGLS and loads should, during the basic training, be wholly devoted to that training. A suitable facility would include:
a) a segregated area set aside for the purpose of training;
b) firm, level ground, which can take the weight of the HGLS and the intended loads to be lifted;
c) a suitable classroom environment.
B.4.3 HGLS used for training
An HGLS used for training should have similar characteristics to the type the trainee would normally use after training. It should be in good condition, safe to use and accompanied by a current report of thorough examination and all appropriate instruction manuals.
B.4.4 Appropriateness of training
As far as possible, the training should include practice in the range of loads and conditions likely to be met by the trainee, including
any
particular hazards met in normal operations. The employer should
ensure that, if another organization carries out the training, it is
made
aware of the sort of work the trainee is likely to be doing.
B.4.5 Course structure
The course should be largely practical in nature and sufficient to enable the trainee to master the necessary skills.
The course should follow a carefully devised programme which ensures that each operation is introduced at an appropriate point in the course, building from the simpler, less hazardous tasks to the
more
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complex operations, allowing adequate time for learning and practice
before moving on. At each stage the instructor should explain and
demonstrate the operation and the trainee should then practice it
under close supervision.
B.4.6 Multiple HGLS types
If there is a requirement to operate more than one category of HGLS
(see Table A.1), training should be given for each type and, although
this would not normally require a re-run of the complete basic training
course, it should cater for the differences between categories and be
sufficient for the HGLS operator to demonstrate competence.
B.4.7 Trainee/instructor ratio
It is important that the ratio of instructors, machines and trainees
suits the particular aspect of training being covered. There should
be sufficient time for the instructor to demonstrate each part of the
practical training and then for each trainee to practice the skills while
also being able to learn from observing other trainees. A ratio of one
instructor to four trainees and one HGLS should not be exceeded.
B.5 Training programme
B.5.1 General
As a minimum, the instructor should follow a carefully devised, documented training programme covering the subjects given in B.5.2 and B.5.3, as relevant to the category of HGLS for which training is being given (see Table A.1).
B.5.2 Theoretical topics
Theoretical topics should include:
a) an introduction to the course syllabus, with reasons for the importance of training;
b) the relevant legal requirements, including those to do with HGLS construction, maintenance, thorough examination, documentation, record keeping and use;
c) the different responsibilities of all the individuals involved
with
a lifting operation;
NOTE Reference could be made to relevant published material including British Standards, HSE and industry guidance.
d) an introduction to HGLSs, explaining the purpose of all main components, including the location and function of controls, instruments, indicators and safety devices;
e) the principles of mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical systems as they are relevant to the safe operation of the HGLS;
f) pre-operational checks, reporting and operator level maintenance in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions, which are within
the trainee’s responsibilities;
g) risk assessments and method statements;
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h) siting of the HGLS, including an understanding of strength and stability, and ground conditions, and the distribution of the total load;
i) the assessment of loads, including estimation of masses and centres of gravity, and their stability;
j) the use and effect of lifting attachments;
k) lift categories, load complexities and environmental
complexities;
l) good operating practices including operation near other plant equipment, precautions near overhead lines, structures etc.;
m) signalling methods including the recognized code of hand signals;
n) the assembly and dismantling of HGLS systems.
B.5.3 Practical topics
Practical topics should include:
a) assembling and dismantling an HGLS system;
b) undertaking pre-operation checks and maintenance, reporting defects and completing relevant records;
c) following a safe system of work as detailed in a pre-prepared risk assessment and method statement;
d) siting and setting up the HGLS in preparation for the lifting operation;
e) undertaking the elementary operation of all controls under “no-load” and “load” conditions;
f) assessing loads, HGLS lifting duties and correct lifting
accessories;
g) using the HGLS to lift and position loads in progressively more demanding situations, both for the HGLS and the HGLS operator, using as many configurations of the HGLS as is practicable, including travelling with a load (in the case of travelling systems);
h) practising working with an HGLS slinger/signaller (see B.5.4).
B.5.4 Training in slinging and signalling
Most HGLS operators should be given training in slinging and signalling (see B.7) either because they need an appreciation of those skills or because they are likely to be acting as the HGLS slinger
as well
as operating the HGLS.
B.5.5 Machine-specific training
B.5.5.1 General
As HGLSs vary widely in the way they are operated and the circumstances in which they are used, the knowledge and expertise required by the HGLS operator varies accordingly. It should be recognized that an HGLS operator who is competent to operate one make and model of HGLS might not have the necessary knowledge and experience needed to operate other makes and models.
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B.5.5.2 Appropriateness of training
It is essential that training is related to the knowledge and experience
of the HGLS operator, to likely job hazards, and to the size and complexity of the HGLS itself. For example, operating a small HGLS used for a limited range of simple lifting operations is likely to require
different training from operating a large HGLS capable of being used in different ways for various complex lifting operations and in different
work locations.
B.5.6 Instructors
The success of any training depends largely on the effectiveness of the instructors. Training should be carried out by people who have been selected and trained for the purpose. Some information on their selection and training is given in B.9.
B.6 Job-specific training of HGLS operators
B.6.1 General
Job-specific training of HGLS operators can follow the completion of basic training. It should be tailored to the employer’s needs and
include the following elements:
a) instruction in the operating principles and controls of the specific HGLS(s) to be used, especially where these relate to special attachments and loads;
b) training on the use of equipment in the conditions the HGLS operator is likely to meet on the job, and on the particular work to be undertaken;
c) training on the application, under normal working conditions, of the skills learned during the basic training. This should be carried out under supervision.
B.7 Training of HGLS slingers/signallers
B.7.1 General
The training of HGLS slingers/signallers (who may also be HGLS operators) should provide information and practical experience on principles relating to the inspection, care, maintenance, selection
and
use of lifting accessories.
B.7.2 Training equipment
There should be a good range of lifting accessories available including, where possible, any special purpose accessories which the employee is likely to use. The lifting accessories in use should
be
in good condition with a current report of thorough examination. Examples of faulty lifting accessories should be made available to
the
trainee for inspection purposes.
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B.7.3 Training facilities
Suitable facilities and training aids should be made available so that the instructor can cover the theoretical and practical elements of
the
training.
B.7.4 Course duration
Sufficient time should be available to cover the subject adequately and to allow time for practical work.
B.7.5 Training programme
B.7.5.1 Theoretical topics
Theoretical topics should include:
a) an introduction to the course syllabus, with reasons for training;
b) the relevant legal requirements and published guidance material;
c) an introduction to the different types of lifting accessories,
their
functions, limitations and reasons for possible failure;
d) the routine care, inspection and maintenance of lifting
accessories
and reporting of defects. Information should be given on the criteria for rejection and actions to be taken;
e) risk assessments and method statements;
f) the assessment of loads, including estimation of masses and centres of gravity;
g) the selection and correct use of appropriate lifting accessories including methods of slinging, methods of rating for multi-legged slings, the concepts of working load limit and rated capacity, interpretation of markings and de-rating of lifting accessories for any particular adverse conditions of use;
h) signalling methods, including the recognized code of hand signals;
i) record keeping to the extent that it is the HGLS slingers’
responsibility.
B.7.5.2 Practical topics
Practical topics should include:
a) following a safe system of work as detailed in a pre-prepared risk assessment and method statement;
b) assessing loads, including estimating weights, centres of gravity
and lifting points;
c) selecting lifting accessories for particular loads;
d) using appropriate lifting accessories, including methods of slinging, methods of rating for multi-legged slings, the practical application of the concepts of working load limit and rated capacity, interpretation of markings and de-rating of lifting accessories for any particular adverse conditions of use;
e) storing lifting accessories correctly after use;
f) giving appropriate signals to the HGLS operator.
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B.8 Appraisal and authorization
B.8.1 General
Continuous assessment of the trainee’s progress should be made by
the instructor during training to ensure the required standards are reached at each stage, monitored and maintained.
B.8.2 HGLS operator’s tests
At the end of the training programme, HGLS operators should take a series of tests to confirm that the skills listed in B.5 have been
gained.
The tests should include:
a) pre-operational checks;
theoretical assessments, including questions relating to health b)
and safety, operational issues and the attachment(s) used during training;
c) a practical assessment to demonstrate safe operation of the HGLS and to ensure the correct procedures can be carried out.
B.8.3 HGLS slinger/signaller’s tests
HGLS slingers/signallers should also be assessed by means of
theoretical
and practical tests, which confirm their ability to perform their
duties
satisfactorily.
B.8.4 Training records and certification
Trainees who have satisfactorily completed a training course should
be
awarded a certificate to that effect. The employee, or the employer
on
their behalf, and the accrediting body should keep records of training carried out and the results of tests undertaken.
B.8.5 Authorization of employees
Employers should give specific authorization to employees to operate HGLSs and/or to act as HGLS slingers/signallers. Employers should be satisfied that the employee has had appropriate training and is competent to do the job.
B.8.6 Continuing assessment
Even after training has been completed and authorization given, a periodic assessment of personnel should be carried out to determine continued competence. Refresher training should be carried out routinely every five years. It might be required earlier, for example, in the event of long periods of inactivity.
B.9 Selection and training of instructors
B.9.1 General
Training should be carried out by instructors who are competent, carefully selected and trained for the purpose.
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B.9.2 Previous experience
As training contains a lot of practical work, instructors should have a minimum of two years of experience with HGLSs. In addition, instructors should hold a qualification in instructional techniques,
and
current certificates for HGLS operation, slinging and signalling.
B.9.3 Instructor training course content
Instructor training should cover the following topics:
a) principles of instruction, including classroom techniques and practice demonstration techniques;
b) the systems and processes used by the accrediting body;
c) instruction on delivering the topics covered in B.5 and B.7.5.
B.9.4 Assessment
Assessments should include:
a) theoretical assessments of the instructor’s knowledge relating
to standards and legislation affecting HGLSs, technical aspects of HGLSs, operational requirements, training standards and instructional techniques;
b) practical assessments covering the operation of an HGLS, preparing and presenting practical and classroom lessons, the administration of practical operator assessments, and producing assessment reports.
An instructor’s competency should be reviewed annually and refresher
training given, if needed.
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Annex C (informative) Background to the BS 7121 series The misuse of cranes through lack of knowledge and understanding of hazards and/or safe working procedures is a major cause of accidents. The BS 7121 series therefore aims to:
a) describe the principal characteristics of the various forms of
cranes
of the types most commonly used;
b) draw attention to some of the more common hazards and potential dangers which might be encountered in their use;
c) recommend general precautions to be taken and procedures to be followed to avoid accidents;
d) implement legislation by providing guidance drawn together by expert parties on good practice in the use of various types of cranes.
These codes of practice have been prepared by committees of representatives from different branches of the crane industry and the
HSE. Their combined experience and specialist knowledge in the fields of crane design, manufacture, application and safety ensure that the recommendations are well founded and practical.
For over 28 years, UK experts have worked together codifying recommendations to address these issues that have been adopted and used by the crane industry.
It has long been recognized by the committees that the safe use of
a
crane ultimately rests with the operational personnel taking account of the manufacturer’s/supplier’s information.
Committee members are unanimous in their view that there is a need for the introduction of national systems, e.g. for licensing
crane
operators to operate only those types of cranes for which they have received training and have demonstrated their competence.
Management have the overall responsibility for safety and supervision and it is to management that these codes of practice are primarily directed.
The intention is that these codes are used by management both as a working guide and in the training of personnel in safe working practices, and that appropriate information and recommendations are incorporated in their company standing instructions for the safe use of cranes.
It is worth noting that the guidance published by the HSE in support of LOLER [1] makes eight references to the BS 7121 series.
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 [5] requires duty holders to have in place safe systems for all work activities. The systems require adequate:
1) planning;
2) management and supervision;
3) training of personnel;
4) clear instructions.
The BS 7121 series has been accepted as representing the consensus of practical experience for safety on cranes. Therefore, as far as
safe
crane operations are concerned, the benchmark for safe working practices is the BS 7121 series.
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Bibliography
British Standards
BS 4-1, Structural steel sections – Part 1: Specification for hot-rolled
sections
BS 2573-1, Rules for the design of cranes – Part 1: Specification for
classification, stress calculations and design criteria for structures
BS 5744, Code of practice for safe use of cranes –
(overhead/underhung
travelling and goliath cranes, high pedestal and portal jib dockside
cranes, manually-operated and light cranes, container handling
cranes
and rail-mounted low carriage cranes)
BS 6399-2, Loading for buildings – Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads
BS 7262, Specification for automatic safe load indicators
BS EN 12077-2, Cranes safety – Requirements for health and safety
–
Part 2: Limiting and indicating devices
CP 3010, Code of practice for safe use of cranes (mobile cranes, tower cranes and derrick cranes)
Other publications
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998. London: The Stationery Office.
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1998. London: The Stationery Office.
[3] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Safe use of lifting equipment. Approved Code of Practice and Guidance to LOLER. Sudbury: HSE Books, 1998.
[4] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Safe use of work equipment. Approved Code of Practice and Guidance to PUWER. Sudbury: HSE Books, 2008.
[5] GREAT BRITAIN. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. London: The Stationery Office.
[6] SPECIALIZED CARRIERS AND RIGGING ASSOCIATION (SC&RA).
Recommended Practices for Hydraulic Jacking Systems. Fairfax, Virginia: SC&RA, 1996.
[7] GREAT BRITAIN. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Act 1992. London: The Stationery Office.
[8] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Five steps to risk Assessment –
A step by step guide to a safer and healthier workplace. INDG163L. Sudbury: HSE Books, 2006.
[9] GREAT BRITAIN. The Supply of Machinery Regulations 2008. London: The Stationery Office.
[10] LIFTING EQUIPMENT ENGINEERS’ ASSOCIATION. Code of practice
for the safe use of lifting equipment. Huntingdon: Lifting Equipment Engineers’ Association, 2009.
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[11] EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006.1)
1) Applicable from 29 December 2009.
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Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Management of installation and the lifting?operations
5 Contract lift or HGLS hire
6 Planning of the lifting operation
7 Selection and duties of personnel
8 Minimum attributes of personnel
9 Training and qualifications
10 Selection of HGLS and equipment
11 Safety
12 Siting of the HGLS
13 Erection and dismantling
14 Procedures and precautions
15 Operating conditions
16 Slinging and handling of loads
17 Thorough examination including testing
Annex A (normative) Training of appointed persons and HGLS
lift?supervisors
Annex B (normative) Training of HGLS operators and HGLS
slingers/signallers
Annex C (informative) Background to the BS?7121 series
Bibliography
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