EHS行业英文专用术语

TermorAcronymDefinitionABCAirway,Breathing,Circulation.A-trainAnarticulatedvehicletowingafulltrailer.A-weightingTheA-frequencyweightingspecifiedintheInternationalStandardIEC651:1979.(Note:A-frequencyweightingisusedbecauseitapproximatestheresponseofthehumanear.)AbatementTheremovalorsignificantreductionofasourceofhazardandinterventiontoreduceexposuretoahazard.AbnormalresultAdeviationfromnormal.Thismayberelatedtoadversehealtheffectsbutthisisnotnecessarilyso.AbrasiveMineralorothersubstanceusedforgrinding,sharpeningetc.,e.g.aluminiumoxide,siliconcarbide,diamonddust.AbrasiveblastingThecleaning,smoothing,roughening,cutting,orremovingofpartofthesurfaceofanyarticlebytheuseasanabrasiveofajetofsand,metalshot,orgritorothermaterial,propelledbyablastofcompressedairorsteamorbyawheel.Abrasivewheel(a)Awheel,cylinder,diskorconeconsistingwhollyorpartlyofabrasiveparticlesheldtogetherbymineral,metallicororganicbondswhethernaturalorartificial;(b)amountedwheelorpointandawheelordiskhavingseparatesegmentsofabrasivematerials;(c)awheelordiskmadeofeithermetal,wood,cloth,felt,rubber,paperoranyothermaterialandhavingasurfaceconsistingwhollyorpartlyofabrasiveparticles;(d)awheelordiskthesurfaceofwhichhasarimorsegmentsconsistingofdiamondabrasiveparticles;(e)andallofwhichare,orintendedtobe,powerdrivenandusedinanygrindingoperation.Anabrasivewheelrevolvesathighspeed,attachedtoaspindle,forthepurposeofremovingmaterialfromanyworkpieceagainstthegrindingface.Operationsvaryinprecisionfromcuttingsteelorconcreteonconstructionsitestothesurfacefinishingofmachinepartsorjewellery.AbrasionAsuperficialinjurywheretheskinisrubbedortorn;notadeepinjury.ABSAmericanBureauofShipping.ABS(anti-lockbrakingsystem)Brakesthatarearedesignedtopreventwheellockbyautomaticallypumpingatarateofupto18timespersecondwheneverasensordetectsthestartofwheellock.Absorbeddose(radiation)Theenergyimpartedtomatterbyionizationperunitmassofirradiatedmaterialattheplaceofinterest.Thederivedunitofabsorbeddoseisthegray,beingequalto1jouleofenergyabsorbedperkilogramofmaterialirradiated.1Gy=1Jkg-1AbsorptionProcessbywhichchemicalscanenterthebodythroughporesintheskin.Abuse(Drug,alcohol,chemical,substance,orpsychoactivesubstance)Psychiatricsubstanceabusehasbeendefinedas'amaladaptivepatternofuseindicatedby...continuedusedespitepsychologicalorphysicalproblemthatiscausedorexacerbatedbytheuse(orby)recurrentuseinsituationsinwhichitisphysicallyhazardous'.HarmfuluseandhazardoususearetheequivalenttermsinWHOusage,althoughtheyusuallyrelateonlytotheeffectsonhealthandnottosocialconsequences.TheWHOExpertCommitteeonDrugDependencedefinitionis:'Persistentorsporadicexcessivedruguseinconsistentwithorunrelatedtoacceptablemedicalpractice'.ACAlternatingcurrent.Thisiselectriccurrentwhichreversesdirectionperiodically,usuallymanytimesasecond.ACASAirbornecollisionavoidancesystem.ACCAccidentCompensationCorporation,theagencyresponsiblefortheadministrationoftheInjuryPrevention,RehabilitationandCompensationAct2001.ACCAreacontrolcentre.AccessibleHavingfeaturestopermitusebypeoplewithdisabilities.AccessiblerouteAnaccessrouteusablebypeoplewithdisabilities.Itshallbeacontinuousroutethatcanbenegotiatedunaidedbyawheelchairuser.Therouteshallextendfromstreetboundaryorcarparkingareatothosespaceswithinthebuildingrequiredtobeaccessibletoenablepeoplewithdisabilitiestocarryoutnormalactivitiesandprocesseswithinthebuilding.ACCTAssociationforChallengeCourseTechnology.AcceptableriskThelevelofriskthatissufficientlylowthatsocietyispreparedtoacceptitwithoutwishingtospendtimeandmoneytoreduceit.AccessauthoritySeeWrittenauthority.AccessrouteAcontinuousroutethatpermitspeopleandgoodstomovebetweentheapronorconstructionedgeofthebuildingtospaceswithinabuilding,andbetweenspaceswithinabuilding.Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)Anenzymeinnervoustissuewhichinactivatesa'neurotransmitter',acetylcholine(AChol).ACVMActAgriculturalCompoundsandVeterinaryMedicinesAct1997.Acceptabledailyexposure(ADE)Theamountofahazardoussubstance(mg/kgbodyweight/day)that,givenalifetimeofdailyexposure,wouldbeunlikelytoresultinadversehealtheffects.AccesscoverApanelcoveringanopeningthatisdesignedtopermitaccessbyapersontotheinteriorofplantorequipmentforthepurposeofserviceormaintenance.AccessibleHavingfeaturestopermitusebypeoplewithdisabilities.AccessiblerouteAnaccessrouteusablebypeoplewithdisabilities.Itshallbeacontinuousroutethatcanbenegotiatedunaidedbyawheelchairuser.Therouteshallextendfromstreetboundaryorcarparkingareatothosespaceswithinthebuildingrequiredtobeaccessibletoenablepeoplewithdisabilitiestocarryoutnormalactivitiesandprocesseswithinthebuilding.AccidentAneventthat(a)causesanypersontobeharmed;or(b)indifferentcircumstances,mighthavecausedanypersontobeharmed.Accident(aircraft)Anoccurrencethatisassociatedwiththeoperationofanaircraftandtakesplacebetweenthetimeanypersonboardstheaircraftwiththeintentionofflightandsuchtimeasallsuchpersonshavedisembarkedandtheengineoranypropellersorrotorscometorest,beinganoccurrenceinwhich:(1)apersonisfatallyorseriouslyinjuredasaresultof:(i)beingintheaircraft;or(ii)directcontactwithanypartoftheaircraft,includinganypartthathasbecomedetachedfromtheaircraft;or(iii)directexposuretojetblast-exceptwhentheinjuriesareself-inflictedorinflictedbyotherpersons,orwhentheinjuriesaretostowawayshidingoutsidetheareasnormallyavailabletopassengersandcrew;or(2)theaircraftsustainsdamageorstructuralfailurethat-(i)adverselyaffectsthestructuralstrength,performance,orflightcharacteristicsoftheaircraft;and(ii)wouldnormallyrequiremajorrepairorreplacementoftheaffectedcomponent-exceptenginefailureordamagethatislimitedtotheengine,itscowlings,oraccessories,ordamagelimitedtopropellers,wingtips,rotors,antennas,tyres,brakes,fairings,smalldents,orpunctureholesintheaircraftskin;or(3)theaircraftismissingoriscompletelyinaccessible:AccidentalertA1-2pageinformationbulletinissuedbyOSHfollowingaseriousaccident.Thealertdescribeswhathappenedintheaccident,thecircumstancesoftheaccident,theresultoftheOSHinvestigation,andrecommendationsonhowfutureaccidentsofthistypecouldbeprevented.AccidentpreventionconsultantAconsultantwhoassistsemployerstodevelopsafetyandhealthmanagementsystems.AccidentpreventiontagAminiaturesignoncard,paper,pasteboardorsimilartemporaryorsemi-permanentmaterial,whichcanbeattachedtoplant,equipmentorotherobjectsforthepurposeofimposingaregulatoryrequirementoradvisingorinformingusersaboutsomesafetyaspectoftheitem.AccidentregisterBookforrecordingseriousandnon-seriousharmintheworkplace.AcclimatisationThephysiologicalprocessesbywhichapersonadaptsthemselvestoworksafelyandcomfortablyinanenvironmentoftemperatureextremes.AccountabilityTheacceptanceofrightsandresponsibilityforconductorbehaviour.Itisanacceptanceofresponsibilitytoself,theprofession,theclient,employers,andtosocietyasawhole.AccreditedinspectionbodyAninspectionbodythatholdscurrentaccreditationfortheinspectionworkperformedandthatisrecognisedbytheSecretaryofLabourasprovidedforintheHealthandSafetyinEmployment(PECPR)Regulations1999.Theinspectionworkmaybealloranyof:designverification,fabricationinspectionorin-serviceinspectionactivities,relatingtotheequipmentunderthescopeoftheRegulations.Accumulator(Hydraulic)Adeviceorvesselusedtostorefluidataconstantpressure,andtoevenoutpressurefluctuations.Accused,orpersonaccusedoftheoffenceInrelationtoavictim,meansapersoncharged(whetherasaprincipalorpartyoraccessoryafterthefactorotherwise)withthecommissionoftheoffencethataffectedthevictim.AChEAcetylcholinesterase(inRBC).ACholAcetylcholineACOEMAmericanCollegeofOccupationalandEnvironmentalMedicine.ACOPApprovedcodeofpractice.AcousticcalibratorAdeviceforapplyingasoundpressureofknownleveltothemicrophoneofasoundmeasuringsystemforthepurposeofcalibration.AquaculturedivingDivingbythoseinvolvedinfish,shellfishorplantaquaticfarming;mayincludeharvesting.Itinvolvesminororroutinemaintenanceandrepairwork.Itdoesnotincludeconstructiondivingactivities.ActinicdegradationInrelationtorope,meansitschemicalbreakdownbysolarradiation.ActinoliteAtypeofasbestos.ActuatorPartofaswitchwhichismovedbyanoutsideforce.Active(PhaseorLive)(SymbolsA,PorL)Anywireusedtoconductelectricitythatismaintainedatadifferentvoltagefromtheneutralorearthwires.Colours:brownorred.ActiveconductorAnyelectricalconductorinwhichtheelectricalpotentialdiffersfromthatofaneutralconductororearth.ActivecontrolThecontrolofvehicularorpedestriantrafficacrossarailwaylevelcrossingbydevicessuchasflashinglights,bells,barrierarmsoracombinationofthese.Thesecontroldevicesareactivatedpriortoandduringthetimeatrainispassing.Activemedicaldevice(a)Meansamedicaldevicethatisintendedbythemanufacturer:(i)todependforitsoperationonasourceofelectricalenergyorothersourceofenergy(otherthanasourceofenergygenerateddirectlybyahumanbeingorgravity);and(ii)toactbyconvertingthatenergy;but(b)doesnotincludeamedicaldevicethatisintendedbythemanufacturertotransmitenergy,asubstance,oranyotherelement,betweenamedicaldevicetowhichparagraph(a)appliesandahumanbeingwithoutanysignificantchangeintheenergy,substance,orotherelementbeingtransmitted.ActivemedicaldevicefortherapyAnactivemedicaldevicethatisintendedbythemanufacturertobeusedonaperson,eitheraloneorincombinationwithanothermedicaldevice,tosupport,modify,replace,orrestorebiologicalfunctionsorstructuresforthepurposeoftreatingoralleviatinganillness,injury,orhandicap.ActivityInrelationtoanyequipment,meansanyofthefollowing:(a)adjustment;(b)alteration;(c)commissioning;(d)construction;(e)disposal;(f)design;(g)designverification;(h)equipmentinspection;(i)installation;(j)investigation;(k)maintenance;(l)manufacture;(m)operation;(n)repair;(o)testing.Activity(A)Thenumberofnucleartransformationsordisintegrationsoccurringinaquantityofradioactivematerialperunittime.TheSIunitofradioactivityisthebecquerel(Bq)(1disintegrationpersecond).AcuteaquaticecotoxicityvalueThelowestvalueexpressedinunitsofmilligramsofasubstanceperlitreofwaterfrom:(a)fishLC50dataaftera96-hourexposureperiod;or(b)crustaceanEC50dataaftera48-hourexposureperiod;or(c)algal,orotheraquaticplant,EC50dataaftera72-houror96-hourexposureperiod.AcuteexposureExposureresultingfromasingledoseofatoxicsubstancewithimmediateeffectsonhealth.AcutelowbackpainTheshort-term(lessthanthreemonths)presenceofpaininthelowback,withoutlegsymptomsorthepresenceofaseriousbackinjuryorthosemedicalconditionscalled'redflags'intheNewZealandAcuteLowBackPainGuide.Researchhasshownthatthemajorityofbackclaims,takenacrosstheentirepopulation,fallintothiscategory.AcutetoxicityWhereatoxiceffectoccursimmediatelyorshortlyafterasingleexposure.ADASAustralianDiverAccreditationScheme.ADFAutomaticdirection-finder.AdditiveAsubstanceaddedtofuelintraceorsmallquantitiesinordertobringaboutspecificbenefits.ADIAcceptabledailyintakeforpesticideresiduesinfood,determinedbytoxicologicaldataestimatingsafeconsumptionlevelsoveralifetimeofdailyexposureandincorporatingasafetyfactorofatleast100.Adjourned(ERSEmploymentCourt,TribunalorAuthority)Ascheduledhearingthatwasadjourned.Adjournedpartheard(ERSEmploymentCourt,TribunalorAuthority)Ahearingthattookplacewherethehearingorinvestigationisnotcompletedandwillrequireafurtherhearingorinvestigation.Adjournedsinedie(ERSEmploymentCourt,TribunalorAuthority)Anadjournmentwithoutafurtherdatebeingsetforresumption.Adjudication(ERSTribunal)Aprocesswhereanadjudicatorafterhearingbothsidesmakesadecisionfortheparties.Adjudicator(ERSTribunal)ATribunalmemberwhoholdsanadjudicator'swarrant.Administrativelywithdrawn(ERSEmploymentCourt,TribunalorAuthority)AnapplicationiswithdrawnbytheRegistryintheabsenceofcontactfromtheinitiatingpartyorapplicant.Onlyinitiatingpartiescanlegallywithdrawanapplication.AdministrativecontrolsControlstoreduceoreliminateanemployee'sexposuretoahazardbychangingtheduration,frequency,and/orseverityofexposure.Examplesofadministrativecontrolsincluderotatingemployeestojobsfreeofthespecifichazard,adjustingworkschedules,andprovidingadequatestaffingwhentheworkoutputisincreased.Itdoesnotincludeengineeringcontrolsortheuseofpersonalprotectiveequipment.AdsorptionThecondensationofgases,liquids,ordissolvedsubstancesonthesurfacesofsolids.AdvancedscaffoldingIncludes:(a)basicscaffolding:(b)suspendedscaffolding:(c)abarrowramp:(d)abracketscaffoldfortankworkandformwork:(e)acantileveredscaffold:(f)acatchnet:(g)ahoistthatiscantileveredfromascaffold,hasaloadlimitnotexceeding250kilograms,andisusedfornopurposeotherthanthesupportofmaterial:(h)hungscaffolding,includingscaffoldinghungfromachain,tube,orwirerope:(i)aloadplatformcantileveredfromascaffold:(j)amastclimber:(k)asafetynetforpublicprotection:(l)scaffoldingassociatedwithaperimetersafetyscreenorshutter:(m)aslopingplatform:(n)aspurredscaffold:(o)tubeandcouplerscaffolding,includingacoveredwayorgantrymadeoftubeandcouplerscaffolding.AdventureeducationEducationbasedonactivitiesthatcreatechallengeandexcitementbydeliberatelyexposingparticipantstoelementsofrisk.Thepurposeofadventureeducationistoenhanceself-conceptandimprovesocialinteraction.Theriskscouldbephysical(injury),social/emotionalormaterial(gear/equipment).Inaneducationalsetting,activitiesareusuallypromotedthathaveasubstantialdegreeoflearner-perceivedrisk,butalowdegreeofleader-perceivedrisk.Bothnaturalenvironmentssuchasmountainsorriversandconstructedonessuchaschallengeropescoursesorclimbingwalls,canbeusedtoachievethis.AdverseeffectAbiochemicalchange,functionalimpairmentorpathologiclesionthataffectstheperformanceofawholeorganism,orreducesanorganism'sabilitytorespondtoanadditionalenvironmentalchallenge.AdversefindingsAfindingnotintheperson'sinterest.Thismaybeanabnormalresultwhichexceedsoccupationalhealthlimitsorahealtheffectwhichreducesthecapacitytowork.AdvertisementAnywordswhetherwritten,printed,orspoken,andanypictorialrepresentation,design,ordeviceusedtoexplaintheuse,ornotifytheavailability,orpromotethesale,ofanysubstanceorpreparation;andincludesanytradecircular,anylabel,andanyadvertisementinanytradejournal.A&EAccidentandEmergencydepartment.AEEAssessmentofEnvironmentalEffects.AerialloggingExtractionsystemusingaerialmeanssuchasaballoonorhelicopter.AerialoperatorAbusinessorpersonengagedintopdressingforanagriculturaloperation.AerialropewayApassengerropewaywhichcarriespassengersinchairs,orcabins,whichareliftedclearofthegroundorsnowsurfaceandattachedtoamovingropeorcable.AerialshellApyrotechnicarticleofclass1.1G,1.2G,1.3G,or1.4Gthat:(a)isfiredordesignedtobefiredfromamortartube;and(b)containsaliftchargecapableofliftingthearticleabovethefiringpointbeforeanypyrotechnicdisplayisproduced.Aerodrome(1)Meansanydefinedareaoflandorwaterintendedordesignedtobeusedeitherwhollyorpartlyforthelanding,departure,andsurfacemovementofaircraft;and(2)Includesanybuildings,installations,andequipmentonoradjacenttoanysuchareausedinconnectionwiththeaerodromeoritsadministration:AerodromecontrolserviceAnairtrafficcontrolserviceprovidedforthecontrolofaerodrometraffic.AerodromecontroltowerAunitestablishedtoprovideATCservicetoaerodrometraffic.AerodromeflightinformationserviceAserviceprovidedforthepurposeofgivingadviceandinformationusefulforthesafeandefficientconductofflightsinthevicinityofanaerodrome.AerodromeFrequencyResponseUnitAground-basedVHFradio,whichonreceiptofamodulatedVHFtransmissionfromanaircraftontheappropriatefrequency,automaticallytransmitseitheravoiceoratoneresponsetoconfirmthepilot'sradiofrequencyselection.AerodromeincidentAnincidentinvolvinganaircraftoperationand:(1)anobstructioneitherontheaerodromeoperationalareaorprotrudingintotheaerodromeobstaclelimitationsurfaces;or(2)adefectivevisualaid;or(3)adefectivesurfaceofamanoeuvringarea;or(4)anyotherdefectiveaerodromefacility.AeronauticalfacilityMeans:(1)Thevarioustypesofcommunicationsystemsusedforanaeronauticalbroadcastingservice,oranaeronauticalfixedservice,thatsupportsIFRflightoranairtrafficservice;or(2)Thegroundelementsofthevarioustypesofcommunicationsystemsusedforanaeronauticalmobileservice;or(3)Thevarioustypesofradionavigationaidsusedfortheaeronauticalradionavigationservice;or(4)Anyothertypeofground-basedtelecommunicationsystemthatsupportsIFRflightoranairtrafficservice;or(5)Thevarioustypesofgroundbasedtelecommunicationsystemsthatoperateintheaeronauticalmobileradiofrequencybandsandareusedtoprovidebasicweatherinformation,localaerodromeinformation,orflightfollowingservices.AeronauticalInformationCircularAnoticecontaininginformationthatdoesnotqualifyfortheoriginationofaNOTAMorforinclusionintheNZAIP,butwhichrelatestoflightsafety,airnavigation,technical,administrativeorlegislativematters.AeronauticalinformationserviceAnyofthefollowingservicesthatdistributeaeronauticalinformationessentialforthesafety,regularityandefficiencyofairnavigation:(1)AIPservice;or(2)NOTAMservice;or(3)Pre-flightinformationservice.AeronauticalmobileserviceAmobileserviceforcommunicationbetweenaeronauticalstationsandaircraftstations,orbetweenaircraftstations,inwhichsurvivalcraftstationsmayparticipate,andemergencyposition-indicatingradiobeaconstationsmayalsoparticipateondesignateddistressandemergencyfrequencies.AeroplaneApower-drivenheavier-than-airaircraftderivingitsliftinflightchieflyfromaerodynamicreactionsonsurfaceswhichremainfixedundergivenconditionsofflight.ACGIHAmericanConferenceofGovernmentIndustrialHygienists,publishersofThresholdLimitValues.AerosolLiquiddropletsorsolidparticlesdispersedintheairthatareoffineenoughparticlesize(0.01-100um)toremainsodispersedforaperiodoftime.AerosolAsubstancepackedunderpressureanddesignedtobereleasedassolidorliquidparticlesinasuspensionofgas,asafoam,pasteorpowder,orinaliquidorinagaseousstate.AerosoldispenserAcompressedgascontainerthat:(a)isnotrefillable;and(b)incorporatesavalvedesignedtodispensethecontainer'scontentsasanaerosol;and(c)containsacompressedgas.AFAttributablefraction.AFOMAustralasianFacultyofOccupationalMedicine.After-careTheprovisionofservicetopersonsintheperiodafterformalcounselling,treatmentandrehabilitationinordertoassistthemduringtheperiodofadjustmenttoindependentfunctioningwithinthecommunity.AGAWhenfollowedbyanumber,anAustralianGasAssociationstandard.AFPHMAustralasianFacultyofPublicHealthMedicine.AFRMAustralasianFacultyofRehabilitationMedicine.Age-standardisedratesRatesthathavebeenadjustedtotakeaccountofdifferencesintheagedistributionofthepopulationovertime.Mainlyusedtocomparedifferentpopulationsorgroups.AgentOrangeA1:1mixtureofthen-butylestersof2,4,5-Tand2,4-DusedasadefoliantinVietnam.Themixturecontainedvaryingamountsof2,3,7,8-TCDDasacontaminant,atconcentrationsashighasapproximately100mgkg-1.AggregatedataThesumtotalofindividuallycollecteddata.AggregatewatercapacityTheaggregateorcumulativetotalvolumeofoneormorecontainers,calculatedastheequivalentvolumeofwaterat20°Candat101.3kPa.AgitatorAdeviceforstirringorshakingliquids,powdersormixtures.AGLAbovegroundlevel.AgrichemicalAnychemicalusedinanagriculturalcontext.ThisincludespesticidesasdefinedunderthePesticidesAct1979,aswellasfertilisers,plantgrowthregulatorsandsprayadditives,suchasmarkerdyesandwettingagents.AgriculturalaircraftoperationTheoperationofanaircraft,onasingleflight,oronaseriesofflights,includingtransitflightstoandfromatreatmentareathatiswithin5nauticalmilesoftheloadingarea,forthefollowingpurposes:(1)dispensinganagriculturalchemical;(2)dispensinganyothersubstanceintendedforplantnourishment,soiltreatment,propagationofplantlife,orpestcontrol;(3)engagingindispensingactivitiesdirectlyaffectingagriculture,horticulture,orforestpreservation;(4)droppingfarmsuppliesonfarmsinruralareasordeliveringfarmmaterialstofarmsinruralareas;(5)surveyingagricultural,forest,orwaterareasataheightoflessthan500feetaboveterrain;(6)feedingortransferringlivestockonfarmsinruralareas;(7)thereconnaissanceoftheproposedtreatmentareafortheabovetypesofoperation.AgriculturalcompoundAnysubstance,mixtureofsubstances,orbiologicalcompound,usedorintendedforuseinthedirectmanagementofplantsandanimals,ortobeappliedtotheland,place,orwateronorinwhichtheplantsandanimalsaremanaged,forthepurposesof:(a)Managingoreradicatingpests,includingvertebratepests;or(b)Maintaining,promoting,orregulatingplantoranimalproductivityandperformanceorreproduction;or(c)Fulfillingspecialnutritionalrequirements;or(d)Themanipulation,capture,orimmobilisationofanimals;or(e)Diagnosi