Report of the Roundtable on World Conference …

Report of the Roundtable on World Conference … (1) Panel Discussions on the WCAR. (1) Racism Against Blacks in Europe Presented by Dr. Fanta Kaba, of Mouvement International Pour les Reparations, France The presentation discussed instances, updates, nature and scopes of racism against people of African decent in France. The presenter stated that there is abundant evidence of systemic and institutional racism against Blacks in France. She maintained that systematic racism against Blacks which is subtly supported by the government through their actions and inactions. In a narration supported with instances of racism, she persisted that there is conscious and calculated efforts to promote racism and racial discriminate against Blacks in Europe and in France in particular. She noted that there are laws ostensibly enacted against racism but the enforcement of the laws is weak or skewed to the advantage of Whites. She therefore submitted that the climate, consciousness or awareness in the minds of the people is more important than the laws. Thus, she stated that passing a law is not enough to stop racism but the climate in the country is very important. She submitted that racism in Europe is well known or given publicity but little is being down in practical terms to abate it. According to the presenter, the root of racism in Europe is colonialism. Colonialism is based on racism or the superiority of one race over the other. Even with the dismantling of colonialism, racism has flourished and perpetuated by those who benefit from it. Blacks in Europe are seen as threats to indigenes. In response, there is a calculated scheme to prevent the development of people of African decent. 1 According to her, the most outstanding official stamping of racism in Europe is the reluctance of government officials to punish those who break anti discriminations laws. Thus, racial statements in public/ media are hardly punished. She also stated the French attitude towards the outcome of the Durban Conference has been and has remained non-committed and lukewarm. A practical manifestation of this attitude is that France has not put up any mechanism for the implementation of the Programme of Action of WCAR. (2)The World Conference against Racism, presented by Major Kobese. In the first part of the paper, the presenter x-rayed the objectives and outcomes of the conference. The second part dealt with lessons learnt from WCAR and the implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action of the Conference. According to the presenter, WCAR was not a coincidence; it was a response to the growing wave of racism in the world which prompted the United Nation General Assembly through a resolution passed in 1996 to condemn any form of racism. The main agenda of the WCAR is to find reasons for the growing wave of racism and to seek for solutions to them. Also, the WCAR provided an international platform that enabled victims to express themselves. According to him, pre-meeting conferences were held in Egypt and South Africa to produce one African voice in Durban. The Conference proper has three segments, namely a. Youth Summit b. Non-Governmental Organisation Summit c. Government Forum He stated that, all the meetings had resolutions and programmes of action but none of these programmes of action are genuinely being 2 implemented. The documents seem to have been forgotten and that, in his opinion is the essence of the present roundtable. In other words, to facilitate the implementation of the Declarations and Programme of Action of WCAR. The World Conference Against Racism agreed: 1. On What to do to arrest racism 2. That AU States to develop initial Programme of Action to implement the Declaration and Programme of Action of the Conference 3. That civil Society should participate in drafting national action programme. 4. That there should be a review conference after five years (Five years came and went and there was no review conference). There were no consensuses on some issues, such as: (a). Slavery and slave trade: Some African countries such as Mauritania and Sudan still practise slavery, thus it was not possible to have a strong African position against slavery. Therefore what emerged was a week condemnation of trans- Atlantic slave trade. Also, trade in children and women is somewhat common in Africa (b)Reparation: The conference could not agree on payment of reparation. There were divergent opinions and interests on what types of reparation to be paid and who should receive the reparations. He submitted that, it has also been difficult to fund the implementation of the programme of Action of WCAR because most funding organisations from the West are very reluctant to fund the implementation of the Programme of Action. He also stated that Civil Society Organisations failed in Durban because they could not establish a global movement against racism. The obvious result was that after the meeting, everybody went home and there was no coordination of the outcomes of the meeting. 3 African countries have failed so far failed to implement the Programme of Action. The exception, to an extent is South Africa which has passed an anti-discrimination law, established a national forum against racism and also established and funded a secretariat on racism. (3)Racism in Brazil by Jorge Batista A Brazilian Professor of History who is on sabbatical at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. In the introduction to the paper he stated that, contrary to general belief that there is no racism in Brazil, there is systematic, official and unofficial discrimination in Brazil. According to the presenter, despite the pretence of government officials that there are no racial discrimination there are abundant evidence indicating unofficial (subtly supported by state) racial discrimination against Blacks in schools, media, labour markets, the economy, and in politics. Generally, there are prejudices against people with dark skins and Blacks are covertly coerced to marry Whites so as to gradually but systematically wipe out the black race in Brazil. Relying on recent statistics, he demonstrated the impact of many years of systematic discrimination against Blacks. According to these records, out of 20,000 on the street about 97% will be blacks. The average income of Blacks in the year 2000 is less than half of that of Whites in 1980. In Education, Blacks have less access to University education- only 2.7% had university education in 1960, in 2000 only 18% had University education. The UNDP recent report shows that life expectancy of Whites is 71.9years and that of Blacks is 58.3 years. Blacks die easily from street violence mostly associated with drugs and street fights. In Brazil, those who are poor and at the lowest level in society are Blacks. In work places, Blacks are mostly employed in menial jobs. In 4 advertisement for good jobs prospective white employers ask for people with “good appearances” and this means Whites. He argued further that because of poverty most black children could not attend primary and secondary schools so most ended by as street kids with the attendant dangers such as being targets of police brutality, early death and, drug use and violence. One of the major outcomes of the systematic discrimination against people of Africa decent in Brazil is that self confidence and desire to succeed is low amongst Black Brazilians. Another outcome is the urge for Black people to lighten their skins in order to more easily climb the social ladder in Brazil. The third outcome is that there are now many broken families and Black street kids. Finally, he submitted that there have been some improvements as a result of the works of many Black conscious/improvement organizations. The most important task now, according to him, is to get Black children to think positively about themselves, and to get them back to school in good numbers. Interactive Session This session discussed mainly how to promote black consciousness, establish frameworks to fight racism, and improve black positions through the meticulous implementation of WCAR Programme of Action. It was canvassed and supported by majority of participants that Africans in Diaspora should be encouraged to play significant roles in promoting black consciousness, and in properly articulating black positions in politics, economy, culture and religion/spirituality. Having acknowledged black backwardness in Africa and in the Diaspora, the roundtable agreed that WCAR provided a platform for Blacks to launch a major offensive against racism and other intolerances, through well articulated black positions and programmes against racism and other forms of racial discrimination 5 and intolerances which are at the foundation of black impoverishment, underdevelopment and backwardness. The participants therefore agreed that, it is important to create proper awareness amongst Black people at the lowest level of society in all countries of the world on the existence of WCAR and the opportunities created therein as a first step. Participants also agreed that the campaign for reparation, fair trade and against racism should not be elitist but people driven. According to most participants, this mass education could be achieve through rewriting our educational curricula to focus on black history, civilization and development; through proper use of existing mass media and establishing new ones; through traditional institutions and community associations and groups, and lastly through Civil Society Organisations. The participant also agreed that reparation is covered by articles 165 and 166 of the Declaration and Programme of Action of WCAR and should be tackled from two main fronts, namely, re-establishing the Eminent Persons Group, and pursuing reparation for slavery and colonialism based on the Declaration and Programme of Action of WCAR. The two positions are expected (with time) to intertwine and converge into one Black position on reparation for slavery and colonialism. Conclusion of the Session 1. There are systematic and somewhat officially sanctioned racism, racial discrimination and other types of intolerances against Blacks in most parts of the world, 2. The World Conference against Racism held in 2001 provided a good platform for discussions on ways and means to eliminate racism and other types of intolerance, 3. The outcome of WCAR though grossly inadequate to fight racism, racism discrimination and other types of intolerances however provided a good starting point for the crusade against racism and racial discrimination, 4. It is therefore important for Blacks who are mostly affected by racism and racial discrimination to play significant roles to 6 ensure that the Programme of Action of Durban are implemented to the letters, 5. The Review Conference scheduled for 2009 is another opportunity for people of African decent to carefully articulate black positions on most of the issue agreed upon in Durban, and to include other issues, that are material and relevant for fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and other types of intolerances. 6. Reparation is provided in article 165 & 166 and should be pursued vigorously during the Review Conference. Recommendations of the Session i. PANAFSTRAG and other stakeholders such as the African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights and the AU- ECOSSOC to facilitate the processes of articulating African positions on the Declaration and Programme of Action of the WCAR, ii. The Declaration of African Council of Ministers in Dakar in March, 2001 should be studied properly and incorporated as part of an African agenda for the Review Conference, iii. We urge all member states of the AU to establish national committees for the implementation of the Programme of Action of WCAR, iv. AU and all people of Africa descent are encouraged to work towards converting the Declaration and Programme of Action into a convention, v. AU member states are urged to consider enacting national laws on anti-racism and discrimination to discourage such intolerances in Africa, vi. People of African decent should also be encouraged to understand and appreciate their culture and religion so as to discover themselves and develop pride in black culture and religion. 7 Panel Discussion on Colonialism Moderator: Dr. Chinweizu (1) World Conference against Racism by Dr Wale Banjo, expert in Reparation based in South Africa. The paper explained why the Declarations and Programme of Action of the World Conference against Racism with respect to colonialism are not being implemented. He stated that the Durban conference accepted and recognized colonialism as a „condemnable act? but not a „crime against humanity?. Thus, it is important and central to the struggle to work towards making the Review Conference accept colonialism as a crime against humanity. He also stated that the WCAR did not reach an agreement on the nature of reparation that should be paid for colonialism. To him, this is fundamental as we ought to be clear on the nature of reparation we are demanding. Thus, the struggle should focus on the quantity, nature and scope of reparation for colonialism. Overall, he asserted that, it has been extremely difficult to make the West accept responsibility for colonialism and to pay reparation. He submitted that serious work should been done in this area. The focus in the coming years, in his opinion should be on acceptance of responsibility and documentation of claims. In sum, he concluded that there has been little progress on reparation for colonialism because of the following: 1. There is lack of agreement on the packaging of the African agenda. He stated that there is need to reach agreement on what is to be done and how it should be done, i.e. to present an African position on what type of reparation for colonialism is being demanded. 2. There is no agreement on who should represent people of African decent on reparation. Is it: i. Africans in the Diaspora 8 ii. African governments at home iii. African people on the streets Interactive Session The interactive session focused mainly on how to properly articulate People of Africa decent agenda on the nature of reparation, and on the need to have legitimate representatives of people of African decent. The consensus is that: 1. People of African decent need to discover themselves, promote the creative persons in them and believe in themselves, 2. There is need to be focused and to ensure continuity of the struggle. Pan Africanism started more than 200 years ago but lacked continuity and focus, 3. There is need to develop ways to raise resources to continue and sustain the struggle. African had continued to depend on funds from the West. To ensure that Pan-Africanism is continuous and sustainable, Africans must look inwards for funds by tapping on the resources available to Africans in the Diaspora, and by mobilizing resources from the people and government in African continent. It was agreed that Pan-Africanism can be also funded the way the independence struggle was funded, i.e. through the people, 4. The most appropriate way to mobilize money from the people is to make the struggle relevant to them, 5. Africans can represent themselves because our leaders have proved to be incapable of genuinely represent the people, 6. The mass media in Africa should lead the campaign to mobilise our people on Pan-Africanism. It is important to properly educate the people on the relevance of the struggle so as to ensure their full participation, Conclusion of the Session 1. The demand for reparation for colonialism and slavery is genuine and legitimate, 2. People of African decent should properly articulate and documents their demand for reparation, 9 3. There is need to mobilize the grass roots and liaise with the Diaspora in the Pan African struggle, 4. There is need for continuity and focus in the Pan African struggle. The greatest set back for the struggle so far is the adhoc nature of the campaign, 5. The call for the United States of Africa is colonialism in disguise and should be totally rejected as an Arab attempt to colonise Africa through Libya. Recommendations of the Session 1. Colonialism should be seen by people of African decent as crime against humanity and should be declared so during the Review Conference. All forms of colonialism under any disguise is evil, 2. People of African decent should insist during the Review Conference that the focus of the proposed convention on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and other related intolerances should be people of African decent and indigenous people, 3. Reparation movement should be peoples? movement centred on the people and funded by the people. Government involvement should be limited, 4. Reparation movement like the independence struggle in Africa could be funded by the people. Before this, the struggle must be made relevant to the people. Day Two Panel Discussion on Slavery, Colonialism and Reconciliation Moderator: Major Kobese 10 Abolition of Modern Slavery Presented by Dr. Fanta Kaba The presenter discussed modern slavery in Arab world, particularly Sudan and Mauritania. She submitted that Black slaves currently exist in Sudan and Mauritania and that her paper will explore how to put an end to this evil practice. She suggested the following: a. The African Union, through the Human and Peoples? Right Commission or Civil Society Organisations should contact and work closely with Human Right Organisations in countries where this practice exists so as to expose them to the international community, b. We need to reach out to Black parliamentarian caucus to open discussions with Arab parliamentarians to make laws to end slavery in Arab countries, c. People of African decent through legitimate representation, should take definite stand against slavery, and inform the governments of Sudan and Mauritania to take immediate steps to end slavery, d. We need to educate the African press on the existence of these evils and encourage them to embark on massive international campaign against slavery in the Arab world, e. The African Commission on Human and Peoples? Rights should be encouraged to establish a commission on slavery. She further stated that most Arab countries have deliberate policy meant to destroy African history, African religion and African culture and which also promotes slavery. She submitted that in Algeria for instance, there is a policy to destroy anything African and their roles in the Algerian war of independence. She also denounced European involvement in establishment of migration camps in Arab world for Africans immigrants to Europe arguing that, this akin to second slavery. She also stated that in present day Mauritania, the torture of black slaves is common and that slavery is practiced commonly and openly 11 without the state doing anything about it. She concluded by stating that slavery should not be allowed to continue in African continent. Interactive Session The focus of the discussion was on the need to create awareness amongst our people of the existence of modern slavery in Arab world and to educate them to resist and fight against any form of slavery. The press was singled out to play significant roles in this campaign. African press was enjoined to create and sustain mass education of African people on the existence of black slavery. The session also denounced modern forms of slavery in form of trafficking in girl child and women. Participants called on all national governments and regional organisations to collaborate to reduce cases of girl child and women trafficking across borders. Participants also agreed that Black parliamentarians meetings are a good platform to raise and discuss the issue, so as to give it the widest publicity. Participants also agreed to pass a resolution against the campaign to set up a United State of Africa until the Arab countries of Africa stop modern slavery. They also agreed that generally, the proposed United States of Africa could lead to Arab domination of Blacks in Africa and should be totally rejected. Participants agreed on the importance of African spirituality and contended that the death of most African religion was the beginning of our problem, because since we lost our religion we also lost our culture and our identity. They therefore called for Africa renaissance. Participants agreed that since we lost our religion, we also lost our spirituality and our link with our ancestors- the foundation of our humanity. The answer to this is to go back to our roots, our religion, our values and to rediscover ourselves. Participants also agreed that reconciliation does not arise of this stage because reconciliation will only begin when there is remorse and request for forgiveness. The West is yet to accept responsibilities for transatlantic slave trade and colonialism, thus reconciliation should not arise. 12 Conclusion of the Session 1. There is need to properly educate people of African decent on the history and evils of slavery. It is also important to properly create awareness on the existence of modern forms of slavery, and why it should be terminated forth with. This mass education should be properly planned and executed. For instance, it would be important to include European slavery in our secondary school curricula so that our youths will understand the evil and how to resist its resurgence, 2. Child and women trafficking currently going on in most countries of Africa is also an evil. We urge member states and regional organisations including the AU to collaborate with themselves and other stakeholders to reduce the rising cases of child and women trafficking, 3. People of African descent are urged to open up dialogue with the Arab world on the urgent need to end black slavery in Arab world. Suggested groups to discuss with are, Civil Society Organisations in Arab World, Arab Parliamentarians and Blacks in Diaspora in the Arab World, 4. The establishment of an “African Media” was advocated by most participants. The Africa media would be able to articulate and sell African positions to the world. Today, we depend on Western media to sell African positions and this has proved unproductive, 5. The use of the term “Slave Trade” is a misnomer. What happened was “kidnapping” of Africans by the West, not slave trading, 6. Africa must write its own history and should not depend on others to do same for it, because any account by outsiders would be manipulated to the advantage of the writers. For instance, the on-going Encyclopedia of Africa by Europe intends to distort African history and should by contradicted by an African Encyclopedia, written by African for the world, 7. The present high level of poverty in the continent and amongst black people in most parts of the world contributes to modern slavery. African governments and black leaders are called upon to work assiduously to improve the poverty 13 level in their countries and among their people. They are also enjoined to be more people-oriented in their programmes. Recommendations of this Session 1. The demand for reparation for slavery should be better documented and re-packaged. It should also be made through litigation and political actions, 2. The call for United States of African should not be discussed unless there is immediate abolition of slavery in Arab world, 3. People of African descent through their legitimate representatives should enter into dialogue with the Arab world (Arab governments, CSOs in Arab countries, parliamentarians in Arab countries to demand the end of black slavery in Arab land), 4. We encourage the establishment of an “Africa Radio” to be managed by the Civil Society to promote and propagate Africa Agenda Panel Discussion on Slavery, Reparation and Repatriation Moderator: Major Kobese (1) Slavery and Affirmative Action in Brazil presented Jorge Batista. The paper discussed the history of black slavery in Brazil starting from 1500, and the struggle against slavery in Brazil. He said that in ththe 16 century, more than 16,000 Black people were taken to Brazil as slaves. This continued till 1888 when slavery was abolished in Brazil. Black slaves were taken from different parts of African to work in plantations and industries. Thus, the Brazil of today was built by African slaves because by the time they were kidnapped from Africa they already possessed skills in farming, fishing, metal works, etc. 14 Slave rebellion started on individual basis, such as murder of masters, suicides and refusal to have babies. Then, anti-slavery laws were enacted. The first anti slavery law was called the “law of free stomach”, which provides that any child born of a slave mother became free. The second anti- slavery law is the „sixty years? law which provides that any slave that is 60 years became free. This second law was obnoxious, because it was difficult for any slave to attain the age of 60 years then. Even when possible, S/he must had been far spent. The third anti slavery law was enacted on 13 May 1888 which totally abolished slave trade and slavery. But by then, there was no need for slavery and those set free were thrown out homeless, jobless, into the street, and into life of poverty, misery and death. According to him, this law is the root of black poverty in Brazil. The affirmative action of blacks in Brazil is therefore based on the ground that the state did nothing to rehabilitate freed slaves. The 1960 affirmative action started with a call by the Movement of United Negros to all black people to denounce and resist any form of discrimination against any person in Brazil. Other groups that played roles in the affirmative action movement are the Black Pastoral Agent, Black Cultural Centre, National Centre for Black Persons, Organisation for Art and Culture, Institute for Research for African Culture, etc. In 2002, a major goal was achieved with the introduction of quota system for entrance to Brazilian Universities which gave blacks a specific quota. This led to more admission of black to the Universities. There is also a scholarship scheme for black students that benefited from the quota system. This has helped lots of black students to acquire university education. According to the presenter, the current phase of our action is to bring back the self esteem of black people and to encourage black youths to have confidence in themselves. (2) Reparations and African Diaspora, presented by Sister Imakhus, an African American living in Ghana. 15 In her presentation which centred on reparation and the plight of returnee Africans Diaspora, particularly in Ghana (drawing from her personal experience). She stated that since 1787, African American has been returning to Africa, and argued also that there has been a plan to repatriate vocal Africans from USA to Africa. Generally, she also stated that, this notwithstanding, the US government is against mass return of African Americas to Africa because they fear such mass return will lead to rapid transformation of Africa. She stated that in 1956, Nkrumah invited Africa Americans to come back to Ghana. Many headed the call including the presenter and her husband but the government of Ghana has been most reluctant to accord citizenships to such returnees. She re-stated the ordeals of Africa Americans that returned to Ghana. For instance, they do not have the right to own land, they were granted temporary stay and above all, Ghanaians consider them as “outsiders”. According to her, there have been some government projects to reintegrate them, such as the “panafix project,” and the ”Joseph project” both did not succeeded because Ghana is afraid of flood of returnees. She concluded by urging the roundtable to ensure that reparation is taken seriously by Africans in the continent. (3) Repatriation for Africans in Diaspora, presented by Dr. Maluna, an African American living in Ghana. His short presentation discussed Repatriation and the history of Reparation struggle for slaver. First, he contended that slavery is a crime against humanity committed by Europeans and Americans against Africans, arguing that there was no slave trade between the West and Africa but acts of kidnapping of Africans by Americans and Europeans. Based on this analysis, he submitted that the calls for reparation for slavery are legitimate and logical. He therefore advised that the reparation movement should be spearheaded by Africans in the continent and African Americans on equal basis. He suggested that 16 African governments should have good plans to welcome African Americans that want to come home, to integrate them back to the society. He suggested the establishment of orientation centres to carter for such returnees. Going back to the history of slavery, he stated that about 200-300 million African were murdered during the “slave trade”. He concluded by admonishing people of African decent to get their acts together and to devise ways to protect their interests. Finally, he submitted that Africa may not move forward unless and until serious efforts are made to genuinely encourage Africans in the Diaspora to return home. Interactive Session The focus of the discussion is or the need to genuinely encourage Africans in the Diaspora to come home. Most participants agreed that Africans in the Diaspora has a right to citizenship and this should not be ho denied. Most participants also agreed that slave trade is a race war perpetuated by the whites against the black. They agreed that people of African decent should not in any way attempt to take responsibilities for slave trade. African should also resist and denounce another form of modern slavery branded “Compassionate Slavery” by the World Trade Organisation. Participants agreed that Africans need to properly organize themselves to fight for their rights, and once again emphasized the importance of establishing authentic Africa media to help awaken the dying African spirit and agenda. Conclusions of the Session 1. African in the continent should genuinely make efforts to encourage African in the Diaspora to return home as citizens without unnecessary restrictions because Africa is home for all Black people, 2. Slavery under any disguise should be denounced and resisted by Black people, 17 3. We need to fully document our claims for reparation so as to make a formidable case for payment, 4. The issue of reconciliation does not arise at this period. What is important is for people of African decent to protect their interest, 5. Black people need to work towards providing alternatives to existing international systems. We need to provide alternatives to existing world order and experiment on them so as to emancipate ourselves. Recommendations of the Session 1. Citizenship should be granted to all African Diaspora that return to Africa with minimal restriction. 2. The education of Africans in Diaspora of Africa history and also the education for Africans in the continent of the history of African in Diaspora. 3. The denunciation of the attempt of the WTO to introduce a new concept of slavery called, Compassionate Slavery. Panel Discussion on Slavery: Africa’s part, and Reconciliation Moderator -Dr. Maluna Paper on Colonialism and Reparations, presented by Dr. Wale Banjo In this paper on reparation for colonialism, the presenter agreed in the main that it is important to locate reparation for colonialisms within the concept of social justice movement, because reparation is at the heart of the social justice and at the core of the international legal system. 18 He defined reparation as a means of repairing the past and setting norms for the future. He submitted that the International Court of Justice has held that in some cases, the payment of reparation is a legal debt that must be paid. The basis for reparation is the totality of deprivations, underdeveloped, humiliation and suffering Africans suffered during colonialism and slavery. According to him, the struggle for reparation for Africa is long and tortuous. In 1993, at the Abuja Reparation Conference, a group of eminent persons were empowered to look into the question of reparation. This conference was followed by the Dakar Conference the next year. The Abuja Conference projected the demand for reparation into an international issue. Also, Africans in Diaspora particularly in the United States has a formidable track record of demand for reparation. However, despite these efforts, not much has been achieved. According to the presenter, one of the reasons for this is the very strong opposition to reparation by such powerful organization like the European Union and the World Bank. Some African leaders are opposed to reparation and have publicly denounced the call for reparation. Another drawback to the struggle is lack of continuity in the struggle which has made look unserious and to lose momentum. (2) Forgiveness and Reconciliation, Presented by Dr. Chinweizu, Pan-African Writer. He submitted in this short presentation that forgiveness and reconciliation does not in the circumstances arise. To him, what matters most for the Black race is for us to find our bearing and protect and promote the interests of our race. According to him, reconciliation is not an abstract thing and cannot be decreed or authorized, so it will be difficult for one to 19 really discuss it in the light of the circumstances of our history within the context of the presentation. He submitted that we need to take a holistic approach to problems confronting our race and proffer solutions accordingly. With respect to slavery, he argued that it was a race war and not trade, and that Africans involved in it were victims of manipulations by the West as they were used and dumped. He preferred what he called self reparation, for Africans get due rewards for their efforts in the community of nation and to play central roles to protect our future. He condemned the “compassionate slavery” theory of the WTO and said it cannot happen in China because they are ready. He submitted that Arab slavery of Black people has been going on for a very long time. He said Arab slavery of Black people is said to have foundation in their religion. To him or foreign religions are against African people. He therefore advocated for a return to our indigenous religion- a road toward African spirituality. To stated that the problem in Darfur today has foundation in Arab Slavery of Black people, because Arabs in Sudan are driving out Black people so as to take over their land. He concluded that Arabs in Sudan are colonialists and should be seen as such. Finally, he argued that African leaders are not genuine and people oriented, but neo-colonialist elements masquerading as crusaders. He urged the people to take their destinies in their hands. Reparation for Africans in Diaspora, Presented by Dr. Fanta Kaba The reparation struggle to succeed the presenter argued that we (people of African decent) need to work together as brothers and sisters to support our selves in the struggle. Presently, she said we are working against our interests without understanding what we are doing. In her opinion, we have been 20 moving in cycles without making any serious efforts in the struggle. She said that what is needed is a more- focused, massive and planned struggle. For us to do this, she said that we simply need to re-think. Interactive Session The focus of the session was on self reparation. Most contributors spoke strongly on the need for Africans to come together and work hard for their survival. To most, it would be unwise to depend on the West for our survival and future. To most participants, apologies from the West and Arab world are not genuine, since the atrocities continue even with more velocity soon after the apology, thus the best altitude is to ignore such apologies as deceptive. The participants also agreed that reconciliation can only take place in the minds when there is full acceptance of atrocities. To most participants the issue of reconciliation is simply a non-issue at this time. Conclusion of the Session 1. Colonialism is a sin against Africa. It is also a breach of the International Human Rights of Africans to self determination and development, 2. The struggle for reparation for African for colonialism and slavery is being undermined by imperialistic forces in the West and at home. It is also being undermined by our lack of focus and direction in the struggle, 3. People of African decent must work hard to create economic and political space for their survival, 4. Forgiveness and reconciliation does not arise at this stage. Both may take place when there is apology, repentance and reparation, 5. The modern time manifestation of Arab Slavery is evidenced in the genocide in Darfur. Black people should see the crises in Sudan as such and respond more proactively and decisively. 21 Recommendations of the Session 1. Slavery which is a race war must be confronted with vigour. The establishment of an African Commission on Slavery to document all past and present acts of slavery is highly recommended, 2. Self- reparation based on self survival and also anchored on the protection of the interests of Black people should be the driving spirit of people of African decent. 3. Reconciliation is only possible when there is an acknowledgement of sins, repentance, apology and reparation. Most of the pre-requisites for reconciliation has not taken place, so the discussion is premature. Panel Discussion on Xenophobia, Intolerance and Free Movement of Persons in Africa Moderator: Hannah Foster (1) Xenophobia in Africa, presented by Major Kobese The paper discussed xenophobia in Africa. The presenter argued in the main that before colonialisms, Africans could commute freely in most parts of the continent, but the creation of artificial borders by the colonial masters established many hindrances to free movement of people in the name of state borders. He also stated that because of poor economic situations in many countries of Africa, people now move for economic reasons, (to trade or to seek employment). This economic migration is normally resisted by many host countries because of the difficulty economic situations in their countries. This has inevitably made many host state defensive and over protective. To compound the economic problems, he submitted that most of our leaders are stooges who connive with imperialistic elements in the West to cause more divisions among Africans. 22 The challenge according to the presenter is to properly educate Africans that blacks are one people with a common history, not enemies. We need to erase in our minds the picture of black migrants as economic competitors who should be discouraged. Lastly, he argued that economic development of the individual will make him less dependent, more mobile, and more acceptable. Government should also therefore endeavour to create wealth so as to reduce economic migration in Africa. (2) Xenophobia in Africa: the South African experience, presented by Dr Wale Banjo He started the presentation on a philosophical note, stating that Africans are same people separated only by artificial borders, noting that that the artificiality of the borders is underlined by the fact some of our languages are spoken across borders. He argued that instead of seeing the creation of artificial borders by colonial masters as a disadvantage we need to see it as an advantage and make good use of the opportunities created by such artificial borders. Xenophobia, according to him is fear of foreigners. This is profound in South African where people have a history of segregation. In his pinion, in South Africa, there is serious hatred against blacks from other African countries because of economic reasons. The result is that one is a “foreigner if you are black and from Africa but a tourist if you are white”. The fear is that blacks from other African countries take their jobs and their daughters and they resist these. There are xenophobia attacks on business groups from Somalia, Nigeria and Zimbabwe by South Africans because of mainly economic reasons. However, xenophobic attacks are more pronounced with the lowly educated than the educated who have better jobs and better protection from the jobless youths who are the perpetrators of these attacks. In his opinion, to counter this, it is important for the government of South Africa to empower it youths by making formal education 23 affordable to them and also creating awareness on the disadvantages of xenophobic attacks. There is also needs for Non Governmental Organisations on ground in South Africa to work harder on the problem of xenophobia by mainly creating awareness and building bridges across different groups in South Africa. Interaction Sessions The session discussed the strategies for tacking the problem of xenophobia and other associated intolerances in Africa. To most participants, the first step is to understand ourselves by encouraging cross border movements for different purposes, such as tourism, investments, educations, etc. Another step is to encourage afro-centric school curriculum. Participants agreed that to achieve this, we must change our education system which is presently Eurocentric. Young people must be encouraged to do courses in different universities, across borders in Africa, so as to learn from each others about their different countries. Conclusions of the Session 1. Xenophobia is common in Africa because of lack of deep understanding of our common history and aspirations. 2. Artificial borders and states created by colonial master are current manifestations of the divisive policies of the colonial master which have continued to undermine Black peoples? efforts to unite. 3. The poor economic situation in many countries in African has aggravated the situation and has led to serious struggle for few available opportunities. Recommendations 1. The setting up of African study group to begin the process of educating Africans about themselves, their common history and future, 24 2. We enjoin all African states to adopt measures to encourage free movement of goods and people for certain specific period, 3. We enjoin African states to encourage cross border investments and integration of school curricular, 4. We recommend the ECOWAS model of free movement of people and goods to the AU, to opted in Africa, 5. We urge all African states and regional organisation to promote Domestic Africans direct investment in Africa, 6. We need to develop and use community-oriented education programmes to create awareness amongst black people, 7. We need to encourage cross-citizenship. Panel Discussion on Implementation of the Programme of Action the WCAR in the European Union The report in this section is based primarily on examination of the state of implementation of national plans for the implementation of the Programme of Action of the WCAR. Part one evaluates the state of implementation of national action plans in some European states, while part two is conclusion and recommendations. (1) Evaluation • Most of the implementation National Action Plans (NPARs) has not been evaluated and there is no standard on how to measure the impact of government?s efforts. The EU Member States that have evaluated their action plans are Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Belgium and Finland are still in the process of evaluation. • The evaluation of the United Kingdom?s NPAR, focused on the progress that has been made in public services (education, the labour market, housing, health and the criminal justice system), progress in integration at the local community level and how the legal framework can protect discrimination. • In the Netherlands the development a NPAR commenced in 2002. The (former) Minister of Immigration and Integration informed the Parliament in 2005, for the first time, on the progress in the 25 implementation of national action plan. In the Netherlands, the coordination Ministry is supposed to send the Parliament an update every year of the progress, so far this has happened only once in the past years. This is not in accordance with the Durban Declaration and Program of Action. • In Sweden, there exist problems between the national and local level of government and these are addressed in the Swedish NPAR report. In Sweden, the terms multicultural and intercultural, for example in education are used synonymously and interchangeably. • In Finland, the co-operation between the national and the local level is a potential problem as the municipalities of Finland enjoy a high degree of independence. This implementation problem is quite common where different levels of government of different departments pass responsibilities between each other. Therefore it is imperative that in the future the sections of the plan that names a persons and/or administrations that are responsible for particular actions be reviewed. • Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Sweden and the United Kingdom (including Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) have initiated NPARS. However the content of these plans varies widely. • Austria, Germany and Denmark have prepared a plan of action but to this date (November 2006) nothing specific have been implemented related to the Durban Declaration or Plan of Action 2. Conclusions and Recommendations. • Five years after the WCAR Durban 2001, less then half of the EU Member States have initiated a NPAR. Only a few have been evaluated. • None of the AAD respondents (20), those who have been interviewed factually understand how any of the plans of action positively effect their lives and communities. 26 • There are extreme weaknesses with the implementation of the action plans in general such as, lack of clarity on responsibility for local authorities. The responsibilities of the government are fundamental, to enact fair laws to ensure that justice is administered Impartially and equality is guaranteed in political and economic life. • Economic and Social policies should also be judged by their racially discriminatory effects and not merely in terms of their intention. Monitoring and more appropriate policies are urgently needed to avoid conflicts. • Evaluation of the action plans is essential in order to review both positive progress and to understand the weak points of previous action plans and the challenges to be addressed. • As long as there are no comprehensive actions plans developed and presented to the governments of the EU States, their government agencies will not be able to systematically deal with the issues put forth at the WCAR Durban 2001. It is imperative that all EU Member States develop and implement a NPAR in order to enhance quality for all peoples and societies of the world especially when we take into consideration that the year 2007 is the “European Year of Equality for All”. Panel Discussion on Implementation of the Programme of Action of the WCAR in NORTH AMERICA CANADA Anti-Black Racism in Canada • The session is a summary of discussions on the impact of anti-Black racism on African Canadians, i.e. African descendant people living in the Canada, and the implementation of the Declarations and Programme of Action of the WCAR in Canada. 27 Observations • The history of African Canadians is one of slavery, segregation, economic marginalization, and legally-sanctioned discrimination experienced over the last two centuries. The legacy is manifested in the current social, economic, and political marginalization of African Canadians in Canadian society. This marginalization is evidenced by the lack of representation of African Canadians in the mainstream; the lack of opportunities; lower socio-economic status; higher unemployment; significant poverty; high rate of crime amongst African Canadians; and the alienation of African Canadians. • Canada has an international reputation as an advocate against intolerance and as a protector of human rights. In theory and policy, Canada has a well-established human rights protection system, which is established under the Character of Rights of Canada. For example, in the province of Ontario, the Ontario Human Rights Code states that: ? “Every person in Ontario has the right to be free from racial discrimination and harassment in the social areas of employment, services, goods, facilities, housing accommodation contracts, etc.” • Unfortunately, under that veneer of protection from racial discrimination, there is glaring evidence of anti-Black racism in Canada. Research shows that African Canadians continue to experience racial discrimination in numerous areas, including social and economic marginalization in the society. Therefore, in any social analysis, we can conclude that African Canadians continue to encounter problems of racism in the educational systems, the criminal justice system, the employment sector, business opportunities, health, housing and social services. • Anti-Black racism in Canada is manifested in racial prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination directed at African Canadians. Anti-Black racism in Canada can range from subtle to blatant, but in whatever form, its effects are extremely devastating. The most significant results are the social and economic marginalization of African Canadians. 28 • Negative stereotyping of African Canadians is often perpetrated and reinforced by the Canadian mass media. This same media influences the formation of public agendas and policies, which in turn, can determine the success or failure of the equitable development of the African Canadian community. Recommendations of the Session In light of the brief summary above, included are some actions that the Canadian government should and must take immediately: 1. Recognize the African Canadian community as a distinct and historically disadvantaged group because of anti-Black racism in the society. 2. Acknowledge that anti-Black racism is a result of historic injustices against African Canadians, and that, realistic measures must be put in place to correct the damage. 3. Develop measures to address the underachievement of African Canadians in schools; the high unemployment rate among African Canadians; and the over-involvement of African Canadians in criminal activities. 4. Develop measurable policies and programs to ensure the economic development of African Canadian businesses, by ensuring access to government contracts and procurement. 5. Collaborate with the leaders in the various African Canadian communities in identifying the problems that anti-Black racism has caused, and injecting the necessary resources to rectify and correct the problems. 6. Engage expertise and resources within African Canadian communities, implementing new and existing recommendations which focus on the causes, effects and remedies of racism in Canada. 7. Acknowledge and support the claim for reparations for Slavery, anti- Black racism and racist practices. 29 8. The comprehensive implementation of the Durban Declaration and Program of Action Panel Discussion on Eradication of Slavery and Colonialism: Evaluation and Recommendations The session examined the Declaration and Programmes of Action of WCAR on slavery and state of development with respect Arab slavery. It ends with recommendations. . WCAR Declaration on Slavery and Slave Trade 13. We acknowledge that slavery and the slave trade (...) were appalling tragedies in the history of humanity not only because of their abhorrent barbarism but also in terms of their magnitude, organized nature and especially their negation of the essence of the victims, and further acknowledge that slavery and the slave trade are a crime against humanity (...) and are among the major sources and manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (...); 29. We strongly condemn the fact that slavery and slavery-like practices still exist today in parts of the world and urge States to take immediate measures as a matter of priority to end such practices, which constitute flagrant violations of human rights; WCAR Programme of Action 2. Urges States to take all necessary and appropriate measures to end enslavement and contemporary forms of slavery-like practices, to initiate constructive dialogue among States and implement measures with a view to correcting the problems and the damage resulting there from; 119. Invites States and relevant international organizations and non-governmental organizations to build upon the efforts of the Slave Route Project of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organization (UNESCO) and its theme of “Breaking the silence” by developing texts and testimony, slavery multi-media centres and/or programmes that will collect, record, organize, exhibit and publish the existing data relevant to the history of slavery and 30 the trans-Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean slave trades, paying particular attention to the thoughts and actions of the victims of slavery and the slave trade, in their quest for freedom and justice; Observation of the Session on Slavery and Colonialism 1) Far from slowing down, the traditional Arab-Berber enslavement and trade has increased and continue to modernize, the old trade by caravans of African People from Africa to Middle East being now organized by trucks and planes. 2) The Arab Berber governments do not participate in the Slave Route Project of UNESCO, 3) In Africa, the colonization of the lands and the monopolization of the sources of water led by the Arab Berber people in the Sahel increases (from Mauritania to Sudan) still continues, and is dangerously pushing towards the south. 4) All over the world, the traffic of people of African descent for prostitution is booming; especially women in Europe and children for pedophile tourism in Africa. 5) Five years after Durban, in spite of formal decolonization and ending of apartheid, the African people especially in the south must still fight against the forces of neo-colonialism backed by the whole West, to recover their ancestral lands stolen during the colonial invasion.(Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Kenya...), 5) Five years after Durban, the formal decolonization of the few countries on the earth still under colonial rule has not made progress. Recommendations: 1) To develop a global strategy to put an end to the double problem of Arab-Berber slavery and colonization; 2) to develop and strengthen the connection between the global African community of activists and the African people still under 31 colonial rule and help them to integrate the dynamics of the WCAR (African and African Descendant Caucus & United Nations) and of the African Union in the prospective of the implementation of the 6th region. Panel Discussion on Reparation The discussion restated the Accra Declaration on Reparation and Repatriation, done on Thursday, 12 August, 1999. Relevant parts of the Declaration are stated below. . The Accra Declaration on Reparations & Repatriation Thursday 12 August 1999 We the participants of the First History International Reparations and Repatriation Truth Commission Conference give homage to the history of the Pan-African movement and pioneers such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Honourable Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie, Paul Robeson, etc The Afrikan World Reparations and Repatriation Truth Commission (AWRRTC) declares, as we enter the 21st century, that Reparations & Repatriation are paramount issues and concerns of the African World, consistent with the principles established during the First Reparations Conference, held on the African continent December, 1990 in Lagos, Nigeria (under the auspices of the late Moshood Abiola); the Reparations Conference held April 1999 in Ouidah, Benin and the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N?COBRA) held June, 1999 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. We hereby resolve, and it hereby resolved: 1. That an international team, of continental African and Diaspora lawyers, will be established to pursue all legal means, to demand justice (e.g. monetary compensation, US$ 777 trillion per annum with interest) from those nations of Western Europe, Americans, and institutions who participated and benefited from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonialism. This will be done through international bodies, such as the United Nations, International Court of Justice, 32 Organization of African Unity, International Labour and Trade Organizations and other bodies. Compensation will be paid to a Foundation, which will be administered by designated individuals. An African People?s Bank (APB) will be established in order to help develop intercontinental trade on the African Continent and trade between the continent and the Diaspora, as well as the development of a Pan-African currency. 2. That Diasporan Africans, who are direct descendants of enslaved Africans, have the unconditional “Right of Return” to the continent of Africa. Those African descendants, who wish to remain in the land of their captivity, should be granted full human rights in that country and institutions developed to improve their community, their economy and African centred educational systems. Measures are to be implemented to rehabilitate and integrate all political prisoners into both African Continental and Diasporan communities. 3. That worldwide monitoring and networking systems are to be instituted to ensure that Reparations and Repatriation will be achieved by the year 2004, and that yearly conferences will be held to provide updates and progress reports on our declared goals. 4. That AWRRTC charges the Organization of African Unity (OAU) with the following: 5.1 To co-ordinate the African approach to Reparations & Repatriation, by encouraging African states to acknowledge that „crimes against humanity? have been committed against African people and to seek legal redress through the International Court of Justice. African states such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Benin, as well as others in the sub region are to be the Flag bearers for Reparations and Repatriation Issues. 5.2 To Promote the Union of African States (UAS), thereby establishing a general identity card for descendants of enslaved Africans, which will enable free entry into any African country. , 33 5.3 To re-activate the Group of Eminent Persons, to encompass the ideals and goals of Reparations and Repatriation. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ROUNDTABLES WCAR/Programme of Action 1) That Global Africans should work towards focusing the deliberations of the Review Conference of the “Declaration of the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerances” on discriminations suffered by and perpetuated against people of Africa decent, indigenous peoples and minorities. 2) Global African need to urgently organise preparatory meetings in different African regions to properly articulate African positions before the review conference in 2009. 3) We have to work toward converting the Declaration and Programme of Action of the Durban conference into a convention within the nearest possible time 4) We urge all African governments to urgently establish national research committees and plan of action on racism, racial discriminations, xenophobia and related intolerances as provided in the Declaration and Programme of Action. The national committees would work towards providing afro-centric solutions to the problems based on studies and consultations. 5) We urge people of African decent to develop strategies that would promote networking among and between communities/organizations/schools/study group/the media, and other relevant groups/institutions, to make it possible for all key segments of the society to contribute towards the development of a Pan-African agenda for the Review Conference. Slavery (Kidnapping), Colonialism, Reparation and Repatriation 34 1) We enjoin African countries to issue citizenship to any person of African decent that expresses interest in acquiring such citizenship with minimal restriction. 2) The Black slavery in Arab land must end before we embark on the “United States of Africa” project. 3) We urge Blacks in Africa to explore the chances of opening dialogue with Blacks in Diaspora in Arab world 4) We denounce and demand the repudiation of the “WTO compassionate slavery” doctrine and resist the implementation of this doctrine in any way. 5) We restate that all black people in Africa are indigenous people. 6) We enjoin people of African decent to establish an international Think Tank/Network of Lawyers on reparations. 7) We enjoin people of African decent to strive to overcome language barrier that hinders collaborations amongst them in the reparation struggle. Xenophobia and Free Movement of People 1) We urge the African Union to adopt the “ECOWAS model of free movement of people and goods” within the continent, to reduce the negative impact of existing artificial boundaries in Africa 2) We urge African governments and other stakeholders to encourage the development and use of community orientated education programmes that could be disseminated through faith based organisations and the media, to continuously educate Africans on their common history, struggle and aspirations. 3) African need to establish structures that would encourage Domestic Africans direct investment in Africa and cross- border investments to promote cross-border economic transactions and cooperation. 4) We need a Global African mechanism for proper coordination of various global African movements against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerances. 35 APPENDICES 36 APPENDIX NO 1 PANAFRICAN GLOBAL ROUNDTABLE ON DURBAN PLUS 5 IN ADDIS ABABA(19-22 APRIL,2007) ACCRA, (10-11 MAY 2007) We, participants in the Pan African Global Roundtables gathered on 18-20, April 2007 in Addis Ababa and Accra on 10-11 May,2007 to discuss the “Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference Against 37 Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance” held in Durban in 2001, and after days of deliberations agreed as understated. BACKGROUND AND OBSERVATIONS (1)In her foreword to the Declaration and Programme of Action by the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination Xenophobia and Related Intolerance held 31 August to 8 September 2001 in Durban, South Africa, Mrs. Mary Robinson, the former High Commissioner of the United Nations Commission for Human Rights now the UN Human Rights Council, wrote that the Declaration with the programme of Action is a roadmap that indicates the steps to be taken to put an end to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and to prevent future occurrence. She went on to say that if pursued with energy and goodwill by all state-actors, the UN National institutions, intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations this anti-discrimination agenda can bring hope and changes to the lives of millions of human beings in the world who are victims of racial discrimination and intolerance. (2)Since 2001, there appears to be shortage of energy and scarcity of goodwill on the part of the actors especially the states, intergovernmental organisations and national institutions to purse these goals. (3)Before 2001, Africans and Peoples of African decent in the Diaspora have through a Reparation Conference in 1990 in Lagos, followed by the then OAU Reparations Conference in 1993 held in Abuja-Nigeria, agreed on the Abuja Declaration which caused the OAU to establish an OAU Commission on Reparations. The Commission was short lived. (4)With the transformation of OAU into African Union (AU), a window of opportunity was reopened when AU created six regions with 5 in continental thAfrica while the 6 Region brings together the Diaspora global Africans. This long awaited initiative has created a sense of cultural pride and homeland sentiments among the global Africans. (5)Some of the priority areas for strengthening this renewed close relationship between the AU and the Diaspora are reparations, repatriation and double citizenship. These resulted in the visit of Professor Ali Muzrui a key member of the Commission to the AU Commission Chairman in Addis Ababa in April 2006. 38 (6)In addition to the above, many Africans within the continent and the Diaspora left Durban in 2001 with a sense of loss in that some issues of direct concern and directly related to their own historic and contemporary experiences were subsumed under wider global crises and politics. (7)Many were waiting for the usual United Nations Review Conference which is normally done after the first 5-years to air these issues. As at now, there is a confirmation that the Review Conference will take place on or before 2009. The preparatory committee meetings have started with the first taking place in Geneva in January, 2007. (8) In preparation for the above, the Global African Civil Society Organisation, PANAFSTRAG decided to take the initiative and organized PANAFRICAN GLOBAL ROUNDTABLES IN ADDIS ABABA(18-20 April,2007) and ACCRA(10-11 May,2007) respectively. The meetings provided the platforms to renew debate on issues of collective concern like health, human rights and governance, education, technology and economic and other issues. (9)It must be remembered that Durban provided a platform for discussing and agreeing with the rest of the world on key issues of importance to global Africans from Africa, Europe, Asia, the Oceania, North, Central, and South America. It is the first time, the citizens of the world through their voices in Durban collectively accepted that slave trade, slavery and the various atrocities committed during that period were “crimes against humanity”. JUSTIFICATIONS Having said the above and over 5 years after, history now begs some questions of us i.e., have governments concerned shown any signs of commitment since Durban to a. Eradicate institutional racism, discrimination and xenophobia. b. Compensate the Global African for slavery and colonialism period. c. The total abolition of any form of slavery and neo-colonialism d. To strengthen the Africa Union-Diaspora synergy and initiative for implementing the programme of Action of the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discriminations, Xenophobia and related Intolerances 39 e. To reactivate and transform the OAU Commission on Reparation into AU Commission in order to follow-up on the 1993 Abuja Declaration on Reparation and Repatriation THE OBJECTIVE The objectives of the Roundtable are: a. Review issues related to the 2001 Durban WCAR Programme of Action and the slow pace of activation of the Programme of Action. b. Agree on a Global African Declaration and Action Plan after appraising the follow-up strategies, actions and activities employed by Global African CSOs since 2001. c. Create a common platform for renewed bonding between Global Africans to reaffirm their commitment to ensure the implementation of the key areas of Programme of Action through the Global African Action Plan. d. Strengthen the collaboration between the Global African CSOs, the AU-ECOSOCC, ACPHR and the UN Human Rights Council. e. Re-energise the Global African Movement for Forgiveness, Reconciliation and Reparations for all forms of slavery by past and present actors from the West and Arab land, and for colonialism. f. Sensitise all Africans to the dangers of xenophobia and related intolerances to free movement of persons in Africa. g. Strengthen the African Union-Diaspora initiative for implementing the Programme of Action of the UN Convention on Racism and other issues. h. Reactivate and transform the OAU Commission on Reparation into AU Commission in order to follow-up on the 1993 Abuja Declaration on Reparations. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ROUNDTABLE WCAR/Programme of Action 6) That Global Africans should work towards focusing the deliberations of the Review Conference of the “Declaration of the World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerances” on discriminations suffered by and perpetuated against people of Africa decent, indigenous peoples and minorities. 40 7) Global African need to urgently organise preparatory meetings in different African regions to properly articulate African positions before the review conference in 2009. 8) We have to work toward converting the Declaration and Programme of Action of the Durban conference into a convention within the nearest possible time 9) We urge all African governments to urgently establish national research committees and plan of action on racism, racial discriminations, xenophobia and related intolerances as provided in the Declaration and Programme of Action. The national committees would work towards providing afro-centric solutions to the problems based on studies and consultations. Slavery (Kidnapping), Colonialism, Reparation and Repatriation 8) We enjoin African countries to issue citizenship to any person of African decent that expresses interest in acquiring such citizenship with minimal restriction. 9) The Black slavery in Arab land must end before we embark on the “United States of Africa” project. 10) We urge Blacks in Africa to explore the chances of opening dialogue with Blacks in Diaspora in Arab world 11) We denounce and demand the repudiation of the “WTO compassionate slavery” doctrine and resist the implementation of this doctrine in any way. 12) We restate that all black people in Africa are indigenous people. Xenophobia and Free Movement of People 5) We urge the African Union to adopt the “ECOWAS model of free movement of people and goods” within the continent, to reduce the negative impact of existing artificial boundaries in Africa 6) We urge African governments and other stakeholders to encourage the development and use of community orientated education programmes that could be disseminated through faith based organisations and the media, to continuously educate Africans on their common history, struggle and aspirations. 7) African need to establish structures that would encourage Domestic Africans direct investment in Africa and cross- 41 border investments to promote cross-border economic transactions and cooperation. 8) We need a Global African mechanism for proper coordination of various global African movements against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerances. APPENDIX NO 2 ST FORUM ON THE PARTICIPATION OF NGOS AT THE 41ORDINARY SESSION OF THE AFRICAN COMMISSION FOR HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS AT COCONUT GROVE HOTEL, ACCRA, GHANA, 12-14 MAY, 2007. Resolution on the Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and other related Intolerances. WE, participants at the forum on the participation of NGOs at the st41 session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, RECALLING the Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discriminations, Xenophobia and Related Intolerances held in Durban, South Africa in 2001, 42 WORRIED that there appears to be a deficit of energy and scarcity of goodwill on the part of actors especially states, inter-governmental organizations and nationals in taking steps to implement the programme of action of the conference, DEEPLY WORRIED that Africans and people of African decent who are most affected by most of the issues agreed upon during the world conference are yet to establish any reasonable mechanism for actualizing the declarations of the conference, NOTING with concern the lack of vigour on the part of Africans and people of African decent in seizing the opportunity provided by this declaration and programme of action to address issues of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, slavery and reparations which afflict them, CONCERNED that Africa is yet to articulate its position to effectively participate and benefit from the review UN conference scheduled for 2009. Hereby request the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights 1) To restore the Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and other Related Intolerances on its agenda; 2) To coordinate the processes and activities leading to the review conference, so as to properly articulate African positions that will produce a global African Agenda before the review conference in 2009; 3) To urge member states to urgently establish national research committees and plan of action on the Durban Declaration and 43 programme of action, so as to work towards providing afro-centric solutions to the problems; 4) To urge member states to promulgate national laws for the promotion of equality and prevention of unfair discrimination; 5) To recommend to the AU to reconvene the Council of Ministers to review the 2001 Dakar Declaration of the Council, and make recommendations to the review conference; 6) To urge the AU to re-establish the Group of Eminent Persons for Reparations established in 1992 by the OAU; 7) To provide support and logistics for the Eminent Persons Group when it is reconstituted. Done in Accra, Ghana th14 May 2007. 44