初中英语语法之句子成分

初中英语语法之句子成分 句子成分 主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语 1、主语: 1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁” ( 发出的。 如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。) (2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。 如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。) (3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略: )没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank (It is) nothing. ((那 you. ((我)谢谢你。) (4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词: The man looks worried, doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗,) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗,) (5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。 Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。) (6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿,) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗,) (7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。 Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。) (8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。 2、谓语: (1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如: He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语,) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) / (2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:,情态动词,/,时态助动词,/,语态助动词,+,主要动词,(不一定全部出现)。记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如: I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这 样。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。) (3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。 记住使用下列正确形式: ?情态动词+原形动词。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。) ?shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如:They should have been there once.(他们应该去过那儿。) ?be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么,)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。) ?have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上) ?一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗,) (4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。 (5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is, was, has, does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are, were, have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。 Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。) 1 (6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗,----是的。) 3、宾语: (1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。 如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语) (2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。 Listen to the radio. (listen是不及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗,) (3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。 如:What did he see? (他看见了什么,) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信,) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信,) (4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。 如:Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请 把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。) (5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构: ?动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常 帮我。) ?动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如: Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me. (6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用 it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job. (7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见。 4、表语: (1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短 语、名词、代词等充当。 如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得 了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀,) be, look, become, turn, get, grow, feel, seem) 之 (2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如: 后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。 (3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。 (4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry, afraid, alone, asleep, awake, ill, well, sure, interested等等。 He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事 感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。) (5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。 5、定语: (1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、 疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定 语的知识。 如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。) 2 (2) 面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的 路,所以就一直呆在那儿。) (4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。) (5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。) 。 (6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 (7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中, 不作为句子的主要成分。 6、状语: (1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般 由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。 如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families， a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说, 大学 教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开) (2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活。 (3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概 念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) (4) 状 语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的 状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详 见“状语从句”。 (5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成 分。 7、宾语补足语: (1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词 非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。 如:Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我 竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。) (2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来～)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。) (3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,详见 “”相关 He likes dancing. (代 词)Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe.(不定式) What he needs is a book.(主语从句)It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语) (一)指出下列句中主语的中心词 3 ? The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ? There is an old man coming here. ? The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ? To do today’s homework without the teacher’s help is very difficult. 2. 谓语(predicate):是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词 或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep. (二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 ? I don’t like the picture on the wall. A. don’t B. like C. picture D. wall ? The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ? Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ? There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ? Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast 3. 表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. (名词) Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代词)Five and five is ten. (数词) He is asleep. (形容词)His father is in.(副词) The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词 化的分词)The question is whether they will come. (表语从句) (常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel(摸起来，smell (闻起来), taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持，仍是), feel(感觉)…… It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. (三) 挑出下列句中的表语 ? The old man was feeling very tired. ? Why is he worried about Jim? ? The leaves have turned yellow. ? Soon They all became interested in the subject. ? She was the first to learn about it. 4. 宾语:1)动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或 者介词之后。如:I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词)How many do you need? We need two. (数词)I enjoy working with you. (动名词) I hope to see you again. (不定式) Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句) 2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物) He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ? My brother hasn’t done his homework. ? People all over the world speak English. ? You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ? How many new words did you learn last class? ? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 5. 宾补:对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. (名词) We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名词) We will make them happy. (形容词) We found nobody in. ( 副 词 ) Please make yourself at home. (介词短语) Don’t let him do that. (省to 不定式) His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式) Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词) I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去 分词) (五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 ? She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ? He asked her to take the boy out of school. ? She found it difficult to do the work. 4 ? They call me Lily sometimes. ? I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. ? Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 6. 定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。 Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. (代词) We belong to the third world.(数词) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词) The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词) The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词) I have an idea to do it well.(不定式) You should do everything that I do. (定语从句) (六) 挑出下列句中的定语 ? They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. ? What is your given name? ? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ? I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ? The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 7. 状语:用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结 果、程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列) I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. (七) 挑出下列句中的状语 ? There was a big smile on her face. ? Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ? He began to learn English when he was eleven. ? The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ? With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ? Please tell us a story. ? My father bought a new bike for me last week. ? Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ? Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ? Did he leave any message for me? 5 答 案 参 考 (一) ? teacher ? man ? dictionary ? To do (二) ? B ? A ? C ? A ? C (三) ? tired ? worried ? yellow ? interested ? first (四) ? his homework ? English ? your pronunciation ? new words ? to go swimming (五) ? to read newspapers and books in the reading-room ? to take the boy out of school ? Lily ? get on the bus ? playing football on the playground (六) ? family ? given ? third ? some ? downstairs (七) ? on the face ? Every night ? when he was eleven ? fast ? off (八) ? us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 ? me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 ? us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 ? Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 ? me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语 6