Unit 13 Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx
Section One Pre-reading Activities 2
I. Audiovisual supplement 2
II. Cultural information 2
Section Two Global Reading 4
I Main idea 4
II Structural analysis 4
Section Three Detailed Reading 5
Text I 5
Section Four Consolidation Activities 13
I . Vocabulary Analysis 13
II Grammar Exercises 16
III. Translation exercises 18
IV Exercises for integrated skills 19
V Oral activities 20
VI Writing Practice 21
VII Listening Exercises 22
Section Five Further Enhancement 24
I Text II 24
II. Memorable Quotes 26
Unit 13 Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx
Section One Pre-reading Activities
I. Audiovisual supplement
Watch the video and answer the following questions.
1. Where were the family?
2. What’s the old man and the dead captain’s relation?
（插入视频）
Answers to the Questions:
1. They were in a cemetery in which many dead soldiers are buried.
2. The old man James Ryan and the dead captain John H. Miller may be comrades in arms. Actually, Captain John Miller led a squad to save James Ryan. The sacrifice of Miller and the others finally brought Ryan back home.
Script:
James Ryan: My family is with me today. They wanted to come with me. To be honest with you, I wasn’t sure how I’d feel coming back here. Every day, I think about what you said to me that day on the bridge. I’ve tried to live my life the best I could. I hope that was enough. I hope that at least, in your eyes, I’ve earned what all of you have done for me.
James Ryan’s Wife: James? Captain John H. Miller.
James Ryan: Tell me I’ve led a good life.
James Ryan’s Wife: What?
James Ryan: Tell me I’m a good man.
James Ryan’s Wife: You are.
II. Cultural information
1. Quote
There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of gaining its numinous summits.
— Karl Heinrich Marx
（插入图片Karl Marx）
2. Karl Heinrich Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818–March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, self-taught political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of Chapter One of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”
Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socio-economic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism.
While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers’ movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.
（插入图片Marx）
Section Two Global Reading
I Main idea
In his speech Friederich Engels first expressed his profound grief over the death of a great man — Karl Marx. Then he went on to pay great tribute to the unparalleled accomplishments and contributions of Marx. His accomplishments included discovery of the law of development of human history and discovery of the law of the capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society. As a revolutionist Marx devoted himself to the overthrow of capitalist society and to the liberation of the modern proletariat. Engels concluded his speech with certainty that Karl Marx and his work would remain immortal.
II Structural analysis
1. Describe the language features of the speech.
1) A notable feature of this formal speech is its variation in sentence length.
The longest sentence, which constitutes Paragraph 3, contains 126 words, while the shortest sentence, which begins Paragraph 4, has only 5 words.
2) Another prominent feature of the text is the apt use of some cohesive items that contribute to the coherence of the text. Notice the following italicized words:
a. But that is not all. (Paragraph 4)
b. Such was the man of science. (Paragraph 6)
c. For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. (Paragraph 7)
d. And, consequently, Marx was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. (Paragraph 8)
2. Divide the text into parts by completing the table.
Paragraphs
Main idea
1-2
Engels expresses his grief over the death of a great man — Karl Marx.
3-7
This part enumerates Marx’s accomplishments in discovering the law of development of human history, the law of capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society to which it gave rise, and his many contributions to the liberation of the modern proletariat.
8
This part contrasts the different attitudes of his opponents and his fellow revolutionary workers to Marx’s achievements.
9
Engels reaffirms Marx’s lasting influence and contribution.
Section Three Detailed Reading
Text I
Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx
Friederich Engels
1. On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep — but forever.
2. An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt.
3. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history:1 the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc., that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.2
4. But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created.3 The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark.4
5. Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy is the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery.5 But in every single field which Marx investigated — and he investigated very many fields, none of them superficially — in every field, even in that of mathematics, he made independent discoveries.
6. Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man.6 Science was for Marx a historically dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general. For example, he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez.
7. For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way or another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of its emancipation. Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival. His work on the first Rheinische Zeitung (1842), the Paris Vorwarts (1844), the Deutsche Brusseler Zeitung (1847), the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848 -849), the New York Tribune (1852–1861), and in addition to these a host of militant pamphlets, work in organizations in Paris, Brussels and London, and finally, crowning all,1 the formation of the great International Working Men’s Association — this was indeed an achievement of which its founder might well have been proud even if he had done nothing else.
8. And, consequently, Marx was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time.7 Governments, both absolutist and republican, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him. All this he brushed aside as though it were cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow workers — from the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and America — and I make bold to say that though he may have had many opponents he had hardly one personal enemy.
9. His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work!
Paragraphs 1-2
Questions:
1. Which words and expressions are used to euphemistically refer to the notion of death? (Paragraph 2)
The notion of death is euphemistically referred to by such words and expressions as “ceased to think,” “gone to sleep ... forever,” and “departure.”
2. What does the word “gap” mean in Paragraph 2? (Paragraph 2)
The word “gap” literally means “vacancy”, but here it means the spiritual vacuum left behind by the departure of Karl Marx.
.
Words and Expressions
1. immeasurable a. infinite
e.g. Intelligence is statistically immeasurable as some skills are.
The economic, social, and personal costs are immeasurable.
Synonym:
incalculable, limitless, vast, endless
Antonym:
slight
2. sustain vt. experience loss, injury, etc.
e.g. Both sides sustained heavy losses in the war.
Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage.
Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries.
Derivation:
sustained a. (only before a noun) continuing for a long time
e.g. a period of sustained economic development
sustainable a. able to continue for a long time
sustainability n.
Synonym:
suffer
Paragraphs 3-4
Questions:
1. What are the two major discoveries made by Karl Marx? (Paragraph 4)
Karl Marx’s two major discoveries include the law of development of human history and the special law of motion governing the capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society the mode has created.
2. What is the significance of Marx’s discovery of these two laws? (Paragraph 4)
The significance lies in the fact that the discovery of these two laws threw light on important issues and problems that either had been concealed by an overgrowth of ideology or had kept bourgeois economists and socialist critics groping in the dark.
Words and Expressions:
3. conceal vt. hide, not show
e.g. The path was concealed by long grass.
She tried to conceal the fact that she was pregnant.
Derivation:
concealment n.
Synonym:
cover, disguise, keep secret
Antonym:
reveal, let out, uncover, disclose
4. evolve vi. gradually change and develop over a period of time
e.g. They are hoping the trade talks might evolve into a practical dialogue.
The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
Collocation:
evolve from
e.g. It has taken us several million years to evolve from the apes.
evolve out of
e.g. The idea evolved out of work done by British scientists.
Synonym:
change, develop, grow, go forward
Antonym:
remain, stay
5. in the light of drawing knowledge or information from, in view of
e.g. The development is significant in the light of what happened later.
In the light of this tragic event, we have cancelled the 4th of July celebrations.
Synonym:
taking into account, considering, with regard to, taking into consideration
6. surplus
a. more than is needed (only before a noun)
e.g. Lose those surplus pounds with our new diet plan.
Early cultures used techniques such as smoking and salting to preserve surplus meat and fish.
n. a quantity or amount in excess of what is required
e.g. The Gulf States produce more oil than they need and sell the surplus to the rest of the world.
Farmers often turn their surplus of milk into cheese and butter.
Collocation:
a surplus of
surplus value
7. critic n. a person who forms and gives judgments, esp. one who does so professionally
e.g. She has been the strongest critic of the government’s tax proposal.
A literary critic should not be too subjective in his approach.
Synonym：
reviewer, commentator
Sentences
1. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history… (Paragraph 3)
Explanation: “Just as …, so …” is a formal way of saying “in the way that.”
e.g. Just as the Americans enjoy their coffee, so the Chinese enjoy their tea.
Darwin (1809–1882) was a British naturalist. His theory of evolution on natural selection revolutionized much of the world’s thought during the latter part of the 19th century.
Translation: 正如达尔文发现了有机自然发展的规律一样，马克思也发现了人类历史发展的规律。
2. … in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. (Paragraph 3)
Explanation: … so they must be explained from the standpoint of the above, not the other way round, which had so far been the way they were explained.
3. But that is not all. Mark also discovered the special law of motion governing the present day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created. (Paragraph 4)
Translation: 不但如此，马克思也发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark. (Paragraph 4)
Translation: 由于剩余价值的发现，这个问题就豁然开朗了，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或者社会主义批评家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
Paragraph 5
Words and Expressions:
8. grant vt. to give someone something or allow them to have something that they have asked for
e.g. I would love to be able to grant her wish.
The council have granted him permission to build on the site.
Derivation:
grant n. an amount of money given to someone
Synonym:
give, award
9. field n. a particular area of study, esp. one that one knows a lot about
e.g. What field of research are you working in at the moment?
Peter is an expert in his field.
Synonym:
subject, area
Sentences
5. Happy is the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery. (Paragraph 5)
Explanation: The main clause of this sentence is in the inverted order; the normal order is: The man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery is happy. What the sentence means is that if a man can make only one such discovery, he would feel happy.
Translation: 即使只能做出一个这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。
Paragraph 6
Question:
How did Engels describe the joy that Marx experienced from new discoveries in science? (Paragraph 6)
True, a new discovery in some theoretical science was a great joy to Marx, but he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general.
Words and Expressions
10. envisage vt. imagine sth. that has not happened
e.g. I cannot envisage what the circumstance will be in twenty years’ time.
The plan cost a lot more than we had originally envisaged.
Nobody can envisage the consequences of total nuclear war.
Collocation:
envisage doing something
Synonym:
imagine, foresee, envision, predict
Sentences
6. But this was not even half the man. (Paragraph 6)
Explanation: But this was only part of the man. The sentence means Marx was far more than a man of science.
Translation: 但是这在他身上远不是主要的。
Paragraph 7
Questions:
1. How did Marx fight as a revolutionist?
As a revolutionist Marx fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival, and fighting was Marx’s natural element.
2. What are the most important contributions that Marx made to the liberation of the modern proletariat?
Marx was the first to make the working class conscious of its own position, its needs and the conditions of its emancipation. Besides, he was the founder of the International Working Men’s Association.
Words and Expressions:
11. overthrow
vt. get rid of a leader or sb. in authority
e.g. They have been scheming to overthrow the government.
n. the defeat and removal from power of a leader or government, especially by force
e.g. The President came to power after the overthrow of the Emperor.
12. tenacity n. determination to never stop trying to succeed in sth.
e.g. The athletes displayed great tenacity throughout the football match.
You may not like the man, but you can’t help admiring the skill and tenacity with which he argued his case.
Derivation:
tenacious a.
tenaciously ad.
13. rival
vt. be as good as sb. or sth. else
e.g. Of all the flowers in the garden few can rival the lily.
在花园的所有花卉中很少有花能与百合花媲美。
n. a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc.
e.g. This gives the company a competitive advantage over its rivals.
When I saw the man with my girlfriend at the party I realized that I had a rival.
Synonym:
equal, match
competitor
Collocation:
rival for / in
Activity: Write in each space the synonym for each given word or expression.
1. immeasurable ______________( incalculable )
2. conceal ______________ (cover )
3. in the light of ______________ (taking into account)
4. evolve ______________ (develop)
5. critic______________ (reviewer)
6. grant ______________(give)
7. envisage ______________ (imagine)
8. rival______________ (equal)
Paragraphs 8-9
Question:
1. How did Marx react to bourgeois persecution and slanders?
Marx treated all this with contempt, and brushed them away as if they were just cobweb that did not deserve his attention.
Words and Expressions:
14. deport vi. send sb. out of a country usu. because they do not have the legal right to be there
e.g. Even if they do not put him in jail, they will deport him.
Tens of thousands of Greek Jews were deported to Nazi death camps.
Derivation:
deportation n.
e.g. The US government has ordered his deportation.
Collocation:
deport somebody from / to something
Synonym:
expel, excel
15. conservative a. unwilling to accept changes and new ideas
e.g. Publishers in Britain are more conservative, perhaps, than their continental counterparts.
Synonym:
traditional, conventional
16. vie vt. compete with sb. for sth. that is difficult to get
e.g. Simon and Julian were vying for her attention all through dinner.
There are at least twenty restaurants vying with each other for customers.
Collocation:
vie for
vie with
vie to do something
Synonym:
compete, rival, contest
Antonym:
collaborate
17. heap vt. give sb. a lot of praise, blame, etc.
e.g. The film director heaped praises on the actress.
He heaped all the blame on his secretary.
Derivation:
heap n.
heaped a.
Collocation:
heap praise / insults etc. on somebody
18. compel vt. force sb. to do sth.
e.g. More and more details of her private life appeared in the press, thus compelling her to resign.
The law will compel employers to provide health insurance.
Derivation:
compelling a.
Synonym:
force, oblige
19. revere vt. respect and admire sb. or sth. very much
e.g. Why had she imagined that they loved and revered him so much?
He is revered as a national hero.
Derivation:
reverence n.
reverent a.
revered a.
20. mourn v. feel very sad because sb. has died
e.g. All the neighbours and relations who had come to mourn stood around the coffin.
Hundreds of people gathered to mourn the revered president.
Synonym:
grieve for, lament, weep for
Derivation:
mourning n.
mournful a.
Antonym:
rejoice
Sentences
7. And, consequently, Mark was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. (Paragraph 8)
Translation: 正因为这样，所以马克思是当代最遭嫉恨和最受诬蔑的人。
Section Four Consolidation Activities
. Vocabulary Analysis
1 Phrase practice
1. in the light of: in view of 由于，鉴于，考虑到
e.g. In the light of the condition, we should make a plan in detail. 鉴于情况，我们要制定一个详细的计划。
In the light of your manner, I will tell your mother to bring you back home. 鉴于你的
表
关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
现，我将要求你的母亲带你回家。
2. vice versa: the other way around, a phrase here indicating that the reverse of what has been said is also true 反之亦然
e.g. The people living in the forest cannot live without the dog, vice verse. 住在森林的人生活不能离开狗，反之亦然。
The husband is an important person to his wife, vice versa. 丈夫对于妻子来说很重要，反之亦然。
3. before all else: first of all 首先
e.g. Before all else, we should go to the station to buy the ticket. 首先，我们应该去车站买票。
Before all else, we should protect our water. 首先我们得保护水资源。
4. in one way or another: in some manner 想方设法
e.g. He dealt the problem in one way or another，but at last he failed. 他想方设法解决那困难,但是最后还是失败了。
He tries in one way or another to get enough money. 他想方设法来获得足够的钱。
2 Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. Many people cannot afford to buy farm products which have been organically (organic) grown because they are very expensive.
2. The court decided that the money had been collected illegally (legal) and ordered it to be returned without delay.
3. Most judges disapproved of the new law but were unwilling to be openly critical (critic).
4. Despite their superficial (superficially) resemblance, the two computers are in fact totally different.
5. Theoretically (theory), decisions involving costs are taken by the boss, but in practice they often fall to me.
6. He is passionate (passion) about the need to protect the environment.
7. They became consciously and militantly (militant) nationalistic.
8. The manager emerged, smartly but conservatively (conservative) dressed in a grey suit and striped tie.
1. organic a. 有机的
organically ad. 有机性地
organism n. 生物体，有机体
e.g. 现在，有机食品十分流行。
Nowadays, organic food is very popular.
这家公司是个极其复杂的组织。
This company is an extremely complex organism.
2. legal a. 法律的；合法的，法定的
legalization n. 合法化，公认
illegally ad. 非法地
e.g. 他是这位富翁的唯一法定继承人。
He is the only legal heir of the rich man.
他们非法入境。
They entered the country illegally.
3. critic n. 批评家，评论家
critical a. 批评的；决定性的；挑剔的
criticism n. 批评，评论
criticize v. 批评，吹毛求疵，非难
e.g. 改革现在到了紧要关头。
The reform has come to a critical moment.
你不应该当面这么严厉地批评你的孩子。
You should not criticize your child so harshly to his face.
4. superficially ad. 表面地，表面上地
superficial a. 表面的，肤浅的
e.g. 她太肤浅，无法欣赏这类文学巨著。
She is too superficial to appreciate great literature like this.
5. theory n. 理论，原理
theoretical a. 理论上的
theorist n. 理论家
e.g. 理论上是如此。.
It is so in theory.
理论上来说，这是可行的。
Theoretically speaking, it is possible.
6. passion n. 激情，热情
passionate a. 热情的，有激情的
e.g. 他对摄影有强烈的爱好。
He has a passion for photography.
他热情的演讲打动了我们的感情。
His passionate speech had an effect on our emotions.
7. militant a. 好战的
militantly ad. 好战地
e.g. 演讲者被富有战斗精神的工会会员声音所压倒。
The speaker is shouted down by militant union members.
8. conservative a. 保守的，守旧的
conservation n. 保存，保护
conservationist n. 自然资源保护论者
e.g. 他的这一估计很保守。
He was very conservative in the estimate.
自然资源保护论者对这项立法不会做出善意的反应。
The conservationists will not kindly react to the legislation.
3. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep — but forever.
Synonym: calmly
2. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history …
Antonym: inorganic
3. An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man.
Antonym: measurable, limited
4. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology …
Antonym: revealed, exposed
5. … the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved ...
Antonym: non-legal
6. His real mission in life was ... to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of its emancipation.
Antonym: unconscious, unaware
7. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him.
Antonym: progressive, liberal, radical
8. His name will endure through the ages, and so will his work.
Synonym: last
4 Suffix
Write in each space one word that has the same suffix as underlined in each given word.
1. musician technician 2. engineer mountaineer
3. zoology geology 4. geography telegraphy
5. sympathy empathy 6. linguistics politics
7. friendship leadership 8. arrangement encouragement
1. Explanation:
-cian: a person who does a special job
e.g. politician, optician
2. Explanation:
-eer: a person concerned with
e.g. pioneer, volunteer, auctioneer
3. Explanation:
-logy: a subject or study
e.g. methodology, anthropology, sociology
4. Explanation:
-graphy: a type of art or science
e.g. biography, zoography, topography
5. Explanation:
-pathy: feeling
e.g. apathy, telepathy, antipathy
6. Explanation:
-tics: a subject
e.g. mathematics, semantics, pragmatics
7. Explanation:
-ship: the state or quality of
e.g. ownership, relationship, partnership
8. Explanation:
-ment: the action or result of
e.g. development, agreement, achievement
Grammar Exercises
1. Use of the past perfect and the past perfect progressive
The past perfect refers to “past in the past”. It also has two chief uses: “finished” use and “unfinished” use, only with time reference back-shifted to a specified past moment.
e.g. I had written the article when they came.
In 1960, I’d known him for ten years; I met him for the first time in 1950.
The past perfect progressive suggests continuousness, temporariness and incompleteness of the actions. The chief use of the past perfect progressive has also something in common with the “unfinished” use of the past perfect, and, therefore, in many cases, these two forms can be used interchangeably, though in colloquial speech, the past perfect progressive is more frequently used than the past perfect.
e.g. I’d been working for some time when he called.
= I’d worked for some time when he called.
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the past perfect or past perfect progressive of the
verbs in brackets.
1. He finally __________ (work) his way up from the shop floor to a management position.
2. A woman came in with a baby, who she said __________ (swallow) a safety pin.
3. It was the first time he ____________ (be) abroad.
4. He was tired. He _________________ (work) since dawn.
5. She _____________________ (try) to find a job. She still hadn’t found one.
6. The war __________________ (go) on for two years until they agreed on a cease-fire.
Key:
1. had worked 2. had swallowed 3. had been
4. had been working 5. had been trying 6. had been going
2. Use of subordination and coordination
Coordination and subordination are two devices for combining and relating ideas. These are commonly used to connect clauses or sentences in order to establish various semantic relationships. Generally speaking, coordination establishes a relationship between ideas of approximately equal importance. A coordination construction is formed with coordinating devices including coordinators (usually and, or and but) and some punctuation marks.
e.g. The rain stopped, and the sun came out.
There are five types of discharge from military service: honorable, general, undesirable, bad conduct, and dishonorable.
Golf demands the best of time and space; tennis, the best of personal energy.
Subordination establishes a kind of relationship which indicates that one idea is more important than the other. A subordinate construction might be a finite clause, a non-finite clause, a verbless clause, or a phrase.
e.g. Expecting trouble, the guards were fully armed.
When the rain stopped, the sun came out.
Before she could answer the telephone, it stopped ringing.
Practice
Indicate which sentence in each of the pairs is preferable.
1. a. Children use the telephone so often, and their parents become angry, and they have it disconnected.
b. Because children use the telephone so often, they anger their parents, who have it disconnected.
2. a. Charlie had a small piece of cake after dinner, although it was not on his diet.
b. Although cake was not on his diet, Charlie had a small piece after dinner.
3. a. Wendy travelled to Hawaii, when she stayed at a hotel near Diamond Head.
b. Wendy stayed at a hotel near Diamond Head when she travelled to Hawaii.
4. a. Both Jane wanted to go to the south, and her husband wanted to go there, too.
b. Both Jane and her husband wanted to go to the south.
5. a. It is quite clear that the crime was done deliberately.
b. It is quite clear the crime was done deliberately.
6. a. He ate too little and worked too hard for weeks on end, and he became ill.
b. As he ate too little and worked too hard for weeks on end, he became ill.
Key
1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. b
III. Translation exercises
1. 那位科学家正在进行一项科学研究，旨在揭示人类衰老的自然规律。（throw light on）
Translation:
That scientist was doing a research project in order to throw some light on the natural laws governing the ageing of human beings.
Practice:
关于这个问题他没有提供很多新的见解。
He did not throw much fresh light on the subject.
这些发现很有价值，因为它们对纺织工业发展史提供了资料。
These findings are very valuable for they throw much light on the history of the textile art.
2. 对不起，我把那个秘密给泄露了，因为我和你说话的时候没有意识到他站在附近。（be conscious of）
Translation:
I’m sorry I gave away the secret because I was not conscious of him standing nearby when I was talking to you.
Practice:
我们意识到季节的交替。
We are conscious of the alternation of seasons.
学习外国文化，能使我们对自己的文化有更清楚的认识。
Learning about the foreign culture makes us more conscious of our own.
3. 修这门课的学生，除了交一篇学期论文以外，至少还要写三篇读书
报告
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。（in addition to）
Translation:
In addition to submitting a term paper, students taking this course will have to write at least three book reports.
Practice:
除了学习以外，我还参加许多课外活动。
In addition to my studies, I got involved in lots of extracurricular activities.
联邦宪法除了制定一般政治思想外，还提供了政府
制度
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的蓝图。
In addition to setting forth general political ideas, the Constitution provides the blueprint for the governmental system.
4. 这两个班级正在为代表学校参加全省的辩论比赛进行竞争。（vie）
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