英美文学作品赏析

nullAppreciation of British & American Literary WorksAppreciation of British & American Literary WorksBasic Forms of LiteratureBasic Forms of Literature Novel Drama Poetry ProseDramaDramaDefinition Drama, in the most general sense, refers to any work designed to be represented on a stage by actors. In its narrow sense today, it is limited to verbal drama, which usually includes tragedy, comedy, and serious plays. nullBasic Forms comedy tragedy farce melodrama serious play ComedyComedyComedy, a term which is connected by derivation with the Greek verb meaning “revel”, is a play in which the materials are selected and managed primarily in order to interest, involve, and amuse the audience.nullTragedyTragedyTragedy is a sad story that presents courageous individuals confronting powerful forces within or outside themselves with dignity. It reveals the breadth and depth of the human spirit’s challenge on failure, defeat, and even death.nullFarceFarce Farce is a comedy which aims to entertain the audience by means of unlikely, and improbable situations, disguise and mistake identity, verbal humor of varying degrees of sophistication, which may include word play, and a fast-paced plot whose speed usually increases, culminating in an ending which often involves an elaborate chase scene. Elements Elements plot & conflict dramatic structure performance character dialogue settingnullPlot The sequence of events that create and then resolve a conflictPlot movementBeginning of storyRising actionClimax (peak tension) or Crisis (dramatic turning point)Falling action (fall of tragic hero) Resolution (Point at which conflict ends and outcome is made clear) Dramatic StructureDramatic StructureThe exposition The rising action The climax or turning point Falling action Conclusion nullPerformanceCharacterCharacterMajor character vs. minor character Protagonist vs. Antagonist Rival; foil DialogueDialogueWritten in verse vs. blank verse Monologue ; Soliloquy nullSettingWilliam Shakespeare (1564~1616)William Shakespeare (1564~1616) LifeLifeBorn on April 23, 1564; Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire Arrive in London in 1586 or 1587 Being an actor Drama writing Die on April 23, 1616 at age 52nullbirthplacenullnullnullnullnullShakespeare’s graveShakespeare’s graveLiterary WorksLiterary Works2 narrative poems Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece 154 sonnets (bisexual) 10 historical plays; 13 comedies; 10 tragedies; 4 romances; Writing PeriodsWriting PeriodsThe First Period (1590~1594) The Second Period (1595~1600) The Third Period (1601~1607) The Fourth Period (1608~1612) First PeriodFirst PeriodApprenticeship High Spirit Young & Ideal Narrative poemsFirst Period---representative worksFirst Period---representative worksHistorical play: Henry VI; Richard III … Comedy: The Taming of the Shrew The Comedy of Errors… Tragedy: Romeo and Juliet… Second PeriodSecond PeriodMature Mastered his art Optimistic Sonnet Second Period---representative worksSecond Period---representative worksA Midsummer Night’s Dream The Merchant of Venice As You Like It Twelfth NightThird PeriodThird PeriodFlourishing Problem of Evil Great Tragedies Dark Comedies Third Period---representative worksThird Period---representative worksHamlet Othello King Lear MacbethFourth PeriodFourth PeriodTragicomedy/ Romance Reconciliation Hope Fourth Period---representative worksFourth Period---representative works Tempest The Winter’s Tale Henry VIII Hamlet Hamletnull奥斯卡第21届（1948年）荣获最佳影片的海报nullBest Picture of the Year Performance by an actor in a leading role Performance by an actress in a leading role Performance by an actor/actress in a supporting role Achievement in directing Best foreign language film of the yearRemarksRemarks 完成于1601年的《哈姆莱特》，是文艺复兴时期的巨人--莎士比亚戏剧创作的最高成就，也是莎学研究的最大课题。 ※ 影响历史进程的100本书之一 ※ 人类有史以来杰出的经典戏剧 ※ 哈佛大学113位教授推荐的最有影响的书 ※ 1986年法国《读书》杂志推荐的理想藏书RemarksRemarks 《哈姆莱特》是戏剧诗人之王莎士比亚的灿烂王冠上面的一颗最光辉的钻石。 ——俄国著名文学批评家　别林斯基List of CharactersList of Characters Hamlet---Prince of Denmark son of dead King and nephew to the present ruler of Denmark Claudius---King of Denmark Hamlet’s uncle who succeeded his brother to the throne and married his brother’s wifeList of CharactersList of Characters Gertrude Queen of Denmark and mother of Hamlet Polonius Chief counselor to Claudius, Ophelia’s father Laertes Polonius’ son, Ophelia’s brotherList of CharactersList of Characters Ophelia Obedient daughter of Polonius and sister of Laertes; Hamlet’s love Horatio Loyal friend of HamletThe SourceThe Source The story of Hamlet is derived from a Danish history book. In 1570, one French writer adapted it into drama. During 80s of 16th century, many plays adapted from this story were performed on stage. In 1691, Shakespeare rewrote this again.StructureStructure Act I Scene 1~5 Act II Scene 1~2 Act III Scene 1~4 Act IV Scene 1~7 Act V Scene 1~2 StoryStoryAct I: Horatio and two others are on watch at the castle of Elsinore. They see a ghost resembling the late King of Denmark. The specter cannot be persuaded to speak. It vanishes at cockcrow. Claudius thanks his subjects for assistance in the ceremonies at his brother’s funeral and his own marriage. He also sends ambassadors to curb Fortinbras’ threatening invasion. Hamlet grieves over his mother’s speedy re-marriage. He is told of the ghost. Laertes warns Ophelia of Hamlet’s attentions. Polonius orders Ophelia to reject Hamlet. The ghost leads Hamlet away, tells him how he was murdered, and asks him to revenge. StoryStoryAct II: Polonius directs someone to look into his son’s private life. Ophelia comes and reports about Hamlet’s symptoms of madness. Polonius decides that Hamlet is mad for love of Ophelia and hurries her off to report the matter to the King. Claudius and Gertrude ask Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to observe Hamlet and determine the cause of his “antic disposition.” News comes that Fortinbras will not invade Denmark. Claudius agrees to observe unseen a meeting between Ophelia and Hamlet. Hamlet suspects that R and G are Claudius’ spies. He arranges for a company of players to perform The Murder of Gonzago. StoryStoryAct III: Ophelia walks where Hamlet will see her. Hamlet enters, greets Ophelia, but then rails against women. He insults Polonius and urges Ophelia to enter a nunnery. Claudius is convinced that Hamlet is not a distracted lover, but a dangerous presence. Hamlet instructs the players and sets Horatio to watch the King’s reaction to the play. He himself sits by Ophelia and jests with her. Claudius leaves during a pantomime. Hamlet passes by Claudius, who repents while kneeling. He faces Gertrude in her chamber. His wild manner makes her cry out for safety, and her outcry makes the eavesdropping Polonius call for help. Hamlet kills Polonius with a thrust through the arras. Claudius gives orders that Hamlet be sent to England.StoryStoryAct IV: Hamlet taunts R and G. Claudius seals his orders to kill Hamlet in England. Fortinbras and his army pass by Hamlet. Hamlet compares himself with Fortinbras, despising himself for his irresolution. The Queen hears of Ophelia’s distracted behavior. Laertes has heard of his father’s death and has come back for revenge. The King calms Laertes. Hamlet returns from a piracy. Claudius and Laertes plan to kill Hamlet in a fencing match by a poisoned rapier and a poisoned drink. Gertrude comes to report the drowning of Ophelia.StoryStoryAct V: Hamlet and Horatio come upon two rustics digging a grave. A funeral party enters and Hamlet discovers that the corpse is that of Ophelia. Laertes expresses grief, Hamlet comes forward, and they have a grapple before they are separated. The fencing match starts. Hamlet scores two hits. Gertrude drinks to his health from the poisoned cup. Laertes pricks Hamlet with the poisoned rapier. Their weapons are exchanged and Laertes is fatally wounded. Gertrude dies. Laertes reveals the plot. Hamlet leaps at Claudius and runs him through. Finally Hamlet insists that Horatio live on to tell the whole story, and names Fortinbras as successor to the Danish throne. nullPlot The sequence of events that create and then resolve a conflictPlot movementBeginning of storyRising actionClimax (peak tension) or Crisis (dramatic turning point)Falling action (fall of tragic hero) Resolution (Point at which conflict ends and outcome is made clear) nullKing Hamlet died Claudius became the new king Gertrude married to Claudius Hamlet met his father’s spirit and knew the truth Hamlet pretended to be mad Hamlet designed a show to prove his suspicion and his uncle’s response firmed the fact Hamlet killed Polonius by accident Ophelia died Hamlet had a duel with Laertes Hamlet finally revenged but died nullPlot movementBeginning of storyRising actionClimax or CrisisFalling action Resolution1 2 34 567 8 910Character AnalysisCharacter AnalysisHamletA real humanist Intelligent Melancholy DelayA real humanistA real humanist believe in man’s power and ability love good, hate evilA real humanistA real humanist What a piece of work is a man, How noble in reason, How infinite in faculties, In form and moving how express and admirable In action how like an angel In apprehension how like a godA real humanistA real humanist 人是何等巧妙的一件天工, 理性何等的高贵, 智能何等的广大, 音容举止是何等的匀称可爱, 行为多么像天使 悟性多么像神明intelligentintelligent pretend to be mad arrange the play keen observermelancholymelancholy facing lots of problems fierce thought conflict delay/hesitation delay/hesitation religious reason deeper reason root of evil Dialogue Dialogue blank verse full of figurative speech large vocabulary Figurative speech Figurative speechSimile Metaphor Contrast Hyperbole Metonymy Pun Satire Dialogue DialogueFrailty, thy name is woman (I.2) 脆弱，你的名字是女人 Doubt thou the stars are fire；Doubt that the sun doth move；Doubt truth to be a liar；But never doubt I love.（II.2） 你可以怀疑星星是火把；你可以怀疑太阳会移动；你可以怀疑事实是谎言；可是不要怀疑我对你的爱意。 Dialogue DialogueThe world is a goodly prison； in which there are many confines，wards and dungeons， Denmark being one o' the worst.（II.2） 世界是一个大囚牢，那里面有那么多监房、囚室、地牢；而丹麦是其中最坏一间。 Dialogue DialogueTo be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. Dialogue Dialogue 生存或毁灭, 这是个必答之问题: 是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击, 还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌, 并将其克服。 此二抉择, 就竟是哪个较崇高? 死即睡眠, 它不过如此! 倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患, 那么, 此结局是可盼的! The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venicenull General information General information The Merchant of Venice is a tragic comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. Though classified as a comedy and sharing certain aspects with other romantic comedies, the play is perhaps most remembered for its dramatic scenes, and is best known for Shylock and the famous 'Hath not a Jew eyes' speech. Also notable is Portia's speech about the 'quality of mercy'.List of CharactersList of Characters Antonio A merchant of Venice, friend of Bassanio and the title character of the play, possessed of an incorrigible dislike of Jews Bassanio a gentleman of Venice, Antonio’s friend, in love with Portia; suitor likewise to herList of CharactersList of Characters Portia a rich heiress from Belmont, leading female character of this play, beautiful and intelligent Shylock a rich Jew, moneylender, father of Jessica List of CharactersList of Characters Jessica daughter of Shylock, in love with Lorenzo Lorenzo Friend of Antonio and Bassanio, in love with Jessica Nerissa Portia’s waiting-maidSourceSource The forfeit of a merchant's deadly bond after standing surety for a friend's loan was a common tale in England in the late sixteenth century. The test of the suitors at Belmont, the merchant's rescue from the "pound of flesh" penalty by his friend's new wife disguised as a lawyer and her demand for the betrothal ring in payment are all present in the 14th century tale Pecorone by Giovanni Fiorentino, which was published in Milan in 1558. Elements of the trial scene are also found in The Orator by Alexandre Sylvane, published in translation in 1596.StructureStructure Act I Scene 1~3 Act II Scene 1~9 Act III Scene 1~5 Act IV Scene 1~2 Act V Scene 1 PerformancePerformance The earliest performance of which a record has survived was held at the court of King James in the spring of 1605, followed by a second performance a few days later, but there is no record of any further performances in the seventeenth century. In 1701, George Granville staged a successful adaptation, titled The Jew of Venice. This version (which featured a masque) was popular, and was acted for the next forty years. nullPlotCharacter AnalysisCharacter AnalysisAntonio Title character yet lackluster Melancholy CrueltyMelancholyMelancholy Antonio: Pray God Bassanio come, To see me pay his debt, And then I care not. (III,3.35-36)MelancholyMelancholy Antonio: Commend me to your honorable wife: Tell her the process of Antonio's end, Say how I lov'd you, speak me fair in death; And, when the tale is told, bid her be judge Whether Bassanio had not once a love. Bassanio: But life itself, my wife, and all the world Are not with me esteemed above thy life; I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all Here to this devil, to deliver you. (IV,i)MelancholyMelancholy 安东尼奥：替我向尊夫人致意，告诉她安东尼奥的结 局；对她说我怎样爱你，又怎样从容受死；等到你把这一段故事讲完以后，再请她判断一句，巴萨尼奥是不是曾经有过一个真心爱他的朋友 巴萨尼奥：可是我的生命，我的妻子以及整个世界，在我的眼中都不比你的生命更为贵重；我愿意丧失一切，把它们献给这恶魔作牺牲，来救出你的生命。CruelCruelabuse Shylock many times in public force Shylock to convert into ChristianityCharacter AnalysisCharacter AnalysisShylock Typical controversial figure Cruel & bloodthirsty SympatheticnullFour great misers in the world literatureShylock, The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare Grandet, Eugenie.Grandet, Balzac Harpagon, L’ Avare, Molière Plyushkin, Dead Souls, GogolnullShylock’s speech (antisemitic)Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction. (Act III, scene I)nullShylock’s speechWhat judgment should I fear, doing no wrong? You have among you many a purchased slave, Which like your asses, and your dogs and mules You use in abject and in slavish parts because you bought them. Shall I say to you, let them be free? Marry them to your heirs Why sweat they under burdens Let their beds be made as soft as yours Their palates seasoned with your food You will answer, the slaves are ours So do I answer you, the pound of flesh that I demand of him is dearly bought Tis mine! And I will have it Character AnalysisCharacter AnalysisPortia Beautiful Wealthy Quick-wittedQuizQuizWhat would you do if you were Hamlet after hearing the truth of your father’s death? Do you believe Hamlet is a hero? Why or why not? Discuss Portia’s character. How does she compare to the men around her? Is Bassanio a worthy husband for her? Is Shylock sympathetic? Why or why not? Who impress you most in these two plays? And give the detailed reasons Revision Period Revision PeriodWhat is Antonio’s character? Do you believe Shylock is a cruel and bloodthirsty villain or a sympathetic figure? Why? What are the ideal virtues of a female character during Shakespeare’s time? A Sketchy Overview of American Drama A Sketchy Overview of American DramaHow many states are there in U.S.A? How many states are there in American continent? What’s the capital city? What’s the exact date of American National Day? A Sketchy Overview of American Drama A Sketchy Overview of American DramaIn 18th and early 19th century development was not obvious Late 19th century some dramatists made attempt In 20th century American drama came to its first climax A Sketchy Overview of American Drama A Sketchy Overview of American DramaReasons: stimulus from European drama moved by American poetry and fiction Phenomenon: experimental theatres sprang up European works on the stage American dramatists attract attention Broadway A Sketchy Overview of American Drama A Sketchy Overview of American DramaRepresentative dramatists: Eugene O’Neill Long Day’s Journey into Night Elmer Rice The Adding Machine Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie A Street Car Named Desire