独立主格结构with

nullnull Absolute Construction 独立主格结构null一、 独立主格结构的构成： 英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看，它是一个独立的成分，而不是句子（因为句中没有谓语），在句中主要用作状语，通常可转换成状语从句。 英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式：null1. 名词或代词+现在分词 名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如： Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。nullAll this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. 那段时间，他们都很快就入睡了，没有人知道发生了什么事。 null2. 名词或代词+过去分词 名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作。如： This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。 She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。nullArthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后，他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。 As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted. 迄今全部完成任务的人很少，在座的人除外。 His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 null3. 名词或代词+不定式 名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。nullWe divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。 null4. 名词或代词+形容词或副词 形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如： He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. nullThe people, their livelihood secure, now have the leisure to take up sports. 现在人民生活有了保障，就有时间参加体育活动了 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 null5.名词或代词+介词短语 介词短语也是用来说明代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如： The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。nullThe old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来，面颊上还带有泪痕。 Glasses in hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。   null 二、 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。三、独立主格结构的句法功能三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。1. 作时间状语1. 作时间状语School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。2. 作条件状语2. 作条件状语It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。 Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。 3. 作原因状语3. 作原因状语The meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry. 由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。 Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。4. 作伴随状语4. 作伴随状语Mr. Li comes here, a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。 A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问我们要什么。null表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 nullThe murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied.He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.null1. 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.　( hand前不能加his)null Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.  null2. 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. null3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构： The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.  null4.独立主格与状语从句的转换 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： 1.After class was over the students soon left the classroom. Class being over / Class over, the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了教室。  null2. The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 3. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. null5. 独立主格的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。  null1.Weather ___, we'll go out for a walk. A. permitted B. permitting C. permits D. For 本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. null2.____, we went home. A. Our homework finished B. Our homework having been finished C. Our homework finishing D. Our homework been finishednull3.The meeting ____, he went back to his company. A. over B. been over C. was over D. have been overnull4.Time ____,we shall visit the zoo. A. been permitting B. permitting C. permitted D. having been permittednull5. ____, he put on his coat. It being cold B. It cold C. Being cold D. It having been coldnull6. He left the room ____. A. with the door closing B. with the door closed C. with the door being closednullPractice Time 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which  B. that  C. whom     D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Sincenull3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which null4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it null5. The cave ______ very dark, he lit some candles _______ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give null6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering    C. holding; covered D. held; covering null7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze      B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze null8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. had been finishednull9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their      B. whose C. which          D. thatnull10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others null11.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _______ at the end of last March A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched null12. ____ for a long time, the fields are all dried up. A. There has been no rain  B. Having no rain C. There having been no rain 　 D. There being no rainnull13.. More and more advanced farm machines ____ , the agricultural production increased tremendously. A. using 　 B. having used　 C. having been used D. to have been usednull14. ____ a fine day, we decided to go for a picnic. A. Having been B. Being C. What D. It beingnull15. All flights ____ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been cancelled B. were cancelled C. have been cancelled D. having been cancelled null1—5 DCACD 6—10 CDBAD 11—15 BCCDD