高英第一册 What27s a dictionary for课件

UnitEleven:ButWhat’saDictionaryFor?TeachingProcedureIndividualpresentationonNoahWebsterandWebster’sThirdNewInternational2.Discussiononquestionaboutwhat’sadictionaryfor:Part1.(Para.1-3)1)sumsuptheworstattacksonthedictionary2) statestheclaimofthecompilers3)callsforanexaminationofdictionarymaking,hencethequestionof“what’sadictionaryfor?”3.HomeworkNoahWebster’sHouse anAmericanlexicographer, journalist, textbookauthor, spellingreformer, advocateofculturalindependenceoftheUnitedStates translatoroftheBible anardentfederalistNoahWebster’sdictionaries1)ACompendiousDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:hisfirstdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage(1806)2)AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:hismagnumopus,thefirstedition(1828)3)AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:thesecondedition(1840)4)publishingrightsofhisdictionarywereacquiredbyGeorgeandCharlesMerriam(1843)5)GeorgeandCharlesMerriambroughtoutaversioneditedbyNoahWebster’sson-in-law,professorChaunceyA.GoodrichofYaleCollege(1847)----The1847editionbecamethefirstMerriam-Websterunabridgeddictionary.6)Thesecondeditionwaspublishedin1934.(Thefirsteditionandsecondeditionwerebasedonprescriptivelinguistics.)7)Thethirdedition(Webster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary)waspublishedin1961.(withPhilipB.Gove,afamousdescriptivelinguistasitseditor)(Itwasbasedondescriptivelinguistics)Content:2752pages,over460,000entries,200,000usageexamples,over3,000pictorialillustrations,morethan1,000synonymarticles;anadditionof100,000newwordsornewdefinitionsthatwerenotincludedintheSecondInternational.2)threevirtuesindictionarymaking:accuracy,clearness,comprehensiveness3)enormousworkandmoney:over200permanentstaffoflanguageexpertsandover100specialoutsideconsultantsspent27yearsand$3.5million.Atotalof10millioncitationswerecollectedasbackgroundfordefinition.Para.11.WhathappenedwhentheWTNIDappeared?   2.Howdidthewell-known,well-received newspapersandmagazinesgreettheWTNID?  3.Inthelastsentence,there’sasarcasm,howdoyouunderstandthewriter’ssarcasticmeaningandtranslatethelastsentenceofthisparagraph?4.Identifythefiguresofspeechusedinthispara.5.Howisthisparagraphdeveloped?2.DiscussiononPart.1Atlantic,NewYorkTimes,Life,TheJournalofAmericanbarAssociationtheAtlantic:Americanmonthlyjournal,doinginvestigativejournalism,fictionandpoetryItview…as…b. theNewYorkTimes:dailynewspaper;consideredthemostreputabledailybymany.EquivalenttoLondonTimes.ItputsoutahugeSundayissuecoveringjustabouteverything—news,sports,arts,etc.---alsomagazinesection.•       Itfelt…andaccused…of…c.TheAmericanBarAssociation:Barheremeanslawyercollectively;orthelegalprofession,e.g.becalledtotheBar(bereceivedasamemberoftheBar);readfortheBar(studytobecomeabarrister).Itsawthepublicationas… d.Life:Americanpopularpictorialmagazine.Itcalledit…anddoubtedthat…TheInfluentialNewspapersinAmerica1.TheNewYorkTimes2.WashingtonPost3.TheWallStreetJournal4.TheLosAngelesTimes5.TheNewYorkDailyNewsTheInfluentialNewspapersinAmerica1.Time2.Reader’sDigest3.Life4.Playboy5.FortuneThrowlighton---Ifsth.throwsorcastslightonsth.else,itmakesiteasiertounderstand,becausemoreinformationhasbeenaddedtowhatwaspreviouslyknown;reveal.Eg.Hisremarkthrowslightontheproblem(mentionedlastyear).1)Theydoubtedthat……..Theydidn’tbelievethatLincohncouldhavewrittenhisfamousGettysburgAddresswiththelanguagedescribedinthe3rdInternationalasamodel.ThisrevealsthatLife’seditorsdon’treallyknowhowthingsgetwritten.Asuccessfulwritingisnotmadebyadictionarybutbytheauthor’spassionandflexibleuseoflanguage.2)aconceptofhowthingsgetwritten…….ThisconceptcanprovidelittleinformationonhowLincohnwrotehisAddress,butitdoesexplainhowtheeditorsofLifewritetheirarticles.Theyareignorantenoughtosuggestwritingwithadictionaryasamodel.Paraphraseexercise1.Neverhasascholarlyworkofthisstaturebeenattackedwithsuchunbridledfuryandcontempt.2.…acceleratethedeteriorationofthelanguageandsternlyaccusedtheeditorsofbetrayingapublictrust.3.…aflagrantexampleoflexicographicirresponsibility.Para.2Mainidea:WTNIDisamassivework.1.Doyouknowtheallusionof“SoundandFury”?2.Whyisitclaimedasamassivework?Explaintheimpliedmeaninginthelastsentence. Para.3.Thewriterexplained,examinedbasicprinciplesofcompilingdictionarieswithsomequestions.1.Explainthefirstsentence. SoundandFuryThewriterisusingaquotationfromShakespeare’sMacbeth,ActV,SceneIV,L:26-28“..it(life)isataleToldbyanidiot,fullofSoundandfurySignifyingnothing.”生活(人生)犹如痴人说梦，充满了喧嚣与骚动，却没有任何意义。Thismonologue,tosomeextent,embodiedthethemeofthenovelSoundandFury,thegreatclassiccreatedbytheAmericanwriter---WilliamFaulkner(1897—1962).SoundandFury The“SoundandFury”isagoodexampletoillustrateFaulkner’sconcernincreativewriting.ThenovelisacomplexaccountofthebreakdownoftheoncedistinguishedandhonoredCompsonfamily.Foursectionsareincludedinthenovellargelyreliantonstreamofconsciousness. 这段独白在某种意义上说体现了<<喧嚣与骚动>>的主题思想.小说主人公是南方没落贵族康普生一家.中心人物是康的女儿凯蒂.虽然作者没为她专门写一章,但她是一根线,将四大部分连成一体.作者打破传统小说着重刻画主人公的做法,从其他人物的眼光和他们的生活经历来展示凯蒂的浮沉和她在家族中的地位.它既是家族成员,又是家族破落的象征. Para.4.5Twobriefstatementsaboutdictionaries1.Whatwasthefirststatement?2.ExplainthelastsentenceofPara.4.3.Whatwasthesecondstatement?4.Whatfigureofspeechisusedin“much-toutedSecondInternationalandthemuch-cloutedThirdInternational”? 5.Whatistheimpliedmeaningin“notlikethedifferencebetweentheyearlymodelsbutlikethedifferencebetweenthehorseandbuggyandautomobile”? isnotsuperficial(likethedifferencebetweentheyearlymodelsofthesamecar)butsubstantial(likethedifferencebetweentwoentirelydifferentmeansoftransportation)AssonanceAssonanceistherepetitionofavowelsoundwithinwords.freeandeasy;makethegrade;Timeandtidewaitfornoman.AssonanceinProseProsewriterssometimesrepeatvowelsoundstoreinforcethemeaningofthewords.Italsohelpstocreatemoods.Here,thelongosoundsmysterious.Poetryisold,ancient,goesbackfar.Itisamongtheoldestoflivingthings.Soolditisthatnomanknowshowandwhythefirstpoemscame. --CarlSandburg,EarlyMoonAssonanceinPoetryInpoetry,too,assonancestresseswordsandmoods.Andso,allthenight-tide,IliedownbythesideOfmydarling,mydarling,mylifeandmybride.--EdgarAllanPoe,"AnnabelLee“"“AsIwasgoingtoSt.Ives, Imetamanwithsevenwives, Everywifehadsevensacks, everysackhadsevencats, Everycathadsevenkittens: kittens,cats,sacksandwives, HowmanyweregoingtoSt.Ives.”"Ifeeltheneed,theneedforspeed."Para.61. What’sthefigurativemeaningin“getsitscharter”? 2.WhatkindofscholarwasBloom-field?3.WhatdoyouknowaboutStrunk’sElement ? Para.7:Themajorbasicfindingofdescriptivelinguistics.1.Whatshouldlinguistsdowhentheystudyalanguage?2.Whydowesayeachlanguageisauniquelanguage? 3. Inpointthree,whatfeaturesdoesalanguagehave?4. Accordingtothewriter,whatdoescorrectnessbasedon? Strunk Strunk’sElementsofStyle:ThisvolumeonlanguagestylewasoriginatedbyStrunktoafreshmanclassatCornellUniversity(NewYorkState)intheformoflectures.DescriptivelinguisticsLinguisticsisthescienceoflanguage,includingphonology音韵学,morphology词法学,syntax句法学,andsemantics词义学.Itissub-dividedintodescriptive,historical,comparative,geographical,socialapplied,etc.linguistics.Descriptivelinguisticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichdescribesthestructureofalanguageorlanguagesastheyexist,withoutreferencetotheirhistoriesortocomparisonwithotherlanguages.Para.8.1. Inordertobecomprehensive,whatdoesadictionaryinclude?Para.9.1. Whyarenewdictionariesneeded?2. Whatistheaverageperiodoftwogenerations?3. Whatdoesadictionaryhavetodowiththechanges? Para.10.1.WhathascausedthechangesinEnglishlanguage?2.Accordingtothewriter,whatdoeshethinkofthelanguageusedintoday’spublications? Para.11.1.Whatdoesthefirstsentencemeaninthiscontext?2. HowdidthewriterrefutetheLifeandTheNewYorkTimesandTheWashingtonPost? Para.12.1.WhatkindoflanguagedoestheThirdInternationaldescribe?Para.13.1.Whatshouldthepapersdowiththelanguage?2.Explaintheimpliedmeaningofthelastsentence "Iftheeditorialswereserious,thepublic......onthesepublicationsaremoreliteratethantheeditors."Para.14.1.Whydoesthecommonreaderconsultadictionary?2.WhatisthefulltruthaboutAmericanEnglishtoday?3.Explain"certaintyisimpossibleandsimplificationismisleading".Iftheeditorialswereserious…..Thesentenceimpliedthatitisaluckythingthatthewritersonthesepublicationsarenotasignorantastheeditors.Iftheeditorialswereserious,theeditorswouldsticktothelanguagedescribedinthedictionarycompiledinthe30s,andiftheydidso,theirpublicationswouldbeunreadableandnobodywouldsubscribetothemandasamatteraresult,theywouldceasetobringprofitstotheirshare-holders.(sarcastictonehere)Para.15.1.Paraphrase"Eveninsosettledamatterasspelling,adictionarycannotalwaysbeabsolute."2.Paraphrase"Butneitherhisvanitynorhispurseisanyconcernofthedictionary's."3.Whatkindoffactsshouldthedictionaryrecord?4.Whatdoesthewritersayaboutspelling?Para.16.&17.1.Whatdoesthewritersayaboutpronunciation?2.Paraphrase"Hasthedictionaryabdicatedits responsibility?3.Howdoyouunderstand"lexicography,likeGod,isnorespecterofpersons.?What'sthefigureofspeechusedinthissentence?4.Explainthissentence"Butbecausesowide-spreadandconspicuousauseoftwopronunciationsamongpeopleofthiselevationshowsthattherearetwopronunciations."　Para.18.1.Howdoesareaderandanauthoruseadictionarydifferently?2.Whatdoes"this"refertointhelastsentence?Para.19-211.Whatdoestheword"furnish"meaninthefirstsentence?2.Explain"abdicationofauthority"and"barbarism".3.What'sthePost'seditorial'sattitudetothedefinitionof"door"offeredbytheThirdInternational?4.Explain"takestheplain,downright,man-in-the-streetattitude".Para.22.1.What'sthebiggestboobytrapsmentionedinthefirstsentence?2.Accordingtotheauthor,howdowedealwiththehabitualtermsinadictionary?3.WhywasDr.Johnsonridiculed?Para.23.1.Explaintheimpliedmeaningofthefirstsentence.2.Whatshouldalexicographerdoinordertosortoutmeaningsincludedunder"door"?Para.24.whatdoes"thefineprintinthelease"mean?Para.25.&26.1.WhydoestheauthorfirstgototheSecondInternational,andthengoontotheThirdInternational?2.Whichonedoestheauthorprefer,accuracyorbrevity?3.Explain"inthedefinitionwhichraisedthePost'sbloodpressure." thefineprintintheleaseLease---acontractbywhichalandlordgivesatenanttheuseofaroomorroomsforaspecifiedtimeandforfixedpayment.Themajorconditionsoftheleaseareusu.printedinlargecharacters(largeprint).Butsomequiteimportantprovisions(条款)maybeprintedinverysmallcharacters(fineprint)bythelandlordtodupe(欺骗)histenantbecausehedoesn’texpectthetenanttoreadthefineprint,becausetheymayincludesuchdetailsasthenumberofrooms,furniture,etc..Para.27.1.HastheThirdNewInternationalDictionaryanyfaults?Whataretheyifithas?2.Paraphrase"Nothingthattriestomeetanever-changingsituationoveraterrainasvastascontemporaryEnglishcanhopetobefreeofthem."3.Explain"Andmuchinitisopentohonest,andinformed,disagreement."Para.28.1.Whatiscertainaccordingtothisparagraph?6.RhetoricalDevices1)metonymy2)synecdoche3) sarcasm4)alliteration2)   synecdocheSynecdochemeansgivingthepartforthewholeorviceversa,usingakindofthingtorepresentanotherbigkindorviceversa,andusingrawmaterialtorepresentthethingmadeofit.a.UsetheparttorepresentthewholeTwentyyearslaterwhenhecamebacktohishometown,hesawmanynewfaces.(strangers)Thefarmsareshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.(workers)Hehasafleetoffiftysails.(ships)Greatmindsthinkalike.(greatpersons)a. UsethewholetorepresentthepartThescoreis2to1infavorofChina.(Chineseteam)Theworldstandsbyourside.b. Useakindofthingtorepresentanotherbigkind.Itissaidthatthecutthroatstillremainsatlarge.c. Useabigkindofthingtorepresentanotherkindofthing.Thepoorcreaturecouldnolongerendurehersufferings.(awoman)d. Userawmaterialtorepresentthethingmadeofit.Thefamilyhasbeenontheboardssincethegrandfather’stime.(thestage)e. Useconcretethingstorepresentabstractthingsorviceversa.synecdoche ThereisamixtureofthetigerandapeinthecharacterofFrenchman.(‘tiger’and‘ape’standsforthequalityof‘ferocity’and‘cunningness’) Allthewitandlearningwereassembledhere.(thewit—thecleverandwisepeople;learning—learnedpeople)4）Alliteration(头韵) Alliterationisafigureofspeechwhichistheuseincloseproximityoftwoormoresoundsthatbeginwiththesamesound,orsequenceofsound.Forexample, Astrongmanstrugglingwiththestormsofstate. Somephrases: Forgiveandforget Partandparcel Asbusyasabee Iwishyoutobehearty,happy,healthyduringtheNationalholiday.7.QuestionsforDiscussion1.WhatcriticalviewsdidthepopularpressexpressonthepublicationofWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary2. Howmucheffortandmoneywasspentonthemakingofthisdictionary?3.  Whyarenewdictionariesneeded?4. Whatdoesthewritersayaboutspellingandpronunciation?5.  HastheThirdNewInternationalDictionaryanyfaults?