TPO-47 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第1篇

RomanCulturalInfluenceonBritainAftertheRomanEmpire’sconquestofBritaininthefirstcenturyA.D.,thepresenceofadministrators,merchants,andtroopsonBritishsoil,alongwiththenaturalflowofideasandgoodsfromtherestoftheempire,hadanenormousinfluenceonlifeintheBritishIsles.Culturalinfluenceswereofthreetypes:thebringingofobjects,thetransferofcraftworkers,andtheintroductionofmassivecivilarchitecture.Manyobjectswerenotartineventhebroadestsenseandcomprisedutilitarianitemsofclothing,utensils,andequipment.Weshouldnotunderestimatethesocialstatusassociatedwithsuchmundanepossessionswhichhadnotpreviouslybeenavailable.ThefloodingofBritainwithred-glosspotteryformGaul(modern-dayFrance),decoratedwithscenesfromClassicalmythology,probablybroughtmanyintocontactwiththestylesandartisticconceptsoftheGreco-Romanworldforthefirsttime,whetherornotthesymbolismwasunderstood.Mass-producedgoodswereaccompaniedbyfewermoreaestheticallyimpressiveobjectssuchasstatuettes.Suchpiecesperhapsfirstcamewithofficialsfortheirownreligiousworship;otherswerethenacquiredbynativeleadersasdiplomaticgiftsorbypurchase.Onceseenbythenatives,suchobjectscreatedafashionwhichrapidlyspreadthroughtheprovince.Inthemostextremeinstances,nativesliterallyboughtthewholepackageofRomanculture.TheFishbournevilla,builtinthethirdquarterofthefirstcenturyA.D.,probablyforthenativeclientkingCogidubnus,amplyillustrateshisRomanpretensions.ItwasconstructedinthelatestItalianstylewithimportedmarblesandstylishmosaics.ItwaslavishlyfurnishedwithimportedsculpturesandotherClassicalobjects.AvisitorfromRomewouldhaverecognizeditsownerasaparticipantinthecontemporarycultureoftheempire,notatallprovincialintaste.Evenifthosefromthetraditionalfamilieslookeddownonhim,theywouldhavebeenunabletodismisshimasuncultured.Althoughexceptional,thisdemonstrateshownewculturalsymbolsboundprovincialstotheidentifyoftheRomanworld.Suchexamplesestablishedastandardtobecopied.Oneresultwasaninfluxofcraftworker,particularlythoseskilledinartisticmedialikestone-carvingwhichhadnotexistedbeforetheconquest.CivilianworkerscamemostlyfromGaulandGermany.ThemagnificenttemplebuiltbesidethesacredspringatBathwasconstructedonlyabouttwentyyearsaftertheconquest.ItsdetailshowsthatitwascarvedbyartistsfromnortheastGaul.IntheabsenceofatraditionofClassicalstone-carvingandbuilding,thedesiretodevelopRomanamenitieswouldhavebeendifficulttofulfill.AdministratorsthususedtheirpersonalcontactstoputtheBritonsintouchwitharchitectsandmasons.AsmanyoftheofficialsinBritainhadstronglinkswithGaul,itisnotsurprisingthatearlyRomanBritainowesmuchtocraftworkersfromthatarea.Localworkshopsdiddevelopandstylisticallysimilargroupsofsculptureshowhowskillsinthisnewmediumbecamewiderspread.Likewiseskillsintheuseofmosaic,wallpainting,ceramicdecoration,andmetal-workingdevelopedthroughouttheprovincewiththeeventualemergenceofcharacteristicallyRomano-Britishstyles.Thisarthadamajorimpactonthenativepeoples,andoneofthemostimportancefactorswasachangeinthescaleofbuildings.Pre-RomanBritainwashighlylocalized,withpeoplerarelytravelingbeyondtheirownregion.Onoccasionlargegroupsamassedforwarorreligiousfestivals,butsocietyremainedcenteredonsmallcommunities.Architectureofthiserareflectedthiswitheventhelargestofthefortifiedtownsandhillfortscontainingnomorethanclustersofmedium-sizedstructures.Thespacesinsideeventhelargestroundhousesweremodest,andtheuseofroundedshapesandorganicbuildingmaterialsgavebuildingsahumanscale.ButtheeffectofRomancivilarchitecturewassignificant.ThesheersizeofspaceenclosedwithinbuildingslikethebasilicaofLondonmusthavebeenastonishing.Thiswasanarchitectureofdominanceinwhichsubjectpeopleswereliterallymadetofeelsmallbybuildingsthatepitomizedimperialpower.Supremacywasaccentuatedbytheunyieldingstraightlinesofbothindividualbuildingsandplannedsettlementssincethesetooprovidedamarkedcontrastwiththenaturalcurvilinearshapesdominantinthenativerealm.Passage1AftertheRomanEmpire’sconquestofBritaininthefirstcenturyA.D.,thepresenceofadministrators,merchants,andtroopsonBritishsoil,alongwiththenaturalflowofideasandgoodsfromtherestoftheempire,hadanenormousinfluenceonlifeintheBritishIsles.Culturalinfluenceswereofthreetypes:thebringingofobjects,thetransferofcraftworkers,andtheintroductionofmassivecivilarchitecture.Manyobjectswerenotartineventhebroadestsenseandcomprisedutilitarianitemsofclothing,utensils,andequipment.Weshouldnotunderestimatethesocialstatusassociatedwithsuchmundanepossessionswhichhadnotpreviouslybeenavailable.ThefloodingofBritainwithred-glosspotteryformGaul(modern-dayFrance),decoratedwithscenesfromClassicalmythology,probablybroughtmanyintocontactwiththestylesandartisticconceptsoftheGreco-Romanworldforthefirsttime,whetherornotthesymbolismwasunderstood.Mass-producedgoodswereaccompaniedbyfewermoreaestheticallyimpressiveobjectssuchasstatuettes.Suchpiecesperhapsfirstcamewithofficialsfortheirownreligiousworship;otherswerethenacquiredbynativeleadersasdiplomaticgiftsorbypurchase.Onceseenbythenatives,suchobjectscreatedafashionwhichrapidlyspreadthroughtheprovince.1.Theword“mundane”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.materialB.ordinaryC.valuedD.useful2.Paragraph1suggeststhatonebenefitforBritishnativesinbuyingsuchitemsasred-glosspotterymadeinGaulwasA.improvedqualityofutilitarianitemsB.UnderstandingthesymbolismofClassicalmythologyC.highersocialstandingD.Learningtomass-producepotteryforaprofit3.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingideasaboutcontactsthatexistedbetweenBritainandtheRomanEmpirebeforetheRomanconquestofBritain?A.TheyweresufficientfornativeBritonstobecomefamiliarwitheverydayRomanobjects.B.TheywerenotsufficientforevenverybasicaspectsofthecultureoftheRomanEmpiretofindtheirwayintoBritishlife.C.TheywerenotsufficientforBritishtohaveheardofthepoweroftheRomanEmpire.D.TheyweresufficientforindividualBritonstobecomeveryinterestedintryingtoparticipateinthecultureoftheRomanEmpire.Passage2Inthemostextremeinstances,nativesliterallyboughtthewholepackageofRomanculture.TheFishbournevilla,builtinthethirdquarterofthefirstcenturyA.D.,probablyforthenativeclientkingCogidubnus,amplyillustrateshisRomanpretensions.ItwasconstructedinthelatestItalianstylewithimportedmarblesandstylishmosaics.ItwaslavishlyfurnishedwithimportedsculpturesandotherClassicalobjects.AvisitorfromRomewouldhaverecognizeditsownerasaparticipantinthecontemporarycultureoftheempire,notatallprovincialintaste.Evenifthosefromthetraditionalfamilieslookeddownonhim,theywouldhavebeenunabletodismisshimasuncultured.Althoughexceptional,thisdemonstrateshownewculturalsymbolsboundprovincialstotheidentifyoftheRomanworld.4.Theword“lavishly”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.exclusivelyB.additionallyC.appropriatelyD.richly5.Accordingtoparagraph2,thestyleandfurnishingsoftheFishbournevillasuggestthatthepersonforwhomitwasbuiltwasA.culturedaccordingtothecontemporarystandardsoftheempireB.caughtbetweennativeandRomantraditionsC.originallyavisitorfromRomeD.amemberofasociallyinferiorfamilyPassage3Suchexamplesestablishedastandardtobecopied.Oneresultwasaninfluxofcraftworker,particularlythoseskilledinartisticmedialikestone-carvingwhichhadnotexistedbeforetheconquest.CivilianworkerscamemostlyfromGaulandGermany.ThemagnificenttemplebuiltbesidethesacredspringatBathwasconstructedonlyabouttwentyyearsaftertheconquest.ItsdetailshowsthatitwascarvedbyartistsfromnortheastGaul.IntheabsenceofatraditionofClassicalstone-carvingandbuilding,thedesiretodevelopRomanamenitieswouldhavebeendifficulttofulfill.AdministratorsthususedtheirpersonalcontactstoputtheBritonsintouchwitharchitectsandmasons.AsmanyoftheofficialsinBritainhadstronglinkswithGaul,itisnotsurprisingthatearlyRomanBritainowesmuchtocraftworkersfromthatarea.Localworkshopsdiddevelopandstylisticallysimilargroupsofsculptureshowhowskillsinthisnewmediumbecamewiderspread.Likewiseskillsintheuseofmosaic,wallpainting,ceramicdecoration,andmetal-workingdevelopedthroughouttheprovincewiththeeventualemergenceofcharacteristicallyRomano-Britishstyles.6.Theword“sacred”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.holyB.ancientC.naturalD.Secret7.Accordingtoparagraph3,onefactorcontributingtosuccessoftheearliestRoman-styleconstructionprojectsinBritainwasA.thefactthatlongbeforetheconquestmanycivilianworkersfromGaulandGermanyhadsettledinBritainB.therapiddevelopmentofcharacteristicallyRomano-BritishstylesC.theavailability,innortheastGaul,ofstructuresthatcouldserveasstandardstobecopiedD.theuse,byadministrators,ofpersonalconnectionstobringcraftworkersformGaulintocontactwithBritonsPassage4Thisarthadamajorimpactonthenativepeoples,andoneofthemostimportancefactorswasachangeinthescaleofbuildings.Pre-RomanBritainwashighlylocalized,withpeoplerarelytravelingbeyondtheirownregion.Onoccasionlargegroupsamassedforwarorreligiousfestivals,butsocietyremainedcenteredonsmallcommunities.Architectureofthiserareflectedthiswitheventhelargestofthefortifiedtownsandhillfortscontainingnomorethanclustersofmedium-sizedstructures.Thespacesinsideeventhelargestroundhousesweremodest,andtheuseofroundedshapesandorganicbuildingmaterialsgavebuildingsahumanscale.ButtheeffectofRomancivilarchitecturewassignificant.ThesheersizeofspaceenclosedwithinbuildingslikethebasilicaofLondonmusthavebeenastonishing.Thiswasanarchitectureofdominanceinwhichsubjectpeopleswereliterallymadetofeelsmallbybuildingsthatepitomizedimperialpower.Supremacywasaccentuatedbytheunyieldingstraightlinesofbothindividualbuildingsandplannedsettlementssincethesetooprovidedamarkedcontrastwiththenaturalcurvilinearshapesdominantinthenativerealm.8.Inparagraph4,whydoestheauthormentionthat“Pre-RomanBritainwashighlylocalized,withpeoplerarelytravelingbeyondtheirownregion”?A.TosuggestthattheRomanconquestofBritainincreasedthestandardoflivingfornativesB.Toindicatethatpre-RomanBritainwasmoreinterestedinfestivalsandcommunitylifethanconqueringotherregionsC.ToexplainwhyarchitectureduringthisperiodwasnotbuilttobeparticularlylargeD.ToillustratehowthetraditionalroundhouseevolvedundertheinfluenceofRomancivilarchitecture9.Theword“modest”inthepassageinclosetinmeaningtoA.comfortableB.limitedinnumberC.poorlylitD.notlarge10.Accordingtoparagraph4,peopleinpre-RomanBritainlived,forthemostpart,inA.architecturethatseemedimperialinsizeB.smallcommunitiesC.largeroundhousesD.fortifiedtowns11.Accordingtoparagraph4,whydidstraightlinesinbuildingsandsettlementsemphasizethedominanceofthosewhointroducedthem?A.Becausestraightlineswereincontrasttotheshapesfoundinpre-RomanarchitectureB.Becauseunlikecurvedlines,whichareshapedinallsortsofdifferentways,straightlinesdonodifferC.BecausethedominantlinesinentiresettlementswerethesameasthoseinindividualbuildingsD.Becausebuildingandsettlementswereeasiertoconstructwhenthedominantlineswerestraightlines12.Accordingtoparagraph4,buildingsfromthepre-RomanperioddifferedsharplyfrombuildingsreflectionRomancivilarchitectureineachofthefollowingrespectsEXCEPTA.theiroutsideandinsidedimensionsB.theimpacttheyhadonpeopleC.thegeometricshapesinwhichtheywerebuiltD.thepositioningofbuildingsinclusters13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Practicalandunimpressive,mostwerebarelytallerthantheaverageadult.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.Thisarthadamajorimpactonthenativepeoples,andoneofthemostimportancefactorswasachangeinthescaleofbuildings.Pre-RomanBritainwashighlylocalized,withpeoplerarelytravelingbeyondtheirownregion.Onoccasionlargegroupsamassedforwarorreligiousfestivals,butsocietyremainedcenteredonsmallcommunities.Architectureofthiserareflectedthiswitheventhelargestofthefortifiedtownsandhillfortscontainingnomorethanclustersofmedium-sizedstructures.Thespacesinsideeventhelargestroundhousesweremodest,andtheuseofroundedshapesandorganicbuildingmaterialsgavebuildingsahumanscale.[■]ButtheeffectofRomancivilarchitecturewassignificant.ThesheersizeofspaceenclosedwithinbuildingslikethebasilicaofLondonmusthavebeenastonishing.[■]Thiswasanarchitectureofdominanceinwhichsubjectpeopleswereliterallymadetofeelsmallbybuildingsthatepitomizedimperialpower.[■]Supremacywasaccentuatedbytheunyieldingstraightlinesofbothindividualbuildingsandplannedsettlementssincethesetooprovidedamarkedcontrastwiththenaturalcurvilinearshapesdominantinthenativerealm.[■]14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth3points.Dragyouranswerchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toremoveananswerchoice,clickonit.Toreviewthepassage,clickVIEWTEXT.TheconquestofBritainbytheRomanEmpireresultedinsignificantculturalchange.AnswerChoicesA.NewobjectsenteringBritainrangedfrommass-producedarticlesforeverydayusetoworksofart,andtheywerewidely-andenthusiastically-acceptedbynativeBritons.B.ConstructingandfurnishingbuildingsintheRomanstylerequiredskillsthatnativeworkersdidnotatfirsthave,soworkerswerebroughtinfromotherpartsoftheempire.C.NativeBritonstraveledtoGaultolearnClassicalstone-carvingandbuildingtechniques.D.Theconquestwasfollowedbyabuildingboom,andenoughvillasandtemplesintheItalianstylewerebuiltthatavisitorfromRomewouldhavefeltquiteathomeinpost-conquestBritain.E.AnimportantsymbolofRomansupremacywasRomanarchitecture,whoseenormoussize,emphasizedbytheuseofstraightlines,madethenativesfeelinsignificant.F.CharacteristicallyRomano-Britishconceptstookholdinarchitecture;roundhouseswerebuiltmuchlargerthanbefore,andstraightlinesbegantobeusedininteriorspaces.