现代英语词汇学概论3delete1

Chapter3(构词法)3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding复合构词法3.3Derivation派生构词法3.3.1Prefixation加前缀3.3.2Suffixation加后缀3.4Conversion词类转换法Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?Root/词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem/词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.2)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalizedesirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase)3.2Compounding复合构词法Questions:1.Whatiscompounding?2.Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?3.Theclassificationofcompounding?Whatiscompounding?Compounding/composition:aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.e.g.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentbackTherelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion（书写 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ）:Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.E.g.flowerpotSolid:flowerpotHyphenated:flower-potOpen:flowerpotOrthographiccriterion:Solid=backache;backbite;backbone;backdoor(method)阴谋;background;backstroke仰泳Hyphenated=back-bench后座议员的;back-bencher;back-country边远地区;back-yardOpen=backend（英俗）秋天；backlining衬垫物，衬板;backpay应付而未付的薪金;backseat;backtalk顶嘴2.Phonologicalcriterion（语音标准）:Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.E.g.blacklist黑名单blackboardbluebottle青蝇3.Semanticcriterion（语意标准）:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.E.g.Semanticcriteria:A:birthdayparty;backdoor;bluebelt;ghostdance;树根；针眼B:birthdaysuit裸体的;ghostwriter代笔作家;fingerman眼线;心眼儿；茶根E.g.flowerpotworkdaybackyardNote:wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）flatfoot(apoliceman)blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsbackTheclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Partsofspeech1.n.compounds2.adj.compounds3.v.compoundsb.Syntacticrelationsubjectandverb主谓关系verbandobject动宾关系verbandadverbial谓状关系restrictiverelation限制关系coordinatingrelationship并列关系……thunder-struck(houses)housesarestruckbythunder/thunderstruckthehouseswell-behaved(person)Thepersonbehaveshimselfwell.peacelovingpeoplepeoplelovepeaceanocean-going(ship)Ashipgoacrossocean.Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_____houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A.time-consumedB.timely-consumedC.time-consumingD.timely-consuming答案：C风蚀岩石weather-beatenrocks日晒的健康肤色suntanned(skin)吹毛求疵的人afault-findingperson破纪录的速度arecord-breakingspeed免税的tax-free无忧无虑的care-free防火的fire-proof隔音的sound-proof滴水不漏的water-tight密封的，不漏气的air-tight没膝深的knee-deep齐肩高的shoulder-high终身的lifelong晶莹剔透的Cristal-clear苦乐参半的bittersweet谈论的话题talked-abouttopic杜撰的故事made-upstory24小时看守round-the-clockwatch作现场勘查makeanonthespotinspection3.3Derivation派生构词法Questions:1.Whatisderivation?2.Whatiscombiningform?Andwhatdifferencebetweenacombiningformandanaffix?3.Theclassificationofderivation.backDerivation/affixation:aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.e.g.recover=re+coverworker=work+erbackAcombiningform[构词成分]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.e.g.autobiographyhydromechanics水力学televisionautobiographyauto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarmautocracy(auto+alarm)(auto+cracy)(self+to+weapon)(self+ruling)hydromechanicshydro-=hydòr(Gk)=waterhydro-airplanehydrographydehydratehydrogentelevisiontele-=tele(Gk)=farofftelecontroltelephone3.3.1PrefixationQuestion:1.Whatisprefixation?2.Theclassificationofprefixes3.SomeproductiveprefixesPrefixation:addingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.donotgenerallyaltertheword-classofthebaseClassificationofprefixes:1.negativeprefixes（反意前缀）:un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-2.reversative/privativeprefixes（相反动作前缀）:un-,de-,dis-,3.pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4.prefixesofdegreeorsize（等级与大小前缀）:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-5.prefixesofattitude（态度取向前缀）:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-6.locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7.prefixesoftimeandorder（时间顺序前缀）:for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-8.numberprefixes（常用数字前缀）:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-9.miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-back(1)Negativeprefixes:un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-un-uneasy,unrest,unmerciful,unmistakablenon-nonbusiness,non-smoker,non-scientific,in-,im-,il-,ir-,insane,inconsistent,impolite,immortal,illogical,illiterate,irresponsible,irregulardis-dishonest,disambiguate,discancer=todepriveofcancera-an-=lackoforlackinginamoral,atheism无神论,asymmetry,anarchy无政府状态,apathy,anonymous(2)reversativeprefixes(un-,de-,dis-,)un-unpack,undo,unclothe,undress,unscrewde-derecognize,deplane,de-pollution,de-industralization,derail,deregulatedis-disconnect,disinfect,discolor,discontent,disposable(3)pejorativeprefixes(mis-,mal-,pseudo-)mis-misunderstand,misconception,misdail,misdoing,mal-maltreatment,malfunction,mal-development,malformed,malodorous有恶臭的,malnutritionpseudo-=false,imitatione.g.pseudoscience,pseudonym,pseudohemophilia(假血友病),pseudograph(伪作)（4)prefixesofdegreeorsizearch-,super,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-,sur)Degreeorsizearch-=supreme,highest,worstout-=better,faster,longerhyper-=over,aboveultra-=beyond,extremelysur-=overandabove,.archbishop,archangel,ArchFiend=Satan,archfoeoutgrow,outlive,outwit,outdate,outdohypercritical,hypersensitive,hypertension,hyperboleultraviolet，ultrapure,ultraleft.surpass,surreal,surcharge,surmount,surtax,(5)prefixesofattitude(co-,counter-,anti-,pro-)co-coeducation,coexistence,co-author,counter-counteraction,counterattack,counterrevolutionary,counterphobic对抗恐惧的,anti-anticancer,antiwar,antibacteria,anti-clockwise,pro-pro-communism,pro-EuropeanUnionist赞成欧洲一体化(6)locativeprefixes(super-,sub-,inter-,trans-)sub-subconscious,subway,submarine,subdivide,subordinate,inter-international,interdisciplinary,intercom,trans-transatlantic,transplant,transform,(7)prefixesoftimeandorderfore-foretell,foresee,foresight,forethought,foreword,forewarnpre/pro-prescribe,proscribe=tooutlaw,tobanish,exile(pro-canmeanforward)post-postnatal出生后的,postwar,postgraduateex-ex-wife,ex-president,(ex-=outexcavate,exceed,excise消费税,expand)(8)numberprefixesuni-unite,unicorn,unisex,unilateral,universemono-monotone,monolingual,monogamy,monologue,monotheism,monoxidedi-,bi-carbondioxide,bicycleTri-tricycle,tripod,trilateralquadri-quadrisect四等分,quadrifoliate(有四叶的)（8）Continuedpenta-pentagon五角形,pentarchy五国联合,pentathlon五项全能,pentathletehex-sex-hexapod六足动物;hexapartite六部分的=sexpartitesept-septenary七个的,septangle,septuplet(7个一组)oct-octangle,octavo(8开本)nov-novena(连续9日之祈祷)，novennial每九年的,dec-decade,decimal,(8)continuedpoly-polysemy,polycentric多中心的,polyglot(writtenindifferentlanguages)multi-multipole多极的,multiplechoice,multi-nationalpeacekeepingforcesemi-semiconducdor,semicircle,semiprofessional,hemi-hemisphere,hemiparasitic半寄生的,deme-=halfdemigod,demilune新月cent-,milli-(8)ContinuedInpoetry:monometre,dimeter,trimeter,tetrameter,pentameter,hexameter,heptameter,octameterquintet=fivelinestanza;triplet=threelinestanza;quatrain=fourlinestanza;sestet=sixlinestanza;octet=eightline(theSolitaryReaper);(9)homo-andhetero-hetero-( 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 皮epidermis皮下的hypodermic8.geo-地质学geologygeo-:earth几何学geometry9.gen-,genea-gen-,genea-:race家系，谱系genealogy起源，发生genesis庞杂的，异类的heterogeneousheteromorphy他治，不自治heteronomy[生]异态性heterosexual10.meter-,metr-meter-,metr-:measure计时器chronometer体温计thermometer十进制metrication11.onym-,onomatro-onym-,onomatro-:word匿名的anonymous笔名，假名pseudonym同义词synonym受支配词hyponym12.ortho-ortho-:correctorthography正字法正统的orthodox整形外科医生orthopedist13.pan-,panto-pan,panto-:complete泛美洲Pan-America宽屏幕电视/电影panavision全景panorama万灵药panacea14.prot-,proto-prot-,proto-:first原型prototype原始形式protomorph15.therm-,thermo-therm-,thermo-:heat体温计thermometer热核thermonuclear热的，温泉的thermalSomeproductiveprefixes1.a-,an-+表述性v.a-,an-:1）处于某状态2）缺乏alive不讲道德amoral无政府anarchy2.co-,con-,col-,cor-+n./v.co-,con-,col-,cor-:1)结合，联合，共同2)相互的关系合作cooperate同时发生concur符合，相称correspond同事colleague3.counter-+v./抽象n.counter-:与……相反，反反击counterattack对应一方counterpart反主流文化分子counterculturist4.dis-+adj./v.dis-:与…相反，不不诚实dishonest不遵守disobey5.eco-+adj./n.eco-:生态生态危机ecocrisisecocide生态灭绝6.fore-+n.fore-:1)前部2)先前额forehead预言forecast首要的foremost7.in-+adj./v./n.in-:1)不，与相反2)向内不完全incomplete不礼貌impolite不合逻辑illogical雕刻inscribe移入immigrate8.inter-+v./n./adj.inter-:在之间政府间的intergovernmental调停者intermediary州际的interstate9.mini-+n.P46mini-:1)小，微2）短暂超短裙miniskirt微型汽车minibus短暂危机minicrisis10.mis-+v./分词/抽象名词mis-:错误，歧途误解misunderstanding引入歧途mislead不幸misfortune11.out-+n./v.out-:超过活得比长outlive以智取胜outwit12.over-+v./adj./n.over-:1）过于，过分2）上方过分自信overconfident溢出overflow高估overestimate13.post-+n./adj.post-:在…之后附言postscript博士后post-doctor14.pre-+n./adj.pre:在…之前预习preview史前prehistory15.sub-+adj./n.sub:下、次小标题subtitle低于正常subnormal16.trans-+n.trans-:跨越，穿过运输transport移植transplant变形transform17.super-+adj./n.super:1）超，极2）顶级3）在…之上超级明星superstar上层建筑superstructure18.under-+n./v./ved.under:在之下；不足下划线underline公共设施不足under-servicedNumberPrefixes1.oneone:mon(o)-(G)uni-(L)独白Monologue一夫一妻制Monogamy不分性别的Unisex独一无二的unique2.twotwo:di-(G)/bi-(L)对话dialogue二氧化物dioxide双语bilingual双边bilateral3.doubledouble:amphi-(G)ambi-(L)两栖amphibian模棱两可amphibology歧义ambiguity4.threethree:tri-(L)三角形triangle三轮车tricycle5.fourfour:quadri-(L)四边形quadrangle6.fivefive:pent(a)-(G)quint-(L)五角大楼pentagon五重奏quintet7.sixsix:hexa-(G)/sex-(L)六角形hexagon六重奏sextet7.Ninenine:enne-(G)non-(L)九边形enneagon/nonagon九重奏nonet8.tenten:deca-(G)/deci-(L)十年Decade十进制Decimalism9.halfhalf:hemi-(G)/semi-(L)半球Hemisphere半圆Hemicycle/semicircle半殖民地semicolonial10.manymany:poly-(G)/multi-(L)多元的polycentric多民族的multi-racial11.hundredhundred:hecto-(G)/cent-(L)百米hectometer厘米centimeter蜈蚣centipedeback3.3.2Suffixation加后缀Questions:1.Whatissuffixation?a.addingasuffixorcombiningformtothebaseb.usuallychangingthewordclassofthebase2.Theclassificationofderivation.3.Someproductivesuffixes.ProductivesuffixesonP501.ablechangeable,variable,knowledgeablechangeable=beabletobechangedvt.+ableadj.Variable=abletovaryvi.+ableadj.knowledgeable=knowalotn.+ableadj.havingthestatedqualityorcondition2.–er他教书教得很好。Heteachesverywell.Heisagoodteacher.3.ride-in,swim-inv.-in:protestingagainstracialdiscriminationpublicdemonstrationsit-in,lie-in,work-inbe-in,drop-in,sing-in,socialgatheringdrive-in4.–yrisky,dirtyn.-yadj.fullof,coveredwith,characterizedby…Sleepyv.-yadj.havingatrendto,inclinedto…harmful,wonderful,useful,meaningful,joyfulhandful,mouthful,spoonful1.n.+-ful=adj.-ful=befullofahelpfulsuggestion=asuggestionisfullofhelparesentfullook=alookisfullofresentaneventfullife=alifeisfullofevents2.n.+-ful=n.-ful=所容的量ahandfulofnutspostal,sensational,tropical,philosophicaln.+-al=adj.-al=aboutambitious,desirous,dangerousn.+-ous=adj.-ous=befullof同根近义词(P54)continuance,continuation,continuityContinuance=continue+ancethestateofcontinuingContinuation=continue+actiontheactofcontinuingContinuity=continue+itythequalityofbeingcontionuousA______ofwar_______ofthemeetingwasdelayeduntilthenestday.Astorythatlacks_____.3.–ish/-likeN.→Adj.e.g.childish/childlike-ish:derogatory1.variety/variationA.Therearewideregional____inhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawide____ofcolors.2.incredible/incredulousA.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely____story.B. Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher___smile.C.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.3.imaginary/imaginativeA. ____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.B. Itisonlyan____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.4.sensible/sensitiveA. Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.  No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.5.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisavery_____person.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.6.subtle/delicateA. Thereisavery_____differencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B. Thisisa_____situation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedvery______,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA. Icanfixit.Butitisn’t_____.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.  Hiseffortwas_____ofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbe_______?back3.4Conversion词类转换法Questions:1.Whatis“conversion”?Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?Awordformationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.2.Thetypesofconversion词类转换法conversionfunctionalshiftderivationbyzerosuffixfunctionalshift:concernedwithusageonlynotwithword-formationderivationbyzerosuffix:longandcumbersome;clarifyonlysomethingminor,notcrucialP703.illustratetheaxiom,“Theactualgrammaticalclassificationofanywordisdependentuponitsuse.”Thetypesofconversionnoun→verbconversion(themostproductive)verb→nounconversionadj.→verbconversionadj.→nounconversionotherconversionsnoun→verbconversionWhyistheconversionfromnountoverbthemostproductiveprocessofconversion?1)apreponderanceofnounsoververbs2)thereareonlyafewverb-formingaffixesinEnglishMajortypesundern.→v.conversionTheworkerscannedapples.putapplesincanscagebirdsThequestioncertainlycorneredme.Hepocketedhiswallet.(a)toputin/onN.Theyshelteredtheorphans.givesheltertotheorphanspillscoatedwithsugarsugaredpillsThebottleislabeledpoison.Thechildrosefromthegroundplasteredoverwithyellowclay.(b)togive/provideN.Billweededthegarden.cutoffweedsinthegardencoreanapplepeelanorangedustacap(c)toremoveN.Johnbrakedthecar.stoppedthecarwithabrakescrewthetwopiecestogetherelbowone’swaythroughthecrowd(d)todosth.withN.Shemotheredtheorphan.(humann.)lookedaftertheorphanlikeamotherTomparrotedwhatthebosshadsaid.(animaln.)repeatsth.likeaparrotThepoliceshadowedthesuspectedspy.(inanimaten.)followthespycloselylikeashadow(e)toactasN.Pleasecashthischequeforme.changethischequeintocashWecangroupanimalsintoseveraltypes.Shewasorphanedwhenherparentsdiedinaplanecrash.(f)tomake/changesth.intoN.Willyourpleasemailtheparcel?senttheparcelbymailWebicycledtotheSummerPalace.wenttothePalacebybicycle(g)tosendsth./gobyN.(h)WesummeredinQingdao.spentsummerinQingdaotospendtheperiodoftimedenotedbyN.backMajortypesunderv.→n.conversion(a)Hehadadesiretobeascientist.desiredtobea…stateofmind/sensation(b)Hisusualmorningcommutetoworkanactofcommutingevent/activitydynamicverbsThiskindofnounsusuallyoccurfollowingverbslikegive,have,make,ortake,andareprecededbytheindefinitearticle.(c)Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.sth.found,esp.sth.valuableorpleasingobjectorresultofv.(d)Heisagreatbore.Heisapersonwhoboreseveryone.agentofv.(e)Theclothisagoodcoverforthetable.Icoveredthetablewithacloth.instrumentofv.(f)Thisisthedividebetweenthetworivers.Thisistheplacewherethetworiversdivide.PlaceofV.(g)Thoseofphrasalverbsintonouns仅仅两周后他就从大学辍学了。Hedroppedoutofcollegeafteronlytwoweeks.做了坏事侥幸逃脱getawaywithit[口]逃走makeone’sget-away使交通停顿holdupthetrafficbackMajortypesunderadj.→v.conversion(a)pale,slim,sourtobecometheadj.(b)free,warm,smoothtocausesb./sth.tobecometheadj.backadj.→n.conversionWhatispartialconversation?Whatiscompleteconversion?Partialconversation:someadjectivesareusedasnounswhenprecededbythedefinitearticle.特点：takeononlysomeofthefeaturesofthenoundonottakepluralandgenitiveinflectionsnotbeprecededbydeterminerslikea,this,myetc.Majortypesunderadj.→n.conversion(a)PartialconversionthepoortheScotch/theJapanesetheroughthelatest/thebesttheaccused(b)CompleteconversionHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars.back