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考研英语翻译教程考研翻译教程 第一部分 总论 翻译题解 年份 总分 翻译得分 2003 46.47 5.20 2004 49.55 5.32 2005 49.78 5.17 2006 47.62 3.60 2007 48.84 4.27 2008 49.76 4.65 题型 1、主观题 评判准则:字体,字数,答题点 2、阅读理解题 考研大纲对其定义: “主要考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复...

考研英语翻译教程
考研翻译教程 第一部分 总论 翻译题解 年份 总分 翻译得分 2003 46.47 5.20 2004 49.55 5.32 2005 49.78 5.17 2006 47.62 3.60 2007 48.84 4.27 2008 49.76 4.65 题型 1、主观题 评判准则:字体,字数,答题点 2、阅读理解题 考研大纲对其定义: “主要考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。” 三、题型特点 1、文章题材 偏文倾向 1996:科学研究发展的原因; 1997:动物权利; 1998:宇宙起源; 1999:历史学研究; 2000:政府与经济; 2001:未来学; 2002:行为科学; 2003:人类学; 2004:语言与思维的关系; 2005年:大众传媒; 2006年:美国的知识分子; 2007年:法律的学习; 2008年:达尔文的思维表达; 2009年:教育学 ; 2010年:自然与经济的关系 2、要求翻译的句子均为长难句 3、技巧性较强 四、考点归类 1、词法 A 专有名词 第一类:人名、地名 熟悉:按照汉语约定俗成译法来译 例如:1994年 Galileo 伽利略 不熟悉:音译/直接抄写 例如:2001年 Pearson 皮尔森/皮尔逊/Pearson 第二类:专业术语 通常文中会给出一定解释,平时注意收集 例如: 疯牛病: Mad Cow Disease Swine Flu 禽流感: Bird Flu 手足口病:Hand-foot-mouth Disease 口蹄疫:Mouth and Foot Disease 黑洞:Black Hole, Epicenter, Collapsar B 代词 内指代/外指代 找指代关系的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 :往前看、平行看 C 动词的习惯用法 平时打好基础,背好单词 D 多义词及熟词生义词 切记:表面意义不可靠,上下文才是王道 E 生词 猜测原则:词根、词缀、上下文 2、一般翻译技巧 A 词义选择 (1) 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 上下文 (2)根据汉语习惯 B 词序调整 80% 直译 ,20%意译 C 词性转换 英语多名词,汉语多动词,故英译汉时注意运用名词变动词 例如:For the study of natural phenomenon, the emphasis on data gathered first-hand. emphasis 强调 n. 直译:对于收集第一手资料的强调 意义:强调收集第一手资料 D 增词法 不改变原意的情况下,在译句中增加“问题,情况,状态,关系,东西,过程,结果,事物,程度,范围”等词,使译句通顺 3、句法 翻译时注意“定语和定语从句,状语和状语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,比较结构,强调结构,插入结构,被动结构,倒装结构,形式主语”等句子结构的翻译 翻译 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 信:忠实原文→忠实的准确地理解 达:通顺畅达→用汉语通顺的表达出来 雅:文字典雅→考研翻译不要求 翻译的两个阶段:理解和表达 考生的问题 1、理解不到位 A 句式 简单句:主干结构、定语、状语、补语 复合句:主句、从句 B 五种基本句型 主语+谓语 e.g.: I smiled. 主语+谓语+宾语 e.g.: I love you. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 e.g.: I give you my heart. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 e.g.: You make me crazy. 主语+系动词+表语 e.g.: You are so pretty. C 断句的标志 (1)标点符号:逗号,破折号,冒号 (2)连接词:that, what, which, where, when, while, how, or, both, ,and等等 (3)介词短语:介词+名词 (作定语/作状语) 2、表达不到位 表达四大基本原则: 原则一:主干结构顺线走(主谓宾,主系表等结构顺序不能变) 原则二:定语状语往前勾(后置定语多前置,定语从句有特例,结果状语也特例) 原则三:前因后果多主动(符合汉语的习惯) 原则四:名词从句依序翻(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句) 翻译步骤 1、时间分配 总分:100分 时间:180分钟 完型:10分 时间:20分钟 阅读:40分 时间:70分钟 新题型:10分 时间:20分钟 翻译:10分 时间:20分钟 作文:30分 时间:50分钟 做题步骤 第一步:仔细阅读,划分结构 第二步:推敲词义,理顺关系 第三步:顺理成章,组合成文 第四部:仔细核对,确保高分 第二部分 细则 定语 英语的定语占到整个语言的1/3的比例,攻克英语翻译首先攻克定语 1、定语的分类 A 前置定语 翻译方法:直来直去 例如: ordinary things 普通的东西 形容词作定语 scientific revolution 科技革命 形容词作定语 Galilio's greatest glory 伽利略最伟大的成就 名词和形容词最高级搭配作定语 Driving force 驱动力 现在分词作定语 15 billion years 150亿年 数词作定语 B 后置定语 翻译方法:倒转乾坤,用于结构和意义都比较简单的后置定语 一拆为二,用于结构和意义都比较复杂的后置定语 C 多重后置定语 典型特征:A(中心词)+ 介词(of)+ B + 介词(of)+ C + …. 例如:the insights of great men of genius as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds 翻译方法:后浪推前浪 D 前后置定语都有 翻译方法:从大到小,从宏观到微观 例如:Mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德推理的本能 The anthropological concept of culture 人类学里文化的概念 定语从句 1、定语从句的分类 限制性定语从句,例如: She has found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago. 非限定性定语从句,例如: The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 2、翻译方法 A 前置法 当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义较为简单,或是较为简短时,我们把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“……的”的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前。 例如:Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。 B 单独成句 当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂,意义较为繁杂的时候,当定语从句是一个非限定性定语从句的时候,往往要采用单独成句的方法。此时可以重复先行词或是将其翻译成它或它们等代词。 例如:Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." 泰勒把文化定义为:“……一个复合整体,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰,艺术,道德,法律,风俗以及其他的能力与习惯。 插入语 形式 ……,插入语,…… 作用 起到修饰、补充、解释、说明作用 3、翻译原则 修饰的是整个句子时,放在整个句子前面 修饰的是某个单词和词组时,放在单词和词组的前面 总之,修饰谁就放在谁前面 例如:Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 因此,就像数学中“集合”的概念一样,人类学中“文化”的概念是一个抽象概念,它使大量的具体研究和认知成为可能。 被动句 1、主宾颠倒 在一个被动句中,如果主语和宾语的被动关系非常明显,我们采取主语变宾语、宾语变主语的方法来翻译。 例如:Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. 儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而非工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就来到了。 2、直接译为主动句 在一个被动句中,如果主语和宾语的被动关系不明显,我们则采取直译为主动句的翻译方法。 用汉语被动结构来翻译 在一个被动句中,可用“受到”“得到”“遭到”“加以”“得以”“为….所”“由…来”“是…的”等结构来翻译。 As的用法 1、as单独用 As + 名词/名词词组/其他词组,可翻译为“作为/像” As + 句子(与时间有关),可翻译为“当……时候” As + 句子(与原因有关),可翻译为“因为” 例如:Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,作为责任与权益相交换的一部分。 2、as的固定用法 as a whole adv. 总体上 as for = as to = about adv. 关于 as well as adv. 和/也/又 as expected 正如预料的那样 as... as not so much as...as... 例如:If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 假如那些小热点看上去正如所预料的那样,那意味着又一科学论说的胜利,这种路说即更完美的大爆炸论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to ones that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 几乎每个历史学家对历史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。 比较结构 1、rather than I would rather die than marry you. 我宁愿死也不嫁给你。 I would rather die to marry you. 我死也要嫁给你。 When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 这种反应不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不是嘲笑。 2、less...and more... Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 人们之所以关注历史研究方法论,主要是因为历史学界内部意见不一,其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。 3、more than (1) more A than B He is more a close friend than a boyfriend to me. 与其说她是我的男朋友,还不如说他是我的一个好朋友。 He is more a teacher than a writer. 他不仅是位老师,还是位作家。 (2) more than... <1> more than + 数词,表示“多于……”“……以上” We have been close friends for more than 20 years. 我们已经做了20多年的好朋友了。 <2> more than + 名词/动词 I wish that we could be more than a friend. 我希望我们能比朋友更进一步。 They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. 他们教 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 可能教的很好,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但是他们当中的大多数人对 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 道德判断的人类问题几乎没有或者根本没有独立思考。 <3>more than + 形容词/副词/分词,表示“极其”,“非常” My teacher is more than strict with me. 我老师对我极其严格。 My parents are more than kind to me. 我父母对我非常好。 P.S. 其他常用结构补充 anything but 根本不 I can call you anything but brother. nothing but = only nothing = no any but 只不过是/仅仅 You are nothing but one of my friends, leave me alone. all but = almost 几乎 She all but accepted me as her friend. but for 要不是 But for her help and support, I could not finish my study in the University. no more ... than ... 和……一样都不 Chairman Mao is no more a god than we are. A home without love is no more a home than a man without soul is a man. not more than 最多 no less than 至少 倒装结构 翻译方法:还原为正常语序 例如:Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed - and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 电视是激发和传递感情的一种方式,在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面,电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此巨大的作用。 形式主语 1、固定用法 It is said that... 据说… It is reported that... 据报道… It is estimated that... 据估计… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出… It must be admitted that... 必须承认… It is suggested that... 有人建议… It can not be denied that... 不可否认… It should be realized that... 必须认识到… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张地说… It + be + adj.+ for sb.+ to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是……的。 例如:It is good for you to give up smoking. 对你来说戒烟是有好处的。 3、It + be + adj. + that... ……的是,that + 从句。/ that + 从句,这是……的。 例如:Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 而且,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工业农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。 状语结构 结构种类:时间、地点、原因、方式等等 翻译原则:定语、状语往前勾 例如:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的,有序的,系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 状语从句 结果状语从句 翻译原则:后置 例如:And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder——kitchen rage. 家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。 The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. 这些新近被描述的语言得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责伯阿斯和萨佩尔编造了材料。 2、让步状语从句 翻译原则:前置 例如:Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中的一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论,许多天体学家近十年来一直公认这一论说是正确的。 时间状语从句 翻译原则:前置 例如:On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. 另一方面,法律以一种方式把这些观念同日常实际联系起来,这种联系类似于新闻记者在报道以及评论新闻史根据日常规则所形成的联系方式。 4、条件状语从句 翻译原则:前置 例如:Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解释问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。 5、原因状语从句 前因后果:因为……,所以……。 前果后因:之所以……,是因为……。 例如:We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. 我们之所以感激他们,是因为在此之后,这些语言中有一些已经不复存在,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。 The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。 代词 1、句内指代 例如:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标,监控器就会使其停驶。 2、句外指代 They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自由人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给与肯定的必不可少的前提。 3、模糊指代 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 仅这一点就表明和在电视行业里生存不那么容易,这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然,统计表明1989年在80家欧洲电视网中出现亏损的不下50%。 名词性从句 翻译原则:1、严格按照顺序翻译 2、连接词"that"不译 3、连接词"what", "how", "whether"等要翻译 宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮。 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。 2、同位语从句 He heard the bad news that his father has passed away. (同位语从句) He accepted the bad fact that made him desperate. (定语从句) 例如:This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 由于人口的猛增或大量人口的流动造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。 In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful : groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 就像在其他地方一样,在欧洲多媒体集团越来越成功了,这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志和出版社组合到了一起。 3、主语从句 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 之后的表现会将这些预测被证实到怎样的程度,取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,以及破解这些信息的相关人员的技能和才智。 4、表语从句 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
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