托福阅读强化课程doc

托福强化阅读电子讲义 托福阅读强化课程 第一章 考试概述 一、考试规则 机考界面 一、考试规则 几个数字： 20分钟/篇 750-800字/篇 12-14道题/篇 3篇或4篇 一、考试规则 文章内容： 生命科学类 天文地理类 欧美历史类 文艺发明类 社会学心理学考古学 一、考试规则 注意问题： 你能连续屏幕阅读1小时以上吗？ 你能达到110字/分钟阅读速度吗？ 您能做到平均1分钟完成1道题目吗？ 速度优先还是准确度优先？ 二 答题顺序 第一步：浏览标题 第二步：阅读第一段全部题干 第三步：阅读第一段文章 第四步：完成第一段全部问题 第五步：简要笔记第一段主旨 第六步：逐段答题，重复上述步骤 第七步：利用各段主旨笔记完成最后大题 第二章 题型精讲 综览 Vocabulary Question 3-5 Reference Question 0-2 十大题型考察能力 综览 Vocabulary Question 3-5 Reference Question 0-2 Sentence Simplification Question 0-1 Insert Text Question 0-1 十大题型考察能力 综览 Vocabulary Question 3-5 Reference Question 0-2 Sentence Simplification Question 0-1 Insert Text Question 0-1 Factual Information Question 3-6 Negative Factual Information Question 0-2 Inference Question 0-2 Rhetorical Purpose Question 0-2 十大题型考察能力 综览 Vocabulary Question 3-5 Reference Question 0-2 Sentence Simplification Question 0-1 Insert Text Question 0-1 Factual Information Question 3-6 Negative Factual Information Question 0-2 Inference Question 0-2 Rhetorical Purpose Question 0-2 Prose summary Question 0-1 Fill in a table 0-1 十大题型考察能力 ​ 综览 ​ Vocabulary Question 3-5 ​ Reference Question 0-2 ​ Sentence Simplification Question 0-1 ​ Insert Text Question 0-1 ​ Factual Information Question 3-6 ​ Negative Factual Information Question 0-2 ​ Inference Question 0-2 ​ Rhetorical Purpose Question 0-2 ​ Prose summary Question 0-1 ​ Fill in a table 0-1 ​ 1 词汇题 ​ 1.1 题目识别 The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ 1 词汇题 ​ 1.2 答题步骤 ​ 第一步：认识单词直接选 ​ 第二步：如为生词读原文 ​ 第三步：根据上下文含义推测含义 ​ 第四步：少量单词可由词根验证 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 ​ 1 词汇题 ​ 1.3 基本思路 ​ 1.31 论点对论据 TS+D ​ 1 Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. ​ The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to ​  ○Indefensibly ​  ○Substantially ​  ○Unintentionally ​  ○Partially ​ 1.31 论点对论据 TS+D ​ 标志词： For example ​  For instance ​  Take …… for example ​  Evidences come from ​  Like…… / As…… ​ 1.32 前后搭配 ​ 2 Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income. ​ The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning ​ ○ very necessary ​ ○ very low ​ ○ traditional ​ ○ primary ​ 1.32 前后搭配 ​  3 But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. ​ The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ ○Compromise ​ ○Inclination ​ ○Tradition ​ ○Respect ​ 1.32 前后搭配 ​ 基本模式：Adj. + N. ​  Vt. + O. ​  Adv. + Vt. / Adj. ​ 1.33 并列逻辑 ​ 4 Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. ​ The word “foul” in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ ○Reach ​ ○Flood ​ ○Pollute ​ ○Alter ​ 1.33 并列逻辑 ​ 5 At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. ​  The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ ○require ​ ○resist ​ ○achieve ​ ○endure ​ 1.33 并列逻辑 ​ 标志词： and ​  or ​  as well as ​  not only…… ， but also…… ​  some …… ， other …… ​  ……， …… ​  ……； …… ​ 1.34 顺承呼应 ​ 6 Several other mass extinctions in the geological record have been tentatively identified with large impacts, but none is so dramatic as the Cretaceous event. But even without such specific documentation…… ​  The phrase tentatively identified in the passage is closest in the meaning to ​ ○Identified after careful study ​ ○Identified without certainty ​ ○Occasionally identified ​ ○Easily identified ​ 1.34 顺承呼应 ​ 7 Transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.  The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ ○Gradual ​ ○Complex ​ ○Visible ​ ○Striking ​   ​ 1.34 顺承呼应 ​ 模式： ​ 1)前后重复：that is / which means ​ 2)条件和结果： if ……， then…… / if……，would…… ​ 3)铺垫和引出 ： A, and B ; A, then B ​ 1.35 因果逻辑 ​ 8 Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. ​  The word facilitates in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ slows down ​ affects ​ makes easier ​ focuses on ​ 1.35 因果逻辑 ​ 9 In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today． ​ The word meticulously in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ ○carefully ​ ○quickly ​ ○frequently ​ ○obviously ​ 1.35 因果逻辑 ​ 标志词： ​ Due to / Given by / Since / derive from / stem from ​ Therefore / So / Hence / …… follows ​ Enough ……to…… / too…… to…… / So …… that …… ​ 1.36 反向逻辑 ​  10 The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres consisting of varying amounts of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best. ​  The word meager in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ □ rich ​ □ thin ​ □ unique ​ □ complex ​ 1.36 反向逻辑 ​ 11 Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. The word “integral” is closet in meaning to ​ ○Essential ​ ○Variable ​ ○Practical ​ ○Independent ​ 1.36 反向逻辑 ​ 标志词： ​ 1） 让步： Even / Although / Despite ​ 2） 转折： But / Yet / However ​ 3） 对比： Whereas / While / In contrast / On the other hand ​ 1.37词根词缀 ​ 12 The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl’s “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. ​  The word undisputed in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ □ mysterious ​ □ unexpected ​ □ acknowledged ​ □ significant ​ 1.37词根词缀 ​ 13 The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ ○Confusing ​ ○Comforting ​ ○Unbelievable ​ ○Interesting ​ 1.37词根词缀 ​  14 The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ ○Cover ​ ○Change ​ ○Separate ​ ○Surround ​ 1.37词根词缀 ​  15. The word interlocked in the passage is closest in meaning to ​ □ intermediate ​ □ linked ​ □ frozen ​ □ fully developed ​ 1.37词根词缀 ​ 词根>前缀>后缀 ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 16 Watercolor is the most light-filled of all ways of painting, but its luminosity depends on the white of the paper shining through thin washes of pigment. ​ A beauty ​ B visibility ​ C color ​ D brightness ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 16 Watercolor is the most light-filled of all ways of painting, but its luminosity depends on the white of the paper shining through thin washes of pigment. ​ A beauty ​ B visibility ​ C color ​ D brightness ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 17 Most TV sets come with remote controls. They use infrared technology. Infrared is imperceptible, whereas the light from the TV screen is visible. ​ A touchable ​ B treatable ​ C believable ​ D invisible ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 17 Most TV sets come with remote controls. They use infrared technology. Infrared is imperceptible, whereas the light from the TV screen is visible. ​ A touchable ​ B treatable ​ C believable ​ D invisible ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 18 The mantle of the earth is 2900 kilometers thick and encompasses about 84 percent of the total volume of the Earth. ​ A contains ​ B searches ​ C encircles ​ D directs ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 18 The mantle of the earth is 2900 kilometers thick and encompasses about 84 percent of the total volume of the Earth. ​ A contains ​ B searches ​ C encircles ​ D directs ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 19 Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. ​ A defects ​ B advantages ​ C suggestions ​ D controversies ​ 1.4 综合练习 ​ 19 Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. ​ A defects ​ B advantages ​ C suggestions ​ D controversies ​ 2 指代题 ​ 2.1 题目识别 ​ The word X in the passage refers to ​ X = [pron.] or [名词概念] ​ 2 指代题 ​ 2.2 答题步骤 ​ 第一步：阅读代词所在句及前一句 ​ 第二步：关注其中名词概念 ​ 第三步：套用指代模式确定被指代对象 ​ 第四步：代入上下文验证答案 ​ 2 指代题 ​ 2.3 基本思路 ​ 2.31 同位指代 ​ 1 As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. ​ The word they in the passage refers to ​ ○valleys ​ ○trees ​ ○heights ​ ○ridges ​ 2.31 同位指代 ​ 2 Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also-because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. ​ The word it in the passage refers to ​ ○ an external cue such as sunrise ​ ○ the daily rhythm of an animal ​ ○ the local solar day ​ ○ a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours ​ 2.31 同位指代 ​ 3 Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. ​ The word “Others” in the paragraph refer to ( ) ​ ducks ​ sides ​ species ​ flight feathers ​ 2.31 同位指代 ​ 变形模式：some X , other X ​  one X, another X ​  many / most / much X, other X ​ 2.32 最相邻指代 ​ 4 For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash , that was deposited as the flow slowed down. ​ The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to ​ ○Fast rivers ​ ○Glaciers ​ ○The huge volumes of water created by glacial melting ​ ○The particles carried in water from melting glaciers. ​ 2.32 最相邻指代 ​ 5 The myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity. ​ The word “this” in the passage refers to ​ ○The acting out of rites ​ ○The divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society ​ ○The separation of myths from rites ​ ○The celebration of supernatural forces ​ 2.32 最相邻指代 ​ 何种情形 代词常指代 最相邻概念？ ​ 1 相邻感强的代词：this / these / its / theirs ​ 2 指代前方整体的代词：this / that / which ​ 3 为前方概念的同位解释或别称： Y , (refers to/means/that is) X ​ 2.33 连环指代 ​ 6 African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence, their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. ​ The word “them” in this paragraph refers to ( ) ​ A. American of European descent ​ B. paintings ​ C. African American artists ​ D. attitudes ​ 2.33 连环指代 ​ 6 African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence, their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. ​ The word “them” in this paragraph refers to ( ) ​ A. American of European descent ​ B. paintings ​ C. African American artists ​ D. attitudes ​ 2.34 抽象指代具体 ​ 7 Paragraph 3: While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modem archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. ​ The phrase “The likely explanation" in the passage refers to the explanation for why ​ ○ the southern Maya areas received more rainfall than the northern areas ​ ○ modern archaeologists have difficulty understanding ancient droughts ​ ○ water problems were most severe in the wet south ​ ○ land surface in the south is so high above the water table ​ 2.34 抽象指代具体 ​ 8 Paragraph 3: While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modem archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that…… ​ Likely explanation = Why it has made things hard for modern archaeologists to understand ​ Or = Why ancient drought caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north ​ 2.34 抽象指代具体 ​ 8 The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. ​ Likely explanation = Why it has made things hard for modern archaeologists to understand ​ Or = Why ancient drought caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north ​ 2.34 抽象指代具体 ​ 8 The phrase “The likely explanation" in the passage refers to the explanation for why ​ ○ the southern Maya areas received more rainfall than the northern areas ​ ○ modern archaeologists have difficulty understanding ancient droughts ​ ○ water problems were most severe in the wet south ​ ○ land surface in the south is so high above the water table ​ 2.35 语法指代 ​ 9 When growing on rock surfaces, lichens secrete acids that dissolve the minerals, contributing to the process of weathering by which rocks are slowly turned to soil. ​ The word “which” in the passage refers to ​ A. the process of weathering ​ B. growing on rock surfaces ​ C. dissolving the minerals ​ D. being turned to soil ​ 2.35 语法指代 ​ N that / which / who / whose + 定语从句 ​ that / which / who / whose = N. ​ 2.35 语法指代 ​ 10 When growing on rock surfaces, lichens secrete acids that dissolve the minerals, contributing to the process of weathering by which rocks are slowly turned to soil. ​ The word “which” in the passage refers to ​ A. the process of weathering ​ B. growing on rock surfaces ​ C. dissolving the minerals ​ D. being turned to soil ​ 2 指代题 ​ 2.4 综合练习 ​ 2.4 综合练习 ​ 11 The blubber insulation is so effective that marine mammals maintain body core temperatures of about 36-38℃ with metabolic rates about the same as those of land mammals of similar size. ​ A marine animal ​ B core temperatures ​ C land mammals ​ D metabolic rates ​ 2.4 综合练习 ​ 11 The blubber insulation is so effective that marine mammals maintain body core temperatures of about 36-38℃ with metabolic rates about the same as those of land mammals of similar size. ​ A marine animal ​ B core temperatures ​ C land mammals ​ D metabolic rates ​ 2.4 综合练习 ​ 12 Virgin soil epidemics contributed to an unbelievable decline in the population of native inhabitants of the Americas, one that has been estimated at as much as an 80 percent decrease of the native population in the centuries following the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. ​ A a virgin soil epidemic ​ B an unbelievable decline of native inhabitants ​ C the population of native inhabitants ​ D the arrival of Europeans. ​ 2.4 综合练习 ​ 12 Virgin soil epidemics contributed to an unbelievable decline in the population of native inhabitants of the Americas, one that has been estimated at as much as an 80 percent decrease of the native population in the centuries following the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. ​ A a virgin soil epidemic ​ B an unbelievable decline of native inhabitants ​ C the population of native inhabitants ​ D the arrival of Europeans. ​ 3 句子简化题 很重要—间接控制很多分数 ​ 3.1 题目识别：题干 Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ​ 3 句子简化题 ​ 3.1 题目识别 Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ​ 3 句子简化题 ​ 3.2 答题步骤：对原句的 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ​ 第一步：读给出句，找出句中逻辑：虚词控制实词：虽然。。但是；尽管，但是。。。逻辑词很重要 ​ 第二步：找出逻辑下的要点主干：主谓宾核心词 ​ 第三步：依次核对各选项逻辑和要点主干 ​ 第四步：排除错选保留一致选项：confidence ​ 3 句子简化题 ​ 解答本题需要两大技能 ​ 取舍能力：取主逻辑、要点；舍次要信息:去掉之后不会影响原意。 ​ 判断能力：准确判断选项正误 ​ 3 句子简化题 ​ 3.3 基本思路 ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​  1、 One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. （but后的东西必须保留，后面把前面PK掉，答案必须有but之后的内容） ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​  One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​  One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​  One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. ​ 虽然解释之一认为绿色冰山是在某特定条件下才绿，但是绿色冰山在多种条件下一直绿。 ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​ A One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions, but this is attributed to an optical illusion. ​ 逻辑对 要点错，把因果颠倒了 ​ B One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg. ​  ？？？But ​  逻辑缺失 要点缺失 ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​ C One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions, but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun. ​ 逻辑对 要点错 因果颠倒 ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​ D One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. ​ 虽然解释之一认为绿色冰山是在某特定条件下才绿，但是绿色冰山在多种条件下一直绿。 ​  逻辑对 要点对 前后一致 ​  ​ 2、Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. 先抓逻辑 ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​ Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.（对比） ​ 和偶然论相反，重点是后半节，反衬。 ​ 3.31 逻辑判定法 ​ 和偶然论相反，更可信的是策划论。 ​ A Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals. ​ 逻辑丢失（比较逻辑），要点丢失（完全没有出现） ​ 3