2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习：非谓语动词作定语和状语

2013年同等学力英语语法专项复习：非谓语动词作定语和状语 第四节  非谓语动词作定语和状语 一、总述非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式。在句子中起着一些特殊的作用。一般来说，动词不定式可充当除谓语以外的其他各种成分；动名词只可作句子的主语、定语、表语、宾语和补语；分词只能作定语、表语、状语及补语。即使是作同一种成分，不同非谓语形式之间仍然存在差异。不定式作状语时，可表示目的、原因、结果和方式等；分词作状语不仅可表示原因、结果方式，还可以表示时间、条件、伴随情况及让步等。因此考生在做题时应分析状语表达的是何种意思，才能做也正确的选择。 非谓语动词的时态、语态的表达形式见下表： 二、重要考点 1. 动词不定式 不定式是指带to 的动词原形（使用中有时不带to），在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语和状语。 A. 作定语 (1) 动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后有必要的介词。例如： He’s a pleasant fellow to work with. There’s nothing to worry about. (2) 有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。例如：time, reason, chance, right, ability, willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan 等。例如： Women should have the right to receive education. There is no time to hesitate. (3) the first, the second, the last, the best 等之后用不定式作定语。例如： The monitor will be the first to come. He was the last man to blame. B. 作状语 (1) 作目的状语不定式作状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般置于句子末尾。但是，如果表示强调，亦可置于句首。其否定形式为：在不定式符号前加not。例如： He went to Shanghai to visit his parents. To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted. I shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby. (2) 作结果状语。例如： We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. She left home, never to return again. (3) 作原因状语 不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。例如： She burst into laughter to see his funny action. The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene. (4) 有些固定词组带to 不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句子中作独立成分。这些词有：to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth 等。例如： To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill. 2. 动名词 动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式，由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。与现在分词构成法相同。它同时具有动词及名词特征。以下主要介绍其作定语及状语的情况。 A. 作定语。例如： None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room. The speeding car came to a stop all of a sudden. B. 作状语 介词 + 动名词可以作状语用，表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。例如： After finishing the job, he went home. He was blamed for having done something wrong. They went to Manchester with the object of winning the World Championship. 3. 分词 分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词可以在句中作状语及定语。 A. 现在分词与过去分词的用法区别 现在分词与过去分词的用法区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已完成。例如： developing countries               developed countries the touching tale the                touched audience B. 现在分词的用法 现在分词可在句中作定语和状语。 (1) 作定语 现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前。例如： This is a pressing question. He asked an embarrassing question. 现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如： There were no soldiers drilling. 现在分词短语一般皆置于其修饰的名词之后；例如： A little child learning to walk often falls. The men working here are all from the rural areas. (2) 现在分词用作状语 现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看，也可用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。 a. 表示时间。例如： Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. He went out shutting the door behind him. 强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，现在分词之前可用连词when 或while。例如： When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite. b. 表示原因。例如： Being sick, I stayed at home. She caught cold sitting on the grass. c. 表示条件。例如： Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent. Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. d. 表示让步。例如： Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best. e. 表示结果。例如： It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country. It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday. f. 表示方式或伴随情况。例如： He ran up to her breathing heavily. Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc. C.  过去分词的作用 (1) 作定语 过去分词可以作定语。如果是单词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。例如： Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier? (2) 作状语 过去分词从表意的角度看也可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 a. 表示时间。例如： Heated, the metals expands. When seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge. b.表示原因。例如： Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city. Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word. c. 表示条件。例如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. Given more time, I’ll do it better. d. 表示让步。例如： Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. Badly involved in the accident, the car is still running. e. 表示方式或伴随。例如： He came back, utterly exhausted. United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater successes in socialist construction. 三、例题 1. The students expected there ______ more reviewing classes before the final exams. A. is          B. to be     C. being     D. have been 2. Where shall I put my boxes? The drawer is the place ______. A. to put them B. putting them in    C. to put in them      D. to put them in 3. She has no pencil ______. A. to write about     B. to write with      C. to write      D. to write in 4. Though small, the room is comfortable ______. A. to live B. to live in     C. living in      D. live in 5. The girl walked quietly into the room ______ awake her roommates. A. so as to         B. in order not to    C. so as to not        D. for to not 6. We were surprised at ______ the exam. A. him not pass   B. his passing not   C. his not passing   D. him not to pass 7. ______ one’s work properly may be worse than not doing it at all. A. Not to do   B. Doing not   C. Doing   D. Not doing 8. He prided himself on ______ at chess. A. having never beaten        B. having been never beaten C. having never been beaten    D. never have been beaten 9. “How did you learn to drive?” “______ strict obedience to my tutor.” A. Giving    B. By giving    C. Give    D. To give 10. Jane was scolded by the director because he left the office with the door ______. A. unlocking    B. not being locked    C. unlocked    D. not locking 11. ______ in ancient times, the book still appeals to readers today. A. Though it written     B. Though written    C. It was writer    D. Written it was 12. After a whole day’s heavy work, the old worker returned home, ______. A. hungry and felt exhausting     B. hunger and exhausted C. hungry and exhausted         D. hungry and having been exhausted 13. The old writer could not sleep at night, his wrongs and sorrows ______ him no peace. A. gave    B. have given    C. being given     D. giving 14. Television has become a major instrument of communication, ______ us to see as well as to hear all kinds of programmers. A. to permit     B. permitted    C. being permitting    D. permitting 15. The decision ______, what is to be done now is how to carry it out. A. been made             B. has been made C. having been made       D. having been making 16. Some people are sitting on the grass; others are strolling along the lake side, ______. A. chatting and to laugh        B. to chat and to laugh C. chatting and laughing        D. chatting and laughed 17. I was overjoyed at the news of my hometown ______ so much progress. A. to make     B. to have made    C. made     D. having made 18. Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials, ______. A. only differs in degree        B. only in degree it differs C. differing only in degree      D. and differing in degree only 19. That the brain, once ______ oxygen, dies has been proved. A. depriving of     B. deprived    C. being deprived    D. deprived of 20. The Red Cross ______ help for refugees, over two million dollars have been raised. A. appeals for     B. appeals to    C. has been appealing for  D. appealing for 21. ______, the mountain looks like an elephant. A. Having seen from a distance     B. Having been seen from a distance C. Seeing from a distance          D. Seen from a distance 22. She had said little so far, responding only briefly when ______. A. speaking    B. spoken to    C. spoken    D. speaking to 23. ______, Hong Kong acts as a gateway into and out of Taiwan. A. Strategically located        B. It is located strategically C. Where strategically located      D. Because located strategically 24. In the 1850’s Harriet Beecher Stow’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin became the best seller of the generation, ______ a host of imitators. A. inspiring       B. inspired     C. inspired by     D. to inspire 25. ______ the financial means to remain independent, Edison was compelled to seek employment as a night telegraph operator. A. He was deprived of          B. Deprived of C. That he was deprived of         D. Although he was deprived of 26. We were greatly encouraged by the news of China ______ another man-made satellite. A. to have launched          B. to launch   C. launched      D. having launched 27. Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs ______ carefully in her hands. A. to be held    B. held      C. were held  D. holding 28. The speaker, ______ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience. A. having known     B. being known    C. knowing   D. known 29. In the course of a day, students do far more than just ______ classes. A. attend  B. attended     C. to attend      D. attending 30. ______ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared   B. Compare    C. While comparing       D. Comparing 31. A new technique ______ the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. A. working out                     B. having worked C. having been worked out            D. to have been worked out 32. ______ after a long walk, Harry called and said he couldn’t come. A. Having worn out     B. Be worn out     C. To wear out     D. Worn out 33. Thank you for your letter of 20th April ______ your application for the post as production controller. A. with reference     B. concerning      C. in connection to      D. as to 34. ______ to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. A. Turned      B. Turning     C. To turn    D. Being turned 35. He bought that house, ______ that he would inherit money under his uncle’s will. A. considering      B. assuming      C. estimating      D. accounting 36. John was relying on there ______ another opportunity. A. is        B. being            C. to be            D. are 37. ______ from the hilltop, the lake scenery is beyond description. A. To see      B. Seeing     C. Having seen     D. Seen 38. It ______ now pretty late, we took our candles and retired. A. is         B. being         C. turned        D. got 39. When ______ with a strong enemy, they had always retreated. A. being faced        B. facing       C. faced       D. being facing 40. After ______ for the job, you will be required to take a language test. A. being interviewed          B. interviewed C. interviewing              D. having interviewed  三、例题解析 1. 答案：C 解析：现在分词短语作expect 的宾语。由于此主句的谓语为过去时，其他选项的搭配在此不符合语法规则。 2. 答案：D 解析：动词不定式做后置定语，如果动词为不及物动词，其后必须有介词。 3. 答案：B 解析：动词不定式作后置定语，write 在此处为不及物动词，后面没有跟宾语，介词with 在此不能省略，意思为：“用铅笔写”。 4. 答案：B 解析：参见上题解释，在此动词不定式作后置定语，介词不能省略。 5. 答案：B 解析：不定式的否定形式是在to 之前加not。 6. 答案：C 解析：动名词作介词宾语用，其否定形式为在其前加not 即可。由于动名词具有名词的特征，所以在前面可以加人称所有格形式（his）。 7. 答案：B 解析：参见上题解释。此外，还应该考虑选择内容与连词（than ）后面表达法的平衡关系。 8. 答案：C 解析：根据题意，应选择被动语态形式；此外应当选择现在完成进行时，故按其语态和时态意义讲，答案应为C。题意：在下象棋方面，从来没有人打败过他。 9. 答案：B 解析：介词 + 现在分词表示方式。by 在此可理解为“以??方式”。 10. 答案：C 解析：with + 名词 + 过去分词表示方式。介词后应跟动名词。其否定形式是在动名词前面加not。此外，还要考虑句子的语态形式。 11. 答案：B 解析：过去分词作让步状语，意思为“虽然??但是??”。Though written = Though it was written。其他选项的形式都不符合语法规则。 12. 答案：C 解析：从时态意义上讲，应该用过去分词，表示伴随情况。此外，还应该考虑连词前后的平衡结构表达法问题。 13. 答案：D 解析：现在分词短语作原因状语。注意：由于主句与分句之间用逗号隔开，应该判断这是一个完整的句子，答案不应该是另外一个谓语动词（A 或B 项选择）；而C 项选择的语态不对。所以，正确答案应该是D。如果两个句子之间用句号分开，则A 项选择是正确答案。 14. 答案：D 解析：现在分词作条件状语。同时应该考虑语态问题。 15. 答案：C 解析：该选择为现在分词作独立主格结构，表示原因。如果两个句子之间用句号分开，则B 项选择是正确答案。 16. 答案：C 解析：现在分词在句中作伴随状语。此外，还应该考虑连词前后的平衡结构表达法 问题。 17. 答案：D 解析：现在分词短语作介词宾语的补语，而且表示动作也已发生，故用现在分词的完成时态。 18. 答案：C 解析：现在分词短语作让步状语，全句意思为：电阻是所有金属的共性，只是存在大小差异罢了。由于主句与分句之间用逗号隔开，应该判断这是一个句子，答案不应该是另外一个谓语动词（A 或B 项选择）。 19. 答案：D 解析：过去分词短语作条件从句，因含有被动之意，故选D。B、C 之后少了of。 20. 答案：D 解析：前半句为独立主格结构，表示原因。如果两个句子之间用句号分开，则其他选择都符合语法规则。 21. 答案：D 解析：过去分词短语条件从句，因含有被动之意，故不用C。注意：做这类题时一定要特别留意句子的主语是什么。这样一来，很容易判断分句的语态问题。 22. 答案：B 解析：过去分词作时间状语，有被动之意。全句意思为：她一直很少说话，只是当有人与她讲话时才做简短的回答。 23. 答案：A 解析：过去分词短语作伴随状语。B 项选择如果在前面加连词Because 也算对；而D 项选择的连词Because 后面则需要一个完整的句子：Because it is located strategically，这样才符合语法规则。 24. 答案：A 解析：现在分词短语作伴随状语。同时应该考虑语态问题。 25. 答案：B 解析：过去分词短语作原因状语，全句意思为：由于失去了资金来源而不能独立，爱迪生被迫寻找一个夜间电报员的工作。注意：做这类题时一定要特别留意句子的主语是什么，并且还要注意其标点符号是句号还是逗号。如果是逗号，一定不要选择有谓语动词的选项内容。如果主句和分句的主语换一个位置，D 项选择才算符合语法规则。 26. 答案：D 解析：现在分词短语作介词宾语的补语，而且表示动作也已发生，故用现在分词的完成时态。 27. 答案：B 解析：该部分为独立主格结构。此处是eggs being held 的省略形式。其他选择项的内容不符合语法规则。 28. 答案：D 解析：过去分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句，等同于who is known for 。 29. 答案：A 解析：此处more than 之后跟不带to 的不定式，与前面的结构do …保持平衡。 30. 答案：A 解析：过去分词作时间状语，有被动之意。此处的When compared 也可以理解为是When it is compared 的省略形式。 31. 答案：C 解析：该部分作独立主格用。注意：做这类题时一定要特别留意句子的主语是什么。如果主句与分句的主语不同，两个主语都应该保留。此外，还要注意其标点符号是句号还是逗号。如果是逗号，一定不要选择分句中有谓语动词的选项内容。同时，通过判断动词是不是及物动词，来注意选项内容的语态问题。 32. 答案：D 解析：过去分词短语作原因状语。A 项选择如果改为Having been worn out 也算对。 33. 答案：B 解析：现在分词短语作伴随状语用。其他选项的介词短语有误，A 项选择应为with reference to；C 项选择应为in connection with。 34. 答案：B 解析：现在分词短语作条件状语。注意：turn 在此为不及物动词，意为“转向”，不能够使用含被动语态意义的过去分词形式。 35. 答案：B 解析：现在分词短语作条件从句，作“假如??”讲。其他选项的意思在此句中不适当。 36. 答案：B 解析：现在分词短语作rely on 的宾语。由于此主句的谓语为rely on，介词on 后面只有跟动名词宾语才符合语法规则。此处不能使用谓语动词和不定式。 37. 答案：D 解析：过去分词短语条件从句，含有被动之意。注意：做这类题时一定要特别留意句子的主语是什么。这样一来，很容易判断分句的语态问题。 38. 答案：B 解析：该部分作独立主格用。做这类题时一定要特别留意句子的主语是什么。如果主句与分句的主语不同，两个主语都应该保留。此外，还要注意其标点符号是句号还是逗号。如果是逗号，一定不要选择分句中有谓语动词的选项内容。本题其他选项都是谓语动词，所以都不是正确答案。 39. 答案：C 解析：过去分词短语作时间状语。相当于When they were faced。 40. 答案：A 解析：现在分词短语作after 的宾语。因有被动之意，故用being + 过去分词。 相关阅读：同等学力英语复习资料 同等学力成绩查询  同等学力考试报名  继续阅读