标准航海英语

INTERNATIONALMARITIMEORGANIZATIONEIMOASSEMBLYA22/Res.91822ndsession25January2002Agendaitem9Original:ENGLISHResolutionA.918(22)Adoptedon29November2001(Agendaitem9)IMOSTANDARDMARINECOMMUNICATIONPHRASESTHEASSEMBLY,RECALLINGArticle15(j)oftheConventionontheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationconcerningthefunctionsoftheAssemblyinrelationtoregulationsandguidelinesconcerningmaritimesafety,RECALLINGALSOresolutionA.380(X)bywhichitadoptedtheStandardMarineNavigationalVocabulary,RECALLINGFURTHERtheprovisionsofregulationV/14.4oftheInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea,1974,requiringthatonallshipstowhichchapterIthereofapplies,Englishshallbeusedonthebridgeastheworkinglanguageforbridge-to-bridgeandbridge-to-shoresafetycommunicationsaswellasforcommunicationsonboardbetweenthepilotandbridgewatchkeepingpersonnelunlessthosedirectlyinvolvedinthecommunicationsspeakacommonlanguageotherthanEnglish,RECOGNIZINGthatthestandardizationoflanguageandterminologyusedinsuchcommunicationswouldassistthesafeoperationofshipsandcontributetogreatersafetyofnavigation,RECOGNIZINGALSOthewideuseoftheEnglishlanguageforinternationalnavigationalcommunicationsandtheneedtoassistmaritimetraininginstitutionstomeettheobjectivesofsafeoperationsofshipsandenhancednavigationalsafetythrough,interalia,thestandardizationoflanguageandterminologyused,HAVINGCONSIDEREDtherecommendationsoftheMaritimeSafetyCommitteeatitssixty-eighthandseventy-fourthsessions,1.ADOPTStheIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrasessetoutinAnnex1tothepresentresolution;Forreasonsofeconomy,thisdocumentisprintedinalimitednumber.Delegatesarekindlyaskedtobringtheircopiestomeetingsandnottorequestadditionalcopies.E:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-2-2.AUTHORIZEStheMaritimeSafetyCommitteetokeeptheIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrasesunderreviewandtoamendthemwhennecessaryinaccordancewiththeproceduresetoutinAnnex2tothepresentresolution;3.RECOMMENDSGovernmentstogivetheIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrasesawidecirculationtoallprospectiveusersandallmaritimeeducationauthorities,inordertosupportcompliancewiththestandardsofcompetenceasrequiredbytableA-II/1oftheSTCWCode;4.REVOKESresolutionA.380(X).E:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.doc-3-A22/Res.918ANNEX1FOREWORDAsnavigationalandsafetycommunicationsfromshiptoshoreandviceversa,fromshiptoship,andonboardshipmustbeprecise,simpleandunambiguoussoastoavoidconfusionanderror,thereisaneedtostandardizethelanguageused.Thisisofparticularimportanceinthelightoftheincreasingnumberofinternationallytradingvesselswithcrewsspeakingmanydifferentlanguages,sinceproblemsofcommunicationmaycausemisunderstandingsleadingtodangerstothevessel,thepeopleonboardandtheenvironment.In1973,theMaritimeSafetyCommitteeagreed,atitstwenty-seventhsessionthatwherelanguagedifficultiesariseacommonlanguageshouldbeusedfornavigationalpurposes,andthatlanguageshouldbeEnglish.InconsequencetheStandardMarineNavigationalVocabulary(SMNV)wasdeveloped,adoptedin1977andamendedin1985.In1992,theMaritimeSafetyCommittee,atitssixtiethsession,instructedtheSub-CommitteeonSafetyofNavigationtodevelopamorecomprehensivestandardizedsafetylanguagethanSMNV1985,takingintoaccountthechangingconditionsinmodernseafaringandcoveringallmajorsafety-relatedverbalcommunications.Atitssixty-eighthsessionin1997,theMaritimeSafetyCommitteeadoptedtheDraftIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases(SMCP)developedbytheSub-CommitteeonSafetyofNavigation.ThedraftIMOSMCP,followinginternationaltrials,wasamendedattheforty-sixthsessionofthisSub-Committee,andwasgivenfinalconsiderationbytheMaritimeSafetyCommitteeatitsseventy-fourthsessioninthelightofremarksreceivedbytheOrganization.TheIMOSMCPwasadoptedbytheAssemblyinNovember2001asresolutionA.918(22).UndertheInternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers,1978,asrevised1995,theabilitytouseandunderstandtheIMOSMCPisrequiredforthecertificationofofficersinchargeofanavigationalwatchonshipsof500grosstonnageormore.E:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-4-IMOSTANDARDMARINECOMMUNICATIONPHRASESCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONINTRODUCTION1PositionoftheIMOSMCPinmaritimepractice2OrganizationoftheIMOSMCP3PositionoftheIMOSMCPinMaritimeEducationandTraining4Basiccommunicativefeatures5TypographicalconventionsGENERAL1Procedure2Spelling3Messagemarkers4Responses5Distress/urgency/safetysignals6Standardorganizationalphrases7Corrections8Readiness9Repetition10Numbers11Positions12Bearings13Courses14Distances15Speed16Time17Geographicalnames18AmbiguouswordsGLOSSARY1Generalterms2VTSspecialtermsE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.doc-5-A22/Res.918IMOSTANDARDMARINECOMMUNICATIONPHRASES:PARTAA1EXTERNALCOMMUNICATIONPHRASESA1/1DistresstrafficA1/1.1Distresscommunications.1Fire,explosion.2Flooding.3Collision.4Grounding.5List,dangerofcapsizing.6Sinking.7Disabledandadrift.8Armedattack/piracy.9Undesignateddistress.10Abandoningvessel.11PersonoverboardA1/1.2SearchandRescuecommunications.1SARcommunications(specifyingorsupplementarytoA1/1.1).2Acknowledgementand/orrelayofSARmessages.3Performing/co-ordinatingSARoperations.4FinishingwithSARoperationsA1/1.3RequestingMedicalAssistanceA1/2UrgencytrafficSafetyofavessel(otherthandistress).1Technicalfailure.2Cargo.3IcedamageA1/3SafetyCommunicationsA1/3.1Meteorologicalandhydrologicalconditions.1Winds,storms,tropicalstorms;seastate.2Restrictedvisibility.3Ice.4AbnormaltidesA1/3.2Navigationalwarningsinvolving.1Land-orseamarks.2Driftingobjects.3Electronicnavigationalaids.4Seabottomcharacteristics,wrecksE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-6-.5Miscellaneous.5.1Cable,pipeandseismic/hydrographicoperations.5.2Divingoperations,tows,dredgingoperations.5.3Tankertranshipment.5.4Off-shoreinstallations,rigmoves.5.5Defectivelocksorbridges.5.6Militaryoperations.5.7FisheryA1/3.3EnvironmentalprotectioncommunicationsA1/4PilotageA1/4.1PilotrequestA1/4.2Embarking/disembarkingpilotA1/4.3TugrequestA1/5SpecialsA1/5.1HelicopteroperationsA1/5.2Ice-breakeroperations.1Ice-breakerrequest.2Ice-breakerassistanceforconvoy.3Ice-breakerassistanceinclose-coupledtowingA1/6VesselTrafficService(VTS)StandardPhrasesA1/6.1Phrasesforacquiringandprovidingdataforatrafficimage.1Acquiringandprovidingroutinetrafficdata.2AcquiringandprovidingdistresstrafficdataA1/6.2PhrasesforprovidingVTSservices.1Informationservice.1.1Navigationalwarnings.1.2Navigationalinformation.1.3Trafficinformation.1.4Routeinformation.1.5Hydrographicinformation.1.6Electronicnavigationalaidsinformation.1.7Meteorologicalwarnings.1.8Meteorologicalinformation.1.9Meteorologicalquestionsandanswers.2Navigationalassistanceservice.2.1Requestandidentification.2.2Position.2.3Course.3Trafficorganizationservice.3.1Clearance,forwardplanning.3.2Anchoring.3.3Arrival,berthinganddeparture.3.4EnforcementE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.doc-7-A22/Res.918.3.5Avoidingdangeroussituations,providingsafemovements.3.6CanalandlockoperationsA1/6.3HandingovertoanotherVTSA1/6.4Phrasesforcommunicationwithemergencyservicesandalliedservices.1Emergencyservices(SAR,firefighting,pollutionfighting).2Tugservices.3Pilotrequest.4Embarking/disembarkingpilotAppendixtoA1–ExternalCommunicationPhrasesStandardGMDSSMessages1StandardDistressMessage.1Structure.2Example2StandardUrgencyMessage.1Structure.2Example3StandardSafetyMessage.1Structure.2ExampleA2ON-BOARDCOMMUNICATIONPHRASESA2/1StandardWheelOrdersA2/2StandardEngineOrdersA2/3PilotontheBridgeA2/3.1PropulsionsystemA2/3.2ManoeuvringA2/3.3RadarA2/3.4DraftandairdraftA2/3.5Anchoring.1Goingtoanchor.2LeavingtheanchorageA2/3.6TugassistanceA2/3.7Berthingandunberthing.1General.2Berthing.3UnberthingE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-8-IMOSTANDARDMARINECOMMUNICATIONPHRASES:PARTBBON-BOARDCOMMUNICATIONPHRASESB1OperativeshiphandlingB1/1HandingoverthewatchB1/1.1Briefingonposition,movementanddraft.1Position.2Movements.3DraftB1/1.2BriefingontrafficsituationintheareaB1/1.3BriefingonnavigationalaidsandequipmentstatusB1/1.4BriefingonradiocommunicationsB1/1.5BriefingonmeteorologicalconditionsB1/1.6BriefingonstandingordersandbridgeorganizationB1/1.7BriefingonspecialnavigationaleventsB1/1.8Briefingontemperatures,pressuresandsoundingsB1/1.9BriefingonoperationofmainengineandauxiliaryequipmentB1/1.10Briefingonpumpingoffuel,ballastwater,etc.B1/1.11BriefingonspecialmachineryeventsandrepairsB1/1.12BriefingonrecordkeepingB1/1.13HandingandtakingoverthewatchB1/2Trim,listandstabilityB2SafetyonboardB2/1GeneralactivitiesB2/1.1RaisingalarmB2/1.2BriefingcrewandpassengersB2/1.3CheckingstatusofescaperoutesB2/1.4Checkingstatusoflifeboats/liferaftsB2/1.5OrderingevacuationB2/1.6RollcallB2/1.7OrderingabandonvesselB2/1.8In-boatproceduresB2/2OccupationalSafetyB2/2.1InstructionB2/2.2PracticaloccupationalsafetyB2/2.3OccupationalaccidentsB2/3FireprotectionandfirefightingE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.doc-9-A22/Res.918B2/3.1Fireprotection.1CheckingstatusofequipmentB2/3.2Firefightinganddrills.1Reportingfire.2Reportingreadinessforaction.3Ordersforfirefighting.4CancellationofalarmB2/4DamagecontrolB2/4.1CheckingequipmentstatusanddrillsB2/4.2Damagecontrolactivities.1Reportingflooding.2Reportingreadinessforaction.3Ordersfordamagecontrol.4CancellationofalarmB2/5GroundingB2/5.1ReportinggroundingandorderingactionsB2/5.2ReportingdamageB2/5.3OrdersforrefloatingB2/5.4CheckingseaworthinessB2/6SearchandRescueon-boardActivitiesB2/6.1CheckingequipmentstatusB2/6.2Person-overboardactivitiesB2/6.3Rescueoperation-reportingreadinessforassistanceB2/6.4ConductingsearchB2/6.5RescueactivitiesB2/6.6FinishingwithsearchandrescueoperationsB3CargoandcargohandlingB3/1CargohandlingB3/1.1Loadingandunloading.1Loadingcapacitiesandquantities.2Dockside/shipboardcargohandlinggearandequipment.3Preparingforloading/unloading.4Operatingcargohandlingequipmentandhatches.5Maintaining/repairingcargohandlingequipment.6BriefingonstowingandsecuringB3/1.2Handlingdangerousgoods.1Briefingonnatureofdangerousgoods.2Instructionsoncompatibilityandstowage.3Reportingincidents.4ActionincaseofincidentsE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-10-B3/1.3Handlingliquidgoods,bunkersandballastpollutionprevention.1Preparingsafetymeasures.2Operatingpumpingequipment.3Reportingandcleaningupspillage.4Ballasthandling.5TankcleaningB3/1.4PreparingforseaB3/2CargocareB3/2.1OperatingshipboardequipmentforcargocareB3/2.2Takingmeasuresforcargocare.1Carryingoutinspections.2Describingdamagetothecargo.3TakingactionsB4PassengercareB4/1BriefingandinstructionB4/1.1Conductofpassengersonboard.1Generalinformationonconductofpassengers.2Briefingonprohibitedareas,decksandspacesB4/1.2Briefingonsafetyregulations,preventivemeasuresandcommunications.1Thegeneralemergencyalarm.2Preventing/reportingfire.3PAannouncementsonemergency.4Personoverboard.5ProtectivemeasuresforchildrenB4/2EvacuationandboatdrillB4/2.1Allocating/directingtoassemblystations,describinghowtoescapeB4/2.2BriefingonhowtodressandwhattotaketoassemblystationsB4/2.3PerformingrollcallB4/2.4Briefingonhowtoputonlife-jacketsB4/2.5Instructionsonhowtoembarkandbehaveinlifeboats/liferaftsB4/2.6On-scenemeasuresandactionsinlifeboats/liferaftsB4/3AttendingtopassengersinanemergencyB4/3.1InformingonpresentsituationB4/3.2EscortinghelplesspassengersE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.doc-11-A22/Res.918INTRODUCTION1PositionoftheIMOSMCPinmaritimepracticeTheIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases(SMCP)hasbeencompiled:-toassistinthegreatersafetyofnavigationandoftheconductoftheship,-tostandardizethelanguageusedincommunicationfornavigationatsea,inportapproaches,waterwaysandharbours,andonboardvesselswithmultilingualcrews,and-toassistmaritimetraininginstitutionsinmeetingtheobjectivesmentionedabove.ThesephrasesarenotintendedtosupplantorcontradicttheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea,1972orspeciallocalrulesorrecommendationsmadebyIMOconcerningships'routeing,neitheraretheyintendedtosupersedetheInternationalCodeofSignals,andtheiruseinship’sexternalcommunicationshastobeinstrictcompliancewiththerelevantradiotelephoneproceduresassetoutintheITURadioRegulations.Furthermore,theIMOSMCP,asacollectionofindividualphrases,shouldnotberegardedasanykindoftechnicalmanualprovidingoperationalinstructions.TheIMOSMCPmeetstherequirementsoftheSTCWConvention,1978,asrevised,andoftheSOLASConvention,1974,asrevised,regardingverbalcommunications;moreover,thephrasescovertherelevantcommunicationsafetyaspectslaiddownintheseConventions.UseoftheIMOSMCPshouldbemadeasoftenaspossibleinpreferencetootherwordingofsimilarmeaning;asaminimumrequirement,usersshouldadhereascloselyaspossibletotheminrelevantsituations.Inthiswaytheyareintendedtobecomeanacceptablesafetylanguage,usingEnglishfortheverbalinterchangeofintelligenceamongindividualsofallmaritimenationsonthemanyandvariedoccasionswhenprecisemeaningsandtranslationsareindoubt,asisincreasinglyevidentundermodernconditionsatsea.TheaccompanyingCD/Cassetteisdesignedtofamiliarizeuserswiththepronunciationofthephrases.2OrganizationoftheIMOSMCPTheIMOSMCPisdividedintoExternalCommunicationPhrasesandOn-boardCommunicationPhrasesasfarasitsapplicationisconcerned,andintoPartAandPartBastoitsstatuswithintheframeworkofSTCW1978asrevised.PartAcoversphrasesapplicableinexternalcommunications,andmayberegardedasthereplacementoftheStandardMarineNavigationalVocabulary1985,whichisrequiredtobeusedandunderstoodundertheSTCWCode,1995,TableA-II/I.Thispartisenrichedbyessentialphrasesconcerningshiphandlingandsafetyofnavigationtobeusedinon-boardcommunications,particularlywhenthePilotisonthebridge,asrequiredbyRegulation14(4),ChapterV,SOLAS1974,asrevised.PartBcallsattentiontootheron-boardstandardsafety-relatedphraseswhich,supplementarytoPartAmayalsoberegardedasusefulformaritimeEnglishinstruction.E:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-12-3PositionoftheIMOSMCPinMaritimeEducationandTrainingTheIMOSMCPisnotintendedtoprovideacomprehensivemaritimeEnglishsyllabus,whichisexpectedtocoverafarwiderrangeoflanguageskillstobeachievedinthefieldsofvocabulary,grammar,discourseabilities,etc.,thantheIMOSMCPcouldevermanage.However,PartAinparticularshouldbeanindispensablepartofanycurriculumwhichisdesignedtomeetthecorrespondingrequirementsoftheSTCWConvention1978asrevised.Inaddition,PartBoffersarichchoiceofsituationscoveredbyphraseswellsuitedtomeetthecommunicationrequirementsoftheSTCWConvention1978asrevised,whichmarinersareimplicitlyexpectedtosatisfy.TheIMOSMCPshouldbetaughtandlearnedselectivelyaccordingtousers’specificneeds,ratherthaninitsentirety.Therespectiveinstructionshouldbebasedonpracticeinthemaritimeenvironment,andshouldbeimplementedthroughappropriatemodernlanguageteachingmethods.4BasiccommunicativefeaturesTheIMOSMCPbuildsonabasicknowledgeoftheEnglishlanguage.ItwasdraftedintentionallyinasimplifiedversionofmaritimeEnglishinordertoreducegrammatical,lexicalandidiomaticvarietiestoatolerableminimum,usingstandardizedstructuresforthesakeofitsfunctionaspects,i.e.reducingmisunderstandinginsafety-relatedverbalcommunications,therebyendeavouringtoreflectpresentmaritimeEnglishlanguageusageonboardvesselsandinship-to-shore/ship-to-shipcommunications.Thismeansthatinphrasesofferedforuseinemergencyandothersituationsdevelopingunderconsiderablepressureoftimeorpsychologicalstress,aswellasinnavigationalwarnings,ablocklanguageisappliedwhichusessparinglyoromitsthefunctionwordsthe,a/an,is/are,asdoneinseafaringpractice.Users,however,maybeflexibleinthisrespect.Furthercommunicativefeaturesmaybesummarizedasfollows:-avoidingsynonyms-avoidingcontractedforms-providingfullywordedanswersto"yes/no"-questionsandbasicalternativeanswerstosentencequestions-providingonephraseforoneevent,and-structuringthecorrespondingphrasesaccordingtotheprinciple:identicalinvariableplusvariable.5Typographicalconventions()bracketsindicatethatthepartofthemessageenclosedwithinthebracketsmaybeaddedwhererelevant;/obliquestrokesindicatethattheitemsoneithersideofthestrokearealternatives;...dotsindicatethattherelevantinformationistobefilledinwherethedotsoccur;(italicletters)indicatethekindofinformationrequested;~tildesprecedepossiblewordsorphraseswhichcanbeusedafter/inassociationwiththegivenstandardphrase.E:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.doc-13-A22/Res.918GENERAL1ProcedureWhenitisnecessarytoindicatethattheIMOSMCParetobeused,thefollowingmessagemaybesent:"PleaseuseIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases.""IwilluseIMOStandardMarineCommunicationPhrases."2Spelling2.1SpellingoflettersWhenspellingisnecessary,onlythefollowingspellingtableshouldbeused:LetterCodeLetterCodeAAlfaNNovemberBBravoOOscarCCharliePPapaDDeltaQQuebecEEchoRRomeoFFoxtrotSSierraGGolfTTangoHHotelUUniformIIndiaVVictorJJulietWWhiskyKKiloXX-rayLLimaYYankeeMMikeZZulu2.2SpellingofdigitsandnumbersAfewdigitsandnumbershaveamodifiedpronunciationcomparedtogeneralEnglish:NumberSpellingPronunciation0zeroZEERO1oneWUN2twoTOO3threeTREE4fourFOWER5fiveFIFE6sixSIX7sevenSEVEN8eightAIT9nineNINER1000thousandTOUSANDE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-14-3MessageMarkersInshore-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationorradiocommunicationingeneral,thefollowingeightMessageMarkersmaybeused(alsosee"ApplicationofMessageMarkers"giveninPARTA1/6"VesselTrafficService(VTS)StandardPhrases"):(i)Instruction(ii)Advice(iii)Warning(iv)Information(v)Question(vi)Answer(vii)Request(viii)Intention4Responses4.1Whentheanswertoaquestionisintheaffirmative,say:"Yes...."followedbytheappropriatephraseinfull.4.2Whentheanswertoaquestionisinthenegative,say:"No..."followedbytheappropriatephraseinfull.4.3Whentheinformationrequestedisnotimmediatelyavailable,say:"Standby"followedbythetimeintervalwithinwhichtheinformationwillbeavailable.4.4Whentheinformationrequestedcannotbeobtained,say:"Noinformation."4.5WhenanINSTRUCTION(e.g.byaVTSStation,navalvesselorotherfullyauthorizedpersonnel)oranADVICEisgiven,respondifintheaffirmative:"Iwill/can..."-followedbytheinstructionoradviceinfull;and,ifinthenegative,respond:"Iwillnot/cannot..."-followedbytheinstructionoradviceinfull.Example:"ADVICE.DonotovertakethevesselNorthofyou."Respond:"IwillnotovertakethevesselNorthofme."4.6Responsestoordersandanswerstoquestionsofspecialimportancebothinexternalandon-boardcommunicationaregiveninwordinginthephrasesconcerned.5Distress,urgencyandsafetysignals5.1MAYDAYtobeusedtoannounceadistressmessage5.2PANPANtobeusedtoannounceanurgencymessage5.3SECURITEtobeusedtoannounceasafetymessageE:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.doc-15-A22/Res.9186Standardorganizationalphrases6.1"Howdoyouread(me)?"6.1.1"Ireadyou...bad/onewithsignalstrengthone(i.e.barelyperceptible)poor/twowithsignalstrengthtwo(i.e.weak)fair/threewithsignalstrengththree(i.e.fairlygood)good/fourwithsignalstrengthfour(i.e.good)excellent/fivewithsignalstrengthfive(i.e.verygood)6.2WhenitisadvisabletoremainonaVHFChannel/frequency,say:"StandbyonVHFChannel.../frequency...".6.2.1WhenitisacceptedtoremainontheVHFchannel/frequencyindicated,say:"StandingbyonVHFChannel.../frequency...".6.3WhenitisadvisabletochangetoanotherVHFChannel/frequency,say:"Advise(you)changetoVHFChannel.../frequency....""Advise(you)tryVHFChannel../frequency....".6.3.1WhenthechangingofaVHFChannel/frequencyisaccepted,say:"ChangingtoVHFChannel.../frequency....".7CorrectionsWhenamistakeismadeinamessage,say:"Mistake..."followedbytheword:"Correction..."plusthecorrectedpartofthemessage.Example:"Mypresentspeedis14knots-mistake.Correction,mypresentspeedis12,one-two,knots."8Readiness"Iam/Iamnotreadytoreceiveyourmessage".9Repetition9.1Ifanypartofthemessageisconsideredsufficientlyimportanttoneedsafeguarding,say:"Repeat..."-followedbythecorrespondingpartofthemessage.Example:"Mydraftis12.6repeatone-twodecimal6metres.""Donotovertake-repeat-donotovertake."9.2Whenamessageisnotproperlyheard,say:"Sayagain(please)."E:\IMO\SMCP\918-final.docA22/Res.918-16-10NumbersNumbersaretobespokeninseparatedigits:"One-five-zero"for150"Twodecimalfive"orTwopointfive”for2.5Note:Attention!Whenrudderangles,e.g.inwheelorders,aregiven,say:"Fifteen"for15or"Twenty"for20,etc.11Positions11.1Whenlatitudeandlongitudeareused,theseshallbeexpressedindegreesandminutes(anddecimalsofaminuteifnecessary),NorthorSouthoftheEquatorandEastorWestofGreenwich.Example:"WARNING.Dangerouswreckinposition15degrees34minutesNorth061degrees29minutesWest."11.2Whenthepositionisrelatedtoamark,themarkshallbeawell-definedchartedobject.Thebearingshallbeinthe360degreesnotationfromtruenorthandshallbethatofthepositionFROMthemark.Example:"Yourpositionbear