完全版英语词汇学名词解释Word版

传播优秀Word版文档，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！传播优秀Word版文档，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！传播优秀Word版文档，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！第一章word1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfuntion.第三章formation11.Morpheme---Amorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.2.Allomorph---Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknowasallomorphs.3.Freemorphemes(Freeroot)---Theyaremorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemes.4.BoundMorphemes---Theyaremorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewords.5.Boundroot---Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.6.Affixes---Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.7.Inflectionalaffixes---Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareknownasinflectionalmorphemes.8.Derivationalaffixes---Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.9.Prefixes---Prefixesareaffixesthatcomebeforetheword.10.Suffixes---suffixesareaffixesthatcomeaftertheword.11.Root---Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.12.Stem---astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.第四章formation21.Affixation---affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.2.Prefixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Suffixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.3.Compounding（Compositon）--istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.4.Conversion--istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.5.Blending--istheformationofnewwordsbycombinedbypartsoftwowordsorawordplusaplusapartofanotherword.6.Clipping-istheformationofnewwordsbyshorteningalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremaininstead.7.Acronymy--istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.8.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.第五章meaning1.Reference---therelationshipbetween language and the world.2.Concept ---whichbeyondlanguage,is the result of human cognition,reflectingtheobjective world in the human mind. 3.Sense– denotes the relationship inside the language. 4.Motivation--accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.5.OnomatopoeicMotivation--Thesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.6.MorphologicalMotivation--Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.7.SemanticMotivation--referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.8.EtymologicalMotivation--Thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword9.Grammatical meaning – refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.10.Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys.11.Conceptual meaning （denotative meaning） – the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning12.Associative meaning – the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.   It is open-ended and indeterminate 13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning14.Stylistic meaning – stylistic features make the words appropriate for different contexts. 15. Affective meaning – the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. 第六章SenseRelationsandsemanticField23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.AcronymsI.II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.III.IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherword12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:workable(work+able),door-man(door+man).14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.17.Polysemy—thewordwithmorethanonesensesorwhichcanbeusedtoexpressmoremeaning.18.Diachronicapproach–Diachronically，polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Thisfirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning.Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage，ittookonmoreandmoremeanings.Theselattermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.19.Synchronicapproach–synchronically，polysemyisviewedasthecoexistentofvariousmeaningofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.Thebasicmeaningofawordisthecoreofwordmeaning.Thecoreofwordmeaningcalledthecentralmeaning（secondarymeaning）.20.Radiation–asemanticprocesswhichshowsthattheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandeachofthederivedmeaningsproceedoutofineverydirectionlikerays.21.Concatenation–meaning“linkingtogether”，isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil，inmanycases，thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichtheternhadatthebegining.22.Homonyms——aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.23.PerfectHomonyms——arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling，butdifferentinmeaning.24.Homographs——arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.25.Homophones（mostcommon）——arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.26.Synonyms—arewordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.27.AbsoluteSynonyms——arewords，whichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects，i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning，includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.28.Relativesynonyms——aresimilarornearlythesameindenotationbutembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.29.Antonyms——arewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.　　TypesofAntonyms（accordingtothesemanticopposition）　　1）Contradictoryterms–theseantonymsaretrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theyassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.　　2）Contraryterms——ascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.　　3）Relativeterms–consistofrelationaloppositeness.Thepairsofwordsindicatesuchasocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother，thetypeisalsoreverseterms.Thetwowordsofeachpairinterdependent..Hyponymy——dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis，themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Thesespecificwordsareknownashyponyms（下义词）.Forinstance，tulipandrosearehyponymsofflower.Thegeneralwordfloweristhesuperordinateterm（上义词）andthespecificonestulipandrosearethesubordinateterms（下义词）.　　第七章changesinwordmeaning1.Extension（generalization）——Itisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorlessdefiniteconcept.2.Narrowing（specialization）——Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.3.Elevationoramelioration——referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.4.Degradationorpejorationofmeaning——Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.5.Transfer——Itisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertodifferentbutrelatedthing.　　第八章context　　Theextra-linguisticcontextmayextendtoembracetheentireculturebackground.　　LinguisticcontextcanbesubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontextLexicalContext–referstothewordsoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Grammaticalcontext–Themeaningsofawordmaybeinflectedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.　第九章：idioms1.Idiom—idiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences，whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.　2.Characteristicsofidioms　　a.Semanticunity-Idiomseachconsistofmorethanoneword，buteachisasemanticunity.Thoughthevariouswordswhichmakeuptheidiomhavetheirrespectiveliteralmeanings，intheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualmeaning.Theirmeaningsarenotoftenrecognizableinthemeaningofthewholeidiom.Thepartofspeechofeachelementinnolongerimportant.Quiteoftentheidiomfunctionsasoneword.　　b.StructuralStability–thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeable.　　Trueidioms–themeaningoftheidiomcannotbededucedfromthoseoftheindividualconstituents.　　Regularcombination–thespeakeroftheregularcollocations，themeaningoftheidiomcanbeunderstoodfromtheliteralmeaningoftheconstitute.　　　Semi-idioms–themeaningsareinawayrelatedtothemeaningsoftheconstitutebutarenotthemselvesexplicit.　　1.Idiomsnominalinnature（名词性）–haveanounasthekeywordandfunctionasanoun.　　2.Idiomsadjectiveinnature（形容词性）-functionasadjectivesbuttheconstituentsarenotnecessaryadjectives.　　3.Idiomsverbalinnature（动词性）–thisisthelargestgroup.　　Phrasalverbs–idiomswhicharecomposedofaverbplusaprepand/oraparticle.　　4.Idiomsadverbialinnature（副词性）　　5.SentenceIdioms–aremainlyproverbsandsayingsincludingcolloquialismsandcatchphrases.Eachfunctionasasentence.　　　Figureofspeech　　1.Simile　　2.Metaphor「n.隐喻」——isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison，inwhichawordorphaseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.　　3.Metonymy「n.借代」——isthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes，asincrownforking，theWhiteHouseforthePresident.Thekettleisboiling.（kettleforwaterinthekettle）　　4.Synecdoche「n.提喻法」——meansusingapartforawhole，anindividualforaclassamaterialforathingorthereverseofanyofthese.　　5.Personification（拟人）　　6.Euphemism（委婉）　　Variationofidioms　　1.Replacement–aconstituentmaybereplacedbyawordofthesamepartofspeech，resultinginsynonymousorantonymousidioms.　　2.Additionordeletion–someconstituentcanbeaddedordeletedwithoutanychangeofmeaning　　3.Position-shifting–thepositionofcertainconstituentissomeidiomscanbeshiftedwithoutanychangeofmeaning　　4.Shorting–inproverbsandsayings，whereonlyapartofthemisusedinsteadofthewhole　　5.Dismembering–breakinguptheidiomsintopieces，anunusualcaseofidiomsparticularinliteratureorpopularpresstoachievespecialeffect.