英国文学之——十四行诗第十八首 Sonnet 18

ITOPIC：Sonnet18IIOBJECTIVES:A）IntroductiontopoetryB）IntroductiontosonnetC）StudyofSonnet18D）AssignmentITOPIC：Sonnet18IIOBJECTIVES:A）IntroductiontopoetryB）IntroductiontosonnetC）StudyofSonnet18D）AssignmentIIITEACHINGPROCEDURESTopic1—Introductiontopoetry1.DefinitionofPoetryLiteraryworkinwhichspecialintensityisgiventotheexpressionoffeelingsandideasbytheuseofdistinctivestyleandrhythm;poemscollectivelyorasagenreofliterature.Poetrymayberoughlydefinedasakindofwritingthatformulatesaconcentratedimaginativeawarenessofexperienceinlanguagechosenandarrangedtocreateaspecialemotionalresponsethroughitsmeaning,sound,andrhythm.(Literarylanguageisthelanguageusedatthetimeofliterarycreationwhichcoversawiderangeincludingfiction,poetry,anddrama.Literaryuseoflanguageisconsideredasanartisticcreationthoughithasnothingdifferentwiththelanguageusedordinarily.Butliterarylanguageisseenasanartisticmediumtocreateimagesandtorevealthesymbolictruth.)2.TypesofPoetryLyricpoetryLyricisabriefsubjectivepoemstronglymarkedbyimagination,melodyandemotion,andcreatingasingleunifiedimpression.NarrativepoetryNarrativepoetryisonethattellsastoryorpresentsanarrative,whethersimpleorcomplex,longorshort.Epics,balladsandmetricalromancesareamongthemanykindsofnarrativepoems.DramaticpoetryAthirdkindofpoetryisdramaticpoetrywhichiswrittenintheformofaspeechofanindividualcharactertoanimaginaryaudience;itcompressesintoasinglevividsceneanarrativesenseofthespeaker’shistoryandpsychologicalinsightintohischaracter.Thiskindofpoetry,asthetermsuggests,employsdramaticformorsomeelementofdramatictechnique.3.TheLanguageinpoetryTheLanguageinpoetrymaydifferstillfurtherfromthatofprose.SincethefunctionofpoetryistopresentIMAGESconcretely,itistheresponsibilityofthepoettoselectlanguagethatsucceedsinmakingthoseIMAGESconcreteandthespecialwordsrichinconnotativevalueandcarryingimplicationsofsound,color,andaction—thesearethespecialstockofthegenuinePOET.3.1RhythmPoetryisoftenconsideredastherhythmiccreationofbeauty(EdgarAllenPoe).Apoemisdividedintostanzaorstrophe(诗节),whichissubdividedintoverseorline(行).Eachlineisdividedintoseveralfeet(音步).Footisarrangedaccordingtothestress,andthisformsthemeter(格律).Inafoot,“-”symbolizesstress,whichiscalled“扬”inChinese,and“ˇ”symbolizesnon-stress,whichiscalled“抑”inChinese.Rhythmcomesfromtheregularpatternofthestressandnon-stress.Accordingtotherulesofthearrangementofthestressesandnon-stresses,themostcommonlyusedmeterofEnglishpoetryisdividedinto:A.Iambicfoot(Iamb)(∨—)(∨/)抑扬格Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?B.Trochaicfoot(Trochee)(—∨)(/∨)扬抑格Everylittlestreamisbright,C.Anapesticfoot(Anapest))(∨∨—)(∨∨/)抑抑扬格Forthemoonneverbeamswithoutbringingmedreams.D.Dactylicfoot(Dacty1)(—∨∨)(/∨∨)扬抑抑格Slowlythemisto’erthemeadowwascreeping.E.Amphibrachfoot(Amphibrach)：(∨—∨)(∨/∨)F.Spondee：（——）（//）G..Pyrrhic：（∨∨）3.2KindsofVerse:Alineconsistsofseveralfeet.Accordingtothenumberoffoot,footisdividedinto:A.Monometer(单音步)：Itrust.B.Dimeter(双音步)：Thewildwindsweep.C.Trimeter(三音步)：Theirsnottomakereply.D.Tetrameter(四音步)：Helivestolearninlife’shardschool.E.Pentameter(五音步)：Thepoetryofearthisneverdead.F.Hexameter.(六音步):G.Peptameter(七音步)H.Octametre(八音步)3.3KindsofMeters:VerserhythmAverseconsistsofdifferentkindsoffeet.A.IambicMonometer：AnddieB.TrochaicDimeter:Richthetreasure.C.IambicTrimeter：Theirsnottomakereply.(AnapesticTrimeter：Downtothedepthsofthesea)D.IambicTetrameter：Row,brother,row,thestreamisfast…(TrochaicTetrameter：Lifeisreal!Lifeisearnest!)(AmphibrachTetrameter：Afarmerwenttrottinguponhisgreymare)E.IambicPentameter：Farewell,thetranquilmind,farewell,content!Andswimsorsinks,orwades,orcreeps,orflies.Plea’sinthesilentshadewithemptypraise.3.4Rhyme(Rime):arepetitionofthesamesound.Alliteration：Theinitialsamesound,normallyconsonants,especiallyatthebeginningofwords,orstressedsyllables,arerepeated.Themoanofdovesinimmemorialelms.Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees.—A.Tennyson,Princes.Assonance：arepetitionofthesameorsimilarvowelsounds,usuallyclosetogetherquiteinrhyme.e.g.1)ThewavescameoverthebrokenshipTillallhersidesweretorn Consonance：harmonyofconsonant.Thesameconsonantsfollowdifferentvowelsoundsofwordsclosetoeachother.e.g.1)apalegoldchord.Endrhyme：Rhymescheme.A.Park-dark,make-break,low-foe.(Normalrhyme)B.one-bone,stood-blood.(Eyerhyme)3.5SomestanzaformsA.Couplet,usuallyiambictetrameterandiambicpentameter(heroiccouplet)B.Tercet(triplet).C.Quatrain.D.Five-versestanza.E.SextetF.Seven-versestanzaG.Octave(Triple).H.Sonnet3.6ImageryImageryreferstothesensoryimagesproducedbywords.Imageryisthelifeofagoodpoem.Imageryisdividedintovisualimage,auditoryimage,olfactoryimage(嗅觉),tactileimage(触觉),gustatoryimage(味觉)，kinaestheticimage(动觉),abstractimage,etc.Topic2—IntroductiontosonnetIntroductionSonnetisabasiclyricform,andisalsoaveryimportantformofEnglishmetricalpoetry.Ithas14lineswrittenwitharegularrhymescheme.SonnetwasinventedbytheItalianpoet,FrancescoPetrarchintheearly13thcentury.Dantewasthefirstpoettouseit.Sonnetmakesiteasiertoexpressdeepthoughtandemotion.2.1DefinitionofsonnetSonnetisasingle-stanzalyricpoemcontainingfourteenlinesusuallywritteniniambicpentameterandrhymedinvariouspatterns,expressingdifferentaspectsofasinglethought,mood,orfeeling,sometimesresolvedorsummedupinlastlinesofthepoem.2.2TypesofSonnetTherearethreedominanttypesofsonnet:◆Petrarchansonnet(theItaliansonnet):abba,abba,cde,cdeDefinitionofPetrarchansonnetThefirst8linesformanoctave,whichrhymesabba,abbaandtheremaining6linesformasestetwhichrhymescde,cde.◆Spenseriansonnet:abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee◆Shakespeareansonnet(theEnglishsonnetorElizabethansonnet):abab,cdcd,efef,gg.2.3Shakespeareansonnet2.3.1DefinitionofShakespeareansonnet:Shakespeareansonnetconsistsofthreequatrainswitharhymingschemeababcdcdefefandendswithacoupletrhyminggg.Inthethreequatrainsthethemeisputforwardanddeveloped,andinthecoupletthesonnetendswithasurpriseconclusionorshiftofideas.Thequatrainsproduceasweepingmovementwhiletheconcludingcoupletoftencomestobeaneffectiveepigramandalsomakesthethemeofthepoemclearer.2.3.2Contents:Shakespeare’ssonnetsaretheonlydirectexpressionofthepoet’sownfeelings.Hissonnetsnumbered1-126areaddressedtoahandsomeyoungnobleman,Shakespeare’sbelovedfriendandarivalpoet.Thepoemsexpressesthewriter’sselflessbutnotentirelyuncriticaldevotiontotheyoungman.Thesonnetsnumbered127-152involveamistressofShakespeare,amysterious“DarkLady”.Thesonnetsnumbered153-154areallegoricalandaddressedtoCupid,theGodofloveinGreekmythology.2.3.3CharacteristicsofShakespeare’ssonnetsShakespeare’ssonnetsischaracterizedbytheexpressionofstrongfeelingswithanexquisitelycontrolledartisticform.Thethemeofloveandinfidelityisdominantinbothsetsofpoems.Thethemeisinterwovenwithmotifsofbeauty,immorality,andtheravagesoftimeandwithlyricalspeculationaboutpoetry’spowertomaintainbondsofloveandtoimmortalizethebeloved.2.3.4ThemesHissonnet’smostcommonthemesconcernthedestructiveeffectsoftime,thequicknessofphysicaldecay,andthelossofbeauty,vigor,andlove.AlthoughShakespeare’ssonnetscelebratelife,theyarealwayswithakeenawarenessofdeathandembodyprofoundmoralandaestheticcontemplation.2.3.5Shakespeare’scontributionShakespeare’scontributiontoEnglishliteraturenotonlyliesinthecreationofmanyimmortalworks,butalsointheimprovementofthedramatictechniquesandthecreationofShakespeariansonnetbyrevisingtheItaliansonnet.Topic3—StudyofSonnet183.1ThemainideaThesonnetstartswithaquestionthatmightleadtoaveryordinaryconceit；insteaditintroducesaprofoundmeditationontime,changeandbeauty.Normally,tocomparethebelovedtothedaysofearlysummerortothedazzlingbeautyoftheglorioussunwouldbeconsideredhighpraise.However,thepoetconsidersthecomparisoninadequate,forjustliketheshortnessofsummer,man’syouthandbeautywillfadeaway.Thenthepoetexpressesaveryboldidea:thatbeautifulthingscanrelyontheforceofliteraturetotheireternity;andliteratureiscreatedbyman,thusitdeclaresman’seternity.3.2ThemesKeywords:Praisingthebeautyoftheyoungman;Transienceofbeautyinnature;Immortalityofartingeneral(poetryinparticular)InthepoemShakespearehasaprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftimeandtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.ThusShakespearehasafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Thepoeteulogizesthepowerofartisticcreation.Literaturewillbecomepartoftime.Theemphatictoneofthepoemshowsthemightyself-confidenceofthenewly-arisencommercialbourgeoisie.Andthevivid,variableandrichimagesreflectthelivelyandadventurousspiritsofthosewhowereopeningnewspaceandcreatingnewworld.3.3Thefourstepsinthecompositionofthepoem◆Introduction(Opening),◆Elucidationofthetheme(Developing)◆Transitiontoanotherviewpoint(Changing)◆Summingup(Concluding)Forexample:ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate：↑RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,↓AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,↓Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,NorshallDeathbragthouwand’restinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st,Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,↓Solonglivethis,andthisgiveslifetothee.3.4Stylisticfeaturesofthesonnet：3.4.1Structure:Thepoemconsistsofthreequatrainsandaconcludingcoupletofiambicpentameter,withtherhymeschemeababcdcdefefgg.﹡Meter(withrespecttotonalpattern):Iambus(抑扬格)/IambicFoot(抑扬音步)5-footIambus/IambicPentameter（五步抑扬格）ShallI│compare│theeto│asum│mer’sday?Thouart│morelove│lyand│moretem│perate：Roughwinds│doshake│thedar│lingbuds│ofMay,AndSum│mer’slease│hathall│tooshort│adate.﹡RhymeschemeTherhymeschemeisababcdcdefefgg.ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate：bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,aAndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:bSometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBychance,ornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;dButthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,fNorshallDeathbragthouwand’restinhisshade,eWhenineternallinestotimethougrow’st,fSolongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,gSolonglivethis,andthisgiveslifetothee.g3.4.2Figuresofspeech﹡Rhetoricalquestion:ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?﹡Simile:theetoasummer’sday﹡Metaphor:theeyeofheaven:referringtothesun;eternalsummer:immortal(ever-lasting)youthfulness﹡Personification:Roughwinds;Death:(personification)thedestroyeroflife﹡Repetition:eternal;solong;can;this﹡Alliteration:fairfromfair;chanceornature’schangingcourse﹡Contrast:naturalsummer↔thysummer;short↔eternal;leased↔ow’st;hot↔temperate;Rough↔lovely;dimmed↔notfade﹡Imagery:Roughwinds;darlingbuds;Hoteye;Goldcomplexion(Thepoetusesimagesnotonlytocreatephysicalexperiencesbutalsotoestablishmoods,andmakethethememoreconcreteandconcentrated.)3.5TextualappreciationLines1-2ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate：Paraphrase:HowcanIcompareyoutoasummer’sdaysinceyouarelovelierandgentlerthanit?/IfIcomparedyoutoasummer’sday,I’dhavetosayyouaremorebeautifulandserene.Detailedstudy●“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?”：Itisarhetoricalquestionwithoutanswer.Andherehyperboleisemployed.Normally,tocomparethebelovedtothedaysofearlysummerwouldbeconsideredhighpraise,becauseintherainyandfoggyEngland,summerisamildandfloweringseason.Thusitintroducesaprofoundmeditationontime,changeandbeauty.●“Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate”：However,thepoetconsidersthecomparisonofasummer’sdayisinadequate,forjustliketheshortnessofsummer,man’syouthandbeautywillfadeaway.Theword“more”suggestsinfinitetenderness.The“lovely”impliesthebeautifulcomplexionofthebeloved.Andthe“temperate”impliesthenatureofthebeloved.Notethatthesecondlineactuallyservesastheadverbialcausetothefirstline.(Implication:Youaremuchbetter,muchmorebeautifulthansummer.)●Thefirsttwolinesintroduceasubjectofthepoem.●Archaism:thee:you(theobjectformofthou);thou:you(thesubjectformofyou);art:are(ThesingularofthesecondpersoninoldEnglish:-est,-st,-t,e.g.art=are,ow’st=owe,wand’rest=wander,grow’st=grow.)●asummer’sday:InEngland,summerisnothotbutcomfortablywarm.Itisthemostpleasantseasonoftheyear.“day”:theperiodorseasonofasummer.●temperate:gentle,soft,mild,tender.Lines3-4RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Paraphrase:Infact,theviolentwindsdodestroythelovelybudsofMay,andsummerlastsforonlyaveryshortperiodoftime.Detailedstudy●rough:violent;terrible.Herepersonificationisemployed.●doshake:Theword“do”isusedhereforemphasis.●darling:lovely;dear;charming.●lease:period;(atermusedinlaw)thelengthoftimeduringwhichalegalagreementistolast.Hereitisfigurativelyused,meaning“lifetime”.●Archaism:hath:“has”.●date:periodoftime.Themainideaofthefirstquatrain:Thepoetmakesanintroductionbyexplainingthatthoughsummerofthenaturalworldisverybeautiful,itisnobetterthanhisfriend.Itmayexistforonlyalimitedperiodoftimesinceithasalotofshortcomings.Lines5-6Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Paraphrase:Sometimesthesunshinestoohot,anditsgoldenbrightnessisoftencoveredordarkenedbyclouds.Detailedstudy●sometime:sometimes;occasionally;nowandthen;fromtimetotime●theeyeofheaven:(metaphor)referringtothesun●goldcomplexion:thegoldenbrightnessofthesun●complexion:naturalcolorandappearanceoftheskinoftheface●dimmed:notbrightLines7-8Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;Paraphrase:Everythingbeautifulmayloseitsbeauty.Thebeautymaybedestroyedunexpectedlyorbythelawofchange(thenormalorderofchange)inthenaturalworld.Detailedstudy●everyfair:everybeautifulobject,oreverybeautifulperson(everythingbeautiful)●fair:beauty.Notethatthefirst“fair”referstotheindividual,whilethesecond“fair”referstowhole,theconceptofbeauty.●decline:fadeaway;movefromabettertoaworsecondition●chance:someunexpectednaturaldisaster,suchasearthquake,flood,etc.●nature’schangingcourse:thelawofchangeinthenaturalworld●untrimmed:destroyed(bestrippedofbeauty).AlsonotetheinvertedorderhereThemainideaofthesecondquatrain:Shakespearesupportshisviewbycitingmoreexamplesoftheshortcomingsofsummerandpointingoutthefactthateverythingbeautifulmayfinallyloseitsbeautyandmayfinallydisappearcompletelyfromtheworld.Lines9-12Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,NorshallDeathbragthouwand’restinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st,Paraphrase:Ifyouarewritteninaneternalpoem,youwillbecomepartoftime,youwillalwaysbeyoungoryouryouthfulnesswillbeeverlasting(willneverdisappear),andyouwillneverloseyourbeauty,andevenDeathshallnotboastthatyouareunderhiscontrol.Detailedstudy●eternalsummer:(metaphor)immortal(ever-lasting)youthfulness●fade:disappeargradually●possession:ownership●thouow’st:youown;youhave●Death:(personification)thedestroyeroflife●brag:boastabout●wand’restinhisshade:walkaboutinhisdarkness;beunderhiscontrol●eternallines:immortallinesofpoetrysuchasthelinesinthispoem●totimethougrow’st:you’llbecomeapartoftime;you’llgrowtogetherwithtime,justastimethatlastsforever.●“NorshallDeathbraythouwandrestinthisshade”:NorshallDeathboastthatyouroamaboutinhisdarkness,i.e.youshallnotfallunderthethreatofDeath.Here“Death”ispersonified.“thouwand’rest”——thouwanderest.●“Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st”：wheninimmortalpoetryyoubecomeevenwithtime”.Themainideaofthethirdquatrain:Shakespearemakesfurtherattempttorevealthethemeofthepoembypointingoutthatwhenhisfriendiswritteninpoetry,hisbeautywillbeaseverlastingastime.Lines13-14Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivethis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Paraphrase:Aslongasthereismanlivinginthisworld,aslongasman’seyescanseethings,thispoemwillbeeternalanditwillalsomakeyouimmortal.Detailedstudy●.this:thispoem,poetry.ThemainideaofthecoupletThisisaconcludingcouplet,expressingthathisfriendwillbeasimmortalasthispoem,andmakesthethemeofthepoemevenclearerthatpoetryiseternal;manisimmortalandhishumanistideaswillbeeverlasting,indicatingShakespeare’sstrongfaithinthepermanenceofthepoem.Thebeautyinpoetrycanlastforeverandcanbringforththeeternalbeautytotheoneheloves.Whatisgreatandeternalisthepoet’seternalpoems,i.e.literaturecangrowtotimeandcanchallengetime.Thesonnetstartswiththecomparisonofmanandsummer,andcomestoitsconclusionwithmanconqueringnature,whichistypicalhumanistthought.GuidedandIndependentPractice1.WhatmetricalformisusedinSonnet18?2.Pleasepointoutandexplainthearchaicwordsusedinthepoem.Topic5—Assignment(1)ReciteShakespeare’sSonnet18.(2)Discussthethemeofthepoem.(3)Giveabriefcommentonthesonnetfromdifferentperspectives(4)Preview“ParadiseLost”(Excerpt,fromLine84toLine191inthetextbook).DefinitionofPoetry*distinctivestyleandrhythm;agenreofliterature.*aconcentratedimaginativeawarenessofexperienceinlanguage*aspecialemotionalresponsethroughitsmeaning,sound,andrhythm.TypesofPoetryLyricpoetryNarrativepoetryDramaticpoetryLyricpoetryLyricisabriefsubjectivepoemstronglymarkedbyimagination,melodyandemotion,andcreatingasingleunifiedimpression.NarrativepoetryNarrativepoetryisonethattellsastoryorpresentsanarrative,whethersimpleorcomplex,longorshort.Epics,balladsandmetricalromancesareamongthemanykindsofnarrativepoems.DramaticpoetryAthirdkindofpoetryisdramaticpoetrywhichiswrittenintheformofaspeechofanindividualcharactertoanimaginaryaudience;itcompressesintoasinglevividsceneanarrativesenseofthespeaker’shistoryandpsychologicalinsightintohischaracter.Thiskindofpoetry,asthetermsuggests,employsdramaticformorsomeelementofdramatictechnique.TheLanguageinPoetryTheLanguageinpoetrymaydifferstillfurtherfromthatofprose.SincethefunctionofpoetryistopresentIMAGESconcretely,itistheresponsibilityofthepoettoselectlanguagethatsucceedsinmakingthoseIMAGESconcreteandthespecialwordsrichinconnotativevalueandcarryingimplicationsofsound,color,andaction—thesearethespecialstockofthegenuinePOET.RhythmPoetryisoftenconsideredastherhythmiccreationofbeauty(EdgarAllenPoe).Apoemisdividedintostanzaorstrophe(诗节),whichissubdividedintoverseorline(行).Eachlineisdividedintoseveralfeet(音步).Footisarrangedaccordingtothestress,andthisformsthemeter(格律).Inafoot,“-”symbolizesstress,whichiscalled“扬”inChinese,and“ˇ”symbolizesnon-stress,whichiscalled“抑”inChinese.Rhythmcomesfromtheregularpatternofthestressandnon-stress.Accordingtotherulesofthearrangementofthestressesandnon-stresses,themostcommonlyusedmeterofEnglishpoetryisdividedinto:A.Iambicfoot(Iamb)(∨—)(∨/)抑扬格Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?B.Trochaicfoot(Trochee)(—∨)(/∨)扬抑格Everylittlestreamisbright,C.Anapesticfoot(Anapest))(∨∨—)(∨∨/)抑抑扬格Forthemoonneverbeamswithoutbringingmedreams.D.Dactylicfoot(Dacty1)(—∨∨)(/∨∨)扬抑抑格Slowlythemisto’erthemeadowwascreeping.E.Amphibrachfoot(Amphibrach)：(∨—∨)(∨/∨)F.Spondee：（——）（//）G..Pyrrhic：（∨∨）KindsofVerse:Alineconsistsofseveralfeet.Accordingtothenumberoffoot,footisdividedinto:A.Monometer(单音步)：Itrust.B.Dimeter(双音步)：Thewildwindsweep.C.Trimeter(三音步)：Theirsnottomakereply.D.Tetrameter(四音步)：Helivestolearninlife’shardschool.E.Pentameter(五音步)：Thepoetryofearthisneverdead.F.Hexameter.(六音步):G.Peptameter(七音步)H.Octametre(八音步)KindsofMeters:VerserhythmAverseconsistsofdifferentkindsoffeet.A.IambicMonometer：AnddieB.TrochaicDimeter:Richthetreasure.C.IambicTrimeter：Theirsnottomakereply.(AnapesticTrimeter：Downtothedepthsofthesea)D.IambicTetrameter：Row