英文介绍美国的三权分立制度

Theseparationofpowerandthesystemofchecks-and-balancesinUSAItisknowntousthatthepoliticalsystemvaryfromcountrytocountrydependingonitsdifferentnationalcondition,suchastheconstitutionalmonarchyofUKandthePeople'sCongresssystemofChina,theseparationofpowerofUS.Duringthisdiscussion,wewilltalkaboutthehowtheAmericangovernmentworksundertheideaofseparationofpowerwhichisassociatedwiththechecksandbalancessystem.AccordingtotheU.S.Constitutiondeclaredthatthegovernmentwasdividedintothreedifferentbranchesincludingalegislative,anexecutiveandajudiciary,inaccordaneewiththeideaofseparationofpower.ThisideawascreatedbecausethatAmericansdidnotwantthesepowerstobecontrolledbyjustonemanoronegroup.Theywereafraidthatifasmallgroupreceivedtoomuchpower,theUnitedStateswouldwindupundertheruleofanotherdictatorortyrant.SeparationofpowersisapoliticaldoctrineoriginatinginthewritingsofMontesquieuin"TheSpiritoftheLaws"whereheurgedforaconstitutionalgovernmentwiththreeseparatebranchesofgovernment.Eachofthethreebrancheswouldhavedefinedpowerstocheckthepowersoftheotherbranches.Thisideawascalledseparationofpowers.ThisphilosophyheavilyinflueneedthewritingoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranchesoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentarekeptdistinetinordertopreventabuseofpower.TheUnitedState'sformofseparationofpowersisassociatedwithasystemofchecksandbalances.HowdoestheUnitedStatesdowhenputtingtheideaofseparationofpowerintopractice?Whichdepartmentisresponsibleforthelegislative,executive,andjudicialworkrespectively?Infact,inUSA,thelegislativeisheadedbyCongress;theexecutivebranchheadedbythePresidentandjudicialbranchesheadedbytheSupremeCourt.Ifwehavetouseverysimplewordstodescribetheworkofthesethreebranches,itcanbesummarizedasfollow:theLegislativeBranchmakesthelaw;theExecutiveBranchenforcesandcarriesoutthelaws;TheJudicialBranchinterpretsthelaws.Eachbranchofthegovernmenthaveparticularpowers,itwillbeintroducedfollowed.ThePresident,whoisresponsiblefortheExecutiveBranchcarriesoutfederallawsandrecommendsnewones,directsnationaldefenseandforeignpolicy,andperformsceremonialduties.Themainpowersinclude:Mayvetolawsdealingwithinternationalpowers,ctingaschieflawenforcementofficer,directinggovernment,commandingtheArmedForces,精品文档WageswaratthedirectionofCongress(Congressmakestherulesforthemilitary)Makesdecreesordeclarations(forexample,declaringastateofemergency)promulgateslawfulregulationsandexecutiveordersAppointsjudgesandexecutivedepartmentheadsHaspowertograntpardonstoconvictedpersons,exceptincasesofimpeachmentTheLegislativeBranchisheadedbytheCongress,whichincludestheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.Themaintaskofthesetwobodiesistomakethelaws.Itsmainpowersinclude：WritesandenactslawsEnactstaxes,authorizesborrowing,andsetsthebudget.Hassolepowertodeclarewar.Maystartinvestigations,especiallyagainsttheexecutivebranch.TheSenateconsiderspresidentialappointmentsofjudgesandexecutivedepartmentheads.TheSenateratifiestreaties.TheHouseofRepresentativesmayimpeach,andtheSenatemayremove,executiveandjudicialofficers.SetsupfederalcourtsexcepttheSupremeCourt,andsetsthenumberofjusticesontheSupremeCourt.Mayoverridepresidentialvetoes.originatingspendingbills(House),impeachofficials(Senate),andapprovetreaties(Senate).HeadedbytheSupremeCourt,Judicialbranchhasthefinalrighttointerpretthelaw,thatistosay,oncetheSupremeCourtdefinesthelaw,theotherdifferentdebateswillbeineffective.ThemainpowersoftheSupremeCourtinclude:interpretingtheConstitution,reviewinglawsdecidecasesinvolvingstates'rights.DetermineswhichlawsCongressintendedtoapplytoanygivencaseDetermineswhetheralawisunconstitutionalDetermineshowCongressmeantthelawtoapplytodisputesDetermineshowalawactstodeterminethedispositionofprisonersDetermineshowalawactstocompeltestimonyandtheproductionofevideneeDetermineshowlawsshouldbeinterpretedtoassureuniformpoliciesinatop-downfashionviatheappealsprocess,butgivesdiscretioninindividualcasestolow-leveljudges.(Theamountofdiscretiondependsuponthestandardofreview,determinedbythetypeofcaseinquestion.)PolicesitsownmembersNotonlydoeseachbranchofthegovernmenthaveparticularpowerseachbranchhascertainpowersovertheotherbranches.Thisisdonetokeepthembalaneedandtopreventonebranchformevergainingtoomuchpower,whichpracticesthesystemofchecks-and-balances.Thiscanbeshowninthesomeaspects:WeatheralawispassedornotdecidedbytheCongressTheHouseandSenatemaypassalawthatthePresidentdoesnotlike.ThePresidentcanvetothelawbuttheCongressoverridethevideorequiring2/3voteofbothhouses.TheSupremeCourtcandecideweatherthePresidentortheCongressisunconstitutional.IfTheHouseandSenatepassalaw,thePresidentsignsit,buttheSupremeCourtdecidesitisunconstitutional,theycanstrikedownthelaw.TheappointmentoftheJudgesfortheSupremeCourseisdecidedbyboththePresidentandtheCongressThePresidentnominatesJudgesfortheSupremeCourt;theUSSenatemustapprovetheJudgenominatedbeforehecanserve.TheJudgesofSupremeCourtcanberemovedbytheCongressSupremeCourtjudgeshavelifeterms.Buttheycanbeimpeached.TheCongresscanvetotheproposalsofthePresidentandthecanrejectitagain,butitwasdecidedbytheCongress.Aswecanseetherearemanyways(therearemanymorethanlisted)thattheConstitutionbalancespower.ThepicturebelowshowsusclearlyhowdoesthethreebranchoftheAmericangovernmentrestricteachothermutually,foreachbranchhascertainpowersovertheotherbranches.Therearesomedefiniteexamplestoshowhowthesystemofchecks-and-balancesoperates:AftertheCivilWarPresidentAndrewJohnsonvetoedover20bills.AftertheCivilWarCongressoverrodeover20Presidentialvetoes!3.ln1987PresidentRonaldReaganappointedJudgeRobertBorktotheSupremeCourt,hisnominationwasdefeated.4.ln1935and1936theSupremeCourtdeclaredtheNIRAandthentheAAA(twoNewDealprogramspassedduringtheRooseveltadministration)unconstitutional.5.1918CongressrefusedtoratifytheTreatyofVersailles,apeacetreatyendingWorldWarIthatPresidentWilsonhadworkedveryhardon.Therearethousandsofexamplesofchecksandbalancesatwork.Reallifeconflictsthattestthesystemhaveoccurredthroughouthistory.Thesechecksandbalancesareusedonaregularbasis.Actually,intheory,thepoliticalsystemofChinaisinsomewaysimilartothesystemofchecks-and-balances.TheNationalPeople'sCongresshaslegislativepower,butarenotadministrative.TheJudicialdepartmentsenforcelawindependently.Andthe精品文档governmenthasonlytheadministrationwithoutprejudicetothelegislativeandjudicial.However,therearemanydifferencesinthespecificinstitutionalandpracticalimplementation.InChina,thepartyleadallandsometimesthePeople'sCongressisalsoPartysecretary.Thereforethesystemofchecks-and-balancesisnotfullyimplementedinChina,whileinUS,thissystemisreallytheguidewhenthegovernmentworks,foreachbranchhascertainpowersovertheotherbranchesandthethreebranchoftheAmericangovernmentrestricteachothermutually.Conclusion.Duringthisdiscussion,welearnitistheseparationofpowerthatisthemainprinciplesonwhichAmericanfederalgovernmentisbased,thedifferentpowersofthethreebranchesandusealotofexamplestoexplainhowthethreebranchesaffecteachothertoshowthesystemofchecks-and-balancesoperatinginUSA.Allinourgroupsbelievethattheideaofseparationandthesystemofchecks-and-balancesdohavecontributedalottothedevelopmentofAmericaasmainprinciplewhenthegovernmentoperates.苗木供应合同 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 甲方：乙方：周至县哑柏镇绿星苗圃经甲乙双方协商同意，（以下简称甲方）从周至县哑柏镇绿星苗圃（以下简称乙方）购买银杏苗木，（用于渭政办发[2010]205号文件，渭南市区绿化），并就相关事宜达成以下协议：一、苗木数量：二、苗木规格：胸径15cm以上，主干通直，树头完整，枝条匀称、丰满，无病虫害，树形美观。三、苗木价格：每株计人民币四、该价格包括：苗木费、挖掘费、包装费、装车费、拉运费五项。合计人民币（）五、付款方式：任务完成后，10日内一次付清。六、有关事项：1、土球规格：苗木所带土球直径1.2米以上，厚度60cm以上，卸车前完整不破裂。2、包装规格：土球包装腰带无间隙宽度12cm以上，纵扎草绳间隙在2cm以下。绳杆高度40cm，缠冠高度2米。3、所有苗木必须是播种培育，均为本苗圃苗木，严禁从外省、外地调动，由此产生的不良后果，由乙方负责。4、乙方必须按照甲方时间、地点、数量 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 按时送苗。（送苗地点，渭南市城区）并保证我县任务完成居全市前三名。5、苗木结算数量以接收方接收单上的数据为准，因不符合合同条款中苗木规格要求的，接收方拒绝接收的苗木由乙方自行处理。六、本合同未尽事宜，甲乙双方同意协商解决。七、合同条款违约，造成经济损失，由造成损失方全额赔偿。八、本合同一式两份，甲乙双方各执一份，自签字盖章之日起生效二0—0年十二月