Sarah-撒拉

SarahAdepictionofSarahandherhusband,Abrahamonthefarleft,hostingthreeangelsinwhiterobesPersonalBornSaraiUrKaśdimDiedHebronSpouseAbraham(half-brother)ChildrenIsaacRelativesHaran(brother-in-law)Nahor(brother-in-law)Terah(father-in-law)Lot(nephew)Lot'swife(niece)SarahSarahorSara(/ˈsɛərə/SAIR-ə;[1]Hebrew:ָׂשָרה,ModernSaraTiberianŚārāISO259-3Śarra;Latin:Sara;Arabic:ساراorسارةSāra)wasthewifeofAbraham[2]andthemotherofIsaacasdescribedintheHebrewBible.HernamewasoriginallySarai(Hebrew:ָׂשָרי,ModernSarīTiberianŚāray).AccordingtoGenesis17:15,GodchangedhernametoSarahaspartofacovenantafterHagarboreAbrahamhisfirstson,Ishmael.TheHebrewnameSarahindicatesawomanofhighrankandistranslatedas"princess"or"noblewoman".[3]IntheHebrewBibleDeparturefromUrPharaoh'sharemHagarandIshmaelIsaacAbimelechDeathFamilytreeInrabbinicliteraturePharaoh'sharemRelationswithHagarDeathNewTestamentreferencesIslamTombofSarahContemporaryworksandanalysisNotesExternallinksSarahwasthewifeofAbrahamandhishalf-sister.Sarahwasapproximatelytenyearsyoungerthanherhusband.[4]ShewasconsideredbeautifultothepointthatAbrahamfearedthatwhentheywerenearmorepowerfulrulersshewouldbetakenawayandgiventoanotherman.Twicehepurposelyidentifiedherasbeinghissistersothathewouldbe"treatedwell"forhersake.[5]NoreasonisgivenwhySarahremainedbarren(childless)foralongperiodoftime.[6]Shewasoriginallycalled"Sarai",whichistranslated"myprincess".Latershewascalled"Sarah",i.e.,"princess".[7]Terah,withAbram(ashewasthencalled),SaraiandLot,departedforCanaan,butstoppedinaplacenamedHaran,whereTerahremaineduntilhediedattheageof205.[8]TheLORDhadtoldAbramtoleavehiscountryandhisfather'shouseforalandthathewouldshowhim,promisingtomakeofhimagreatnation,blesshim,makehisnamegreat,blessthosewhoblessedhim,andcurse"him"thatcurseshim.[9]FollowingContentsIntheHebrewBibleAbram’sCounseltoSarai(watercolorcirca1896–1902byJamesTissot)DeparturefromUrGod'scommand,AbramtookhiswifeSarai,hisnephewLot,andthewealthandpersonsthattheyhadacquired,andtraveledtoShecheminCanaan.Abramwas75atthistime.[10]TherewasaseverefamineinthelandofCanaan,sothatAbramandLotandtheirhouseholds,travelledsouthtoEgypt.OnthejourneytoEgypt,AbraminstructedSaraitoidentifyherselfonlyashissister,fearingthattheEgyptianswouldkillhiminordertotakehiswife,saying,"Iknowwhatabeautifulwomanyouare.WhentheEgyptiansseeyou,theywillsay,'thisishiswife.'Thentheywillkillmebutwillletyoulive.Sayyouaremysister,sothatIwillbetreatedwellforyoursakeandmylifewillbesparedbecauseofyou."[11]WhenbroughtbeforePharaoh,SaraisaidthatAbramwasherbrother,andthekingthereupontookherintohispalaceandbestoweduponthelattermanypresentsandmarksofdistinction.ItispossiblethatSaraiacquiredherEgyptianhandmaidHagarduringthisstay.However,GodafflictedPharaoh'shouseholdwithgreatplagues.[12]PharaohthenrealizedthatSaraiwasAbram'swifeanddemandedthattheyleaveEgyptimmediately.[13]AfterhavinglivedinCanaanfortenyearsandstillchildless,SaraisuggestedthatAbramhaveachildwithherEgyptianhandmaidHagar,towhichheagreed.ThisresultedintensionbetweenSaraiandHagar,andSaraicomplainedtoherhusbandthatthehandmaidnolongerrespectedher.[14]Atonepoint,Hagarfledfromhermistressbutreturnedafterangelsmether.ShegavebirthtoAbram'ssonIshmaelwhenAbramwaseighty-sixyearsold.[15]InGenesis17whenAbramwasninety-nineyearsold,Goddeclaredhisnewname:"Abraham"–"afatherofmanynations",andgavehimthecovenantofcircumcision.GodgaveSaraithenewname"Sarah",andblessedher.[16]AbrahamwasgivenassurancethatSarahwouldhaveason.Notlongafterwards,AbrahamandSarahwerevisitedbythreemen.OneofthevisitorstoldAbrahamthatuponhisreturnnextyear,Sarahwouldhaveason.Whileatthetententrance,Sarahoverheardwhatwassaid,andshelaughedtoherselfabouttheprospectofhavingachildattheirages.ThevisitorinquiredofAbrahamwhySarahlaughedattheideaofbearingachild,forheragewasasnothingtoGod.SarahsoonbecamepregnantandboreasontoAbraham,attheverytimewhichhadbeenspoken.Thepatriarch,thenahundredyearsold,namedthechild"Isaac"(Hebrewyitschaq,"laughter")andcircumcisedhimwhenhewaseightdaysold.[17]ForSarah,thethoughtofgivingbirthandnursingachild,atsuchanoldage,alsobroughthermuchlaughter,asshedeclared,"Godhathmademetolaugh,[sothat]allthathearwilllaughwithme."[18]AbrahamheldagreatfeastonthedaywhenIsaacwastobeweaned.ItwasduringthisbanquetthatSarahhappeneduponthethenteenagedIshmaelmocking[19]andwassodisturbedthatsherequestedthatbothheandHagarberemovedfromtheircompany.[20]AbrahamwasinitiallydistressedbythisbutrelentedwhentoldbyGodtodoashiswifehadasked.[21]Afterbeingvisitedbythethreemen,AbrahamandSarahsettledbetweenKadeshandShurinthelandofthePhilistines.WhilehewaslivinginGerar,AbrahamagainclaimedthatSarahwashissister.KingAbimelechsubsequentlyhadherbroughttohim.Later,GodcametoAbimelechinadreamanddeclaredthattakingherwouldresultindeathbecauseshewasamarriedwoman.Abimelech,whohadnotlaidhandsonher,inquiredifhewouldalsoslayarighteousnation,especiallysinceAbrahamhadclaimedthatheandSarahweresiblings.Inresponse,GodtoldAbimelechthathedidindeedhaveablamelessheartandthatwaswhyhecontinuedtoexist.However,ifhedidnotreturnSarahtoAbraham,GodwouldsurelydestroyAbimelechandhisentirehousehold.AbimelechwasinformedthatAbrahamwasaprophetwhowouldprayforhim.[22]Pharaoh'sharemSaraiIsTakentoPharaoh'sPalacebyJamesTissot.HagarandIshmaelBanishmentofHagar,Etching.ÀParischezFr.Fanet,Éditeur,RuedesSaintsPèresn°10.18thcentury.Sarahisseenattheleft,lookingon.IsaacAbimelechEarlynextmorning,AbimelechinformedhisservantsofhisdreamandapproachedAbrahaminquiringastowhyhehadbroughtsuchgreatguiltuponhiskingdom.AbrahamrepliedthathethoughttherewasnofearofGodinthatplace,andthattheymightkillhimforhiswife.ThenAbrahamdefendedwhathehadsaidasnotbeingalieatall:"Andyetindeedsheismysister;sheisthedaughterofmyfather,butnotthedaughterofmymother;andshebecamemywife."[23]AbimelechreturnedSarahtoAbraham,andgavehimgiftsofsheep,oxen,andservants;andinvitedhimtosettlewhereverhepleasedinAbimelech'slands.Further,AbimelechgaveAbrahamathousandpiecesofsilvertoserveasSarah'svindicationbeforeall.AbrahamthenprayedforAbimelechandhishousehold,sinceGodhadstrickenthewomenwithinfertilitybecauseofthetakingofSarah.[24]Sarah,whodiedattheageof127,istheonlywomanintheHebrewscriptures(OldTestament)whoseageisgiven.[25]AbrahamburiedherintheCaveofthePatriarchs(alsocalledtheCaveofMachpelah),nearHebronwhichhehadpurchased,alongwiththeadjoiningfield,fromEphrontheHittiteandlaidhertorestinthecave.[26]TerahSarah[27]AbrahamHagarHaranNahorIshmaelMilcahLotIscahIshmaelites7sons[28]Bethuel1stdaughter2nddaughterIsaacRebeccaLabanMoabitesAmmonitesEsauJacobRachelBilhahEdomitesZilpahLeah1.Reuben2.Simeon3.Levi4.Judah9.Issachar10.ZebulunDinah(daughter)7.Gad8.Asher5.Dan6.Naphtali11.Joseph12.BenjaminSarah,asdepictedonPromptuariiIconumInsigniorumbyGuillaumeRouilléDeathFamilytreeTheTalmud[29]identifiesSaraiwithIscah,daughterofAbraham'sdeceasedbrotherHaran,[30]sothatinthisSarahturnsouttobethenieceofAbrahamandthesisterofLotandMilcah.RashionGenesis20:12Sheis[indeed]mysister,myfather'sdaughter.-Andthedaughterof[one's]father[fromadifferentmother]ispermittedtoasonofNoah,[i.e.,anon-Jew],forthereisno[halachicrelationship{withregardtoforbiddenmarriages}through]paternityfornon-Jews.Inordertobearouthiswordsheansweredhim{Avimelech}thus.Andifyouwillsay[bywayofobjection],isitnottruethatshewasthedaughterofhisbrother(Sanhedrin58b),[andnothisfather?Theansweristhat]thechildrenofchildrenarelike[one'sown]children(Yevamos62b.InhiscommentstoExodus18:1,Rashiexplainsthat"youngchildrencalltheirfather'sfather,'Father'.")and[Sarah]isthus[considered]thedaughterofTerah,[Abraham'sfather,forshewasthedaughterofHaran,anothersonofTerah].[31]WhenbroughtbeforePharaoh,SarahsaidthatAbramwasherbrother,andthekingthereuponbestoweduponthelattermanypresentsandmarksofdistinction.[32]AsatokenofhisloveforSaraithekingdeededhisentirepropertytoher,andgaveherthelandofGoshenasherhereditarypossession:forthisreasontheIsraelitessubsequentlylivedinthatland.[33]SaraiprayedtoGodtodeliverherfromtheking,andHethereuponsentanangel,whostruckPharaohwheneverheattemptedtotouchher.PharaohwassoastonishedattheseblowsthathespokekindlytoSarai,whoconfessedthatshewasAbraham'swife.Thekingthenceasedtoannoyher.[32]Accordingtoanotherversion,Pharaohpersistedinannoyingheraftershehadtoldhimthatshewasamarriedwoman;thereupontheangelstruckhimsoviolentlythathebecameill,andwastherebypreventedfromcontinuingtotroubleher.[34]AccordingtoonetraditionitwaswhenPharaohsawthesemiracleswroughtinSarai'sbehalfthathegaveherhisdaughterHagarasslave,saying:"Itisbetterthatmydaughtershouldbeaslaveinthehouseofsuchawomanthanmistressinanotherhouse."Abimelechactedlikewise.[35]SarahisthesisterofAbrambyanothermotherandwifeofAbramasdescribedintheHebrewBible(theBookofGenesis).InGenesis17:15,GodchangeshernametoSarah(princess)("awomanofhighrank")aspartofthecovenantwithElShaddaiafterHagarbearsAbramhisfirstbornsonIshmael.ThenameSaraiusesthesemiticrootŠaraiorlawandlikeElhasthesenseofpower,authority,lord,deity,naturallaw,lawasmightbeexpectedfortheladyofthehouse.TheHebrewnameSarahindicatesawomanofhighrank(lessthanthatof1stwife)andissometimestranslatedas"princess."SaraitreatedHagarwell,andinducedwomenwhocametovisithertovisitHagaralso.Hagar,whenpregnantbyAbraham,begantoactsuperciliouslytowardSarai,provokingthelattertotreatherharshly,toimposeheavyworkuponher,andeventostrikeher.[36]SomebelieveSaraiwasoriginallydestinedtoreachtheageof175years,butforty-eightyearsofthisspanoflifeweretakenawayfromherbecauseshecomplainedofAbraham,blaminghimasthoughhewasthecausethatHagarnolongerrespectedher.[37][38]Sarahwassterile;butamiraclewasgrantedtoher[39]afterhernamewaschangedfrom"Sarai"to"Sarah".[37]Accordingtoonemyth,whenherfertilityhadbeenrestoredandshehadgivenbirthtoIsaac,thepeoplewouldnotbelieveinthemiracle,sayingthatthepatriarchandhiswifehadadoptedafoundlingandpretendedthatitwastheirownson.AbrahamthereuponinvitedallthenotabilitiestoabanquetonthedaywhenIsaacwastobeweaned.Sarahinvitedthewomen,also,whobroughttheirinfantswiththem;andonthisoccasionshegavemilkfromherbreaststoallthestrangechildren,thusconvincingtheguestsofthemiracle.[40]LegendsconnectSarah'sdeathwiththeattemptedsacrificeofIsaac,[41]however,therearetwoversionsofthestory.Accordingtoone,Samaelcametoherandsaid:"Youroldhusbandseizedtheboyandsacrificedhim.Theboywailedandwept;buthecouldnotescapefromhisfather."Sarahbegantocrybitterly,andultimatelydiedofhergrief.[42]Accordingtotheotherlegend,SatancametoSarahdisguisedasanoldman,andtoldherthatIsaachadbeensacrificed.Believingittobetrue,shecriedbitterly,butsooncomfortedherselfwiththethoughtthatthesacrificehadbeenofferedatthecommandofGod.ShestartedfromBeer-shebatoHebron,askingeveryoneshemetifheknewinwhichdirectionAbrahamhadgone.ThenSatancameagaininhumanshapeandtoldherthatitwasnottruethatIsaachadbeensacrificed,butthathewaslivingandwouldsoonreturnwithhisfather.Sarah,onhearingthis,diedofjoyatHebron.AbrahamandIsaacreturnedtotheirhomeatBeer-sheba,and,notfindingSarahthere,wenttoHebron,InrabbinicliteraturePharaoh'sharemRelationswithHagarAbraham,SarahandHagar,imaginedhereinaBibleillustrationfrom1897.Deathwheretheydiscoveredherdead.[43]AccordingtotheGenesisRabbah,duringSarah'slifetimeherhousewasalwayshospitablyopen,thedoughwasmiraculouslyincreased,alightburnedfromSaturdayeveningtoSaturdayevening,andapillarofcloudrestedupontheentrancetohertent.[44]TheFirstEpistleofPeterpraisesSarahforobeyingherhusband.[45]SheispraisedforherfaithintheHebrews"halloffaith"passagealongsideanumberofotherOldTestamentfigures.[46]OtherNewTestamentreferencestoSarahareinRomans[47]andGalatians.[48]InGalatians4,sheandHagarareusedasanallegoryoftheoldandnewcovenants:"ForitiswrittenthatAbrahamhadtwosons,onebytheslavewomanandtheotherbythefreewoman.Hissonbytheslavewomanwasbornintheordinaryway;buthissonbythefreewomanwasbornastheresultofapromise.Thesethingsmaybetakenfiguratively,forthewomenrepresenttwocovenants.OnecovenantisfromMountSinaiandbearschildrenwhoaretobeslaves:ThisisHagar.NowHagarstandsforMountSinaiandcorrespondstothepresentcityofJerusalem,becausesheisinslaverywithherchildren.ButtheJerusalemthatisaboveisfree,andsheisourmother...Nowyou,brothers,likeIsaac,arechildrenofpromise...Therefore,brothers,wearenotchildrenoftheslavewoman,butofthefreewoman."[49]Sarah(Arabic:سارةSāra),thewifeofthepatriarchandIslamicprophetAbrahamandthemotheroftheprophetIsaac,isanhonouredwomanintheIslamicfaith.ShelivedwithAbrahamthroughoutherlifeand,althoughshewasbarren,Godpromisedherthebirthofapropheticson,Isaac.Abraham,however,prayedconstantlytoGodforachild.Sarah,beingbarren,subsequentlygavehimherEgyptianhandmaiden,[50]Hājar(Hagar),towedashissecondwife.HagarboreIsmā'īl(Ishmael),whenAbrahamwaseighty-six,[51]whotoowouldbecomeaprophetofGodlikehisfather.Thirteenyearslater,GodannouncedtoAbraham,thenninety-nine,[52]thatbarrenSarahwouldgivebirthtoAbraham'ssecondson,Isaac,whowouldalsobeaprophetoftheLord.AlthoughtheQur'andoesnotmentionSarahbyname,itmentionstheannunciationofthebirthofIsaac.TheQur'anmentionsthatSarahlaughedwhentheangelsgaveherthegladtidingsofIsaac:TherecameOurmessengerstoAbrahamwithgladtidings.Theysaid,'Peace!'Heanswered,'Peace!'andhastenedtoentertainthemwitharoastedcalf.Butwhenhesawtheirhandswentnottowardsthe(meal),hefeltsomemistrustofthem,andconceivedafearofthem.Theysaid:"Fearnot:WehavebeensentagainstthepeopleofLut.Andhiswifewasstanding(there),andshelaughed:ButwegavehergladtidingsofIsaac,andafterhim,ofJacob.Shesaid:"Alasforme!shallIbearachild,seeingIamanoldwoman,andmyhusbandhereisanoldman?Thatwouldindeedbeawonderfulthing!"—Qur'an,Sura11(Hud),ayat69-72[53]SarahisbelievedtobeburiedintheCaveofthePatriarchs(knownbyMuslimsastheSanctuaryofAbraham).Thecompound,locatedintheancientcityofHebron,isthesecondholiestsiteforJews(aftertheTempleMountinJerusalem),andisalsoveneratedbyChristiansandMuslims,bothofwhomhavetraditionswhichmaintainthatthesiteistheburialplaceofthreebiblicalcouples;AbrahamandSarah,IsaacandRebecca,andJacobandLeah.AccordingtotheBookofGenesis,AbrahampurchasedtheplotoflandforhertombfromamannamedEphrontheHittite.[54]NewTestamentreferencesIslamMausoleumofSarah,Abraham'swifeintheMosqueofAbrahamTombofSarahContemporaryworksandanalysisSarahhasbeenfeaturedinseveralnovels,andsheisthecentralcharacterinSarahbyOrsonScottCardintheWomenofGenesisseries,Sarai:ANovelbyJillEileenSmith,andSarah:ANovelbyMarekHalter.IntheChristianfictionnovelRedeemingLovebyFrancineRivers,theprotagonist,called"Angel"throughoutthedurationofthestory,isbarren.Attheendofthebook,sherevealsthatherbirthnameis"Sarah"toherhusband,whotakestherevelationasapromisefromGodthattheywillonedaybeabletohavechildren.Inthe1994movieAbraham,SarahisportrayedbyBarbaraHershey.Sarahisalsoasubjectdiscussedinnonfictionbooks.InTwelveExtraordinaryWomenbyPastorJohnF.MacArthur,herlifeandstoryisanalyzedalongwiththatofEve,Rahab,Ruth,Hannah,theVirginMary,AnnatheProphetess,theSamaritanwomanatthewell,MaryofBethany,Martha,MaryMagdalene,andLydiaofThyatira.[55]SarahappearsinSlightlyBadGirlsoftheBible:FlawedWomenLovedbyaFlawlessGodbyLizCurtisHiggsalongsideseveralotherbiblicalwomen.[56]SomeclassicalandmodernscholarshaveanalyzedAbraham'sreasoningforhidingSarah'spositionashiswife.Rashiarguedthatwhenastrangercomestotown,theproperthingtodowouldbetoinquireifheneedsfoodanddrink,notwhetherhisfemalecompanionisamarriedwoman,andhenceasAbimelechdidthelatter,ittippedoffAbrahamtothefactthatthereisnofearofGodinthisplace,andsoheliedabouthisrelationshipwithSarahinordertoavoidbeingkilled.Christianinterpretationoftheincidentshasvariedconsiderably.Somecommentatorshaveseenthemasregrettableexceptionsinthelivesofthosewhootherwiseliveduprightlives,comparabletoNoah'sandLot'sdrunkennessandDavid'sadultery.OthershavequestionedSarah'sstatusasAbraham'ssister.AccordingtoEmanuelFeldman(1965),basinghisargumentonAlbright'sinterpretationofthearchaeologyofNuzu,awifecouldlegallybeawardedthetitle"sister",andthatthiswasthemostsacredformofmarriage,andhenceAbrahamandIsaacreferredtotheirwivesas"sisters"forthisreason.Mostarchaeologistshoweverdisputethatview,insteadarguingtheopposite-thatsistersintheregionwereoftenawardedthetitle"wife"inordertogivethemmuchgreaterstatusinsociety.[57]SavinaTeubal'sbookSarahthePriestessexplainsthatwhileSarahwasindeedbothAbram'swifeandsister,therewasnoincesttaboobecauseshewasahalf-sisterbyadifferentmother.[58]1.Wells,JohnC.(1990).Longmanpronunciationdictionary.Harlow,England:Longman.p.621.ISBN0-582-05383-8.entry"Sarah"2.Genesis20:123.CommentariesonGenesis17:15(http://biblehub.com/commentaries/genesis/17-15.htm),andBrown-Driver-Briggs'HebrewDefinitions(http://studybible.info/strongs/H8283)4.Genesis17:17"ThenAbrahamfelluponhisface,andlaughed,andsaidinhisheart,Shall[achild]bebornuntohimthatisahundredyearsold?AndshallSarah,thatisninetyyearsold,bear?"Thosecalculatedages,baseduponanadditionof9monthstotheirthenpresentages,wasbeforeverse21whichinformedhimthebirthwouldbeawholeyearlater.Thatadditional3monthsbeyondtheinitialcalculationopensthepossibilitythatSarahcouldhavebecome91yearsoldbeforeIsaacwasborn.Genesis17:21"ButmycovenantwillIestablishwithIsaac,whichSarahshallbearuntotheeatthissettimeinthenextyear."5.Genesis12:12-13,20:26.Genesis11:307.MatthewHenry'sCommentarysuggeststhatSarai="myprincess"wouldrefertoasinglefamilyandSarah="aprincess"signifiedoneofmany,i.e.manyfamilies,inparalleltothechangefromAbramtoAbraham8.Genesis11:27–11:32(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0111.htm#27)9.Genesis12:1–310.Genesis12:4(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0112.htm#4)11.Genesis12:11-13,NIV12.Genesis12:14–17(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0112.htm#14)13.Genesis12:18–20(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0112.htm#18)14.Genesis16:1–6(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#1)MausoleumofSarah,1911.Notes15.Genesis16:7–16(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0116.htm#7)16.Genesis17:1–27(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#1)17.Genesis21:418.Genesis21:6–719.Genesis21:9(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#9)20.Genesis21:10(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#10)21.Genesis21:12(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0121.htm#12)22.Genesis20:1–7(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0120.htm#1)23.Genesis20:1224.Genesis20:8–18(http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0120.htm#8)25.Genesis23:1,2Theagesofsomeotherwomencanbededucedorapproximated.EvewascreatedthesamedayasAdam,sowhenSethwasbornwhenAdamhadlived130years,Evehadlivedaslongalso,shortanumberofhours.26.Genesis23:1–2027.Genesis20:12:Sarahwasthehalf–sisterofAbraham.28.Genesis22:21-22:Uz,Buz,Kemuel,Chesed,Hazo,Pildash,andJidlaph29.Sanhedrin69B30.Genesis11:2931.(Rashi,TheSapirsteinEdition.Vol.1,pp.213-14.TranslatedbyR.YisraelIsserZviHerczegetal.MesorahPublications,Ltd.Brooklyn:1999.)32.SeferhaYashar(BookofJasher),section"LekLeka".33.PirḳeR.El.xxxvi.34.GenesisRabbahxli.2.35.GenesisRabbahxlv.2.36.GenesisRabbahxlv.9.37.RoshHashanah16b.38.GenesisRabbahxlv.7.39.GenesisRabbahxlvii.3.40.BavaMetzia87a;comp.Gen.R.liii.13.41.Gen.R.lviii.5.42.PirḳedeRabbiEliezerxxxii.43.SeferhaYashar,section"Wayera".44.GenesisRabbahlx.15.45.1Peter3:6,citedinHerbermann,Charles,ed.(1913)."Sara".CatholicEncyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany.46.Hebrews11:1147.Romans4:19and9:9,citedinHerbermann,Charles,ed.(1913)."Sara".CatholicEncyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany.48.Galatians4:22–2349.Galatians4:22-26,28,31,NIV50.Lings,Martin(1983)."TheHouseofGod".Muhammad:HisLifeBasedontheEarliestSources(https://books.google.com/books?id=_VdTAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=