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1.1WhatisBiology?1.2TheOriginofLife1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReadingChapter1BiologyBiologyisthestudyoflife.Alongsidephysicsandchemistry,biologyisoneofthelargestandmostimportantbranchesofscience.Atthehighestlevel,biologyisbrokendownbasedonthetypeoforganismbeingstudied:zoology,thestudyofanimals;botany,ofplants;andmicrobiology,ofmicroorganisms.EachfieldhascontributedtomankindortheEarth’swell-beinginnumerousways.Mostprominently:botany,toagriculture;zoology,tolivestockandprotectionofecologies;andmicrobiology,tothestudyofdiseaseandecosystemsingeneral.1.1WhatisBiology?ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesbiology[bai'ɔlədʒi]n.生物学organism['ɔ:gənizəm]n.生物体zoology[zəu'ɔlədʒi]n.动物学botany['bɔtəni]n.植物学microbiology[maikrəubai'ɔlədʒi]n.微生物学microorganism[maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm]n.微生物well-being['wel'bi:iŋ]n.健康，福利agriculture['ægrikʌltʃə]n.农业livestock['laivstɔk]n.家畜，牲畜ecology[i:‘kɔlədʒi]n.生态学disease[di'zi:z]n.疾病ecosystem['ekəusistəm]n.生态系统 Besidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied,biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub-disciplines,whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories.Thisincludesbiochemistry,theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry;molecularbiology,whichlooksatlifeonthemolecularlevel;cellularbiology,whichstudiesdifferenttypesofcellsandhowtheywork;physiology,whichlooksatorganismsattheleveloftissuesandorgans;ecology,whichstudiestheinteractionsbetweenorganismsthemselves;ethology,whichstudiesthebehaviorofanimals,especiallycomplexanimals;andgenetics,overlappingwithmolecularbiology,whichstudiesthecodeoflife,DNA.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)classification[klæsifi'keiʃən]n.分类，类别biochemistry['baiəu'kemistri]n.生物化学molecularbiology分子生物学molecularlevel分子水平cellularbiology细胞生物学physiology[fizi'ɔlədʒi]n.生理学tissue['tisju:]n.（生物的）组织organ['ɔ:gən]n.（生物的）器官interaction[intə'rækʃən]n.相互关系，相互作用ethology[i:'θɔlədʒi]n.动物行为学genetics[dʒi'netiks]n.遗传学overlap['əuvə'læp]n.重叠，重复code[kəud]n.密码，法则 Thefoundationsofmodernbiologyincludefourcomponents:celltheory;thatlifeismadeoffundamentalunitscalledcells;evolution,thatlifeisnotdeliberatelydesignedbyratherevolvesincrementallythroughrandommutationsandnaturalselection;genetheory,thattinymolecularsequencesofDNAdictatetheentirestructureofanorganismandarepassedfromparentstooffspring;andhomeostasis,thateachorganism’sbodyincludesacomplexsuiteofprocessesdesignedtopreserveitsbiochemistryfromtheentropiceffectsoftheexternalenvironment.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)celltheoryn.细胞理论evolution[i:və'lu:ʃən]n.进化randommutation随即突变naturalselection自然选择genetheory基因理论molecularsequence分子序列parent['pɛərənt]n.亲本，母本offspring['ɔ:fspriŋ]n.后代，子孙homeostasis[həumiə'steisis]n.自动平衡，体内平衡entropiceffect熵效应 ThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx-raycrystallographyinthe1950s,althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails,andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety.Butitshouldbemadeclearthatwearemovingtowardscompleteunderstanding:life,whilecomplex,consistsofafiniteamountofcomplexitythatonlyappreciablyincreasesonrelativelylongtimescalesofhundredsofthousandsormillionsofyears.Evolution,whilecreative,operatesslowly.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued) Inrecentyears,muchexcitementinbiologyhascenteredonthesequencingofgenomesandtheircomparison,calledgenomics,andthecreationoflifewithcustom-writtenDNAprogramming,calledsyntheticbiology.Thesefieldsaresuretocontinuegrabbingtheheadlinesinthenearfuture.1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)x-raycrystallographyx射线晶体衍射学genome['dʒi:nəum]n.基因组genomics[dʒə'nəumiks]n.基因组学syntheticbiology合成生物学NotestotheDifficultSentences Besidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied,biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub-disciplines,whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories. 生物学的内容除了包括根据所研究生物种类的不同对其进行分类的有关知识，还包括许多其它专业化的分支学科知识，这些学科知识可能集中在一类生物或者生活在同一生境的各类生物方面。NotestotheDifficultSentences(Continued) ThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx-raycrystallographyinthe1950s,althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails,andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety. 直到20世纪50年代，用X射线衍射得到DNA的结构之前，人们对于生物学的认识一直是粗浅的。尽管人们对生物学进行了不断地探索，但生命现象如此的复杂，以至于彻底研究清楚可能需要成百上千年的时间。1.1Exercises-Matching1).biologya).thestudyofanimals2).zoologyb).theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry3).botanyc).thestudyofthebehaviorofanimals4).microbiologyd).thestudyoflife5).biochemistrye).looksatlifeonthemolecularlevel6).molecularbiologyf).studiesthecodeoflife7).ecologyg).thestudyofplants8).ethologyh).thestudyofmicroorganisms9).geneticsi).studiestheinteractionsbetweenorganismsdaghbeicf Theoriginoflifearethoughttohaveoccurredsometimebetween4.4billionyearsago,whentheoceansandcontinentswerejuststartingtoform,and2.7billionyearsago,whenitiswidelyacceptedthatmicroorganismsexistedinvastnumbersduetotheirinfluenceoverisotoperatiosintherelevantstrata.Whereexactlyinthis1.7billionyearrangethetrueoriginoflifecanbefoundislesscertain.Acontroversialpaperpublishedin2002bytheUCLApaleontologistWilliamSchopfarguedthatwavygeologicalformationscalledstromalitesinfactcontain3.5billionyear-oldfossilizedalgaemicrobes.SomepaleontologistsdisagreewithSchopf’sconclusionsandestimatethefirstlifeataround3.0billionyearsofageinsteadof3.5billion.1.2TheOriginofLife EvidencefromtheIsuasupracrustalbeltinWesternGreenlandsuggestsanevenearlierdatefortheoriginoflife-3.85billionyearsago.S.Mojzismakesthisestimatebasedonisotopeconcentrations.BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon-12,areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher-than-normalratioofCarbon-12toitsheavierisotope,Carbon-13.Thisiswidelyknown,buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward,andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleague’sconclusions.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesoriginoflife生命的起源isotope['aisətəup]n.同位素strata['streitə]n.地层geological[dʒiə'lɔdʒikəl]adj.地质学的stromalite[strəumætlait]n.叠层石fossilize['fɔsilaiz]vt.&vi.使成化石,使陈腐algae['ældʒi:]n.水藻，海藻alga的复数形式microbe['maikrəub]n.微生物paleontologist[pæliɔn'tɔlədʒist]n.古生物学家supracrustal[sju:prə'krʌstəl]adj.(地层、岩组等)覆盖基底岩石的,上地壳的carbon['kɑ:bən]n.碳sediment['sedimənt]n.沉淀 Wedonotknowtheexactgeologicalconditionsofthisplanet3billionyearsago,butwedohavearoughidea,andcanrecreatetheseconditionsinalaboratory.StanleyMillerandHaroldUreyrecreatedtheseconditionsintheirfamous1953investigation,theMiller-Ureyexperiment.Usingahighlyreduced(non-oxygenated)mixtureofgasessuchasmethane,ammonia,andhydrogen,thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganicmonomers,suchasaminoacids,inacompletelyinorganicenvironment.Now,free-floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself-replicating,metabolism-imbuedmicroorganisms,buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)geologicalcondition地质条件laboratory['læbrətɔ:ri]n.实验室oxygenate['ɔksidʒineit]v.以氧处理,氧化n.氧化剂methane['meθein]n.甲烷，沼气ammonia[ə'məunjə]n.氨hydrogen['haidrədʒən]n.氢organic[ɔ:'gænik]adj.器官的,有机的monomer['mɔnəmə]n.单体aminoacid氨基酸inorganic['inɔ:'gænik]adj.无机的,无生物的self-replicate['self'replikeit]v.自我复制metabolism[me'tæbəlizəm]n.新陈代谢 InthelargewarmoceansofearlyEarth,quintillionsofthesemoleculeswouldrandomlycollideandcombine,eventuallymakingarudimentaryproto-genomeofsomesort.However,thishypothesisisconfusedbythefactthattheenvironmentcreatedintheMiller-Ureyexperimenthadhighconcentrationsofchemicalsthatwouldhavepreventedtheformationofcomplexpolymersfromthemonomerbuildingblocks.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)quintillion[kwin'tiljən]n.百万的三次方molecule['mɔlikju:l]n.分子rudimentary[ru:də'mentəri:]adj.基本的,初步的,未充分发展的proto-genomen.原始的基因组hypothesis[hai'pɔθəsis]n.假说,假设,猜测polymer['pɔlimə]n.多聚体 Inthe1950sand1960s,anotherresearcher,SidneyFox,madeanearly-Earth-likeenvironmentinalabandstudiedthedynamics.Heobservedthespontaneousformationofpeptidesfromaminoacidprecursors,andsawthesechemicalssometimesarrangedthemselvesintomicrospheres,orclosedsphericalmembranes,whichhesuggestedwereprotocells.Ifcertainmicrospheresformedwhichwerecapableofencouragingthegrowthofadditionalmicrospheresaroundthem,itwouldamounttoaprimitiveformofself-replication,andeventuallyDarwinianevolutionwouldtakeover,creatingeffectiveself-replicatorsliketoday’scyanobacteria.1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued)ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)dynamics[dai'næmiks]n.力学,动力学,动态peptide['peptaid]n.肽membrane['membrein]n.薄膜，膜状物proto-celln.细胞的原始状态microsphere['maikrəsfiə]n.微球体,微滴primitive['primitiv]adj.原始的,简陋的self-replicationn.自我复制Darwinianevolution达尔文进化cyanobacteria['saiænəu'bæktiə]n.蓝细菌cyanobacterium的复数形式NotestotheDifficultSentences BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon-12,areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher-than-normalratioofCarbon-12toitsheavierisotope,Carbon-13.Thisiswidelyknown,buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward,andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleague’sconclusions. 因为生命优先吸收同位素碳-12，所以在生命存在的地方含有比正常值更高的碳-12与更重的同位素碳-13的比值。这是众所周知的，但是用沉淀物来解释并不够直接，所以古生物学家们并不完全认同他们同行的结论。NotestotheDifficultSentences(Continued) Usingahighlyreduced(non-oxygenated)mixtureofgasessuchasmethane,ammonia,andhydrogen,thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganicmonomers,suchasaminoacids,inacompletelyinorganicenvironment.Now,free-floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself-replicating,metabolism-imbuedmicroorganisms,buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted. 这些科学家使用高度还原的（非氧化）甲烷、氨和氢等的气体混合物，在一个绝对无机环境中合成了氨基酸等基本的有机单体。尽管这些游离氨基酸远不同于现在的自我复制并具有各种新陈代谢的微生物，但是它们至少暗示生命是怎样发生的。1.2Exercises-Matching1).stromalitesa).ascientistwhostudiespaleontology,learningabouttheformslifethatexistedinformergeologicperiods,chieflybystudyingfossils.2).proto-genomeb).aproposedexplanationforaphenomenon.3).paleontologistc).theprimitiveformofagenome4).Proto-celld).wavygeologicalformations5).hypothesise).theprimitiveformofacelldcaeb1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife Biologyisthesciencethatdealswiththestudyofvarietiesoflivingorganismsincludingourselves.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesinthefactthatbiologyattemptstofindouttheunifyingprinciplethatexistsamongdiverseorganismshavingmorphologicalandfunctionalinequalities.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifecanbeconsideredfromthetwonaturaldivisionsofthescienceitself,plantlifeandanimallife.ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesmorphological[mɔ:fə'lɔdʒikəl]adj.形态学的functional['fʌŋkʃənəl]adj.功能的,实用的inequality[ini'kwɔləti]n.不平等,不平均,不平坦division[di'viʒən]n.划分,部门1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife(Continued) Agricultureplaysgreatroleinnarratingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife.Agricultureislargelytheresultofman’stakingtheadvantageoftheinterrelationsofsoil,climateandnaturalhabitattoselectthoseparticularcombinationsthatmeethisbasicrequirements.Thustoprovidenecessaryfood,mandependsentirelyongreenplantsthatcanalonecapturethesolarenergy.Highyieldingvarietiesofcropplantslikerice,wheat,jute,sugarcane,pulsesetcarenowbredexperimentally.Disease-resistantgrainsandvernalizedseedsaremade.Biologicalcontrolstrategiesareundertakenaspestcontrolemphasizingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife.Modernmandoesnotdependonfishingandhuntinglikeourancestorsandinsteadrearsfishesaswellascattleandvariousotherdomesticanimalstogetfoodandothernecessitiesoflife.Thishasresultedinthedevelopmentoffisheryandanimalhusbandry.Theimportanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesintheproductionofclothesandtimberformakingfurniture,insuppliedrawmaterialsforpaper,dyes,etc.Fossilsareimportantinlocatingundergroundoilandnaturalgasreserves.Evencoalandmineraloilformedfromdecomposedplantbodiesarekeytoindustrialprosperity.ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)interrelation[intəri'leiʃən]n.相互关系habitat['hæbitæt]n.栖息地,产地greenplants绿色植物solarenergy太阳能jute[dʒu:t]n.黄麻纤维sugarcane甘蔗pulse[pʌls]n.豌豆和豆类等结荚植物可食性种子Disease-resistantadj.抗病的grain[grein]n.谷物,谷类vernalize['və:nəlaiz]v.施以春化处理,以人工方法促进发育biologicalcontrol生物学防治pestcontrol昆虫防治domestic[də'mestik]adj.驯养的fishery['fiʃəri]n.渔场,渔业animalhusbandry畜牧业decompose[di:kəm'pəuz]vi.分解,腐烂vt.腐烂1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife(Continued) Medicaladvancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives.Thestudyofdreadeddiseases,theircausativeagents,cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditaryabnormalitieslikehaemophilia,Down’ssyndrome,etc.Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics.Biologystudyhasavitalroleincontrollingenvironmentalpollutionandattractedsenseofartandbeauty.ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)medical['medikəl]adj.医疗的,医学的,医药的,内科的medicaladvancement医学进展dread[dred]adj.可怕的,恐怖的v.恐惧,害怕causative['kɔ:zətiv]adj.引起...的causativeagent病原体，病原物hereditary[hi'reditəri]adj.世袭的,遗传的abnormality[æbnɔ:'mæliti]n.异常,畸形haemophilia[hi:mə'filiə]n.血友病,出血不止Down’ssyndrome唐氏综合症eugenics[ju:'dʒeniks]n.优生学environmentalpollution环境污染NotestotheDifficultSentences Medicaladvancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives.Thestudyofdreadeddiseases,theircausativeagents,cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditaryabnormalitieslikehaemophilia,Down’ssyndrome,etc.Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics. 医学上的进展也体现出了生物学在日常生活中的重要意义。研究令人可怕的疾病、治疗疾病的药物、治疗疾病的方法以及药物活性是人类领悟生物学努力使其痛苦最小化的一种方式。生物学的重要意义也体现在人们对血友病、唐氏综合症等遗传畸形疾病的发现和治疗方面。生物学的目的就是致力于借助优生学知识努力改善人的种族。1.3Exercise-Matching1).agriculturea).geneticallytransmittedortransmittablefromparenttooffspring2).morphologicalb).agroupofhereditarygeneticdisordersthatimpairthebody'sabilitytocontrolbloodclottingorcoagulation3).hereditaryc).thecultivationofanimals,plants,fungiandotherlifeformsforfood,fiber,andotherproductsusedtosustainlife.4).haemophiliad).theappliedscienceorthebiosocialmovementwhichadvocatestheuseofpracticesaimedatimprovingthegeneticcompositionofapopulation.5).decomposee).relatingtoorconcernedwiththemorphologyofplants,microorganismsandanimals6).eugenicsf).toseparateintocomponentsorbasicelementsorcausetorot.ceabfd1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading Thehistoryofbiologytracesthestudyofthelivingworldfromancienttomoderntimes.Althoughtheconceptofbiologyasasinglecoherentfieldaroseinthe19thcentury,thebiologicalsciencesemergedfromtraditionsofmedicineandnaturalhistoryreachingbacktoayurveda,ancientEgyptianmedicineandtheworksofAristotleandGalenintheancientGreco-Romanworld.1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued) ThisancientworkwasfurtherdevelopedintheMiddleAgesbyMuslimphysiciansandscholarssuchasAvicenna.DuringtheEuropeanRenaissanceandearlymodernperiod,biologicalthoughtwasrevolutionizedinEuropebyarenewedinterestinempiricismandthediscoveryofmanynovelorganisms.ProminentinthismovementwereVesaliusandHarvey,whousedexperimentationandcarefulobservationinphysiology,andnaturalistssuchasLinnaeusandBuffonwhobegantoclassifythediversityoflifeandthefossilrecord,aswellasthedevelopmentandbehavioroforganisms.Microscopyrevealedthepreviouslyunknownworldofmicroorganisms,layingthegroundworkforcelltheory.Thegrowingimportanceofnaturaltheology,partlyaresponsetotheriseofmechanicalphilosophy,encouragedthegrowthofnaturalhistory(althoughitentrenchedtheargumentfromdesign).ProfessionalWordsandPhrasesmedicine['medisin]n.医学novel['nɔvəl]adj.新奇的experimentation[iksperimen'teiʃn]n.抽象的实验法classify['klæsifai]vt.分类,归类diversity[dai'və:siti]n.多样性,差异microscopy['maikrə.skəupi]n.显微镜使用,用显微镜检查theology[θi'ɔlədʒi]n.自然神学mechanicalphilosophy机械论哲学1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued) Overthe18thand19thcenturies,biologicalsciencessuchasbotanyandzoologybecameincreasinglyprofessionalscientificdisciplines.Lavoisierandotherphysicalscientistsbegantoconnecttheanimateandinanimateworldsthroughphysicsandchemistry.Explorer-naturalistssuchasAlexandervonHumboldtinvestigatedtheinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment,andthewaysthisrelationshipdependsongeographylayingthefoundationsforbiogeography,ecologyandethology.Naturalistsbegantorejectessentialismandconsidertheimportanceofextinctionandthemutabilityofspecies.Celltheoryprovidedanewperspectiveonthefundamentalbasisoflife.Thesedevelopments,aswellastheresultsfromembryologyandpaleontology,weresynthesizedinCharlesDarwin'stheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.Theendofthe19thcenturysawthefallofspontaneousgenerationandtheriseofthegermtheoryofdisease,thoughthemechanismofinheritanceremainedamystery.ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)biologicalsciences生物科学naturalist['nætʃərəlist]n.自然主义者biogeography[baiəudʒi'ɔgrəfi]n.生物地理学mutability[mju:tə'biləti]n.易变性species['spi:ʃi:z]n.种类,（单复同）物种embryology[embri'ɔlədʒi]n.胚胎学,发生学spontaneousgeneration自然发生germ[dʒə:m]n.病原微生物mechanism['mekənizəm]n.机制,原理inheritance[in'heritəns]n.遗传，继承1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued) Intheearly20thcentury,therediscoveryofMendel'sworkledtotherapiddevelopmentofgeneticsbyThomasHuntMorganandhisstudents,andbythe1930sthecombinationofpopulationgeneticsandnaturalselectioninthe"neo-Darwiniansynthesis".Newdisciplinesdevelopedrapidly,especiallyafterWatsonandCrickproposedthestructureofDNA.FollowingtheestablishmentoftheCentralDogmaandthecrackingofthegeneticcode,biologywaslargelysplitbetweenorganismalbiology-thefieldsthatdealwithwholeorganismsandgroupsoforganisms-andthefieldsrelatedtocellularandmolecularbiology.Bythelate20thcentury,newfieldslikegenomicsandproteomicswerereversingthistrend,withorganismalbiologistsusingmoleculartechniques,andmolecularandcellbiologistsinvestigatingtheinterplaybetweengenesandtheenvironment,aswellasthegeneticsofnaturalpopulationsoforganisms.ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)populationgenetics数量遗传学CentralDogma中心法则geneticcode遗传密码organismalbiology有机体生物学proteomics[prəuti'əumiks]n.蛋白质组学biologist[bai'ɔlədʒist]n.生物学家moleculartechnique分子技术1.4TheHistoryofBiology–AdditionalReading(Continued) Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,biologicalsciencesconvergedwithpreviouslydifferentiatednewandclassicdisciplineslikePhysicsintoresearchfieldslikebiophysics.Advancesweremadeinanalyticalchemistryandphysicsinstrumentationincludingimprovedsensors,optics,tracers,instrumentation,signalprocessing,networks,robots,satellites,andcomputepowerfordatacollection,storage,analysis,modeling,visualization,andsimulations.Thesetechnologyadvancesallowedtheoreticalandexperimentalresearchincludinginternetpublicationofmolecularbiochemistry,biologicalsystems,andecosystemsscience.Thisenabledworldwideaccesstobettermeasurements,theoreticalmodels,complexsimulations,theorypredictivemodelexperimentation,analysis,worldwideinternetobservationaldatareporting,openpeer-review,collaboration,andinternetpublication.Newfieldsofbiologicalsciencesresearchemergedincludingbioinformatics,theoreticalbiology,computationalgenomics,astrobiologyandsyntheticbiology.ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued)biophysics[baiəu'fiziks]n.生物物理学analyticalchemistry分析化学instrumentation[instrəmen'teiʃən]n.仪器化sensor['sensə]n.传感器optics['ɔptiks]n.光学molecularbiochemistry分子生物化学biologicalsystems生物系统bioinformatics[baiɔinfə'mætiks]n.生物信息学theoreticalbiology理论生物学computationalgenomics计算基因组学astrobiology[æstrə'baiɔdʒi]n.太空生物学NotestotheDifficultSentences Explorer-naturalistssuchasAlexandervonHumboldtinvestigatedtheinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment,andthewaysthisr