六级2017-12-3

机密启用前★大学英语六级考试COLLEGEENGLISHTESTBandSix——2017-12-3()试 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 册☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆敬告考生一、在答题前,请认真完成以下内容:请检查 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 册背面条形码粘贴条答题卡的印刷质量如有问题及时向监考员反应确认无1.、,,误后完成以下两点 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 。请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡的条形码粘贴框内并将姓名和准考2.1,证号填写在试题册背面相应位置。请在答题卡和答题卡指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号姓名和学校名称并用3.12、,HB-2B铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑。二、在考试过程中,请注意以下内容:所有题目必须在答题卡上规定位置作答在试题册上或答题卡上非规定位置的作答一律无效1.,。请在规定时间内在答题卡指定位置依次完成作文听力阅读翻译各部分考试作答作文期2.、、、,间不得翻阅该试题册听力录音播放完毕后请立即停止作答监考员将立即收回答题卡得。,,1,到监考员指令后方可继续作答。作文题内容印在试题册背面作文题及其他主观题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区域内3.,作答。选择题均为单选题错选不选或多选将不得分作答时必须使用铅笔在答题卡上相4.,、,HB-2B应位置填涂修改时须用橡皮擦净,。三、以下情况按违规处理:不正确填写涂个人信息错贴不贴毁损条形码粘贴条1.(),、、。未按规定翻阅试题册提前阅读试题提前或在收答题卡期间作答2.、、。未用所规定的笔作答折叠或毁损答题卡导致无法评卷3.、。考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机4.。全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2017年12月大学英语六级考试(第3套)PartIWriting30minutes()DirectionsForthisartouareallowed30minutestowriteanessacommentinonthe:p,yygsainHelpothersandyouwillbehelpedwhenyouareinneed.Youcanciteyg“,”examplestoillustrateyourviews.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension30minutes()( 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 :本次六级考试全国共考了两套听力,为避免重复,特补充了一套模拟听力,供同学们练习。)SectionADirectionsInthissectionouwillheartwolonconversations.Attheendo:,ygfeachconversationouwillhearouruestions.Boththeconversation,yfqandtheuestionswillbesokenonlonce.Aterouhearauestionqpyfyq,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedAB),),CandD.ThenmarkthecorresondinletteronAnswerSheet1with))pgasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)Howtospendsummerholiday.C)Howtoprepareforaboattrip.B)Howtoavoidseasickness.D)Howtodealwithvomitingonaseatrip.2.A)Heshouldeatalittlefood.C)Heshouldeatasmuchaspossible.B)Heshouldeatnothing.D)Hecaneatwhathelikes.3.A)Atthestern.C)Atthebottomdeck.B)Atthebow.D)Atthemiddleoftheship.4.A)Stayontheupperdeck.C)Takesomemedicine.B)Appreciatethehorizon.D)Helpothers.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)Filmsmostexcitingforthemtosee.C)Showingtimeofthefilms.B)Filmticketssuitabletobuy.D)Variouswaystogetfilmtickets.6.A)Ten.B)Eight.C)Six.D)Five.7.A)Hisfriendswillbeavailabletoseethemovie.B)TheticketsarecheaperthantheThursdayƳs.C)Therewillbemorefriendstogotothecinema.D)ThefilmwillbemoremovingthantheThursdayƳs.六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-1231228.A)Byorderingthem.C)Bycallingtheclerk.B)Bypayingthemoneynow.D)Bysendingane-mail.SectionBDirectionsInthissectionouwillheartwoassaes.Attheendoeachassaeouwill:,ypgfpg,yhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aterouhearauestionoumustchoosethebestanswerromtheourfyq,yffchoicesmarkedABCandD.ThenmarkthecorresondinletteronAnswer),),))pgSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to12arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)Lessthan7billion.C)Nomorethan70million.B)Halfabillion.D)About15million.10.A)Personalinformation.C)Businessaffairs.B)Politicalscandals.D)Religiousevents.11.A)Politicians.B)Executives.C)Teachers.D)Collegestudents.12.A)ItissadthatyoucanfindcomfortwithfriendsonlyinFacebook.B)ItisconvenienttochatwithothersacrosscommunitieswithFacebook.C)ItisterribletorevealpersonalfeelingsinFacebook.D)ItissatisfyingtofindthesocialnormchangingovertimewithFacebook.Questions13to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.13.A)PresidentBarackObama.C)PresidentFranklinRoosevelt.B)PresidentBillClinton.D)PresidentGeorgeW.Bush.14.A)Algebraandmath.B)English-languageartsandmathematics.C)Mathandreading.D)Englishandreading.15.A)Theaimistocompletethenationaleducationsystemwhichlacksthestandard.B)Theaimistoletstatesshowyearlyprogressinstudentslearningmeasuredbythemselves.C)Theaimisforhighschoolstudentstomakeagoodpreparationforfurtherstudyandcareers.D)TheaimistomakeAmericaneducationsystemmorepowerfulineconomiccompetition.SectionCDirectionsInthissectionouwillhearthreerecordinsolecturesortalksollowedbthree:,ygffyorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.AfteryouhearauestionoumustchoosethebestanswerromtheourchoicesmarkedABCq,yff),),)andD.ThenmarkthecorresondinletteronAnswerSheet1withasinleline)pggthroughthecentre.六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-123222Questions16to19arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)TheyinvestigatetheretirementhomesinAmerica.B)TheyareonissuesfacingseniorcitizensinAmerica.C)Theydescribethegreatpleasuresofthegoldenyears.D)Theyarefilledwithfondmemoriesofhisgrandparents.17.A)Thelossoftheabilitytotakecareofhimself.B)Thefeelingofnotbeingimportantanymore.C)Beingunabletofindagoodretirementhome.D)Leavingthehomehehadlivedinfor60years.18.A)Thelossofidentityandself-worth.C)Freedomfrompressureandworldlycares.B)Fearofbeingreplacedordiscarded.D)Thepossessionofwealthandhighrespect.19.A)Theurgencyofpensionreform.B)Medicalcareforseniorcitizens.C)Findingmeaningfulrolesfortheelderlyinsociety.D)Thedevelopmentofpublicfacilitiesforseniorcitizens.Questions20to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.20.A)Itseriouslyimpactstheirphysicalandmentaldevelopment.B)Ithasbecomeaproblemaffectingglobaleconomicgrowth.C)Itisacommonproblemfoundinunderdevelopedcountries.D)Itisanissueoftenoverlookedbyparentsinmanycountries.21.A)Theywilllivelonger.C)Theygetalongwellwithpeople.B)Theygetbetterpay.D)TheydevelopmuchhigherIQs.22.A)Appropriatedfundstopromoteresearchofnutrient-richfoods.B)EncouragedbreastfeedingforthefirstsixmonthsofachildƳslife.C)Recruitedvolunteerstoteachruralpeopleabouthealthandnutrition.D)Targetedhunger-reliefprogramsatpregnantwomenandyoungchildren.Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.23.A)Theguaranteedqualityofitsgoods.C)Theserviceitprovidestoitscustomers.B)Thehugevolumeofitsannualsales.D)Thehighvalue-to-weightratioofitsgoods.24.A)Thosehavingatasteorsmellcomponent.B)Productspotentiallyembarrassingtobuy.C)Thosethatrequireverycarefulhandling.D)Servicesinvolvingapersonalelement.25.A)Thosewholiveinthevirtualworld.C)Thosewhoareusedtoonlinetransactions.B)Thosewhohavetoworklonghours.D)ThosewhodonƳtmindpayingalittlemore.六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-123322PartIIIReadingComprehension40minutes()SectionADirectionsInthissectionthereisaassaewithtenblanks.Youarereuiredtoselectone:,pgqwordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.ManyEuropeancountrieshavebeenmakingtheshifttoelectricvehiclesandGermanyhasjuststatedthattheyplantobanthesaleofvehiclesusinggasolineanddieselasfuelby2030.Thecountryisalsoplanningtoreduceitscarbonfootprintby80-95%by2050,26ashifttogreenenergyinthecountry.Effectively,thebanwillincludetheregistrationofnewcarsinthecountryastheywillnotallowanygasoline27vehicletoberegisteredafter2030.Partofthereasonthisbanisbeingdiscussedand28isbecauseenergyofficialsseethattheywillnotreachtheiremissionsgoalsby2050iftheydonot29alargeportionofvehicleemissions.Thecountryisstill30thatitwillmeetitsemissionsgoals,likereducingemissionsby40%by2020,butthe31ofelectriccarsinthecountryhasnotoccurredasfastasexpected.Othereffortstoincreasetheuseofelectricvehiclesincludeplanstobuildover1millionhybridandelectriccarbatterychargingstationsacrossthecountry.By2030,Germanyplansonhavingover6InternationalBusinessTimesmillionchargingstations32.Accordingtothe,electriccarsalesareexpectedtoincreaseasVolkswagenisstillrecoveringfromitsemissionsscandal.Thereare33around155,000registeredhybridandelectricvehiclesonGermanroads,dwarfedbythe45milliongasolineanddieselcarsdrivingtherenow.Ascountriescontinuesettinggoalsofreducingemissions,greaterstepsneedtobetakentohavea34effectonthesurroundingenvironment.Whiletheeffortsarecertainlynot35,theresultsofsuchbanswilllikelyonlystarttobeseenbygenerationsdowntheline,betteringtheworldforthefuture.A)acceptanceB)currentlyC)disruptingD)eliminateE)exhaustF)futileG)hopefulH)implementedI)incidentallyJ)installedK)noticeableL)poweredM)restorationN)skepticalO)sparkingSectionBDirectionsInthissectionouareointoreadaassaewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.:,yggpgEachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraph六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-123422morethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.AppleƳsStanceHighlightsaMoreConfrontationalTechIndustryA)ThebattlebetweenAppleandlawenforcementofficialsoverunlockingaterroristƳssmartphoneistheculminationofaslowturningofthetablesbetweenthetechnologyindustryandtheUnitedStatesgovernment.B)AfterrevelationsbytheformerNationalSecurityAgencycontractorEdwardJ.Snowdenincoziedupto(讨好)2013thatthegovernmentbothcertaintechcompaniesandhackedintootherstogainaccesstoprivatedataonanenormousscale,techgiantsbegantorecognizetheUnitedStatesgovernmentasahostileactor.Butiftheconfrontationhascrystallizedinthislatestbattle,itmayalreadybeheadingtowardapredictableconclusion:Inthelongrun,thetechcompaniesaredestinedtoemergevictorious.C)Itmaynotseemthatwayatthemoment.Ontheoneside,youhavetheUnitedStatesgovernmentƳsmightylegalandsecurityapparatusfightingfordataofthemostsympatheticsort:thesecretsburiedinadeadmassmurdererƳsphone.TheactionstemsfromafederalcourtorderissuedonTuesdayrequiringAppletohelptheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)tounlockaniPhoneusedbyoneofthetwoattackerswhokilled14peopleinSanBernardino,California,inDecember.D)IntheothercorneristheworldƳsmostvaluablecompany,whosechiefexecutive,TimothyCook,hassaidhewillappealthecourtƳsorder.Applearguesthatitisfightingtopreserveaprinciplethatmostofuswhoareaddictedtooursmartphonescandefend:WeakenasingleiPhonesothatitscontentscanbeviewedbytheAmericangovernmentandyouriskweakeningalliPhonesforanygovernmentintruder,anywhere.E)Therewillprobablybemonthsoflegalconfrontation,anditisnotatallclearwhichsidewillprevailincourt,norinthebattleforpublicopinionandlegislativefavor.Yetunderlyingallofthisisasimpledynamic:Apple,Google,Facebookandothercompaniesholdmostofthecardsinthisconfrontation.Theyhaveourdata,andtheirbusinessesdependontheglobalpublicƳscollectivebeliefthattheywilldoeverythingtheycantoprotectthatdata.F)Anycrackinthatfrontcouldbefatalfortechcompaniesthatmustoperateworldwide.IfAppleisforcedtoopenupaniPhoneforanAmericanlawenforcementinvestigation,whatistopreventitfromdoingsoforarequestfromtheRussiansortheIranians?IfAppleisforcedtowritecodethatletstheFBIgetintotheiPhone5cusedbySyedRizwanFarook,themaleattackerintheSanBernardinoattack,whowouldberesponsibleifsomehackergotholdofthatcodeandbrokeintoitsotherdevices?G)AppleƳsstanceontheseissuesemergedpost-Snowden,whenthecompanystartedputtinginencryption(加密)placeaseriesoftechnologiesthat,bydefault,makeuseoftolimitaccess六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-123522―topeopleƳsdata.Morethanthat,Appleand,indifferentways,othertechcompanies,―includingGoogle,Facebook,TwitterandMicrosofthavemadetheiroppositiontothegovernmentƳsclaimsapointofcorporatepride.H)AppleƳsemergingglobalbrandisprivacy;ithasstakeditscorporatereputation,nottomentiontheinvestmentofconsiderabletechnicalandfinancialresources,onlimitingthesortofmasssurveillancethatwasuncoveredbyMr.Snowden.Sonow,formanycasesinvolvinggovernmentalintrusionsintodata,once-lonelyprivacyadvocatesfindthemselvesfightingalongsidethemostpowerfulcompanyintheworld.I)“Acomparisonpointisinthe1990sbattlesoverencryption,”saidKurtOpsahl,generalcounseloftheElectronicFrontierFoundation,aprivacywatchdoggroup.“Thenyouhadafewcompaniesinvolved,butnotoneofthelargestcompaniesintheworldcomingoutwithalengthyandimpassionedpost,likewesawyesterdayfromTimothyCook.Itsprofilehasreallybeenraised.”J)Appleandothertechcompaniesholdanotherace:thetechnicalmeanstokeepmakingtheirdevicesmoreandmoreinaccessible.NotethatAppleƳspublicoppositiontothegovernmentƳsrequestisitselfahindrancetomassgovernmentintrusion.AndtogetatthecontentsofasingleiPhone,thegovernmentsaysitneedsacourtorderandAppleƳshelptowritenewfoundreligioncode;inearlierversionsoftheiPhone,onesthatwerecreatedbeforeAppleon(热衷于)privacy,theFBImighthavebeenabletobreakintothedevicebyitself.noose(束缚)K)Youcanexpectthattocontinuetotighten.ExpertssaidthatwhetherornotApplelosesthisspecificcase,measuresthatitcouldputintoplaceinthefuturewillalmostcertainlybeabletofurtherlimitthegovernmentƳsreach.L)ThatisnottosaythattheoutcomeoftheSanBernardinocaseisinsignificant.Asappleandseveralsecurityexpertshaveargued,anordercompellingAppletowritesoftwarethatgivestheFBIaccesstotheiPhoneinquestionwouldestablishanunsettlingprecedent.TheorderessentiallyasksAppletohackitsowndevices,andonceitisinplace,theprecedentcouldbeusedtojustifylawenforcementeffortstogetaroundencryptiontechnologiesinotherinvestigationsfarremovedfromnationalsecuritythreats.M)OncearmedwithamethodforgainingaccesstoiPhones,thegovernmentcouldasktouseitproactively(先发制人地)―,beforeasuspectedterroristattackleavingAppleinabindastowhethertocomplyorriskanattackandsufferapublic-relationsnightmare.“Thisisabrandnewmoveinthewaragainstencryption,”Mr.Opsahlsaid.“WehavehadplentyofdebatesinendCongressandthemediaoverwhetherthegovernmentshouldhaveabackdoor,andthisisanrun(迂回战术)―aroundthatheretheycomewithanordertocreatethatbackdoor.”N)YetitisworthnotingthatevenifAppleultimatelylosesthiscase,ithasplentyoftechnicalmeanstocloseabackdoorovertime.“Iftheyareanywherenearworththeirsaltasengineers,Ibettheyarerethinkingtheirthreatmodelaswespeak,”saidJonathan六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-123622Zdziarski,adigitalexpertwhostudiestheiPhoneanditsvulnerabilities.O)Onerelativelysimplefix,Mr.Zdziarskisaid,wouldbeforAppletomodifyfutureversionsoftheiPhonetorequireausertoenterapasscodebeforethephonewillacceptthesortofmodifiedoperatingsystemthattheFBIwantsAppletocreate.Thatway,Applecouldnot―unilaterallyintroduceacodethatweakenstheiPhoneauserwouldhavetoconsenttoit.P)“Nothingis100percenthacker-proof,”Mr.Zdziarskisaid,buthepointedoutthatthejudgeƳsorderinthiscaserequiredAppletoprovide“reasonablesecurityassistance”tounlockMr.FarookƳsphone.IfApplealtersthesecuritymodeloffutureiPhonessothatevenitsownengineersƳ“reasonableassistance”willnotbeabletocrackagivendevicewhencompelledbythegovernment,aprecedentsetinthiscasemightloseitslastingforce.Inotherwords,eveniftheFBIwinsthiscase,inthelongrun,itloses.36.ItisapopularbeliefthattechcompaniesarecommittedtoprotectingtheircustomersƳprivatedata.37.TheUSgovernmentbelievesthatitsaccesstopeopleƳsiPhonescouldbeusedtopreventterroristattacks.38.AfederalcourtaskedAppletohelptheFBIaccessdatainaterroristƳsiPhone.39.PrivacyadvocatesnowhaveApplefightingalongsidethemagainstgovernmentaccesstopersonaldata.40.SnowdenrevealedthattheAmericangovernmenthadtriedhardtoaccessprivatedataonamassivescale.41.TheFBImighthavebeenabletoaccessprivatedatainearlieriPhoneswithoutAppleƳshelp.42.AftertheSnowdenincident,Applemadeclearitspositiontocountergovernmentintrusionintopersonaldatabymeansofencryption.43.Accordingtoonedigitalexpert,noiPhonecanbeentirelyfreefromhacking.44.TimothyCookƳslongwebposthashelpedenhanceAppleƳsimage.45.AppleƳsCEOhasdecidedtoappealthefederalcourtƳsordertounlockauserƳsiPhone.SectionCDirectionsThereare2assaesinthissection.Eachassaeisollowedbsomeuestionsor:pgpgfyquninishedstatements.ForeachothemthereareourchoicesmarkedABCfff),),)andD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorresondinletteron)pgAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AtthebaseofamountaininTanzaniaƳsGregoryRift,LakeNatronburnsbrightred,六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-123722surroundedbytheremainsofanimalsthatwereunfortunateenoughtofallintothesaltywater.Bats,swallowsandmorearechemicallypreservedintheposeinwhichtheyperished,sealedin―thedepositsofsodiumcarbonateinthewater.ThelakeƳslandscapeisbizarreanddeadlyandmadeevenmoresobythefactthatitƳstheplacewherenearly75percentoftheworldƳsflamingos(火烈鸟)areborn.Thewaterissocorrosivethatitcanburntheskinandeyesofunadaptedanimals.Flamingos,however,aretheonlyspeciesthatactuallymakeslifeinthemidstofallthatdeath.Onceeverythreeorfouryears,whenconditionsareright,thelakeiscoveredwiththepinkbirdsastheystopflighttobreed.Three-quartersoftheworldƳsflamingosflyoverfromothersaltlakesintheRiftValleyandnestonsalt-crystalislandsthatappearwhenthewaterisata―specificleveltoohighandthebirdscanƳtbuildtheirnests,toolowandpredatorscanmovebrisklyacrossthelakebedandattack.Whenthewaterhitstherightlevel,thebabybirdsarekeptsafefrompredatorsbyacorrosiveditch.“Flamingoshaveevolvedveryleatheryskinontheirlegssotheycantoleratethesaltwater,”saysDavidHarper,aprofessorattheUniversityofLeicester.“Humanscannot,andwoulddieiftheirlegswereexposedforanylengthoftime.”Sofarthisyear,waterlevelshavebeentoohighfortheflamingostonest.lagoons(泻湖)Somefish,too,havehadlimitedsuccessvacationingatthelakeaslesssaltytilapia(罗formontheouteredgesfromhotspringsflowingintoLakeNatron.Threespeciesof非鱼)thrivetherepart-time.“Fishhavearefugeinthestreamsandcanexpandintothelagoonswhenthelakeislowandthelagoonsareseparate,”Harpersaid.“Allthelagoonsjoinwhenthelakeishighandfishmustretreattotheirstreamrefugesordie.”Otherwise,nofishareabletosurviveinthenaturallytoxiclake.Thisuniqueecosystemmaysoonbeunderpressure.TheTanzaniangovernmenthasonceagainstartedminingthelakeforsodaash,usedformakingchemicals,glassanddetergents.Althoughtheplannedoperationwillbelocatedmorethan40milesaway,drawingthesodaashinthroughpipelines,conservationistsworryitcouldstillupsetthenaturalwatercycleandbreedinggrounds.Fornow,though,lifeprevails—eveninalakethatkillsalmosteverythingittouches.46.WhatcanwelearnaboutLakeNatron?A)Itissimplyuninhabitableformostanimals.B)Itremainslittleknowntotheoutsideworld.C)Itisabreedinggroundforavarietyofbirds.D)Itmakesanidealhabitatforlotsofpredators.47.Flamingosnestonlywhenthelakewaterisataspecificlevelsothattheirbabiescan.A)findsafesheltermoreeasilyB)growthickfeathersontheirfeetC)stayawayfrompredatorsD)getaccustomedtothesaltywater六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-12382248.FlamingosintheRiftValleyareuniqueinthat.A)theycanmoveswiftlyacrosslagoonsC)theybreednaturallyincorrosiveditchesB)theycansurvivewellinsaltywaterD)theyknowwhereandwhentonest49.WhycancertainspeciesoftilapiasometimessurvivearoundLakeNatron?A)Theycantakerefugeinthelesssaltywaters.B)Theycanfleequickenoughfrompredators.C)Theycanmovefreelyfromlagoontolagoon.D)Theycanstandtheheatofthespringwater.50.WhatmaybetheconsequenceofTanzaniangovernmentƳsplannedoperation?A)Theacceleratedextinctionofflamingos.B)ThechangeofflamingosƳmigrationroute.C)TheoverminingofLakeNatronƳssodaash.D)ThedisruptionofLakeNatronƳsecosystem.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itistheseasonforsomefranticlast-minutemath—acrossthecountry,employeesofallstripesarecountingbackwardinanattempttofigureoutjusthowmuchpaidtime-offtheyhaveleftintheirreserves.Moreofthem,though,willskipthosecalculationsaltogetherandjustpowerthroughtheholidaysinto2017:MorethanhalfofAmericanworkersdonƳtuseupalloftheirallottedvacationdayseachyear.Notsolongago,peoplewouldhaveturneduptheirnosesatthatkindofdedicationtothejob.AsmarketingprofessorsSilviaBellezza,NeeruPaharia,andAnatKeinanrecentlyHarvardBusinessReviewHBRexplainedin(),leisuretimewasonceseenasanindicatorofhighsocialstatus,somethingattainableonlyforthoseatthetop.Sincethemiddleofthe20thcentury,though,thingshaveturnedtheoppositeway—thesedays,punishinghoursatyourdesk,ratherthandaysoff,areseenasthemarkofsomeoneimportant.Inaseriesofseveralexperiments,theresearchersillustratedjusthowmuchweƳvecometoadmirebusyness,oratleasttheappearanceofit.Volunteersreadtwopassages,oneaboutamanwholedalifeofleisureandanotheraboutamanwhowasover-workedandover-scheduled;whenaskedtodeterminewhichofthetwohadahighersocialstatus,themajorityoftheparticipantssaidthelatter.Thesameheldtrueforpeoplewhousedproductsthatimpliedtheywereshortontime:Inoneexperiment,forexample,customersofthegrocery-deliveryservicePeapodwereseenasofhigherstatusthanpeoplewhoshoppedatgrocerystoresthatwereequallyexpensive;inanother,peoplewearingwirelessheadphoneswereconsideredfurtheruponthesocialladderthanthosewearingregularheadphones,evenwhenbothwerejustusedtolistentomusic.HBRInpart,theauthorswrotein,thispatternmayhavetodowiththewayworkitselfhaschangedoverthepastseveraldecades.六级试题(第套)第页(共页)2017-123922Wethinkthattheshiftfromleisure-as-statustobusyness-as-statusmaybelinkedtothedevelopmentofknowledge-intensiveeconomics.Insuc