saej1142v001

SAETechnicalStandardsBoardRulesprovidethat:“ThisreportispublishedbySAEtoadvancethestateoftechnicalandengineeringsciences.Theuseofthisreportisentirelyvoluntary,anditsapplicabilityandsuitabilityforanyparticularuse,includinganypatentinfringementarisingtherefrom,isthesoleresponsibilityoftheuser.”SAEreviewseachtechnicalreportatleasteveryfiveyearsatwhichtimeitmaybereaffirmed,revised,orcancelled.SAEinvitesyourwrittencommentsandsuggestions.QUESTIONSREGARDINGTHISDOCUMENT:(724)772-8512FAX:(724)776-0243TOPLACEADOCUMENTORDER;(724)776-4970FAX:(724)776-0790SAEWEBADDRESShttp://www.sae.orgCopyright1994SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.PrintedinU.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400CommonwealthDrive,Warrendale,PA15096-0001RECOMMENDEDPRACTICESubmittedforrecognitionasanAmericanNationalStandardJ1142REV.FEB94Issued1976-07Revised1994-02-02SupersedingJ1142JUN91(R)TOWABILITYDESIGNCRITERIAANDEQUIPMENTUSE—PASSENGERCARS,VANS,ANDLIGHT-DUTYTRUCKSForeword—ThisDocumenthasalsochangedtocomplywiththenewSAETechnicalStandardsBoardformat.TABLEOFCONTENTS1.Scope.......................................................................................................................................................21.1Purpose....................................................................................................................................................22.References...............................................................................................................................................22.1ApplicableDocuments..............................................................................................................................23.Definitions.................................................................................................................................................24.TowingEquipment..................................................................................................................................144.1ChainsandHooksforUseWithTowingEquipment...............................................................................144.2TowSling................................................................................................................................................174.3Wheel-LiftEquipment.............................................................................................................................174.4CarCarrierEquipment...........................................................................................................................204.5TowingDolly...........................................................................................................................................225.PassengerCar,Van,and/orLight-TruckDesignRequirements.............................................................235.1TowingEquipmentConnectingPoints....................................................................................................235.2ChassisFrame.......................................................................................................................................245.3BumperSystems....................................................................................................................................245.4BodyPanels...........................................................................................................................................245.5Underbody..............................................................................................................................................255.6General...................................................................................................................................................256.TowingInstructionRequirements...........................................................................................................257.Labels.....................................................................................................................................................268.Notes......................................................................................................................................................268.1MarginalIndicia......................................................................................................................................268.2KeyWords..............................................................................................................................................26SAEJ1142RevisedFEB94-2-1.Scope—ThisSAERecommendedPracticedescribesthetypeofequipmentcommonlyusedwithtowingequipment,providesinformationtocalculatesafesteeringloads,andoutlinesdesigncriteria.1.1Purpose—Toprovideguidelinesforequipmentusageandthedesignofvehiclestominimizedamageinthetowingofvehiclesupto4173kg(9200lb)GVWRintheeventofdisablement.NOTE—SeeSection3forglossary.2.References2.1ApplicablePublications—Thefollowingpublicationsformapartofthisspecificationtotheextentspecifiedherein.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thelatestissueofSAEpublicationsshallapply.2.1.1SAEPUBLICATIONS—AvailablefromSAE,400CommonwealthDrive,Warrendale,PA15096-0001.SAEJ179—Labeling—DiscWheelandDemountableRims—TrucksSAEJ208—SafetyforAgriculturalTractorsSAEJ254—InstrumentationandTechniquesforExhaustGasEmissionsMeasurementSAEJ274—RatedSuspensionSpringCapacitySAEJ284—SafetyAlertSymbolforAgricultural,Construction,andIndustrialEquipmentSAEJ670—VehicleDynamicsTerminologySAEJ687—Nomenclature—Truck,Bus,TrailerSAEJ706—RatingofWInchesSAEJ743—PipelayersandSideBooms,Tractor—Mounted—SpecificationsListSAEJ853—VehicleIdentificationNumbersSAEJ980—BumperEvaluationTestProcedure—PassengerCarsSAEJ1041—BrakeTestProcedureandBrakePerformanceCriteriaforAgriculturalEquipmentSAEJ1085—TestforDynamicPropertiesofElastomericIsolatorsSAEJ1143—TowedVehicle/TowEquipmentAttachmentTestProcedure—PassengerCars,Vans,andLight-DutyTrucksSAEJ1213—GlossaryofReliabilityTerminologyAssociatedwithAutmotiveElectronicsSAEJ1229—TruckIdentificationTerminologySAEJ1451—ADictionaryofTermsfortheDynamicsandHandlingofSingleTrackVehicles(Motorcycles,Mopeds,andBicycles)SAEJ1473—BrakingPerformance—Rubber-TiredEarthmovingMachines2.1.2FEDERALPUBLICATIONS—AvailablefromtheSuperintendentofDocuments,U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,Washington,DC20402.FederalMotorCarrierRegulations393.70and393.71FederalHighwayAdministrationTitle49,Section393.102(b),SecurementSystemsFederalHighwayAdministrationTitle49,Section393.106,Front-endStructure2.1.3OTHERPUBLICATIONS—PublicLaw89-5633.Definitions3.1AboveCabCarrier—Aplatformabovethecab,whichmaybeinafixedorhydraulicallyadjustableposition,fortransportingvehicles.3.2Aero-Skirting—Aero-designedpanelsattachedtolowerside,orsurroundingthelowersideofthevehicle.SeeAirDam,Fascia,Valence,andCladding.3.3AirDam—Flexibleairdeflectingpanelusuallylocatedbelowradiatorsupport.SAEJ1142RevisedFEB94-3-3.4AirResistance—Ameasureofthe"drag"onavehiclemovingthroughair.Airresistanceincreasesasasquareofthespeed,thuspowerrequirementsincreasemuchfasterthanvehiclespeed.3.5AmbientTemperature—Thetemperatureoftheenvironmentsurroundingthetestspecimen.(SeeSAEJ1085.)3.6AnchoringDevice—Usedtoattachcableends,snatchblocks,safetychains,andtie-downassembliestothetowingvehicle.3.7ApproachAngle—Anglebetweentheplaneoftheplatformandtheground.3.8AuxiliaryBrakingDevice—Adevicewhichattachestothedisabledvehicletoassistthetowtruck'sbrakesinretardingorstoppingbothvehicles.3.9AuxiliaryEquipment—Equipmentthatisnotnecessarytoperformthebasicfunctionoftheprimaryequipment.3.10AuxiliaryFuelTanks—Fueltanksinstalledinadditiontothestandardequipmenttank.3.11AuxiliaryTowingLights—Stop,tail,andturnsignallightsattachedtothetrailingendofthetowedvehicleandoperatedaspartofthetowingvehiclelightingsystem.3.12AxleCovers—Deviceusedtocoverdriveaxleshaftopeningstoeliminatecontaminationorlossofwheelbearinglubricationduringtransportingoperations.3.13Axle(Dead)—Adeadaxleismerelyameansofsupportforthewheelsateachend.Thisiscontrastedtoa"live"axlewhichisconnectedtothewheelsandrotateswiththewheels.3.14Axle(Drive)—Axledesignedtosupportaportionofthevehicleweightandtotransmitadrivingforcetothewheels.(SeeSAEJ687c.)3.15Axle(Tandem)—Anygroupoftwoormoreaxles,anyofwhichmaybepowered,and/orsteering,andwhichareattachedonebehindtheothertothesamevehicleandassociatedthroughamechanismdesignedtoprovideaspecificrelationshipbetweenloading.(SeeSAEJ687c.)3.16BA(BumpertoAxle)—Thedistancefromtheforemostpointonthefrontbumpertothecenterlineofthefrontaxle.SeeChassisManufacturer'sDimensions.3.17Baffle—Aplateorshieldusedfordeflecting,checking,orregulatingtheflowofliquids,gases,orair.3.18Barrel—Acylindricalcomponentofthehydrauliccylinder(pistonchamber).3.19Battery—ADCvoltagesourcewhichconvertschemical,nuclear,thermal,orsolarenergyintoelectricalenergy.(SeeSAEJ1213.)3.20BBC(BumpertoBackofCab)—Thedistancefromtheforemostpointonthefrontbumpertothebackofthecab.SeeChassisManufacturer'sDimensions.3.21BendingMoment—Theforcetimesthedistancefromareferencepointtothepointtheforceisappliedcausingbending.3.22BHP—BrakeHorsepower.3.23Body—Thestructuremountedonachassiscaborthatportionofthevehiclethatcarriestheload.SAEJ1142RevisedFEB94-4-3.24BodyHinge—Theattachmentmechanismconnectingthebodytothehingepinatthepivotaxisaboutwhichthebodyrotatesintothetiltposition.3.25BodySubframe—Anothertermforbodyunderstructureormountingsubframe.3.26BodyUnderstructure—Crossmembersandlongitudinalmembersunderbodyfloor.3.27BodyWeight—Unmountedweightofbodywithapplicableoptions.3.28BogieAxle—SeeTandemAxle.3.29Bolsters—Thetransversemembersthatareusedtodefinethehorizontalsupportforthediagonalbracesofaverticalmast.3.30Boom—Thestructuralmemberthatsupportstheload.(SeeSAEJ743.)3.31BoomAngle—Theboomangleismeasuredbetweenahorizontallineandalinethroughtheboompivotandthecenterofthesheave.3.32BoomHead—Thestructuralmemberatoneendoftheboomwhichcanswivelandsupporttheloadliftedthroughthesheaveandsheavesupportdevice.3.33Brake,Engine—Theengine'scompressionpressureisusedforretardingthetruck.3.34Brakes—Parking—Asystemusedtoholdastoppedmachineinastationaryposition.(SeeSAEJ1473.)3.35Brakes—Service—Theprimarybrakesystemusedforretardingandstoppingthetruck.(SeeSAEJ1041.)3.36Bridle—AVorYtypecouplingdeviceusedtoattachandcenteracableinrecovery,loading,andunloadingoperations.3.37BumperSystems—Asystem,theprimaryfunctionofwhichistoprovideprotectionagainstdamageaffectingtheperformanceoffrontandrearexternallampsandothercomponentsduringlow-speedimpacts,asinvehicleparkingmaneuvers.(SeeSAEJ980a.)3.38CA(CabtoAxle)—Thedistancefromthebackofthetruckcabtothecenteroftherearaxle.SeeChassisManufacturer'sDimensions.3.39Cab—Thedriver/passengercarryingcompartment.3.40CabProtector—ReferencetoFederalHighwayAdministrationTitle49,Section393.106.3.41CabControlLevers—Controlhandlestoengagepowertakeoffandhydraulicvalve,usuallylocatedintruckcabconvenienttodriver'shand.3.42Cable—Steelwireropeusedforpullingorsupport.3.43Camber—Theinclinationofthewheelplanetothevertical.Itisconsideredpositivewhenthewheelleansoutwardatthetopandnegativewhenitleansinward.(SeeSAEJ670c.)3.44CarCarrier—Vehiclesequippedtotransportothervehiclesmountedonaflatplatformand/orwithanadditionalassemblyattachedtothereartofacilitatetowingasecondvehicle.Theseunitsarealsoknownasslidebacks,rollbacks,transportingequipmentcarriers,andflatbeds.SeeCarrier.SAEJ1142RevisedFEB94-5-3.45CG(CenterofGravity)—Ifthevehicleissupportedatthispoint,itwillnotrotateduetotheforceofgravity.(SeeSAEJ1451.)3.46Carrier—Aplatformbodywithawinchforloading.3.47Caster—Theangleinsideelevationbetweenthesteeringaxisandthevertical.Itisconsideredpositivewhenthesteeringaxisisinclinedrearward(intheupwarddirection)andnegativewhenthesteeringaxisisinclinedforward.(SeeSAEJ670.)3.48CertificationLabel—RequiredbyPublicLaw89-563,whichstatesthatamotorvehicleoritemofmotorvehicleequipmentcompliestoallapplicableFederalMotorVehicleSafetyStandards(FMVSS)ineffectonthedateofmanufacture.3.49ChassisCab—Avehicleconsistingofachassisonwhichismountedacab,capableofbeingdrivenbytheadditionofwheelsorotheritemsofrunninggear,butlackingabodyorload-carryingstructure.3.50Cladding—SeeAero-Skirting.3.51ClassificationofTrucksbyGroundContact—Trucksareclassifiedbythenumberofwheelsandthenumberofdrivingwheels.Ifatruckisdesignatedasa4x2,ithasfourwheelsandtwodrivingwheels.A4x4truckhasfourwheelsandfourdrivingwheels.A6x4truckhassixwheelsandfourdrivingwheels.Wheelsareconsideredaunitwhethertheyhavesingleordualtires.3.52Claws—SeeWheelArm.3.53COE(CabOverEngine)—Cabdesignwheredriverisactuallyasfarforwardaspossible.Enginedirectlyundercab.3.54CompletedVehicle—Avehiclethatrequiresnofurthermanufacturingoperationstoperformitsintendedfunction,otherthanminorfinishingoperationssuchaspainting.3.55ControlLever—Adeviceforimpartingmotionintocontrollinkage.3.56Crossbar—SeeLiftBar.3.57Cross-Members—Generaltermappliedtotransversemembersintheunderstructure.3.58CurbWeight—Theweightofavehicleinoperationalstatus,withallstandardandcommonlyinstalledequipmentandthegastankfilledtocapacity.(SeeSAEJ254.)3.59Cylinder—Acompletehydrauliccylinderassembly.3.60CylinderBase—Endofhydrauliccylinderoppositetoheaderorrodend.3.61CylinderHead—Endofahydrauliccylinderthroughwhichthepistonrodextends.Alsocalledheader.3.62DamageResistance—Increasesinresistanceduetodamagetotheload.SeeResistance.3.63Deflector—SeeSnatchBlock.3.64D-Ring—SeeAnchoringDevice.3.65DisabledVehicle—Anyvehiclethatcannotoperateunderitsownpower.SAEJ1142RevisedFEB94-6-3.66Displacement—Volumeofoilrequiredtoextendpistonrodthroughitsworkingstroke.Productofmultiplyingtheareatimesthelengthofstroke,usuallymeasuredincubicinches.3.67DiverterValve—Auxiliaryvalvetoprovidehydraulicpowerfromthehydraulicpumpbyswitchingtheoilflowfromitsusualpassagewaysintoadditionalpiecesofequipmentsuchassnowplowsorotherliftingcylinders.Alsocalleddiversionorselectorvalve.3.68Dolly—Afour-wheeledcarriageusedintowingtosupportthetrailingendofthetowedvehicle.3.69DollyTowing—Procedureusedtosupportwheels,notsupportedbyslingorwheel-lifttowingequipment,thatshouldnottouchroadsurfaceasdamagetodrivelinemayresult.(See4.5.1.)3.70DOT(DepartmentofTransportation)—Afederalagencydealingwithregulationsconcerningboththemanufactureandoperationofmotorvehiclesandmotorvehicleequipment.SeeNHTSA.3.71Driveline—Thedriveshaftandassociatedjoints.3.72Drivetrain—Combinationofaspecifictransmission(make,model,size,type),aspecificdifferentialassembly(make,model,size,type),andaspecificdriveline,ifrequired.3.73DynamicApplication—Referencetoratingspecifications.3.74ElectricalPower—Derivedfromenergyproducedbyelectricity.SeePower.3.75EquipmentCarrier—SeeCarCarrier.3.76ExtensionCylinder—ReferencetoSlideBackExtensionCylinder.3.77Fascia—Flexiblematerialcommonlyusedasabumpercover(couldextendbelowbumper).3.78FC(FrametoCab)—Distancefromthetopoftheframerailtothetopofthecab.3.79FinalStageManufacturer—Aperson,firm,orcorporationwhoperformssuchmanufacturingoperationsonanincompletevehiclethatitbecomesacompleted(end-user)vehicle.(SeeSAEJ1229.)3.80FMVSS(FederalMotorVehicleSafetyStandard)—RegulationspromulgatedbyNHTSAunderPublicLaw89-563,whicharemandatoryandmustbecompliedwithwhenmotorvehiclesoritemsofmotorvehicleequipmentaremanufacturedandcertifiedthereto.3.81FrameCutoff—Centerlineofrearaxle(s)totherearmostpointofthechassisframeasmodifiedforbodyinstallation.3.82FrameLift—SeeUnderlift.3.83FreeSpool—Theoperationofunspoolingwireropefromadrumbypullingontheendoftheropewhilethewinchisstationary.Thedrumisdisconnected(declutched)fromitspowertrainduringthisoperation.3.84Forks—Adeviceattachedtotheliftbarforliftingavehiclebythetires,axle,frame,orstructuralmember.Maybeclassifiedaschain,axle,orframeforks.3.85FullDrum—AdrumcontainingthemaximumpermissiblenumberoflayersofcableasdefinedinSAEJ706,paragraph4.5.3.86FW(FrameWidth)—Overallwidthofthechassisframemeasuredoutside-to-outside.SAEJ1142RevisedFEB94-7-3.87GAWR(GrossAxleWeightRating)—Thevaluespecifiedbythemanufacturerastheload-carryingcapacityofasingle-axlesystemasmeasuredatthetire-roadwayinterface.(SeeSAEJ1451.)3.88GCWR(GrossCombinationWeightRating)—Representstheentireweightofavehicleonthegroundwithatrailerortrailersincludingvehicle,equipment,driver,fuel,andpayload(everythingthatmoveswiththevehicle).Grosscombinationweightspublishedrepresentmaximumallowed.3.89GrabHook—Forusewithsafetychainsandsometow-slinghookups.(See4.1.1.)3.90GradeResistance—Increasesinresistanceduetograde(slope,angle).SeeResistance.3.91GVWR(GrossVehicleWeightRating)—Themaximumtotalvehicleratedcapacity,measuredatthetiregroundinterface,asratedbythechassismanufacturer.3.92GVW(GrossVehicleWeight)—Valuespecifiedbythemanufacturerasthemaximumloadedweightofasinglevehicleincludingallequipment,fuel,body,payload,driver,etc.(SeeSAEJ1451.)3.93HCG(HorizontalCenterofGravity)—SeeCG(CenterofGravity).3.94Headboard—ReferencetoFederalHighwayAdministrationTitle49,Section393.106.3.95HydraulicControlValve—Amechanicaldevicetodivertorcontroltheflowoffluidinahydraulicsystem.3.96HydraulicHose—Flexibleoillinesusedtotransmitfluid.3.97HydraulicOil—Fluidusedinoperationofhydraulicsystems.3.98HydraulicPower—Derivedfromenergyproducedbyfluidunderpressure.SeePower.3.99HyraulicReliefValve—Amechanicaldeviceusedtolimitthepressureinahydrauliccircuit.3.100IncompleteVehicle—Anassemblageconsisting,asaminimum,ofaframeandchassisstructure,powertrain,steeringsystem,suspensionsystem,andbrakingsystemtotheextentthatthosesystemsaretobepartofthecompletedvehiclethatrequiresfurthermanufacturingoperations.3.101IntermediateManufacturer—Afacility,otherthantheincompletevehiclemanufacturerorthefinalstagemanufacturer,whoperformsmanufacturingoperationsonanincompletevehicle.3.102J-Hook—Attachmentdeviceusedfortowing.(See4.1.1.)3.103JICStandard(JointIndustryCommittee)—Anorganizationsetuptostandardizehydraulicfittingsspecificationsandsymbols.3.104L-Arm—SeeWheelArm.3.105LCG(LateralCenterofGravity)—SeeCG(CenterofGravity).3.106LiftBar—Atransversehorizontallypivotingmemberattachedtotheboomofawheel-liftorunder-liftforattachingtowingaccessories.3.107LiftCylinder—SeeTiltCylinder.3.108LiftForks—SeeForks.SAEJ1142RevisedFEB94-8-3.109LiftTowRating—Maximumsteeringtowingload.(See4.2.1.1and4.3.2.1.)Refertotowingequipmentmanufacturer'sspecifications.3.110EmergencyLightBar—Anarrayoflampsusedinaccordancewithlocalordinances.3.111LightPylon—Structureonwhichanemergencylightbarismounted.3.112LoadCell—Adeviceusedtomeasureaload.3.113Longitudinals—Thelengthwisestructuralmembersofthebodyunderstructure.Alsocalledlongbeams,longmembers,stringers.3.114Manufacturer(Vehicle)—Anyfacilityengagedinthemanufacturingorassemblingofmotorvehicleormotorvehicleequipment,includinganyfacilityimportingsame,forresaleasdefinedbyDOTforvehiclecertification.3.115MarkerLights—Smallamberandredlightsattachedtobodiestoindicateoverallclearanceatnight.3.116Mast—Structurethathousestheboomandwinches.Alsocalledawinchframeorwreckerframe.3.117MaximumLoadRating—TIRES—Theloadratingatthemaximumpermissibleinflationpressureforthattire.3.118MaximumPermissibleInflationPressure—TIRES—Themaximumcoldinflationpressuretowhichatiremaybeinflatedwhenfittedontherimorwheel.(SeeSAEJ179.)3.119MechanicalPower—Workacco