英语学位考试历年真题2004年1月研究生英语学位课程统考真题

2004年1月研究生英语学位课统考真 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 PAPER ONE Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points) Section A ( 1 point each ) Directions: In this part, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The questions will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 1. A. Ann likes orange T-shirts best. B. Ann hates to wear an orange T-shirt in the daytime. C. Ann wears an orange T-shirt to keep mosquitoes away. D. The man doesn't like an orange T-shirt. 2. A. To entertain himself. B. To go to other countries. C. To become more valuable. D. To broaden his mind. 3. A. He turns a deaf ear to what the woman said. B. He agrees with the woman. C. He thinks the woman is thoughtless. D. He doesn't think she knows the direction. 4. A. The car is not big enough. B. The car is not good enough. C. He only promised to buy a small car. D. He can't afford to buy the car. 5. A. 350,000. B. 315,000. C. 3,500,000. D. 3,150,000. 6. A. He will not take the shower before the meeting. B. He will not go to the meeting at all. C. He will have to attend the meeting. D. He will be late for the meeting again. 7. A. He is in a bad mood. B. He is more efficient in writing. C. He enjoys himself more. D. He doesn't feel comfortable. 8. A. He got to know it from government statistics. B. He found the fact on the Internet. C. He learned it from a gift book. D. He got the fact by studying in the library. 9. A. He will persuade his parents. B. He will lie to his parents. C. He will go without his parents' permission. D. He will go somewhere else before going skiing. Section B (1 point each) Directions: In this part you will hear two short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 10. A. How to take care of little babies. B. How to become qualified parents. C. A single parent should pay more attention to the baby's development. D. Many parents don't know how to help babies develop in intelligence. 11. A. Watching them. B. Holding them. C. Reading to them. D. Playing with them. 12. A. The first five months. B. The first year. C. The first three years. D. The first five years. 13. A. She invited educational reformers to teach in her school. B. She invited teachers from Germany to work in her school. C. She went to Germany to find staff for her school. D. She asked famous scholars to teach the staff in her school. 14. A. 29,670. B. 29,617. C. 29,760. D. 29,716. 15. A. They helped the poor children with donations. B. They persuaded the children to go to kindergartens. C. They taught the mothers how to teach their children. D. They taught children songs, poems and games. Section C (1 point each) Directions: In this section, you will hear a talk. Complete the sentence and answer the questions below. You will hear the recording twice. At the end of the talk there will be a 3-minute pause, during which time you are asked to write down your answers briefly on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions or sentences below. (请在录音结束后把16－20题的 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 抄在答题纸上) 16. What was the occupation of the advocator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art? 17. Where is the present location of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City? 18. Why have another six additional wings been built since 1975? 19. The museum has collected more than three million objects in every known . 20. Besides being a tourist attraction and an educational institution, the museum also serves as a place for . Part II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points) Section A (0. 5 point each) Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 21. In spite of the efforts of those industrious farmers, the local economy is far from developed due to isolation, A. capable B. ingenious C. innovative D. hard-working 22. Because of the struggle put up by the Women's Lib, many women have found good careers. A. initiated B. proposed C. supported D. terminated 23. The performance of these new employees will highlight the role of positive thinking. A. confirm B. emphasize C. enhance D. enlighten 24. Our family stood in silence for a minute looking at the amazingly beautiful photograph of a human flag. A. surprisingly B. indescribably C. permanently D. uniquely 25. The decision to strengthen intelligence collection is expected to minimize military casualties. A. information B. intellect C. brain D. wisdom 26. To me, St. Francis embodied the ideal blend of spirituality and public service. A. composition B. mixture C. elaboration D. speculation 27. In the wake of such findings, several states are rethinking their plan to open these camps. A. Based on B. Preceding C. Following D. Targeted at 28. The staggering sum of money invested in this project failed to yield the desired result. A. fluctuating B. increasing C. diminishing D. overwhelming 29. It made me ask questions about life, death and mortality that ultimately helped me get through the disaster. A. decisively B. eventually C. somewhat D. somehow 30. At that moment the first idea that came to her mind was that a disaster was around the corner. A. coming to an end B. still in the air C. soon to happen D. out of the question Section B (0. 5 point each) Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding Letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 31. Do your children worry that they might feel pressure to your hero's image? A. come up with B. live up to C. catch up on D. add up to 32. In the worst times of life, you have to take full advantage of the beautiful things that . A. come along B. come by C. come across D. come to 33. Being critical and dictatorial, the boss would discussions and ignore comments not in agreement with his. A. facilitate B. illustrate C. illuminate D. dominate 34. Anderson held out his arms to the attack, but the shark grabbed his right forearm and dived. A. turn off B. ward off C. trigger off D. call off 35. Her excellent of English helped her communicate freely with foreign partners. A. standard B. criterion C. evaluation D. command 36. Because colleges can't take all students with basic qualifications, to college is competitive. A. admiration B. approach C. admission D. assignment 37. Helicopters rushed to where Shenzhou 5 for the rescue of China's first astronaut. A. touched down B. turned down C. settled down D. shot down 38. The Chinese have achieved a great deal, but difficulties and hardships will long . A. tolerate B. bear C. endure D. withhold 39. The belief that it's healthy to let off steam no longer , for we are working under heavy pressure. A. holds B. carries C. takes D. stands 40. Handbags made of leather are considered old-fashioned and poor in quality. A. systematic B. synthetic C. sympathetic D. statistic Part III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes. 15 points, 1 point each) Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding Letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. People go to evening classes as they want new challenges. Some people choose courses 41 to learn new work-related skills to move their career in a new direction. "Evening classes are a great way of 42 your skills or gaining new ones," says Jessica Rolphe, training and development adviser at the UK's Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. In some 43 , what starts as a hobby turns into a career. This is what happened to Ginny Jory, who did an evening course in photography while working for a newspaper about one year ago. During the course, not only was Jory learning all about photography, she also met other 44 photographers and realized it was a great networking 45 . “I discovered that a colleague from work was doing the same course and we became great friends. We 46 doing a millennium exhibition together.” Finally, Jory left her job and is now a full-time photographer of fashion and 47 . However, anyone thinking of doing a course with a specific outcome in mind needs to be sure that it will 48 what they want before enrolling. “Do your research 49 advance,” advises Rolphe. “Make sure you are doing a course that really is 50 and that the institute you are doing it at is highly respected.” 41. A. separately B. spiritually C. specifically D. socially 42. A. updating B. uprising C. uprooting D. upholding 43. A. terms B. occasions C. consequences D. cases 44. A. perspiring B. aspiring C. expiring D. conspiring 45. A. specialty B. phase C. opportunity D. period 46. A. gave in B. ended up C. ceased to D. resulted from 47. A. qualifications B. characters C. portraits D. personalities 48. A. deliver B. delight C. determine D. detect 49. A. up B. for C. into D. in 50. A. redundant B. reserved C. resolved D. relevant Part IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Passage One The worst thing about television and radio is that they entertain us, saving us the trouble of entertaining ourselves. A hundred years ago, before all these devices were invented, if a person wanted to entertain himself with a song or a piece of music, he would have to do the singing himself or pick up a violin and play it. Now, all he has to do is turn on the radio or TV. As a result, singing and music have declined. Italians used to sing all the time. Now, they only do it in Hollywood movies. Indian movies are mostly a series of songs and dances wrapped around silly stories. As a result, they don't do much singing in Indian villages anymore. Indeed, ever since radio first came to life, there has been a terrible decline in amateur singing throughout the world. There are two reasons for this sad decline: One, human beings are astonishingly lazy. Put a lift in a building, and people would rather take it than climb even two flights of steps. Similarly, invent a machine that sings, and people would rather let the machine sing than sing themselves. The other reason is people are easily embarrassed. When there is a famous, talented musician readily available by pushing a button, which amateur violinist or pianist would want to try to entertain family or friends by himself? These earnest reflections came to me recently when two CDs arrived in the mail: They are historic recordings of famous writers reading their own works. It was thrilling to hear the voices from a long dead past in the late 19th century. But today, reading out loud anything is no longer common. Today, we sing songs to our children until they are about two, we read simple books to them till they are about five, and once they have learnt to read themselves, we become deaf. We're alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo. I count myself extremely lucky to have been born before TV became so common. I was about six before TV appeared. To keep us entertained, my mother had to do a good deal of singing and tell us endless tales. It was the same in many other homes. People spoke a language; they sang it, they recited it; it was something they could feel. Professional actors' performance is extraordinarily revealing. But I still prefer my own reading. Because it's mine. For the same reason, people find karaoke liberating. It is almost the only electronic thing that gives them back their own voice. Even if their voices are hoarse and hopelessly out of tune. At least it is meaningful self-entertainment, 51. The main idea of this passage is that . A. TV and radio can amuse us with beautiful songs and music B. TV and radio have weakened our interest in entertaining ourselves C. people should not be too lazy or embarrassed to sing D. parents should sing songs and read books aloud to their children 52. According to the passage, Italians . A. only sing songs in Hollywood B. are no longer fond of music C. only sing and dance in villages D. don't sing much nowadays 53. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the decline in amateur singing? A. It is easier for people to please themselves with songs through TV. B. People don't want to take the trouble to sing songs themselves. C. Amateurs feel shy if they cannot sing as well as the professionals. D. Famous and talented musicians are always willing to entertain people. 54. On hearing the voices of the famous writers of a long time past, the author was . A. very excited B. very frightened C. very nervous D. very surprised 55. By slating “We are alive only to the sound of the TV and the stereo,” the author means . A. we come back to life at the music provided by the TV and the stereo B. we only perceive the music provided by the TV and the stereo C. we should sing more than listen to the TV and the stereo D. we should listen to more music on the TV and the stereo 56. The author's attitude toward karaoke is . A. negative B. positive C. neutral D. indifferent Passage Two If those “mad moments”— when you can't recall what your friend has told you or where you left your keys—are becoming more frequent, mental exercises and a healthy brain diet may help. Just as bodies require more maintenance with the passing years, so do brains, which scientists now know show signs of aging as early as the 20s and 30s. “Brain aging starts at a very young age, younger than any of us have imagined and these processes continue gradually over the years,” said Dr. Gary Small, the director of the Center on Aging at the University of California, Los Angeles. “I'm convinced that it is never too early to get started on a mental or brain-fitness program,” he added. In his book, The Memory Bible, the 51-year-old neuroscientist lists what he refers to as the 10 commandments for keeping the brain young. They include training memory, building skills, minimizing stress, mental exercises, brain food and a healthy lifestyle. It's a game plan for keeping brain cells sparking and neural networks in tip-top shape. “Misplacing your keys a couple of times doesn't mean you should start labeling your cabinets. Memory loss is not an inevitable consequence of aging. Our brains can fight back,” he said. Small provides the weapons for a full-scale attack. According to him, simple memory tests give an indication of what you are up against and tools such as look, snap and connect are designed to make sure that important things such as names and dates are never forgotten. “So if you want to learn names and faces, for example, you meet Mrs. Beatty and you notice a distinguishing facial feature, maybe a prominent eyebrow,” said Small. “You associate the first thing that comes to mind. I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create a mental snapshot of Warren Beatty kissing her brow.” Small admits it may sound a bit strange but he says it works. “Mental exercises could be anything from doing crossword puzzles and writing with your left hand if you are right handed or learning a language. It could be anything that is fun that people enjoy doing," he added. He also recommends physical exercise, a low-fat diet and eating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish, walnuts and Brazil nuts, and fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants (抗氧化剂) including blueberries and onions in addition to reducing stress. 57. The “mad moments” in the first paragraph refers to when we . A. have some mental problems B. have lost our important things C. don't listen to what our friends tell us to do D. fail to remember what should be remembered 58. In this passage, the author mainly tells us that . A. everyone can be forgetful sometimes regardless of one's age B. we can prevent our sound mind from aging with certain methods C. brain aging starts from the time when we are in our 20s and 30s D. memory loss is a sign that shows we are getting old 59. According to this passage, . A. the game plan for keeping brain cells sparking doesn't work for everyone B. Dr. Small's memory tests can show you what to do about brain aging C. Dr. Small's advice can help us fight brain aging effectively D. our brains can reconstruct memories themselves 60. In the fifth paragraph, the author mainly . A. provides us with the weapons for attacking others B. introduces the tools that help us fight against memory loss C. tells us about the important things we should never forget D. explains the facial features useful for us to remember people 61. By saying “I think of the actor Warren Beatty so I create...her brow,” Dr. Small is trying to explain how to use the memory tool of . A. impressing rapidly B. minimizing stress C. connecting related things D. observing carefully 62. According to Dr. Small, . A. left-handers may start brain aging later than right-handers do B. learning a foreign language does not help to keep our brain from getting old C. doing crossword puzzles is the best way to keep us from memory loss D. mental exercises plus healthy diet alone cannot keep us from brain aging Passage Three Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginnings of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, MaoTse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not only been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it. But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasn't easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last seventy-five years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations. Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions don't agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They don't always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. It's as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: “The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained.” Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label "the La Brea Tar Pits" of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area. 63. In regard of leadership competencies, the author suggests that people have . A. believed in their existence B. learned to apply them extensively C. found it very difficult to acquire them D. been unable to realize their importance 64. Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their . A. different styles of leadership B. effective exercise of leadership C. contributions to the theory of leadership D. wisdom in applying the theory of leadership 65. According to the author, people's opinions of leadership are on the whole quite . A. divided B. original C. misleading D. sophisticated 66. The author thinks that . A. many people have labored to be leaders B. leaders are beyond our understanding C. the essence of leadership has not been grasped D. the definitions of leadership should vary 67. “The La Brea Tar Pits” probably signifies things that . A. can be traced back to the prehistoric age B. are traps for those who want to inquire C. are located in one place forever D. don't deserve full investigation 68. This passage is mainly concerned with . A. the inconsistent theories of leadership B. the famous leaders and their theories C. the changes in the trend of leadership D. the inaccurate definitions of leadership Passage Four When you leave a job with a traditional pension, don't assume you've lost the chance to collect it. You're entitled to whatever benefit you've earned—and you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of people forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they're 65, they'll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporate pre-retirement education. Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If it's less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $ 5,000, or your company doesn't offer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you're eligible for at the plan's normal retirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You'll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it. What if you left a job years ago, and you're realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool that has helped locate $47 million in lost benefits for more than 12,000 workers. If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you take a proportional cut for leaving before your plan's normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you'd get a pension 90 percent of the full amount. But that's not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by the employer but often around five percent a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85 percent of the total amount. When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan, the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interest. If you retire when you're 55, for example, and start using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you'll have only about half of what you would have had if you'd kept working until 65. 69. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension, . A. he tends to forget that he has the pension B. he has no right to ask for the pension C. he'll have a bigger benefit than if he waits until the age of 65 D. he has a specified worth of pension 70. If the retiree's pension is less than $5,000, it is wise of him to . A. ask the company for a lump-sum payout B. require his former boss to figure out the value of his pension C. take the pension with him and make a profit out of it D. collect the pension at his retirement plan's normal retirement age 71. If one leaves early before his plan's normal retirement age, . A. he'll take 90 percent of the total amount of his pension B. he'll have half of his pension payments C. he'll have his pension payment reduced by 5% a year D. he'll have only 85 percent of his full pension 72. If one retires early with a defined-contribution plan, he is expected to . A. earn less interest B. be better off than with a traditional pension C. start investment immediately D. get less Social Security benefits 73. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs? A. Your Payout Is Not Guaranteed. B. The Retirement Dilemma. C. Leave Early, Lose Big. D. Take the Pension with You. 74. Which of the following is NOT true? A. If one leaves 3 years early on a 30-year-service basis, he won't get a pension worth 27/30ths. B. It pays to get an early retirement if one understands how retirement pension plan works. C. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation helps the retiree to recover last benefits. D. If one keeps his expenses within his retirement framework, he won't be severely affected. Passage Five In a landmark decision, U. S. District Judge Leonie Brinkema ruled November 23, 1998, in Mainstream Loudown v. Board of Trustees of the Loudown County Library that the use of blocking software to restrict Internet access in public libraries is unconstitutional. Despite the library's claims that its actions were justified in the name of “protecting minors from harmful content,” Judge Brinkema ruled that the library could not reduce adult access to standards established for children. “The use of blocking software in libraries offends the guarantee of free speech,” she ruled, and “constitutes a prior restraint” on all speech. The Loudown County X-Stop software blocked access to a wide range of websites, including those of Quakers, the conservative Heritage Foundation, and AIDS education groups, as well as information about banned books and safe sex. Relying on Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, Brinkema rejected arguments that the installation of such filtering devices constitutes “a library acquisition decision, to which the First Amendment does not apply.” She pointed out that, since the library had originally provided uncensored Internet access and had then taken specific actions to limit it, the situation was analogous to the removal of library materials. The result, she said, was similar to “a collection of encyclopedias from which defendants have laboriously revised portions deemed unfit for library patrons.” Although Brinkema's decision will have a major impact on the development of library policies nationwide, there is a crucial underlying problem that cannot be resolved through the legal process. Filtering software is created and produced by private companies that are quite eager and happy to make all the decisions for us. And by purchasing and installing their products, we are agreeing to let them do just that. It is to these private companies we are surrendering selection and access to the Internet's huge database of electronic information. This means that even the staffs at public libraries have no role in the selection process. The Washington Coalition Against Censorship's new original T-shirt design advocates the only solution we can trust to preserve our First Amendment liberties: “Use your brain: the filter you were born with,” 75. The passage is mainly concerned with . A. whether it is legal to install computer software in public libraries B. whether libraries have to remove materials they consider harmful C. what reading materials public libraries should provide to their patrons D. what kind of online services public libraries should offer their readers 76. One of the defendant's arguments is that . A. the First Amendment does not apply to library purchasing decisions B. certain materials have to be filtered to protect the ethnic minorities C. adults are guaranteed greater freedom to information than children D. the library intends to give their readers only healthy information 77. Which of the following statements is NOT true of X-Stop software? A. It was purchased from a private commercial company. B. It denied both children and adults access to certain websites. C. It revised a certain portion of the encyclopedias in the library. D. Its installation in a county library was declared illegal by the court. 78. Even after the 1998 court decision, the public still have to face the fundamental problem of . A. giving up their freedom of speech on the Internet B. having more restricted access to electronic Information C. not allowing the librarians to select reading materials for them D. letting the commercial companies decide what they would read 79. The word “uncensored” in the third paragraph probably means . A. free B. timely C. beneficial D. restricted 80. According to the author, the decision about what is the best to read lies with . A. the librarians B. the individual citizens C. the government D. the legal courts PAPER TWO Part V TRANSLATION (40 minutes, 20 points) Section A (20 minutes, 10 points) Directions：Put the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II. Although the Bush administration has pledged its commitment to have Iraqis run their government on their own, peace and order will be long in coming. On one hand, Saddam remains unaccounted for. On the other hand, surging violence, cases of bloodshed, suicide bombings and people's taking to streets to protest have plunged the U. S. in an embarrassing situation. Recently, President Bush has made some remarks that appear intended to address criticism from the Democratic presidential candidates that top decision-makers failed to anticipate the mounting difficulties lying ahead. It's hoped that the UN can get actively involved in the reconstruction of this war-torn country and play a more positive role in finding a peaceful solution to problems confronting Iraqis. Section B (20 minutes, 10 points) Directions: Put the following paragraph into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II. 考研的人在英语上花的时间远远多于其他学科，希望英语分数越高越好。许多人坚信成功的秘诀是参加短训班和多背范文，结果却发现此招不灵。他们为提高英语水平做出的努力很难得到回报。 Part VI WRITING (30 minutes, 10 points) Directions：Write a composition of approximately 150 words according to the topic given below: TOPIC: Changing the Wasteful Habits Outline: 1. Name at least three wasteful habits around you with examples; 2. Describe the one you think is the most harmful and explain why you think so; 3. Analyze how the wasteful habit is acquired and give suggestions as to how it can be most effectively changed.