生物重点工程生物核心技术专业英语翻译

LessonOne（4学时）InsidetheLivingCell：StructureandFunctionofInternalCellParts教学目：使学生掌握细胞构成构造（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中位置），Cytoplasm：TheDynamic，MobileFactory细胞质：动力工厂Mostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance，whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit，supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients，ions，solubleproteins，andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.生命大某些特性体当前细胞质特性上。细胞质大某些由半流体物质构成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求其他物质。TheNucleus：InformationCentral（细胞核：信息中心）Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.)Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope，butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.真核细胞细胞核是最大细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核具有一或二个核仁，核仁增进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必要通过核孔运送。Organelles：SpecializedWorkUnits（细胞器：特殊功能单位）Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles，andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes，theendoplasmicreticulum，theGolgicomplex，vacuoles，lysosomes，mitochondria，andtheplastidsofplantcells.所有真核细胞都具有各种细胞器，每个细胞器均有其特定功能。本节重要简介核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中质体。Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthat，ribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit.DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA，"reading"thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand；suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.核糖体数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质重要场合。完整核糖体由大亚基和小亚基构成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码， 翻译 阿房宫赋翻译下载德汉翻译pdf阿房宫赋翻译下载阿房宫赋翻译下载翻译理论.doc 成蛋白质。一条mRNA上也许有各种核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白普通与内质网关于。Theendoplasmicreticulum，alacyarrayofmembranoussacs，tubules，andvesicles，maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER，whichisstuddedwithpolysomes，alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.内质网，带有花边生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质合成和运送关于。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也也许提供细胞分裂后所需细胞膜。SERlackspolysomes；itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.光滑内质网上无核糖体，重要作用是脂肪和类固醇合成以及细胞内有毒物质氧化。两种内质网合成产物在其中进行分流或运送到细胞外。Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle，theGolgicomplex.WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.运送小泡可以将可运送分子从内质网运送到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中其她场合。Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis(theintakeofparticulatematter)andpinocytosis(vacuolardrinking).细胞中液泡好象是中空，但事实上布满了液体和可溶分子。最典型液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其他分子。动物中液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。Asubsetofvacuolesaretheorganellesknownaslysosomes，whichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.溶酶体是液泡亚单位，具有消化酶，降解大某些生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤细胞残片。Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition，plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating，andprobablytheyaretheevolutionarydescendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.线粒体是细胞中化学产能场合。此外，植物细胞中质体在光合伙用中运用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面积并分布着产ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，并且也许是自由生活原核生物在进化中形成后裔。Therearetwotypesofplastids：leucoplasts，whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch，proteins，andoils；andchromoplasts，whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana，whichareembeddedinamatrixcalledthestroma.质体有两种类型：白色体，缺少色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油储备场合；色质体，具有色素。叶绿体是最重要色质体，具有与光合伙用关于叶绿素。叶绿体内部构造是由多层膜形成叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中基粒称子座。TheCytoskeleton（细胞骨架）Alleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton，whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofillallavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlikemicrofilamentscomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein，myosin，isinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules，whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin，dynein，andkinesininteractwiththecytoskeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.所有细胞均有细胞骨架，网络构造纤丝布满了它所能触及所有空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大某些由微丝构成，微丝重要由可收缩肌动蛋白构成。动植物细胞许各种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白关于。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞收缩关于。细胞骨架另一种重要构导致分是微管，由球状微管蛋白构成，象脚手架普通维持细胞稳定形态。细胞骨架中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管互相作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。CellularMovements（细胞运动Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestability稳固tocells，itsmicrotubules英[ˌmaikrəuˈtju:bju:l]andfilaments丝状物andtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreeping爬行orgliding滑动.Suchmovementsrequireasolid固体substratetowhichthecellcanadhere附着andcanbeguidedbythegeometrydʒiˈɔmitri] 几何形状ofthesurface.Somecellsalsoexhibit[iɡˈzibit]展览chemotaxis，keməˈtæksis趋药性theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusing扩散chemical.尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞某些稳定性，微丝，微管及有关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状变化而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开化学源。Certaineukaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments，propelledbywhiplikecilia[ˈsiliə]纤毛orflagella英[fləˈdʒelə鞭毛.Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure：ninedoublets(pairsofmicrotubules)arearrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum，andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbody基体islocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydynein动力蛋白sidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet成对东西.某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具备同样内部构造：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管构成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面基体出生长，双微管动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。Nutrients，proteins，andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.Theprocessoccursasmyosinˈmaiəusin肌凝蛋白proteinsattachedtoorganelles细胞器,小器官pushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayed[əˈrei]展示throughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.Duringcelldivision，microtubulesofthespindleassembled集合，收集fromtubutinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentriolesmovethechromosomes.大某些植物细胞营养，蛋白质和其他物质由细胞质流运送。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周边微丝形成。绝大某些细胞质运动由微丝和微管完毕。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周边由微管蛋白亚基装配形成纺锤体微管移向染色体。课后作业：第一第二篇阅读材料答案：1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c；1A,2B,3D,4AGlossarycytoplasm（细）胞质Thelivingcontentsofacellboundedexternallybytheplasmalemma，includinganaqueousgroundsubstance(hyaloplasm，cellsap，orcellmatrix)containingorganellesandvariousinclusionsbutexcludingthenucleusandvisiblevacuoles.cytoskeleton细胞骨架Ofeukaryoticcells，aninternal"skeleton".Itsmicrotubulesandothercomponentsstructurallysupportthecell，organizeandmoveitsinteftialcomponents.Thecytoskeletonalsohelpsfree-livingcellsmovethroughtheirenvironment.nucleus细胞核，核(复数nuclei)Theorganelleoftheeukaryotecellthatcontainsthechromosomesandhenceultimatelycontrolscellularactivityandinheritancethroughtheactivityofthegeneticmaterial，DNAchromosome染色体ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere，andsomecontainanucleolusorganizer.RNAproteinsareinvariablyassociatedwiththechromosome.nucleoid拟核，类核，核质体TheDNA-containingareaofaprokaryotecell，analogoustotheeukaryotenucleusbutnotmembranebounded.nucleoli核仁(单数nucleolus)Nuclearstructurescomposedofcompletedorpartiallycompletedribosomesandthespecificpartsofchromosomesthatcontaintheinfon-nationfortheirconstruction.nuclearenvelope核膜，核被膜Adoublemembrane(twolipidbilayersandassociatedproteins)thatistheoutermostportionofacellnucleus.ribosome核糖体Smallstructurescomposedoftwoproteinandribonucleicacidsubunitsinvolvedintheassemblyofproteinsfromaminoacids.polysome多核糖体Ofproteinsynthesis，severalribosomesalltranslatingthesamemessengerRNAmolecule,oneaftertheother.endoplasmicreticulum内质网Foldedmembranesandtubesthroughouttheeukaryoticcellthatprovidealargesurfaceuponwhichchemicalactivitiestakeplace.Golgicomplex高尔基复合体Astackofflattened，smooth，membranoussacs；thesiteofsynthesisandpackagingofcertainmoleculesineukaryoticcells.vacuole液泡Storagecontainerwithinthecytoplasmofacellhavingasurroundingmembrane.phagocytosis吞噬作用Theprocessbywhichthecellwrapsaroundaparticleandengulfsit.pinocytosis胞饮作用Theprocessbywhichacellengulfssomemoleculesdissolvedinwaterlysosome溶酶体Aspecializedorganellethatholdsamixtureofhydrolyticenzymes.mitochondrion线粒体(复数mitochondria)Amembranousorganelleresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbagresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbaginsidethatisfoldedbackonitself；servesasthesiteofaerobiccellularrespiration.plastid质体Anorganellepresentinallplantsexceptbacteria，blue-greenalgae，andfungi；itisenclosedbytwomembranes(theenvelope)andhasvariousfunctionschloroplast叶绿体Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriablue-greenalgae.stroma基质，子座（复数stromata）Regionwithinachloroplastthathasnochlorophyll.microfilament微丝，纤丝Long，fiberlikestructuresmadeofproteinandfoundincells，oftenincloseassociationwiththemicrotubules；providestructuralsupportandenablemovement.actin肌动蛋白Aglobularcontractileprotein.Inmusclecells，actininteractswithanotherprotein，myosin，tobringaboutcontraction.myosin['maiesin]肌球蛋白Aproteinthat，withactin，constitutestheprincipalelementofthecontractileapparatusofmuscle.microtubute微管Small，hollowtubesofproteinthatfunctionthroughoutthecytoplasmtoprovidestructuralsupportandenablemovement.tubulin微管蛋白Aproteinthatisthemajorconstituentofmicrotubules.dynein动力蛋白，动素AgroupofatleastfourdistinctproteinsfoundintheflagellaandmicrotubulesofeukaryoticcellsandpossessingATPaseactivity.chemotaxis趋化性Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto，anddirectedby，andirectionalstimulus.cilia纤毛Numerousshort，hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.flagella鞭毛(单数flagellum)Long，hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.basalbody基体Abodyidenticalinstructuretoacentriole，foundalwaysatthebaseofaciliumoreukaryoteflagellum.centriole中心粒Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants.LessonTwo（2学时）Photosynthesis教学目：使学生掌握细胞光合伙用机理，光合系统Ⅰ与光合系统Ⅱ构造与功能之间关系。有关英语词汇以及重要用法。教学重点：光合伙用中有关概念和功能，及有关英语词汇掌握教学难点：专业英语词汇记忆讲授办法：以学生翻译为主，教师解说有关专业知识辅助学生理解授学时间：4月5日教学内容：Photosynthesisoccursonlyinthechlorophyllchlorophyll叶绿素-containingcellsofgreenplants，algae藻，andcertainprotists原生生物andbacteria.Overall，itisaprocessthatconvertslightenergyintochemicalenergythatisstoredinthemolecularbonds.Fromthepointofviewofchemistryandenergetics，itistheoppositeofcellularrespiration.Whereas然而cellular细胞respiration呼吸ishighlyexergonic吸取能量andreleasesenergy，photosynthesis光合伙用requiresenergyandishighlyendergonic.光合伙用只发生在具有叶绿素绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。总体来说，这是一种将光能转化成化学能，并将能量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用对立面。细胞呼吸作用是高度放能，光合伙用是需要能量并高吸能过程。PhotosynthesisstartswithCO2andH2Oasrawmaterialsandproceedsthroughtwosetsofpartialreactions.Inthefirstset，calledthelight-dependentreactions，watermoleculesaresplit裂开(oxidized)，02isreleased，andATPandNADPHareformed.Thesereactionsmusttakeplaceinthepresenceof在面前lightenergy.Inthesecondset，calledlight-independentreactions，CO2isreduced(viatheadditionofHatoms)tocarbohydrate.ThesechemicaleventsrelyontheelectroncarrierNADPHandATPgeneratedbythefirstsetofreactions.光合伙用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反映。第一步，称光反映，水分子分解，氧分子释放，ATP和NADPH形成。此反映需要光能存在。第二步，称暗反映，二氧化碳被还原成碳水化合物，这步反映依赖电子载体NADPH以及第一步反映产生ATP。Bothsetsofreactionstakeplaceinchloroplasts.Mostoftheenzymesandpigments色素forthelightdependentreactionsareembedded进一步内含inthethylakoid类囊体membrane膜隔膜ofchloroplasts叶绿体.Thedarkreactionstakeplaceinthestroma.基质两步反映都发生在叶绿体中。光反映需要大某些酶和色素包埋在叶绿体类囊体膜上。暗反映发生在基质中。HowLightEnergyReachesPhotosyntheticCells（光合细胞如何吸取光能）Theenergyinlightphotonsinthevisiblepartofthespectrumcanbecapturedbybiologicalmoleculestodoconstructivework.Thepigmentchlorophyllinplantcellsabsorbsphotonswithinaparticularabsorptionspectrumsstatementoftheamountoflightabsorbedbychlorophyllatdifferentwavelengths.Whenlightisabsorbeditaltersthearrangementofelectronsintheabsorbingmolecule.Theaddedenergyofthephotonbooststheenergyconditionofthemoleculefromastablestatetoaless-stableexcitedstate.Duringthelight-dependentreactionsofphotosynthesis，astheabsorbingmoleculereturnstothegroundstate，the"excess"excitationenergyistransmittedtoothermoleculesandstoredaschemicalenergy.生物分子能捕获可见光谱中光能。植物细胞中叶绿素在不同光波下吸取某些吸取光谱。在吸取分子中，光作用使分子中电子发生重排。光子能量激活了分子能量状态，使其从稳定态进入不稳定激活态。Allphotosyntheticorganismscontainvariousclassesofchlorophyllsandoneormorecarotenoid(accessory)pigmentsthatalsocontributetophotosynthesis.Groupsofpigmentmoleculescalledantennacomplexesarepresentonthylakoids.Lightstrikinganyoneofthepigmentmoleculesisfunneledtoaspecialchlorophyllamolecule，termedareaction-centerchlorophyll，whichdirectlyparticipatesinphotosynthesis.Mostphotosyntheticorganismspossesstwotypesofreaction-centerchlorophylls，P680andP700，eachassociatedwithanelectronacceptormoleculeandanelectrondonor.TheseaggregationsareknownrespectivelyasphotosystemⅠ(P700)andphotosystemⅡ(P680).所有光合伙用生物具有不同级别叶绿素和一种或各种类胡萝卜素（光合伙用辅助色素）。称作天线复合体色素分子群存在于类囊体中。激活色素分子光能进入叶绿素反映中心，其直接参加光合伙用。大某些光反映细胞器拥有两套反映中心，P680和P700，每个光系统都具有一种电子受体和电子供体。这些集合体就是人们熟识光合系统Ⅰ和光合系统Ⅱ。TheLight-DependentReaction：ConvertingSolarEnergyintoChemical-BondEnergy光反映：光能转化成化学键能Thephotosystemsofthelight-dependentreactionsareresponsibleforthepackagingoflightenergyinthechemicalcompoundsATPandNADPH.ThispackagingtakesplacethroughaseriesofoxidationreductionreactionssetinmotionwhenlightstrikestheP680reactioncenterinphotosystemⅡ.Inthisinitialeventwatermoleculesarecleaved，oxygenisreleased，andelectronsaredonated.Theseelectronsareacceptedfirstbyplastoquinoneandthenbyaseriesofcarriersastheydescendanelectrontransportchain.Foreachfourelectronsthatpassdownthechain，twoATPsareformed.ThelastacceptorinthechainistheP700reactioncenterofphotosystemⅠ.Atthispointincomingphotonsboosttheenergyoftheelectrons，andtheyareacceptedbyferredoxin.Ferredoxinisthenreoxidized，andthecoenzymeNADP+isreducedtotheNADPH.TheATPgeneratedpreviouslyandtheNADPHthentakepartinthelightindependentreactions.光反映光系统将光能转化成化学复合物ATP和NADPH。当光激活光系统Ⅱ光反映中心时，通过一系列氧化还原反映实现能量传递。反映开始时，水被分解，氧被释放并提供电子。电子一方面传递给质体醌，然后通过一系列载体形成电子传递链。每传递4个电子，形成2个ATP。最后一种受体存在于光反映系统Ⅰ反映中心里。此处光子激活电子，电子传递给铁氧还蛋白。铁氧还蛋白再氧化，并且辅酶NADP+还原成NADPH。初期产生ATP和NADPH进入暗反映。TheproductionofATPfromthetransportofelectronsexcitedbylightenergydownanelectrontransportchainistermedphotophosphorylation.Theone-wayflowofelectronsthroughphotosystemsIIandIiscallednoncyclicphotophosphorylation；plantsalsoderiveadditionalATPthroughcyclicphotophosphorylation，inwhichsomeelectronsareshuntedbackthroughtheelectrontransportchainbetweenphotosystemsⅡandⅠ.由电子传递链偶连产生ATP过程称为光合磷酸化。通过光合系统Ⅱ流经光合系统Ⅰ电子途径称非循环式光合磷酸化；植物通过循环式光合磷酸化获得额外ATP，某些电子在光合系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ之间电子传递链中回流。TheLight-IndependentReactions：BuildingCarbohydrates暗反映：碳水化合物形成Inthelight-independentreactionsofphotosynthesis，whicharedrivenbyATPandNADPH，C02isconvertedtocarbohydrate.ThereactionsarealsoknownastheCalvin-Bensoncycle.AtmosphericCO2，isfixedasitreactswithribulosebiphosphate(RuBP)，areactionthatiscatalyzedbytheenzymeribulosebiphosphatecarboxylase.ThereductionOfC02tocarbohydrate(fructosediphosphate)iscompletedviaseveralmorestepsofthecycle.Finally，RUBPisregeneratedsothatthecyclemaycontinue.由ATP和NADPH驱动暗反映中，二氧化碳转化成碳水化合物。即卡尔文循环。二磷酸核酮糖固定二氧化碳，由二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶催化。Oxygen：AnInhibitorofphotosynthesis（氧：光合伙用抑制因子）Highlevelsofoxygeninplantcellscandisruptphotosynthesisandcanalsocausephotorespiration-aninefficientfunofthedarkreactionsinwhich02isfixedratherthanC02andnocarbohydrateisproduced.ReprievefromPhotorespiration：TheC4PathwayMostplantsareC3plants；theyexperiencedecreasedcarbohydrateproductionunderhot，dryconditionsasaresultoftheeffectsofphotorespiration.AmongC4plants，however，specialleafanatomyandauniquebiochemicalpathwayenabletheplanttothriveinandconditions.ThusC4plantslessenphotorespirationbycarryingoutphotosynthesisonlyincellsthatareinsulatedfromhighlevelsofCO2.Theyalsopossessanovelmechanismforcarbonfixation.大某些植物是碳3植物，在高温干旱条件下，由于光呼吸作用而使碳水化合物合成减少。而在大多数碳4植物中，由于叶脉特殊构造和独特化学途径使植物依然很茂盛。这是碳固定一种新机制。课后作业：第一篇阅读材料答案：1B,2A,3A,4D,5C,6cGlossarylight-dependentreactions光反映-Thefirststageinphotosynthesis，drivenbylightenergy.Electronsthattrapthesun'senergypasstheenergytohigh-energycarrierssuchasATPorNADPH，whereitisstoredinchemicalbonds.light-independentreactions暗反映Thesecondstageofphotosynthesis，alsocalledtheCalvin-Bensoncycle，whichdoesnotrequirelight.Duringthesixstepsofthecycle，carbonisfixedandcarbohydratesareformed.chloroplast叶绿体Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriaandblue-greenalgae.absorptionspectrum吸取光谱，吸取谱Thespectrumobtainedwhenradiation(light，ultravioletradiation，etc.)fromasourcegivingacontinuousspectrumispassedthroughasubstance.Calvin-Bensoncycle卡尔文·本森循环Cyclicreactionsthatarethe"synthesis"partofthelight-independentreactionsofphotosynthesis.Inlandplants，RUBP，orsomeothercompoundtowhichcarbonhasbeenaffixed，undergoesrearrangementsthatleadtoformationofasugarphosphateandtoregenerationoftheRUBP.ThecyclerunsonATPandNADPHfromlight-dependentreactions.carotenoid类胡萝卜素Light-sensitive，accessorypigmentsthattransferabsorbedenergytochlorophylls.Theyabsorbvioletandbluewave-lengthsbuttransmitred，orange，andyellow.chlorophyll叶绿素Thegreensubstanceofplantsbywhichphotosynthesisisaccomplished；itisusuallylocalizedinintracellularorganellescalledchloroplasts.cyclicphotophosphorylation环形光合磷酸化（作用）Cyclicphotophosphorylationiscoupledtocyclicelectronflow，inwhichATPistheonlyproduct.C3plant三碳植物Aplantinwhichthelight-independentreactionsofphotosynthesisstartwithathreecarboncompound.MostplantsareC3plants.C4plant四碳植物Aplantsuchascorninwhichthelightindependentreactionsofphotosynthesisstarwithafour-carboncompound.noncyclicphotophosphorylation非环形光合磷酸化作用Noncyclicphotophosphorylationiscoupledtononcyclicelectronflow，theelectronsbeingusedtoreduceNADP+aswellastomakeATP.photon光子Aparticlethathaszeromassorchargeandunitspin，thequantumoftheelectromagneticfieldandcarrieroftheelectromagneticforce.photophosphorylation光合磷酸化作用ThesynthesisofATPfromphosphateandADPduringphotosynthesis，usinglightenergy.photorespiration光呼吸Alight-dependenttypeofrespirationthatoccursinmostphotosyntheticplantsanddiffersfromnormal(ordark)respiration.photosynthesis光合伙用Thesynthesisoforganiccompoundsbyreductionofcarbondioxideusinglightenergyabsorbedbychorophyll.photosystem光合系统Oneoftheclustersoflight-trappingpigmentsembeddedinphotosyntheticmembranes.PhotosystemIoperatesduringthecyclicpathway；photosystemⅡoperatesduringboththecyclicandnoncyclicpathways.ribulosebiphosphate(RUBP)核酮糖二磷酸AcompoundwithabackboneoffivecarbonatomsthatisrequiredforcarbonfixationintheCalvin-Bensoncycleofphotosynthesis.thylakoid类囊体Oneofanumberofflattenedfluid-filledsacsthatformthephotosyntheticlamellarsystemofchloroplasts，photosyntheticbacteria，andblue-greenalgae.LessonThree（2学时）CellularReproduction：MitosisandMeiosis教学目：使学生掌握细胞有丝分裂和无丝分裂作用机理，有丝分裂和无丝分裂之间区别和相似点。有关英