语言学第三章练习 2

Chapter3：FromMorpheme toPhrase 形态学I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:11.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.12.Theaffix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysagrammaticalmeaning.13.Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.14.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandderivativeaffixes.15.Derivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.16.Asuffixisaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.17.Compoundingisthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.18.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewwordarecalledmorphologicalrules.19.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,derivationcanbeviewedastheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnewwords.20.Astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitselftowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:21. Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)______.A.boundmorpheme   B.boundform  C.inflectionalmorpheme D.freemorpheme22.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound ______.A. isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponentsB. canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemesC. isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.D. Noneoftheabove.23.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof_______.A.thefirstelement       B.thesecondelementC.eitherthefirstorthesecondelementD.boththefirstandthesecondelements.24._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.A.Free morphemes      B.Boundmorphemes  C.Boundwords    D.Words25._____isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.Syntax        B.Grammar   C.Morphology       D.Morpheme26. Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.A.lexical       B.morphemic   C.grammatical        D.semantic27. Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.A.  havetobeusedindependentlyB. cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemesC. caneitherbefreeorboundD. havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes.28. ____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.Prefixes     B.Suffixes  C.Roots       D.Affixes29. _____areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.Words    B.Morphemes  C.Phonemes   D.Sentences30. “-s”intheword“books”is _______.A.aderivativeaffix      B.astem C.aninflectionalaffix     D.arootIV.Definethefollowingterms:31.morphology     32.inflectionalmorphology 33.derivationalmorphology 34.morpheme  35.freemorpheme   36.boundmorpheme粘着语素 37.root   38.affix39.prefix    40.suffix   41.derivation     42.Compounding31. Morphology:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.32. inflectionalmorphology:Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections33.derivationalmorphology:Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.34. Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.35. freemorpheme:Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithoth-ermorphemes.36. boundmorpheme:Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindepen-dentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.37. Root:Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfal-thoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.38. Affix:Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.39. Prefix:Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.    40. Suffix:Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.41.  Derivation:Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.42. Compounding:Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:43. WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?44. Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.43. WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?Orthographicallyacompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalcu-lablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Phonetically,thewordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement.44.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.Freemorphemes:Theyaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves,forexample,“book-”intheword“bookish”.Boundmorphemes:Theyarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Boundmorphemescanbesubdividedintorootsandaffixes.Arootisseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughithasaclearanddefinitemeaning,suchas“gene-”intheword“generate”.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword“books”toindicatepluralityofnouns.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsobedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchas“dis-”intheword“dislike”,whilesuffixesoccurattheendofawordsuchas“-less”intheword“friendless”.