西方文化入门part1-Greek等

西方文化入门part1-Greek等 An Introduction to Western An Introduction to Western Culture Culture Part I Introduction Part I Introduction • European culture is made up of many elements.Two of these • European culture is made up of many elements.Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring. elements are considered to be more enduring. • they are: • they are: • 1. the Greco-Roman element, • 1. the Greco-Roman element, • 2. and the Judeo-Christian element • 2. and the Judeo-Christian element Part II Greek Culture Part II Greek Culture Greece Location Greece Location • At the southeast of Europe and has borders with • At the southeast of Europe and has borders with Turkey at the east, Bulgaria, and Albania at the Turkey at the east, Bulgaria, and Albania at the north, and with italy at the west. north, and with italy at the west. Part II Greek Culture Part II Greek Culture • 1. Greeks played a very important role in the • 1. Greeks played a very important role in the development of human history. development of human history. • 2. enjoyed freedom in religion, art, government, and • 2. enjoyed freedom in religion, art, government, and modes of living. modes of living. I. Greek Culture I. Greek Culture • 1.The Historical Context • 1.The Historical Context • 1). In a more remote period of Greek history, • 1). In a more remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200B.C. , a war was fought probably around 1200B.C. , a war was fought between Greece and Troy between Greece and Troy • 2). Greek culture reached a high point of • 2). Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. development in the 5th century B.C. the high point of development in Greek culture in the the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th century B.C. 5th century B.C. • 1). The high point of development in Greek culture was 1). The high point of development in Greek culture was • marked by marked by • (a) the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in (a) the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in • the 5th century B.C., the 5th century B.C., (b) the establishment of democracy and • (b) the establishment of democracy and • • (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and • historical writing in Athens. historical writing in Athens. 2). The 5th century B.C. closed with civil war between 2). The 5th century B.C. closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta in Greece. Athens and Sparta in Greece. • 3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was 3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was • brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon. brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon. • 4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered the Greece. 4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered the Greece. • 清明 杜牧 杜牧 清明 • 清明时节雨纷纷， 清明时节雨纷纷， • • 路上行人欲断魂。 路上行人欲断魂。 • • 借问酒家何处有， 借问酒家何处有， • • 牧童遥指杏花村。 牧童遥指杏花村。 • The Clear-and–Bright Feast The Clear-and–Bright Feast • Upon the Clear-and-Bright Feast of spring Upon the Clear-and-Bright Feast of spring • • The rain drizzleth down in spray. The rain drizzleth down in spray. • • Pedestrians on countryside ways Pedestrians on countryside ways • • In gloom are pining away. In gloom are pining away. • • When asked ―Where a tavern fair for rest When asked ―Where a tavern fair for rest • • Is hereabouts to be found,‖ Is hereabouts to be found,‖ • • The shepherd boy the Apricot Bloom Vill The shepherd boy the Apricot Bloom Vill • • Doth point to afar and say. By 孙大雨 Doth point to afar and say. By 孙大雨 • • 注:pine away:衰弱，消瘦，憔悴 注:pine away:衰弱，消瘦，憔悴 • 清明(我国的二十四节气之一) 清明(我国的二十四节气之一) • 清明节是我国传统节日，也是最重要的祭祀节日，是祭祖和• 清明节是我国传统节日，也是最重要的祭祀节日，是祭祖和 扫墓的日子。 扫墓的日子。 • 清明节，又叫踏青节，按阳历来说，它是在每年的4月4日至6• 清明节，又叫踏青节，按阳历来说，它是在每年的4月4日至6日之间，正是春光明媚草木吐绿的时节，也正是人们春游(古日之间，正是春光明媚草木吐绿的时节，也正是人们春游(古代叫踏青)的好时候，所以古人有清明踏青，并开展一系列代叫踏青)的好时候，所以古人有清明踏青，并开展一系列体育活动的的习俗。 体育活动的的习俗。 清明节的传统 清明节的传统 • • 中国祭祀祖先的传统已有数千年之久。 中国祭祀祖先的传统已有数千年之久。 Ancestor worship is a Chinese tradition dating back Ancestor worship is a Chinese tradition dating back thousands of years. thousands of years. • 清明时，中国阖家前往祭拜祖先，同时把祖坟修饰一清明时，中国阖家前往祭拜祖先，同时把祖坟修饰一• 下，把杂草清除。然后准备一些牺牲、酒和水果作为下，把杂草清除。然后准备一些牺牲、酒和水果作为对祖先的祭品。 对祖先的祭品。 (2) (2) • Also known as the Grave-sweeping or Spring Also known as the Grave-sweeping or Spring • Remembrance, Ching Ming ("clear and bright"), is Remembrance, Ching Ming ("clear and bright"), is when Chinese families show their respect by visiting when Chinese families show their respect by visiting the graves of their ancestors to clear away weeds, the graves of their ancestors to clear away weeds, touch up gravestone inscriptions and make offerings touch up gravestone inscriptions and make offerings of wine and fruit. of wine and fruit. Tomb-Sweeping Day / All Souls' Day / Pure Brightness / Ching Ming Tomb-Sweeping Day / All Souls' Day / Pure Brightness / Ching Ming Festival (1) Festival (1) • It’s a time to remember the dead and the dearly departed. • It’s a time to remember the dead and the dearly departed. More important, it is a period to honour and to pay respect More important, it is a period to honour and to pay respect to one's deceased ancestors and family members. to one's deceased ancestors and family members. • It is a "spring" festival, and an occasion for the whole • It is a "spring" festival, and an occasion for the whole family to leave the home and to sweep the graves of their family to leave the home and to sweep the graves of their forebears. forebears. (2) (2) • It has been a religious festival in China from time • It has been a religious festival in China from time immemorial. immemorial. • On this day in mid-spring, April 5th or 6th, people visit the • On this day in mid-spring, April 5th or 6th, people visit the burying places of their ancestors to do obeisance or payh burying places of their ancestors to do obeisance or payh homage and sweep the tombs. homage and sweep the tombs. • It is the 105th or 106th day from the winter solstice (冬至). • It is the 105th or 106th day from the winter solstice (冬至). (3) (3) • In contrast to the sadness of the tomb sweepers, people also enjoy In contrast to the sadness of the tomb sweepers, people also enjoy • hope of Spring on this day. The Qingming Festival is a time when the hope of Spring on this day. The Qingming Festival is a time when the sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become green and nature is sun shines brightly, the trees and grass become green and nature is again lively. again lively. • Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Spring Since ancient times, people have followed the custom of Spring • outings. outings. • People love to fly kites during the Qingming Festival. People love to fly kites during the Qingming Festival. • II. Social and Political structure II. Social and Political structure • 1). Athens was a democracy, where only the adult male 1). Athens was a democracy, where only the adult male • citizens had the rights. citizens had the rights. • 2). The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of 2). The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of • slave labor. slave labor. • 3). The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they 3). The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they • had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports，revised in 1896, the Games have become contests of sports，revised in 1896, the Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition. the world’s foremost amateur sports competition. • 4). Homer (about 700 B. C.) 4). Homer (about 700 B. C.) • III. War between Persians & Creeks III. War between Persians & Creeks • 1. Time 1. Time • • 1st: 492 B.C. Persian army invaded Greece, but failed, 1st: 492 B.C. Persian army invaded Greece, but failed, • Persian fleet was destroyed in a storm. Persian fleet was destroyed in a storm. • 2nd: 490 B.C. Persian army landed on the plain of Marathon. 2nd: 490 B.C. Persian army landed on the plain of Marathon. • Greeks won, Phidippides conveyed the news of victory to Athens, 42 Greeks won, Phidippides conveyed the news of victory to Athens, 42 kilos away. kilos away. • 3rd: 480 B.C. for the first stage Persians captured Athens, but 3rd: 480 B.C. for the first stage Persians captured Athens, but • Greeks destroyed Persian ships finally. Greeks destroyed Persian ships finally. 2. Result 2. Result • 1) a victory of Greek civilization over Persian 1) a victory of Greek civilization over Persian • civilization civilization • 2) paving the way for the Greek domination of Europe 2) paving the way for the Greek domination of Europe • instead of that by Persia. instead of that by Persia. • 3) gave the Greeks confidence in their strength and 3) gave the Greeks confidence in their strength and • character. character. • 4) inspired them to great things in art and literature during • 4) inspired them to great things in art and literature during the “Golden Age” in Greek history. the “Golden Age” in Greek history. • In short, the victory had entrusted the Greeks with a • In short, the victory had entrusted the Greeks with a historical task to create a new and higher civilization. historical task to create a new and higher civilization. IV. Greek Achievements IV. Greek Achievements • 1). Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of 1). Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of • their epics: the IliadOdyssey 《伊利亚特》and the 《奥德赛》. their epics: the Iliad 《伊利亚特》and the Odyssey《奥德赛》. • 2). Homer probably lived around 700 B.C. 2). Homer probably lived around 700 B.C. • IliadOdyssey• 3). The and the are not about events of 3). The Iliad and the Odyssey are not about events of • Homer’s own time, but about great men and wars about a Homer’s own time, but about great men and wars about a remoter age, probably in the period of 1200—1100 B.C. remoter age, probably in the period of 1200—1100 B.C. Iliad Iliad • 1). The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the 1). The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the • southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon(阿伽门农) southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon(阿伽门农) in their war against the city of Troy. in their war against the city of Troy. • 2). The heroes are Hector(赫克托耳) on the Trojan side and 2). The heroes are Hector(赫克托耳) on the Trojan side and • Achilles(阿喀琉斯) and Odysseus(奥德修斯) on the Greek. Achilles(阿喀琉斯) and Odysseus(奥德修斯) on the Greek. • 3). In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy 3). In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy • was sacked and burned by the Greeks. was sacked and burned by the Greeks. Trojan War Trojan War • Between Greeks and Trojans, and raged for ten years. • Between Greeks and Trojans, and raged for ten years. • Judgement of Paris---As a young man, Paris became noted for • Judgement of Paris---As a young man, Paris became noted for his extreme beauty, wit and prowess. his extreme beauty, wit and prowess. • The wedding of Peleus and Thetis, the hero and the sea-goddess, • The wedding of Peleus and Thetis, the hero and the sea-goddess, was celebrated. All the gods and goddesses were invited, with was celebrated. All the gods and goddesses were invited, with the noted exception of Eris, the Goddess of Strife (disagreeable). the noted exception of Eris, the Goddess of Strife (disagreeable). Judgement of Paris Judgement of Paris • Angered, she strode into the middle of the wedding feast and • Angered, she strode into the middle of the wedding feast and threw a golden apple into the assembled company. It landed threw a golden apple into the assembled company. It landed between the three most powerful goddesses, Hera, Athene and between the three most powerful goddesses, Hera, Athene and Aphrodite. Picking it up, Zeus found it was inscribed „For the Aphrodite. Picking it up, Zeus found it was inscribed „For the Fairest?. Wisely deciding not to judge between the three deities Fairest?. Wisely deciding not to judge between the three deities himself, Zeus nominated the beautiful Paris as arbiter. himself, Zeus nominated the beautiful Paris as arbiter. Judgement of Paris Judgement of Paris • First Hera, the great queen, she made him a promise. If he awarded her the First Hera, the great queen, she made him a promise. If he awarded her the • apple, she would grant him wealth and power. He would rule over the apple, she would grant him wealth and power. He would rule over the greatest kingdom on earth; grey-eyed Athene promised him victory in all greatest kingdom on earth; grey-eyed Athene promised him victory in all battles, together with glory and wisdom - the three most precious gifts a battles, together with glory and wisdom - the three most precious gifts a man could have; man could have; • Aphrodite „You will possess the most beautiful woman in the land,? Aphrodite „You will possess the most beautiful woman in the land,? • Judgement of Paris Judgement of Paris • Paris awarded the Apple of Discord to Aphrodite. True to her • Paris awarded the Apple of Discord to Aphrodite. True to her promise, Aphrodite gave him Helen, the most beautiful woman promise, Aphrodite gave him Helen, the most beautiful woman living on the earth – but he had to snatch her from her powerful living on the earth – but he had to snatch her from her powerful husband, Menelaus. So began the terrible ten-years? war between husband, Menelaus. So began the terrible ten-years? war between the Trojans and the Greeks, the Trojans and the Greeks, Trojan War Trojan War • Agamemnon, king Menelaus?s brother, gathered a force to get • Agamemnon, king Menelaus?s brother, gathered a force to get her back. her back. • The Trojan Horse • The Trojan Horse • Under the command of Odyssey, Greeks destroyed the city, and • Under the command of Odyssey, Greeks destroyed the city, and Helen returned to Menelaus. Helen returned to Menelaus. Achilles—chief hero on the Greek side Achilles—chief hero on the Greek side • Son of Peleus, the king of Phthia, and Thetis, an immortal Son of Peleus, the king of Phthia, and Thetis, an immortal • sea nymph. When he was born, Thetis dipped him in the sea nymph. When he was born, Thetis dipped him in the River Styx in the Underworld, this would make him River Styx in the Underworld, this would make him invulnerable like a god. She was interruped by peleus invulnerable like a god. She was interruped by peleus before the water touched the heel by which Thetis held before the water touched the heel by which Thetis held the baby. the baby. • As a result the heel was the only vulnerable spot of As a result the heel was the only vulnerable spot of • Achilles. When the Trojan War began, Agamemnon, the Achilles. When the Trojan War began, Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek forces, sent soldiers to recruit commander of the Greek forces, sent soldiers to recruit Achilles into the Greek army. Achilles into the Greek army. quarrel between Achilles & Agamemnon quarrel between Achilles & Agamemnon • Greek army surrounded and atacked Troy for 10 years but Greek army surrounded and atacked Troy for 10 years but • could not conquer the city. The war began to go badly for could not conquer the city. The war began to go badly for the Greeks when a plague had broken out in the Greek the Greeks when a plague had broken out in the Greek camp. Apollo was offended because Agamemnon refused camp. Apollo was offended because Agamemnon refused to return the captured girl Chryseis to her father, a priest to return the captured girl Chryseis to her father, a priest of Apollo. of Apollo. • Agamemnon agrred but took in her place Briseis, a Agamemnon agrred but took in her place Briseis, a • and left the battlefield and refused to fight again. and left the battlefield and refused to fight again. beautiful captive girl that belonged to Achilles who beautiful captive girl that belonged to Achilles who was angry. Without Achilles the Greek army suffered was angry. Without Achilles the Greek army suffered serious losses. serious losses. quarrel between Achilles & Agamemnon quarrel between Achilles & Agamemnon • Patraclus, --- Achilles? close friend, put on Achilles? armour and • Patraclus, --- Achilles? close friend, put on Achilles? armour and led his men into the battle, but was killed by Hector, who was led his men into the battle, but was killed by Hector, who was the eldest son of king Priam of Troy– brave, handsom, patriotic, the eldest son of king Priam of Troy– brave, handsom, patriotic, the greatest heroes and commder of the Trojan forces. the greatest heroes and commder of the Trojan forces. The fight between Achilles & Hector The fight between Achilles & Hector • Achilles was filled with grief for his friend?s death and joined • Achilles was filled with grief for his friend?s death and joined the battle again to take revenge, and killed Hector, tied his body the battle again to take revenge, and killed Hector, tied his body to his chariot and dragged it through the dust around the walls of to his chariot and dragged it through the dust around the walls of Troy. Priam, the king of Troy, secretly went to Achilles and Troy. Priam, the king of Troy, secretly went to Achilles and begged the body of his son, Achilles gave him the body so that it begged the body of his son, Achilles gave him the body so that it could be buried properly. could be buried properly. Achilles’ Death Achilles’ Death • Later in a battle when Achilles was pursuing the enemy to • Later in a battle when Achilles was pursuing the enemy to the gate of Troy, paris, standing on the tower above the the gate of Troy, paris, standing on the tower above the gate, shot an arrow which flew through Achilles’ heel --- the gate, shot an arrow which flew through Achilles’ heel --- the only vulnerable spot of the hero and killed him. only vulnerable spot of the hero and killed him. The Fall of Troy The Fall of Troy • The Greeks had surrounded and attacked Troy for 10 years but • The Greeks had surrounded and attacked Troy for 10 years but could not break through the walls of Troy. They decided to could not break through the walls of Troy. They decided to capture the city by using tricks. They built a huge wooden horse capture the city by using tricks. They built a huge wooden horse and placed it outside the walls of Troy. Odysseus and other and placed it outside the walls of Troy. Odysseus and other worriors hid inside the horse while the rest sailed away, leaving worriors hid inside the horse while the rest sailed away, leaving Sinon, a Greek spy, behind. Sinon, a Greek spy, behind. Laocoon Laocoon • The,priest,,Laocoon,,suspecting,,warned,the,Trojans,• The,priest,,Laocoon,,suspecting,,warned,the,Trojans,against,taking,the,horse,into,their,city,and,urged,them,to,against,taking,the,horse,into,their,city,and,urged,them,to,destroy,it.,Sinon,,convinced,the,Trojans,that,the,horse,was,destroy,it.,Sinon,,convinced,the,Trojans,that,the,horse,was,an,offering,to,Athena;,if,brought,into,the,city,it,would,bring,an,offering,to,Athena;,if,brought,into,the,city,it,would,bring,the,protecton,of,the,goddess.,the,protecton,of,the,goddess., • Posedon,hated,Troy,and,sent,two,serpents,which,Posedon,hated,Troy,and,sent,two,serpents,which,• attacked,laocoon,and,his,son,and,crushed,them,to,attacked,laocoon,and,his,son,and,crushed,them,to,death.,Trojans ignored Laocoon?s warning and dragged death.,Trojans ignored Laocoon?s warning and dragged the wooden horse into the city. the wooden horse into the city. • During the night, when the Trojans fell asleep, Sinon let the • During the night, when the Trojans fell asleep, Sinon let the Greek soldiers out, they killed the guards, opened the gates to the Greek soldiers out, they killed the guards, opened the gates to the Greeks. Then Troy was captured and buried. Greeks. Then Troy was captured and buried. • After the war Helen was reconciled with her husband Menelaus. • After the war Helen was reconciled with her husband Menelaus. Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey 1). The deals with the return of Odysseus 1). The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home land Ithaca(伊萨卡after the Trojan war to his home land Ithaca(伊萨卡岛). 岛). Odyssey• 2). The describes many adventures • 2). The Odyssey describes many adventures Odysseus ran into on his long voyage and how he Odysseus ran into on his long voyage and how he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope(珀涅罗was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope(珀涅罗珀). 珀). The Odyssey The Odyssey • and after which the great hero Odysseus wandered the seas for a • and after which the great hero Odysseus wandered the seas for a further ten long years before returning home. further ten long years before returning home. • A description on the struggle of the Greek heroes Odysseus • A description on the struggle of the Greek heroes Odysseus returned to their kingdom from Troy across the sea and regained returned to their kingdom from Troy across the sea and regained his position as king. his position as king. The Lotus-Eaters The Lotus-Eaters • A great storm arose and for ten days their ships were driven • A great storm arose and for ten days their ships were driven south, until they eached the land of lotus-eaters. The Native south, until they eached the land of lotus-eaters. The Native people offered them the fruit of lotus. Whoever tasted the fruit people offered them the fruit of lotus. Whoever tasted the fruit would forget their friends and families, loose desires to return to would forget their friends and families, loose desires to return to their native land. 3 ate the lotus, Odysseus drove them back to their native land. 3 ate the lotus, Odysseus drove them back to the ships and bound their hands and feet, threw them on board the ships and bound their hands and feet, threw them on board and sailed away. and sailed away. Aeolus (风神埃俄罗斯) Aeolus (风神埃俄罗斯) • Odysseus and his men siled on till they came to the island of • Odysseus and his men siled on till they came to the island of Aeolus, who was the keeper of winds with power to to still and Aeolus, who was the keeper of winds with power to to still and arouse them. As a parting gift Aeolus gave them a leather bag arouse them. As a parting gift Aeolus gave them a leather bag containing the woinds that could prevent them from sailing home. containing the woinds that could prevent them from sailing home. When they were close to the shore of Ithaca, odysseus? sailors When they were close to the shore of Ithaca, odysseus? sailors opened the bag, the winds escaped from the bag and blew opened the bag, the winds escaped from the bag and blew Odysseus? ships back to sea again. Odysseus? ships back to sea again. The Sirens The Sirens • Sirens were sea nymphs with the bodies of birds and the Sirens were sea nymphs with the bodies of birds and the • heads of a women living on an island in the heads of a women living on an island in the Mediterranean Sea. The Sirens sang sweet songs to lure Mediterranean Sea. The Sirens sang sweet songs to lure sailors to death on their island?s rocky shores. When his sailors to death on their island?s rocky shores. When his ship was about to pass their island, Odysseus stopped the ship was about to pass their island, Odysseus stopped the ears of his men with wax so that they could not hear the ears of his men with wax so that they could not hear the Siren. Siren. • But he wanted to hear the songs and yet pass their island But he wanted to hear the songs and yet pass their island • in safety, he ordered the sailors to tie him rightly to the in safety, he ordered the sailors to tie him rightly to the mast, and not set him free no matter how much he he mast, and not set him free no matter how much he he might beg them to do. In this way their ship successfully might beg them to do. In this way their ship successfully passed the island. passed the island. Penelope-- Odysseus’ wife Penelope-- Odysseus’ wife • Odysseus left on an expedition against Troy, and Penelope had no news of him for 20 Odysseus left on an expedition against Troy, and Penelope had no news of him for 20 • years. A group of unruly young nobelmen demanded she marry one of them. She held years. A group of unruly young nobelmen demanded she marry one of them. She held them off by telling them she must first finish weaving a shroud for Odysseus? father, them off by telling them she must first finish weaving a shroud for Odysseus? father, but each night she secretly undid the work. Odysseus made a plan with his son to kill but each night she secretly undid the work. Odysseus made a plan with his son to kill the surtors– in his disguise of a beggar. Penelope agreed to marry the man who could the surtors– in his disguise of a beggar. Penelope agreed to marry the man who could string Odysseus? huge bow and shoot an arow through 12 axe-heads. Each tried and string Odysseus? huge bow and shoot an arow through 12 axe-heads. Each tried and failed, but the beggar easily bent and strung the bow and shot an arrow through the failed, but the beggar easily bent and strung the bow and shot an arrow through the axes. He killed all the suitors and regained his kingdom and his wife. axes. He killed all the suitors and regained his kingdom and his wife. 1. Lyric Poetry 1. Lyric Poetry • 1). Of many of the lyric poets of the (Greek) time, two are 1). Of many of the lyric poets of the (Greek) time, two are • still admired by readers today: Sappho(萨福) and Pindarstill admired by readers today: Sappho(萨福) and Pindar(品达). (品达). • 2). Sappho was a woman poet noted for her love poems of 2). Sappho was a woman poet noted for her love poems of • passionate intensity. passionate intensity. • 3). Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the 3). Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the • victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes. odes. 2. Drama 2. Drama • 1). their remote past, the Greeks started to perform plays • 1). their remote past, the Greeks started to perform plays at religious festivals and closely connected with the worship of at religious festivals and closely connected with the worship of the God Dionisus. the God Dionisus. • 2). Out of these religions a powerful drama developed in the • 2). Out of these religions a powerful drama developed in the 5th century B.C. 5th century B.C. Drama Drama • 3). Performances were given in open-air theatres, acted upon • 3). Performances were given in open-air theatres, acted upon the stage, actors wore masks; theatre was semicircular in shape, the stage, actors wore masks; theatre was semicircular in shape, seats cut in the solid rock of the hillside with the audience seats cut in the solid rock of the hillside with the audience sitting on stone benches and looking down at the stage from sitting on stone benches and looking down at the stage from three sides three sides Outstanding dramatists Outstanding dramatists • 1). The outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece were • 1). The outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece were Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯), Sophocles(索福克勒斯), EuripidesAeschylus(埃斯库罗斯), Sophocles(索福克勒斯), Euripides(欧里庇得斯) and Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬). (欧里庇得斯) and Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬). Tragedy Tragedy • express the human destiny in the irresistible hopeless • express the human destiny in the irresistible hopeless • A. Aeschylus (525—456B.C.) • A. Aeschylus (525—456B.C.) a) is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic a) is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry. poetry. • b). Aeschylus wrote plays such as Prometheus Bound《被缚的• b). Aeschylus wrote plays such as Prometheus Bound《被缚的普罗米修斯》, Persians《波斯人》 and Agamemnon《阿伽普罗米修斯》, Persians《波斯人》 and Agamemnon《阿伽门农》. 门农》. B. Sophocles (496—406B.C.) B. Sophocles (496—406B.C.) • a). Sophocles was the author of plays like Oedipus the King a). Sophocles was the author of plays like Oedipus the King• 《奥狄普斯王》, Electra《伊莱克特拉》 and Antigone《安提戈涅》. 《奥狄普斯王》, Electra《伊莱克特拉》 and Antigone《安提戈涅》. Oedipus the King• b). is the story of a man who unknowingly b). Oedipus the King is the story of a man who unknowingly • committed a terrible sin by killing his father and marrying committed a terrible sin by killing his father and marrying his mother. his mother. • C). The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the C). The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the • Oedipus complex”(奥狄普斯情结) was also derived from Oedipus complex”(奥狄普斯情结) was also derived from Sophocles’s play. Sophocles’s play. C. Euripides(484—406B.C.) C. Euripides(484—406B.C.) • A). Euripides wrote mainly about women in such • A). Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache MedeaTrojan Women and . plays as Andromache Medea and Trojan Women. • B). Euripides may be called the first writer of • B). Euripides may be called the first writer of “problem plays”. “problem plays”. Comedy Comedy • Aristophanes(about 450—380B.C.) • Aristophanes(about 450—380B.C.) FrogsCloudsWasps• wrote such plays as 《蛙》, 《云》, • wrote such plays as Frogs《蛙》, Clouds《云》, Wasps Birds《黄蜂》 and 《鸟》. 《黄蜂》 and Birds《鸟》. Prometheus Bound Prometheus Bound • The play is composed almost entirely of speeches and contains • The play is composed almost entirely of speeches and contains little action since its protagonist is chained and immobile little action since its protagonist is chained and immobile throughout. throughout. • At the beginning, Kratos (strength), Bia (force), and the • At the beginning, Kratos (strength), Bia (force), and the smith-god Hephaestus chain the Titan Prometheus to a mountain smith-god Hephaestus chain the Titan Prometheus to a mountain in the Caucasus and then depart. Prometheus is being punished in the Caucasus and then depart. Prometheus is being punished not only for stealing fire, but also for thwarting Zeus's plan to not only for stealing fire, but also for thwarting Zeus's plan to obliterate the human race. obliterate the human race. • This punishment is especially galling since Prometheus was • This punishment is especially galling since Prometheus was instrumental in Zeus's victory in the Titanomachy. The instrumental in Zeus's victory in the Titanomachy. The Oceanids (海洋女神) appear and attempt to comfort Oceanids (海洋女神) appear and attempt to comfort Prometheus by conversing with him. Prometheus cryptically Prometheus by conversing with him. Prometheus cryptically tells them that he knows of a potential marriage that would tells them that he knows of a potential marriage that would lead to Zeus's downfall. lead to Zeus's downfall. • A Titan named Oceanus commiserates (sympasy) with • A Titan named Oceanus commiserates (sympasy) with Prometheus and urges him to make peace with Zeus. Prometheus and urges him to make peace with Zeus. Prometheus tells the chorus that the gift of fire to mankind Prometheus tells the chorus that the gift of fire to mankind was not his only benefaction; he taught men all the civilizing was not his only benefaction; he taught men all the civilizing arts, such as writing, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, arts, such as writing, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, metallurgy, architecture and agriculture. metallurgy, architecture and agriculture. • Prometheus is then visited by Io, a human maiden pursued • Prometheus is then visited by Io, a human maiden pursued by a lustful Zeus; the Olympian transformed Io into a cow, by a lustful Zeus; the Olympian transformed Io into a cow, and a gadfly (牛虻) sent by Zeus's wife Hera has chased Io and a gadfly (牛虻) sent by Zeus's wife Hera has chased Io all the way from Argos. Prometheus forecasts Io's future all the way from Argos. Prometheus forecasts Io's future travels, telling her that Zeus will eventually end her torment travels, telling her that Zeus will eventually end her torment in Egypt, where she will bear a son named Epaphus. in Egypt, where she will bear a son named Epaphus. • He says one of her descendants (an unnamed Heracles), thirteen He says one of her descendants (an unnamed Heracles), thirteen • generations hence, will release him from his own torment. generations hence, will release him from his own torment. Finally, Hermes the messenger-god is sent down by the angered • Finally, Hermes the messenger-god is sent down by the angered • Zeus to demand that Prometheus tell him who threatens to Zeus to demand that Prometheus tell him who threatens to overthrow him. Prometheus refuses, and Zeus strikes him with a overthrow him. Prometheus refuses, and Zeus strikes him with a thunderbolt (雷电) that plunges Prometheus into the abyss. thunderbolt (雷电) that plunges Prometheus into the abyss. Oedipus the king Oedipus the king • Laius, the king of Thebes，received a predicton from the oracle of Apollo Laius, the king of Thebes，received a predicton from the oracle of Apollo • that his son would kill him. He ordered his servant to abandon the baby on that his son would kill him. He ordered his servant to abandon the baby on a mountainside. A shepherd rescued the baby and then gave the son to a a mountainside. A shepherd rescued the baby and then gave the son to a childless king of Corinth. Oedipus grew up in Corinth and learned the childless king of Corinth. Oedipus grew up in Corinth and learned the oracle, tried to avoid the prophecy by running away. Wondering in the oracle, tried to avoid the prophecy by running away. Wondering in the direction of Thebes and met Laius who blocked his way,in a quarrel he direction of Thebes and met Laius who blocked his way,in a quarrel he killed Laius. killed Laius. Oedipus the king Oedipus the king • Thebes was beset by the sphinx, a winged monster with the head • Thebes was beset by the sphinx, a winged monster with the head of a woman of a woman • and body of a lion who killed all who failed to answer her • and body of a lion who killed all who failed to answer her riddle– what goes on 4 legs in the morning, 2 in the afternoon riddle– what goes on 4 legs in the morning, 2 in the afternoon and 3 in the evening. Oedipus delivered the answer: a man. and 3 in the evening. Oedipus delivered the answer: a man. Sphinx killed herself and Oedipus saved Thebes and became the Sphinx killed herself and Oedipus saved Thebes and became the new king and married the widowed queen– they had 4 children. new king and married the widowed queen– they had 4 children. Oedipus the king Oedipus the king • A plague struck Thebes. The oracle said it would end when the • A plague struck Thebes. The oracle said it would end when the murderer had been driven. Oedipus realized he had killed his murderer had been driven. Oedipus realized he had killed his father and married his mother. In grief and dispair Jocasta father and married his mother. In grief and dispair Jocasta hanged herself, and Oedipus blinded himself, gave up his throne hanged herself, and Oedipus blinded himself, gave up his throne and went into exile. and went into exile. Jason—golden fleece Jason—golden fleece • In order to claim his birthright as king of Iolcus, Jason had to • In order to claim his birthright as king of Iolcus, Jason had to bring back the golden fleece from the city of Colchis. The fleece bring back the golden fleece from the city of Colchis. The fleece was owned by King Aeetes, and was guarded by a serpent that was owned by King Aeetes, and was guarded by a serpent that never slept. Jason gathered a group of heroes to set sail and never slept. Jason gathered a group of heroes to set sail and retrieve the magical fleece. retrieve the magical fleece. • Jason gathered a group of heroes to set sail and retrieve the magical fleece. Jason gathered a group of heroes to set sail and retrieve the magical fleece. • Among these heroes were Hercules, Theseus, Orpheus, Castor and Pollux. Among these heroes were Hercules, Theseus, Orpheus, Castor and Pollux. They set sail on the ship Argo, and thus called themselves the Argonauts. They set sail on the ship Argo, and thus called themselves the Argonauts. They encountered many dangers along the way… rescuing an oracle king They encountered many dangers along the way… rescuing an oracle king from the harpies (凶狠卑鄙的女人) who tormented him, escaping a clan from the harpies (凶狠卑鄙的女人) who tormented him, escaping a clan of women who killed all their men. of women who killed all their men. Jason—golden fleece Jason—golden fleece • Upon reaching Colchis, Jason met with King Aeetes who was • Upon reaching Colchis, Jason met with King Aeetes who was reluctant to give up his fleece, but he agreed that Jason could reluctant to give up his fleece, but he agreed that Jason could have it if he passed the test--to plant a field of dragon teeth. He have it if he passed the test--to plant a field of dragon teeth. He was to plow the field with bulls that breath fire. The dragon teeth was to plow the field with bulls that breath fire. The dragon teeth would then grow into an army of men, and he must defeat them. would then grow into an army of men, and he must defeat them. Jason—golden fleece Jason—golden fleece • The king„s daughter Medea fell in love with Jason. Being a sorceress(魔The king„s daughter Medea fell in love with Jason. Being a sorceress(魔• 法师), she offered to help him. She gave Jason a lotion that would protect 法师), she offered to help him. She gave Jason a lotion that would protect him from the bulls' flames. She told him to throw a rock into the center of him from the bulls' flames. She told him to throw a rock into the center of the army that rose from the dragon teeth. He did so and the men turned the army that rose from the dragon teeth. He did so and the men turned and fought each other. After the test, Medea again used her sorcery to and fought each other. After the test, Medea again used her sorcery to tame the snake that guarded the golden fleece. Jason returned to his home tame the snake that guarded the golden fleece. Jason returned to his home with the fleece, and was crowned king with the fleece, and was crowned king Jason—golden fleece Jason—golden fleece Medea Medea • Medea, is a story of betrayal and vengeance. Medea?s husband • Medea, is a story of betrayal and vengeance. Medea?s husband Jason would leave her for another after the many sacrifices she Jason would leave her for another after the many sacrifices she has made for him. Medea hate to be the fate of abandoned, in has made for him. Medea hate to be the fate of abandoned, in retaliation for her husband„s betrayal, killing two young children. retaliation for her husband„s betrayal, killing two young children. But she has not been the fate of karma(因果报应), but also But she has not been the fate of karma(因果报应), but also riding on car speeding away of God, go unpunished. riding on car speeding away of God, go unpunished. 3. History 3. History • A. Herodotus (484—430B.C.)希罗多德 A. Herodotus (484—430B.C.)希罗多德 • • a). called “Father of History”. a). called “Father of History”. • • b). wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. b). wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. • • B. Thucydides (460—404B.C.)修昔底德 B. Thucydides (460—404B.C.)修昔底德 • • told about the war between Athens and Sparta and told about the war between Athens and Sparta and • between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the island between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the island of Sicily(西西里岛). of Sicily(西西里岛). Science Science • A. Pythagoras (about 500 B.C.--?)毕达哥拉斯 A. Pythagoras (about 500 B.C.--?)毕达哥拉斯 • a). the founder of scientific mathematics. a). the founder of scientific mathematics. • B). To Pythagoras and his school we owe the abstract B). To Pythagoras and his school we owe the abstract • conceptions underlying mathematics—point, line, conceptions underlying mathematics—point, line, magnitude, surface, body—and the first theory of magnitude, surface, body—and the first theory of proportion. proportion. • • B. Heracleitus (about 540—480 B.C.)赫拉克利特 B. Heracleitus (about 540—480 B.C.)赫拉克利特 • A). believed fire to be the primary element of universe, out of which A). believed fire to be the primary element of universe, out of which • everything else has arisen. everything else has arisen. • B). held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed it was the B). held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed it was the • strife between the opposites that produced harmony. strife between the opposites that produced harmony. • C). To him, “all is flux, nothing is stationary.” C). To him, “all is flux, nothing is stationary.” • • “You cannot step twice into the same river; for fresh waters are ever “You cannot step twice into the same river; for fresh waters are ever • flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday.” flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday.” • • C. Democritus (about 460—370 B . C.)德谟克利特 C. Democritus (about 460—370 B . C.)德谟克利特 • a. speculated about the atomic structure of matter, • a. speculated about the atomic structure of matter, one of the earliest exponents of atomic theory. one of the earliest exponents of atomic theory. • b. one of the earlist philosophical materialists • b. one of the earlist philosophical materialists D. Euclid (3rd century B.C.)欧几里得 D. Euclid (3rd century B.C.)欧几里得 Elements• a. even now well-known for his 《几何原本》, • a. even now well-known for his Element《s几何原本》, a textbook of geometry. a textbook of geometry. E. Archimedes (287—212 B.C.)阿基米德 E. Archimedes (287—212 B.C.)阿基米德 • a. did important work not only in geometry, but also in a. did important work not only in geometry, but also in • arithmetic, machanics, and hydrostatics. arithmetic, machanics, and hydrostatics. • b. discovered that when a body is immensed in water b. discovered that when a body is immensed in water • its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced. displaced. • c. To illustrate the principle of the lever, Archimedes is said c. To illustrate the principle of the lever, Archimedes is said • to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.” move the world.” 4. Philosophy -- Socrates (496-399B.C.) 4. Philosophy -- Socrates (496-399B.C.) Uncouth appearance and board forehead Uncouth appearance and board forehead • Plato recorded of him in Dialogues. Plato recorded of him in Dialogues. • • Talked with people in the marketplace and streets, Talked with people in the marketplace and streets, • asking and answering questons, discussed anything in asking and answering questons, discussed anything in heaven and earth, specializing in exposing fallacies. heaven and earth, specializing in exposing fallacies. • The method of argument by asking and answering has come to • The method of argument by asking and answering has come to be known as the dialectical method.(辩证的) be known as the dialectical method.(辩证的) • His persistent questioning of people made him many enemies. In • His persistent questioning of people made him many enemies. In 339BC was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by not 339BC was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by not acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young. He was acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young. He was condemned to death. condemned to death. B. Plato (427-347B.C.) B. Plato (427-347B.C.) • Bought a house and garden in a public park called Academy in Athens, Bought a house and garden in a public park called Academy in Athens, • studied and lectured on philosophy, mathematics and astronomy. studied and lectured on philosophy, mathematics and astronomy. • A). Plato?s Dialogues《对话录》 are important not only as philosophical A). Plato?s Dialogues《对话录》 are important not only as philosophical • writing but also as imaginative literature. writing but also as imaginative literature. • B). Of the Dialogues Plato wrote, 27 have survived, including the ApologyB). Of the Dialogues Plato wrote, 27 have survived, including the Apology• 《申辩》, Symposium《会饮篇》或译为《飨宴篇》, and the Republic《申辩》, Symposium《会饮篇》或译为《飨宴篇》, and the Republic《理想国》. 《理想国》. • • • C). Plato’s Apology was about Socrates’ defense of • C). Plato’s Apology was about Socrates’ defense of himself at the trial. himself at the trial. • D). Plato’s Symposium dealt with beauty and love. • D). Plato’s Symposium dealt with beauty and love. Republic• E). Plato’s was about the idea state ruled • E). Plato’s Republic was about the idea state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets. by a philosopher but barring poets. • F). Plato’s comprehensive system of philosophy dealt with, F). Plato’s comprehensive system of philosophy dealt with, • among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever-changing world, men were to obtain knowledge. ever-changing world, men were to obtain knowledge. • G). The reply Plato gave (to the problem of how men were G). The reply Plato gave (to the problem of how men were • to obtain knowledge) was: men have knowledge because of to obtain knowledge) was: men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, goodness. truth, goodness. • • • H). According to Plato, only such “ideas” as beauty, truth, H). According to Plato, only such “ideas” as beauty, truth, • goodness are completely real, while the physical world is goodness are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. only relatively real. • I). Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism because in his I). Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism because in his • system of philosophy only such “ideas” as beauty, truth and system of philosophy only such “ideas” as beauty, truth and goodness are regarded as completely real while the goodness are regarded as completely real while the physical world is regarded as only relatively real. physical world is regarded as only relatively real. C. Aristotle (384-322B.C.) C. Aristotle (384-322B.C.) • Pupile of Plato • Pupile of Plato • Tutor of Alexander the Macedonian king • Tutor of Alexander the Macedonian king • In 335 he retired to Athens and found his own school at the • In 335 he retired to Athens and found his own school at the Lyceum (学院) Lyceum (学院) • A). Of Aristotle?s numerous works, the following are perhaps • A). Of Aristotle?s numerous works, the following are perhaps still important to scholars and general readers alike: Ethics《伦理still important to scholars and general readers alike: Ethics《伦理学》, Politics《政治学》, Poetics《诗学》, and Rhetoric《修辞学》, Politics《政治学》, Poetics《诗学》, and Rhetoric《修辞学》. 学》. • B). Aristotle’s Ethics was an introduction to moral • B). Aristotle’s Ethics was an introduction to moral philosophy. philosophy. • C). Aristotle’s Poetics was a treatise on literary • C). Aristotle’s Poetics was a treatise on literary theory. theory. • D). Aristotle’s Rhetoric dealt with the art of • D). Aristotle’s Rhetoric dealt with the art of persuading an audience persuading an audience In what way or ways did Aristotle differ In what way or ways did Aristotle differ from Plato? from Plato? • 1). For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation 1). For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation • of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. 2). Aristotle thought that “form” (=idea) and matter • 2). Aristotle thought that “form” (=idea) and matter • together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world. reality than the physical world. D. Contending Schools of Thought D. Contending Schools of Thought • a). The Sophists 诡辩派 • a). The Sophists 诡辩派 • The most eminent of the Sophists was Protagoras• The most eminent of the Sophists was Protagoras(普罗塔格拉), born about 500 B. C. He is chiefly (普罗塔格拉), born about 500 B. C. He is chiefly noted for his doctrine “man is the measure of all noted for his doctrine “man is the measure of all things”. things”. b. The Cynics犬儒派 b. The Cynics犬儒派 • 1). The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 1). The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. • • 2). The Cynics got their name because Diogenes(第欧根尼 )2). The Cynics got their name because Diogenes(第欧根尼 )• (about 412—323 B.C.), one of their leaders, decided to live (about 412—323 B.C.), one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog. like a dog. • 3). Diogenes rejected all conventions. 3). Diogenes rejected all conventions. • • 4). Diogenes advocated self-sufficiency and extreme 4). Diogenes advocated self-sufficiency and extreme • simplicity in life. simplicity in life. • • b. The Cynics犬儒派 b. The Cynics犬儒派 • 5). Diogenes proclaimed his brotherhood not only with the 5). Diogenes proclaimed his brotherhood not only with the • whole human race, but also with animals. whole human race, but also with animals. • 6). On the other hand, Diogenes had no patience with the 6). On the other hand, Diogenes had no patience with the • rich and powerful. rich and powerful. • 7). Alexander the Great visited him and asking if he wanted 7). Alexander the Great visited him and asking if he wanted • any favor, Diogenes replied: “Only stand out of my light”. any favor, Diogenes replied: “Only stand out of my light”. • c. The Sceptics怀疑派 c. The Sceptics怀疑派 • • 1). The Sceptics followed Pyrrhon(皮朗), who held that not all 1). The Sceptics followed Pyrrhon(皮朗), who held that not all • knowledge was attainable. knowledge was attainable. • d. The Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁派 d. The Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁派 • • The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus (about 341—270 B.C.), The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus (about 341—270 B.C.), • who believed pleasure to the highest good in life, but by pleasure he who believed pleasure to the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval, which he thought could be attained by the practice of upheaval, which he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. virtue. e. The Stoics斯多葛派 e. The Stoics斯多葛派 1). To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not • 1). To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not • “pleasure”, but “duty”. “pleasure”, but “duty”. • 2). The chief Stoic was Zeno(齐诺). 2). The chief Stoic was Zeno(齐诺). • • 3). Zeno believed that there is no such thing as chance, and 3). Zeno believed that there is no such thing as chance, and • that the cause of nature is rigidly determined by natural that the cause of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. laws. • 4). In the life of an individual man, Zeno believed that 4). In the life of an individual man, Zeno believed that • virtue is the sole good. virtue is the sole good. Aristotle Aristotle 5. Architecture 5. Architecture In general, Greek column capitals (柱头) can be classified into simple doric style column, contemporary ionic style column and ornamental corinthian style column. Body styles of marble stone columns include straight, fluted(饰有长凹槽), spiral and carved. • Column is an important part of the ancient Greek architecture. A Greek column typically consists of three parts: column cap or column capital, column base and column body. Column bases even in Greek architecture are fairly simple and dominated by different round configurations (外形、结构), which is often called Doric base column. • Most marble column stone pillars are available in solid or hollow natural stone configurations and can be used in both structural and non structural interior as well as exterior applications. Architecture Architecture • 3 styles: 3 styles: • • 1) the Doric style (masculine style)多立克式 1) the Doric style (masculine style)多立克式 • • sturdy, powerful. Severe-looking, good sense of sturdy, powerful. Severe-looking, good sense of • proportions; monotonous and unadorned proportions; monotonous and unadorned Introduction : Introduction : • The first Ionic style building was destroyed by the • The first Ionic style building was destroyed by the earthquake , the temple was just existed for 10 years . earthquake , the temple was just existed for 10 years . • Temple of Athena Nike • Temple of Athena Nike • Artemision of Ephesus阿耳忒弥斯神庙 • Artemision of Ephesus阿耳忒弥斯神庙 One of the Seven Wonders of the World One of the Seven Wonders of the World Style Style Corinthian style Corinthian style • The Corinthian order (style) had been invented by The Corinthian order (style) had been invented by • Callimachus.(卡利马楚斯 ) Callimachus.(卡利马楚斯 ) • The Corinthian order's name is derived from the Greek The Corinthian order's name is derived from the Greek • city of Corinth. city of Corinth. Characteristics Characteristics • Its main characteristic is an ornate(华美的 ) capital(柱• Its main characteristic is an ornate(华美的 ) capital(柱头),carved with stylized acanthus leaves.(爵床叶饰 ) 头),carved with stylized acanthus leaves.(爵床叶饰 ) • The Ionic, distinguished by the scrolls, or volutes(涡形装饰 ), • The Ionic, distinguished by the scrolls, or volutes(涡形装饰 ), on its capital, resembles a capital I. The Corinthian capital on its capital, resembles a capital I. The Corinthian capital is more ornate(华丽的), with carved acanthus leaves and is more ornate(华丽的), with carved acanthus leaves and scrolls (爵床叶饰和涡卷 ), it may be seen as an enriched scrolls (爵床叶饰和涡卷 ), it may be seen as an enriched development of the Ionic capital. development of the Ionic capital. The difference The difference The advantage Theadvantage • A Corinthian capital has no neck beneath it, just a ring-like • A Corinthian capital has no neck beneath it, just a ring-like astragal(半圆饰) molding(嵌线)or a banding that forms astragal(半圆饰) molding(嵌线)or a banding that forms the base of the capital, recalling the base of the legendary the base of the capital, recalling the base of the legendary basket. (One of the three-column) basket. (One of the three-column) • 在华丽美观之余还可置于建筑物的任何部位，柱头图案呈环• 在华丽美观之余还可置于建筑物的任何部位，柱头图案呈环绕状，因而适应各种观赏角度，从而在日后的希腊化时期和绕状，因而适应各种观赏角度，从而在日后的希腊化时期和罗马时期倍受欢迎，成为三大柱式之一 罗马时期倍受欢迎，成为三大柱式之一 Extensive use Extensive use Conclusion Conclusion • The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of • The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman architecture, characterized by a slender Greek and Roman architecture, characterized by a slender fluted column and an ornate capital decorated with fluted column and an ornate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. Although of Greek origin, the acanthus leaves and scrolls. Although of Greek origin, the Corinthian order was seldom used in Greek architecture. It’s Corinthian order was seldom used in Greek architecture. It’s used widely in Rome. used widely in Rome. • 多立克柱式(Doric Order)是古典建筑的三种柱式中出现最早的一种多立克柱式(Doric Order)是古典建筑的三种柱式中出现最早的一种• (公元前7世纪)。(另外2种柱式是爱奥尼亚柱式和科林斯柱式)在(公元前7世纪)。(另外2种柱式是爱奥尼亚柱式和科林斯柱式)在希腊，多利克柱式一般都建在阶座之上，特点是柱头是个倒圆锥台,希腊，多利克柱式一般都建在阶座之上，特点是柱头是个倒圆锥台,没有柱础.柱身有20条凹槽，柱头没有装饰。 没有柱础.柱身有20条凹槽，柱头没有装饰。 • 多立克柱式-建造比例 多立克柱式-建造比例 • • 通常是:柱下径与柱高的比例是1:5.5;柱高与柱直径的比例是4或6:通常是:柱下径与柱高的比例是1:5.5;柱高与柱直径的比例是4或6:• 1。多立克柱又被称为男性柱。著名的雅典卫城(Athen Acropolis)1。多立克柱又被称为男性柱。著名的雅典卫城(Athen Acropolis)的帕提农神庙(Parthenon)即采用的是多立克柱式。 的帕提农神庙(Parthenon)即采用的是多立克柱式。 2) the Ionic style (feminine style)伊奥尼亚 2) the Ionic style (feminine style)伊奥尼亚 • graceful and elegant; wealth of ornament • graceful and elegant; wealth of ornament 3) Corinthian style 科林斯 3) Corinthian style 科林斯 ornamental luxury ornamental luxury Parthenon Parthenon • Was built to house a huge gold and ivory statue of the • Was built to house a huge gold and ivory statue of the goddess Athena, patron of the polis of Athens. goddess Athena, patron of the polis of Athens. • The polis --- or city-state--- was the Greek’s distinctive • The polis --- or city-state--- was the Greek’s distinctive political formation --- a walled town with surrounding political formation --- a walled town with surrounding villages and countryside and ideally politcally independent villages and countryside and ideally politcally independent of its neighbors. of its neighbors. Parthenon (447-432B.C.)巴底农神庙 Parthenon (447-432B.C.)巴底农神庙 A temple built on Acropolis A temple built on Acropolis Parthenon 帕台农神庙 Parthenon 帕台农神庙 • A). The most important of the temples the ancient Greeks A). The most important of the temples the ancient Greeks • left us is Parthenon, which has always been a great tourist left us is Parthenon, which has always been a great tourist attraction for people all around the world. attraction for people all around the world. • B). Parthenon is the most perfect of all the Greeks temples, B). Parthenon is the most perfect of all the Greeks temples, • 240 feet long and 110 feet wide. It is a rectangular 240 feet long and 110 feet wide. It is a rectangular structure with evenly spaced lines of columns around. structure with evenly spaced lines of columns around. Acropolis at Athens (437-432B.C.) Acropolis at Athens (437-432B.C.) 雅典的卫城 雅典的卫城 • • B. Sculpture B. Sculpture • 1. Discus Thrower • 1. Discus Thrower • Relaxation and contraction of the muscle were successfully • Relaxation and contraction of the muscle were successfully brought out and the sense of body movement is remarkably brought out and the sense of body movement is remarkably strong, bringing out a good sense of harmony and the strong, bringing out a good sense of harmony and the balance of opposites. balance of opposites. B. Sculpture B. Sculpture • 2. Venus de Milo • 2. Venus de Milo • Venus de Milo is the most famous of all the sculptures of Venus, • Venus de Milo is the most famous of all the sculptures of Venus, discovered in the island of Milo in 1820. Its broken arms have discovered in the island of Milo in 1820. Its broken arms have long been the focus of discussion in artistic circles. This ancient long been the focus of discussion in artistic circles. This ancient Greek sculpture has been looked upon as a symbol of beauty, Greek sculpture has been looked upon as a symbol of beauty, grace and health, a personification of vitality and dignity. grace and health, a personification of vitality and dignity. Laocoon Laocoon • A priest of Troy who warned the Trojans against Greek • A priest of Troy who warned the Trojans against Greek attack. He was made to suffer a slow death and killed by attack. He was made to suffer a slow death and killed by serpents with his sons. serpents with his sons. • Expression of Laocoon’s face --- fear, sympathy, terror. • Expression of Laocoon’s face --- fear, sympathy, terror. 6. Impacts 6. Impacts • Shelly: Our laws, literature, religion and art all have their roots • Shelly: Our laws, literature, religion and art all have their roots in Greece. in Greece. • Karl Marx: Why shouldn’t the childhood of human society --- • Karl Marx: Why shouldn’t the childhood of human society --- the stage at which it attained its most attractive the stage at which it attained its most attractive development ---exercise an eternal charm, as an age that development ---exercise an eternal charm, as an age that will never return. will never return. Impacts Impacts • A. Spirit of Innovation • A. Spirit of Innovation • The Greeks invented mathematics and science and • The Greeks invented mathematics and science and philosophy; they first wrote history as opposed to philosophy; they first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; they speculated freely about the mere annals; they speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in fetters of any inherited orthodoxy being bound in fetters of any inherited orthodoxy Impacts Impacts • B. Supreme Achievement • B. Supreme Achievement • The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in • The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor. nearly all fields of human endeavor. • C. Lasting Effect--The Greeks set an example by the • C. Lasting Effect--The Greeks set an example by the bold effort they made to understand the world by bold effort they made to understand the world by the use of human reason. the use of human reason. 1. Romans and Greeks 1. Romans and Greeks • A). The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. marked the • A). The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. marked the Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of Roman Empire. to a province of Roman Empire. • B). Latin was the official language of the west half • B). Latin was the official language of the west half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half. of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half.