蘑菇种类知识1

蘑菇种类知识1 蘑菇种类有多少,营养与吃蘑菇 食用蘑菇 食用蘑菇是理想的天然食品或多功能食品。目前在全世界食用最多的通称为蘑菇，学名为双孢蘑菇。从野生种类中进一步筛选驯化优质生产菌种大有潜力。中国曾在世界上首次驯化并人工栽培成功了香菇、木耳、金耳、银耳、草菇、金针菇、猴头菌、竹荪等，现已驯化了蒙古口蘑，而野生食用菌美味牛肝菌、羊肚菌、香杏丽蘑、铆钉菇、粘盖牛肝菌、正红菇等也可以大量采集，供销于国内外市场。 药用蘑菇 目前中国药用及包括试验有药效的大型真菌有500余种，除了传统药用的茯苓、冬虫夏草、灵芝外，近些年新发现并作为药用的有云芝、树花、古尼虫草等，以及假蜜环菌、安络小皮伞、槐栓菌、乳白耙菌、黑柄炭角菌等等。 药用部分主要是子实体，但有一些是通过现代发酵工业技术大量反制菌丝体来加工制药。国内外研究试验 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明，天然的药用真菌具有其独特的优越性。目前在寻找治疗高血压、高血脂、糖尿病等现代文明病的药物方面，从包括真菌在内的中药中筛选，无疑是前景看好的。 毒蘑菇 中国的毒蘑菇(毒菌)种类多，分布广泛，资源丰富。在广大山区农村和乡镇，误食毒蘑菇中毒的事例比较普遍，几乎每年都有严重中毒致死的报告。曾经被作为多发性食物中毒的原因之一。因此，长期以来鉴别毒蘑菇是人们十分关心的事。有关方面曾做了大量的科普知识宣传工作，但误食中毒者仍屡有发生。因为鉴别毒菌并不容易，所以唯一的办法，在野外最好不要轻易尝试不认识的蘑菇，同时不偏听偏信。必须在分辨清楚或请教有实践经验者之后，证明确实无毒时方可食用。如果吃了蘑菇发生了身体不舒服的感觉，应该及时到医院诊治，千万不可大意。 蘑菇隶属于担子菌纲，伞纲目，蘑菇科蘑菇属，是世界上人工栽培最广泛，产量最多，消费量最大的食用菌。 蘑菇含有丰富的蛋白质，可消化率达70—90%，享有“植物肉”之称，蘑菇所含的多糖类物质，具有抗癌作用。蘑菇不仅营养丰富，味道鲜美，富含人体必需的赖氨酸等，还含有丰富的矿质元素，多种维生素及酶类。属于健康食品，爱到各国人民喜爱。 蘑菇属于草腐生菌类，常用牛粪、鸡粪等禽畜粪和稻草、麦草等禾秆堆制培养料，原料堆制的碳氮比为30:1，蘑菇菌丝体生长适温为22—26?，子实体发生的适温为14—18?，属于偏低温恒结实性菌类，一般安排在秋季栽培。 古田县1972年就大规模引种，主要为宁德、三沙等罐头厂生产原料菇。产地主要分布在 大东地区的大甲、杉洋、卓洋等乡镇，产量保持在500—1000吨左右。 种蘑菇具体需要那些条件, 1(营养 蘑菇在高温条件下正常生长发育，新陈代谢旺盛，生长速度快，产量高，除了需要充足的碳源外，所需要的速效氮素营养较双孢菇为多。 2(温度 菌丝体生长的温度范围为20,38?，最适温度为26,32?。子实体生长发育的温度范围为24,38C，最适温度为26,31?左右。菌丝体生长和子实体生长发育的温度几乎相同，而且菌丝体由营养生长转化为子实体的繁育阶段，不需要降温的温差刺激，这与双孢蘑菇的特性不同。 3(水分 因生长温度高，生长速度快，产菇多，需水量较一般品种为多。发菌期间堆肥的含水量65%左右。出菇期间覆土层(菜园砂质壤土)的含水量为22%左右。子实体生长期间空气相对湿度为90%左右。 4(空气 蘑菇由于生长温度高，呼吸作用旺盛，湿度大，为了满足其生长所需要的氧气和防止杂菌的产生，必须特别注意培养环境的通风换气。 5(酸碱度 蘑菇在高温条件下生长发育，自身代谢产生的酸性物质多，同时在高温高湿偏酸性的环境中，有利于杂菌的生长。因此，美味蘑菇适合于偏碱性的环境中生长，堆肥和覆土层的酸碱度应调节在pH7.5左右。 6(光线 蘑菇在菌丝体和子实体生长发育的整个阶段都不需要直射光线。 蘑菇又名双孢蘑菇、白蘑菇、洋蘑菇、蒙古蘑菇、蘑菰、肉菌、蘑菇菌,各地区对蘑菇的名称有所不同,但蘑菇一名比较通用。 (一)营养价值 蘑菇营养丰富,据测定每100克鲜蘑菇中含有蛋白质2.9克,脂肪0.2克,碳水化合物3克,粗纤维0.6克,钙8毫克,磷6.6毫克,铁1.3毫克,维生素C4毫克,尼克酸3.3毫克,此外还有钠、钾、锰、铜、锌、氟、碘、酪氨酸和维生素A、维生素B、维生素D、维生素E、维生素K、5-磷酸腺甙以及多种氨基酸,如苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、羟基赖氨酸等,并含有非特异性植物凝集素等。据有关资料报道,成人每天吃25克鲜蘑菇就能满足一天所需要的维生素,一个体重70公斤的成人每天吃100-200克干蘑菇,就能够维持营养平衡。 蘑菇是高蛋白、低脂肪、低热量食品,欧洲人把蘑菇誉为"植物肉",美国人甚至把蘑菇誉为"上帝的食品"。 (二)保健价值 蘑菇除营养丰富外,还有明显的药用保健价值。祖国医学对蘑菇有一定认识。<医学入门>称蘑菇能"悦神、开胃、止泻、止吐"。<本草纲目>说蘑菇"益肠胃,化痰理气"。近年来医学研究证实,蘑菇对人体保健作用有以下几点: 1、蘑菇中含有酪氨酸酶,所以有降低血压、降血脂作用,适合肥胖人和老年人食用。 2、蘑菇含有抗癌物质,能增强人体对癌细胞的抵抗力,有预防和治疗癌症的作用。 3、蘑菇中含有广谱抗菌素,具有消炎作用,还可治疗感冒。 4、蘑菇对金黄色葡萄球菌、伤寒杆菌、大肠杆菌,有抑制作用,可以用来杀菌。 5、蘑菇有抵抗病毒、保护肝脏的作用。其所含的梳苷酸,对治疗肝炎有利,是治疗肝炎的辅助食品。 此外,蘑菇还可以治陪白细胞减少症、消化道障碍等症对促进食欲、恢复大脑功能、促进 乳汁分泌都有一定辅助作用。 蘑菇简称为食用菌 食用菌汤防脑血管病 食用菌包括草菇、香菇、平菇、蘑菇、黑木耳、白木耳等。用这些食用菌做成汤服用，对脑血管病的防治有很好的效果。拿香菇来说，它含有大量的香菇嘌呤碱，可以降低或抑制胆固醇吸收，减少脑血管硬化。又如黑木耳中含有一些能阻碍血液凝固的物质，可以有效地降低血液的黏稠度，防止血液凝固，从而降低了脑血栓的发生。再比如银耳，具有明显的降血压和降血脂作用。 1、蘑菇的子实体内含有丰富的营养物质，其中蛋白质的含量大多在30%以上，比一般蔬菜、水果的含量要高。以香菇为例，香菇的蛋白质中至少含有18种氨基酸，人体所必需的8种氨基酸，香菇中就含有7种。香菇中含有两种具有明显抗癌作用的多糖。香菇中还含有钙、铁、锰等人体必需的矿物质。 蘑菇的营养价值高，还在于这些营养物质容易被人体吸收。双孢蘑菇和红菇所含的蛋白质，有25,左右是溶于水中的，有50,左右是可以被人消化吸收的，只有25,左右不能被人体吸收利用。蘑菇中其他的营养物质，可以被浸泡提取的比率也很大，比一般的水果、蔬菜要高得多。 蘑菇中的维生素不仅种类多，含量也高。科学研究的结果表明，蘑菇中含有丰富的维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素PP、烟酸、维生素A、维生素C和维生素D。香菇中维生素D的含量比大豆高20倍，是海带的8倍。 蘑菇的不同部位，营养物质的含量不同。一般地说，菌盖比菌柄营养更丰富。最适于食用的是新鲜的较幼嫩的蘑菇子实体。 2、如蘑菇(双孢菇)、木耳、金叶菇、草菇等均含有营养价值较高的物质 怎么样鉴别哪些野生蘑菇是毒菇，哪些是可使用菇, 盛夏季节，雷雨过后，林间田野就会长出各式各样的野生蘑菇。 野生食用蘑菇是大自然赐给人类的美味佳肴，它营养丰富、味道鲜美、肉质细嫩，自古以来就被人们视为食用佳品。 现代研究证明，食用蘑菇含高蛋白、低脂肪、多营养，对保持人体健康和提高人体免疫力都很有帮助,但野生蘑菇有毒的和无毒的难以辨认，野蘑菇中有毒者达100多种,这其中又有近10种含剧毒。这些毒蘑菇的外观与无毒蘑菇相似,在野外杂生情况下极易混认,有的毒蘑菇毒性虽小,但进食过多仍可发生严重中毒。 中毒后的主要症状为恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等胃肠道症状，严重的可导致抽搐、痉挛、昏迷，甚至出现幻觉、溶血症状和肝脏损伤等严重症状，死亡率很高。那么，怎样才能正确对毒蘑菇进行鉴别呢,下列几种鉴别方法可供大家参考。 1.对照法:借助适合于当地使用的彩色蘑菇图册，逐一辨认当地食用菌或毒蘑菇是一个很好的方法。 2.看形状:毒蘑菇一般比较黏滑，菌盖上常沾些杂物或生长一些像补丁状的斑块。菌柄上常有菌环(像穿了超短裙一样)。无毒蘑菇很少有菌环。 3.观颜色:毒蘑多呈金黄、粉红、白、黑、绿。无毒蘑菇多为咖啡、淡紫或灰红色。 4.闻气味:毒蘑菇有土豆或萝卜味。无毒蘑菇为苦杏或水果味。 5.看分泌物:将采摘的新鲜野蘑菇撕断菌杆，无毒的分泌物清亮如水，个别为白色，菌面撕断不变色;有毒的分泌物稠浓，呈赤褐色，撕断后在空气中易变色。 如果没有把握确定蘑菇是无毒的，千万不要食用，如果不慎误食了有毒蘑菇，应及时采取催吐、洗胃、导泻等有效措施进行处理,并及时送医院诊治。 蘑菇中毒 通用名为菌菇，是一类真菌，但不是真菌分类学中的一个自然类群。大多蘑菇属担子菌纲，但也有属子囊菌纲的。现已知约有3250种蘑菇。菌菇的生长环境多种多样，几乎在能生长绿色植物的地方都可以找到一定种类的菌菇。草原和树林中菌菇生长较为集中。毒蘑菇又称毒蕈，我国约有100种左右有毒的蘑菇，引起人严重中毒的有10种。蘑菇中毒一年四季都有，以8，9月份最为多见。 毒性:各种毒蘑菇所含的毒素种类不同。多数毒蘑菇的毒性较低，中毒表现轻微。但有些蘑菇毒素的毒性极高，可迅速致人死亡。毒蘑菇含有的毒素成分尚不完全清楚。毒性较强的毒素有以下几种:毒肽主要损害肝脏;毒伞肽引起肝肾损害;毒蝇碱作用类似于乙酰胆碱;光盖伞素引起幻觉和精神症状;鹿花毒素导致红细胞破坏。 中毒表现:不同毒蕈所含的毒素不同，引起的中毒表现也各不相同，但一般可分为以下四类: 1( 胃肠炎型:此型患者进食蘑菇后10分钟—2小时出现无力、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、水样腹泻。恢复较快，预后好。产生此类症状的蘑菇很多，如:红菇、乳菇、牛肝菌、橙红毒伞、毒光盖伞、月光菌、腊伞、环柄菇等。 2( 神经精神型:进食后10分钟—6小时除出现胃肠炎型症状外，尚有瞳孔缩小、唾液增多，兴奋、幻觉、步态蹒跚等。 3( 溶血型:潜伏期6~12小时，除胃肠炎表现外，还有溶血表现，可出现贫血、肝肿大等。此型中毒经用肾上腺皮质激素及输血治疗多可康复。 4( 肝病型:进食后10~30小时出现胃肠炎型表现。部分患者可有一假愈期，然后出现以肝、 脑、心、肾等多脏器损害的表现，但以肝脏损害最为严重。部分患者可有精神症状。一般病程2~3周。病死率高。 紧急处理:因为蘑菇中毒的潜伏期较长，而且部分蘑菇中毒的症状一旦出现就迅速恶化，所以进食可疑有毒蘑菇后要及时到医院诊治。出现症状者尽快到医院抢救。 中毒预防:蘑菇种类繁多，一些食用菇味道鲜美，受到各地人们的喜爱，很多地方群众有采食蘑菇的习惯。民间有各种鉴别蘑菇是否是毒蘑菇的方法，但总的看来这些方法并不可靠。最有效的毒蘑菇鉴别方法是形态学鉴定，但这种鉴定方法普通群众难以掌握。所以，不要自行采摘、食用野菇。也不要在移动商贩处购买干或新鲜的蘑菇。 烧蘑菇: 原料: 各种蘑菇，洋葱，黄油，香叶，干白，番茄酱，罗勒，奶油，盐 做法: 1、各种蘑菇切块，洋葱切块 2、先用黄油炒洋葱，香叶，炒香后加入蘑菇，一直炒，直到把蘑菇的水分炒干 3、加入一些干白，煮制大概1分钟左右 4、然后加入一些番茄酱，炒透后，加一些鸡水，加一点罗勒。 5、煮一小会儿以后，加入奶油，盐，调口。 鲜奶蘑菇 原料 鲜奶150克，蛋清150克，鲜蘑菇50克，蕃茄1只，生油200克，精盐6克，白糖8克，味精5克， 水生粉适量。 制法 1、将鲜奶倒入蛋清中，加水生粉适量，调拌均匀。 2、鲜蘑菇洗净，入开水锅中滚过捞出沥干水分。炒锅内放生油烧热，将蘑菇倒入炒至色呈 金黄，放点 盐，略炒即好，倒出冷却。 3、锅烧热，用油搪滑后，放入油烧至四成热，倒入蛋奶浆，使之慢慢凝固成片后捞出沥油。锅中加上 汤、盐、味精、糖、蘑菇，倒入蛋奶片，勾薄芡，翻炒均匀，出锅装盘。蕃茄洗净，切薄片围边即成。 炸蘑菇的做法做法:1、先把鲜蘑撕成条(要是蟹腿蘑的话就不用了)，然后烧开水焯一下，空净水，然后用盐、味精、生面粉、淀粉(面粉和淀粉的分量比是4:1)、还可以放些面包屑拌匀。(依据个人口味，还可以加孜然) 2、把油烧开，将拌好蘑菇逐条下锅，等炸至成型捞出，然后原油烧热再将刚才的蘑菇下锅进行复炸。等成金黄色的时候捞出即可。 还可以用番茄沙司沾着吃，也很好吃。...... 西餐点心-烤蘑菇做法材料: 24个白蘑菇，100克黄油，2瓣儿蒜，香芹，盐、胡椒，100克虾 把蘑菇清洗干净，去掉其蘑菇脚。将黄油、香芹、蒜泥、盐和胡椒混合在一起，作为配料待用。 将洗好的虾和配好的料填在蘑菇里，放入烤箱，直到烤熟为止。最后，可以用小勺在锅里稍微将填馅儿白蘑菇煎黄。快趁热享用吧～ 识别毒蘑菇 一看生长地带。可食用的无毒蘑菇多生长在清洁的草地或松树、栎树上，有毒蘑菇往往生长在阴暗、潮湿的肮脏地带。 二看颜色。有毒蘑菇菌面颜色鲜艳，有红、绿、墨黑、青紫等颜色，特别是紫色的往往有剧毒，采摘后易变色。 三看形状。无毒蘑菇的菌盖较平，伞面平滑，菌面上无轮，下部无菌托，有毒的菌盖中央呈凸状，形状怪异，菌面厚实板硬，菌秆上有菌轮，菌托秆细长或粗长，易折断。 四看分泌物。将采摘的新鲜野蘑菇撕断菌秆，无毒的分泌物清亮如水(个别为白色)，菌面撕断不变色;有毒的分泌物稠浓，呈赤褐色，撕断后在空气中易变色。 五闻气味。无毒蘑菇有特殊香味，有毒蘑菇有怪异味，如辛辣、酸涩、恶腥等味。 六是测试。在采摘野蘑菇时，可用葱在蘑菇盖上擦一下，如果葱变成青褐色，证明有毒，反之不变色则无毒。 七是煮试。在煮野蘑菇时，放几根灯芯草、些许大蒜或大米同煮，蘑菇煮熟，灯芯草变 成青绿色或紫绿色则有毒，变黄者无毒;大蒜或大米变色有毒，没变色仍保持本色则无毒。 八是化学鉴别。取采集或买回的可疑蘑菇，将其汁液取出，用纸浸湿后，立即在上面加一滴稀盐酸或白醋，若纸变成红色或蓝色的则有毒。 蘑菇的子实体内含有丰富的营养物质，其中蛋白质的含量大多在30%以上，比一般蔬菜、水果的含量要高。以香菇为例，香菇的蛋白质中至少含有18种氨基酸，人体所必需的8种氨基酸，香菇中就含有7种。香菇中含有两种具有明显抗癌作用的多糖。香菇中还含有钙、铁、锰等人体必需的矿物质。 蘑菇的营养价值高，还在于这些营养物质容易被人体吸收,有25,左右是溶于水中的，有50,左右是可以被人消化吸收的，只有25,左右不能被人体吸收利用。蘑菇中含有丰富的维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素PP、烟酸、维生素A、维生素C和维生素D。香菇中维生素D的含量比大豆高20倍，是海带的8倍。蘑菇所含的多糖类物质，具有抗癌作用. 蘑菇的不同部位，营养物质的含量不同。一般地说，菌盖比菌柄营养更丰富。最适于食用的是新鲜的较幼嫩的蘑菇子实体。 不是～蘑菇本身是一种真菌～ 平常叫做蘑菇的是真菌中的一类，即担子菌的子实体。子实体是担子菌长出地面的地上部分，样子很象插在地里的一把伞。地下还有白色丝状，到处蔓延的菌丝体，这是担子菌的营养体部分，即非繁殖器官。在一定温度与湿度的坏境下，菌丝体取得足够的养料就开始形成子实体。子实体初期象个鸡蛋露出地面，迅速发育成子实体，有菌盖、菌柄、菌托、菌环等。成熟子实体的形状、大小、高低、颜色、质地等差别很大。大的直径可达40厘米左右，高可达50厘米左右;小的直径不过半厘米，高不过1厘米。现将它各部分的性状说明如下: 菌盖是子实体最明显的部分，好象一顶帽子。形状多种多样，一般常见的有钟形、斗笠形、半球形、平展形、漏斗形等。菌盖颜色十分复杂，虽然可以基本上辨别出白、黄、褐、灰、红、绿、紫等颜色，但是各类颜色中又有深、浅、淡、浓的差异，更常见的是混合色泽。幼小与老熟时它们的颜色可以不同，中央与边缘颜色更是常有差异。表面有干燥的、有湿润的、有粘的，有光滑的、有粗糙的，还有的具有各种附属物:如纤毛、环纹、各种鳞片等。这些附属物的形状，大小、色泽又各有种种变化。菌盖边缘的形状也不一样，幼小时与成熟后的形状可以完全不同。成熟后一般可分成内卷、反卷、上翘、延伸等。周边有全缘而整齐的，也有呈波浪状而不整齐或撕裂的。菌盖表面有皮层。在皮层菌丝里含有不同的色素，因而使菌盖呈现各种不同色泽。皮层下面便是菌肉，一般由长型的丝状菌丝组成，有的则由膨大的泡囊状菌丝组成。菌肉颜色以及受伤后颜色的变化，常因种类不同而不同。一般菌肉多呈白色或污白色，有的呈淡黄色或红色等。例如牛肝菌菌肉受伤后多变为青蓝色，稀褶黑菇先变成红色后变黑色，卷边网褶菌伤后变褐色，而变黑蜡伞伤后变成黑色。 子实层体是长在菌盖下面产生子实层的部分，有的呈叶状，叫作苗褶。有的呈管状，叫作菌管。菌褶呈放射状排列，向中央连接菌柄的顶部，向外到达苗盖边缘、子实层就排列在苗褶两侧，或存在于菌管里面的周围。 1菌褶 经常看见的菌褶颜色，一般是孢子的颜色。幼嫩时一般是白色，老熟后变成各种不同的颜色。菌褶的形状有宽的、窄的，三角形的。有等长的、不等长的、分叉的等。苗褶与菌褶间，有的有横脉连接，有的在靠近菌柄的一端互相交织成网状等。菌褶的边缘通常完 整平滑，但有呈波浪状或锯齿状的，也有边缘粗糙有颗粒状物的。菌褶与菌柄连接的方式是分类的重要依据之一。通常有以下几种。 (1) 离生:菌褶不与菌柄连接，因而在菌褶与菌柄之间有距离。 (2) 弯生:菌褶与菌柄连接处稍微向上弯。 (3) 直生:菌褶直接与菌柄连接，不向下延长，也不向上弯曲。 (4) 延生:菌褶沿菌柄向下延伸。 2 菌管 菌管可长可短，与菌柄连接的方式一般与菌褶与菌柄连接方式相似。也有离生、弯生、直生和延生等方式，有的容易和菌肉剥离，菌管间也极容易相互分离。但那些不成放射状排列而类似菌褶的，就不容易相互分离。它们的颜色多样，与菌管口部的颜色相同或不相同。 3(子实层 菌褶的两侧和菌管的里面布满子实层。子实层中有担子、囊状体等。担子通常棒状，有四个小梗，上面各生一个担孢子。有时只生两个小梗，产生两个担孢子。担孢子简称孢子。它的形状、颜色、大小、花纹是蘑菇分种的重要依据之一。其形状有圆的、卵圆的、椭圆的、圆筒形的、多角形的、星状的等。它们的外面有一层或两层膜，膜光滑或粗糙，有小疣、小刺、网纹、棱纹等。囊状体生在担子间，它们的起源多数如同担子，分布在菌褶的整个表面，因为它着生位置不同，又给以不同名称。生在菌褶两侧的叫囊状体，生在菌褶边缘的叫褶缘囊体。它们通常没有颜色，但在有些种内部有颜色，它的形状有多种，如棒状、纺锤状、梭状、瓶状、洋梨状等。顶端有尖细呈尾状的、有头圆的、有角状的、也有顶端有结晶体的，等等 食用蘑菇 食用蘑菇是理想的天然食品或多功能食品。目前在全世界食用最多的通称为蘑菇，学名为双孢蘑菇。从野生种类中进一步筛选驯化优质生产菌种大有潜力。中国曾在世界上首次驯化并人工栽培成功了香菇、木耳、金耳、银耳、草菇、金针菇、猴头菌、竹荪等，现已驯化了蒙古口蘑，而野生食用菌美味牛肝菌、羊肚菌、香杏丽蘑、铆钉菇、粘盖牛肝菌、正红菇等也可以大量采集，供销于国内外市场。 药用蘑菇 目前中国药用及包括试验有药效的大型真菌有500余种，除了传统药用的茯苓、冬虫夏草、灵芝外，近些年新发现并作为药用的有云芝、树花、古尼虫草等，以及假蜜环菌、安络小皮伞、槐栓菌、乳白耙菌、黑柄炭角菌等等。 药用部分主要是子实体，但有一些是通过现代发酵工业技术大量反制菌丝体来加工制药。国内外研究试验表明，天然的药用真菌具有其独特的优越性。目前在寻找治疗高血压、高血脂、糖尿病等现代文明病的药物方面，从包括真菌在内的中药中筛选，无疑是前景看好的。 毒 蘑 菇 QQ280209558 中国的毒蘑菇(毒菌)种类多，分布广泛，资源丰富。在广大山区农村和乡镇，误食毒蘑菇中毒的事例比较普遍，几乎每年都有严重中毒致死的报告。曾经被作为多发性食物中毒的原因之一。因此，长期以来鉴别毒蘑菇是人们十分关心的事。有关方面曾做了大量的科普知识宣传工作，但误食中毒者仍屡有发生。因为鉴别毒菌并不容易，所以唯一的办法，在野外最好不要轻易尝试不认识的蘑菇，同时不偏听偏信。必须在分辨清楚或请教有实践经验者之后，证明确实无毒时方可食用。如果吃了蘑菇发生了身体不舒服的感觉，应该及时到医院诊治，千万不可大意。 我们可以把蘑菇中毒病例分成6种类型: (1)胃肠中毒型:通常的中毒症状是强烈恶心、呕吐，腹痛、腹泻等，毒粉褶菌、臭黄菇和毛头乳菇，黄粘盖牛肝菌和粉红枝瑚菌等毒蘑菇可引起此类型中毒，已知有80余种。 (2)神经精神型:已知有60余种。中毒症状是精神兴奋，精神错乱或精神抑制等神经性症状。如毒蝇鹅膏菌、半卵形斑褶菇中毒后可引起幻觉反应。 (3)溶血型:主要症状是在1-2天内发生溶血性贫血，症状是突然寒战，发热，腹疼头疼，腰背肢体疼，面色苍白，恶心，呕吐全身虚弱无力，烦躁不安和气促。此类中毒症状主要由鹿花菌引起。 (4)肝脏损害型:引起这类中毒有关的种约20余种。除上述已提到含毒肽、毒伞肽的种类外，如环柄菇属的某些种。 (5)呼吸与循环衰竭型:引起这种类型的毒蘑菇主要是亚稀褶黑菇。死亡率较高。 (6)光过敏性皮炎型:我国目前发现引起此类症状的是叶状耳盘菌。 值得提及的是，在现代高科技发展中，人们发现鹅膏菌毒肽对真核生物细胞的RNA聚合酶?具有专一性抑制作用，而鬼笔毒肽对肌动蛋白具有束缚作用。它们被用于现代生命科学的研究中，起到了积极的作用。 木 腐 菌 中国比较明确记述为木腐菌的有500种左右。使本材发生白色腐朽的主要有多孔菌属、云芝属、层孔菌等等，引起木质褐色腐朽的有牛舌菌、桦剥管菌等，另外常见的伞菌类木腐菌有侧耳属、香菇属、猴头菌属等等。 白腐菌或褐腐菌所引起树木或木材腐朽，可以说是有害的大型真菌，然而有害和有益往往是相对的。木腐菌和许多真菌被视力森林清洁工，它们能使枯枝、落叶分解归还于大自然，参与物质循环，同时促使森林树木天然的新陈代谢，维持生态平衡。而白腐菌是目前己知能够将木质素彻底降解为二氧化碳和水的唯一生物。人们正在研究如何利用它们来降解木质素。白腐菌产生的漆酶能降解造纸废液中的难分解物质。 外生菌根菌 中国有极为丰富的外生菌根菌，已知600种以上，例如伞菌类中的红菇属、乳菇属、鹅膏菌属、牛肝苗属、腹苗类的硬皮马勃菌属、豆包菌以及子囊菌类的块菌属等。外生菌根菌的研究应用，对于发展林业育苗，促进林木生长发育以及绿化荒山、矿厂废地有重要意义。 试验表明;利用外生菌根可使树木提前4,5年成材。另外，对外生菌根菌及其菌根关系的研究对进一步驯化野生食用菌，扩大优质食用菌栽培生产也具有实际意义。 【别名】双孢蘑菇、洋蘑菇、洋蕈、洋菌、洋茸、西洋草菇 【来源】真菌类担子菌纲伞菌目伞菌科蘑菇Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing，以子实体入药。 【生境分布】于秋季雨后发生在菜园、田野、庭园等处。分布于各地。 【栽培】室内栽培在马粪稻草培养料上。 【药理作用】子实体含胰蛋白酶、麦芽糖、酶、解朊酶、及酪氨酸酶，前三者有助于食物的消化，后者为降血压剂。 【性味归经】甘，平。 【功能主治】消食，清神，平肝阳。主治消化不良，高血压。 【用法用量】 每日鲜品8两，炒、煮食均可。 治高血压:每天鲜品10两，分2次食用。 ,英文版 , Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.