英语本科毕业论文_从黑人问题看美国民主的发展

英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 本科毕业论文_从黑人问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 看美国民主的发展 本科毕业论文 从黑人问题看美国民主的发展 学生姓名: 学生学号: 200310934098 院(系): 外 国 语 学 院 年级专业: 2003级英语本科1班 指导教师: 二〇〇七年五月 The Development of American Democracy in Terms of the Black Ma Pengyun Under the Supervision of Li Liqin School of Foreign Languages and Cultures Panzhihua University May 2007 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Contents Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. I Key Words.......................................................................................................................... I 摘 要 ................................................................................................................................II 关键词 ................................................................................................................................II Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 ?. The Black American Problem Pre 1950?s ................................................................... 3 ................................................................3A. The Origin of Black American Problem B. The Whites and the Civil War ................................................................................6 C. The Blacks? Living Condition After the Civil War.................................................7 ?. The Awakening of African American.......................................................................... 8 A. The Awakening of African American and Civil Rights Movement .......................9 B. The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on African American. ....................... 10 1. The Adjustment of the American Legislation and de Jure Discrimination ... 10 he Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on the Other Fields.....................11 2. T ?. The Existing African American Problems ................................................................ 12 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 15 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 16 Bibliography.................................................................................................................... 17 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Abstract Abstract As a nation of immigrants, the American whites mainstream has taken hundreds of years to accept the African American culture, and admit their status. The thesis, targeted at the African American problem, makes a careful analysis of the development of the American democracy, including the origin of Black American problem, the Civil War?s influence on the blacks, the awakening of African American and the impact of the Civil Rights Movement. It can be said that, from getting out of the bondage of slavery to becoming the American of full citizenship, African American experienced a hard and long process. The purpose of this thesis is to show that the American society becomes more tolerant, and it also proves the development of American Democracy. Key Words African American problem; democracy development; civil rights I 摘 要 作为一个移民国家，历时数百年，美国黑人文化和黑人的地位才得到白人主流文化的承认。 论文从美国黑人问题出发，仔细研究了美国内战对黑人的影响，黑人自身的觉醒以及民权运动的影响，并在此基础上探讨了美国民主的发展。可以说，从争脱掉奴隶制枷锁到真正成为享有完整公民权的美国人，黑人经历了艰苦漫长的历程。论文旨在通过这一历程说明美国社会日益包容，证明美国民主的发展。 关键词 黑人问题;民主发展;民权 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Introduction Introduction As a nation of immigrants, the United States faces enormous problems of minority-dominant relationships. The African American problem is one of the most representative one. Initially, the African Americans were taken to America through the notorious slave trade triangle. Such a historically disadvantaged position made the whites long held that African Americans were inferior to whites and undeserving of full citizenship rights. The African American has experienced a hard and long conflict to fight for the equality. Thanks to the struggle, the Black gained civil rights in some degree, and their citizen rights had been improved. It is hard to give democracy an exact definition. Many ideas about democracy originated from the ancient Greeks. The Greek roots of the word democracy are demos, meaning “the people,” and kratein, meaning “to rule.” Democracy, then, is “ruled by the people” or, to put it another way, self-government by the many, as opposed to the few or the one. (Greenberg, 6) Another important concept is that democracy requires a government which could serve all the people. Thus it can be seen that democracy asks widespread participation of the people. As a multi-nationality country, the democracy requires the whites, the African American, the Hispanics and the other groups of people in America. From this point of view, this process can also be considered as the evolution of American democracy. From the John Brown?s insurrection to the controversial affirmative action, the African American underwent the Abolition Movement, the Civil War to get out of the bondage of slavery; they took up into the Civil Rights Movement to fight for equal opportunity to education and employment, and the other equal civil rights. Today, African Americans are still suffering the de facto discrimination, which occurs when social tradition and habit lead to social segregation. The education and wage gap between African Americans and whites is a representative phenomenon. Although African Americans have made great strides in the last years, much inequality remains. But African American set a good example for the other minority group; also what they have done pushed the development of American democracy. 1 This paper will state the development of African American problem, the Civil War, the Harlem Renaissance, the Civil Rights Movement, and their influence on American democracy. The solving solution of African American problem shows that the American society becomes more tolerant, and it also proves the development of American democracy. 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Body ?. The Black American Problem Pre 1950’s Civil Rights Movement of the 1950?s did not happen accidentally. It is an unavoidable event. The conflict between the whites and the blacks is a historical descended problem. From the origin of slavery to the Civil War (from 1861 to 1865, also called the first Abolition Movement), African American had undergone a long difficult time. Thanks to the Abolition Movement, the serf system was eliminated. But it did not let the blacks own their citizen rights equal to the whites. Such a social phenomenon goes against with the democracy principle, since democracy not only asks the widespread participation of the people, but also required the equality of citizen. From this point, it can be said that democracy was needed to be improved. After the World War II, the blacks awakened to the importance of owning civil rights. Thus, they began to pursue their equal position in the social affair through the Civil Rights Movement. A. The Origin of Black American Problem The blacks? historical disadvantageous position in the American Continent had been mentioned in the introduction. What is the cause for it? Why did the blacks become slaves but not the Native American or the poor whites? In the year of 1619, a Dutch ship taken over twenty Negroes arrived here, and these Negroes were brought to be held as servants for a term of years. This brief episode was the African American?s first appearance on this New World. Thus a start had been made toward the enslavement of Africans within what was to be the American republic. Dramatically, it happened adjacent to the arrival of the Mayflower ship?s arrival. These two events influenced the shaping of American culture a great deal. These twenty Negroes were not called slaver at that time, since slavery had not been established on this Great Britain?s colony. “So these first Africans were probably incorporated into colonial society as indentured servants, contract laborers who are obligated to serve a 3 master for a specific number of years.” (Healey, 73) That means, if they end the contract with their employer, they will become free citizen. It was not until the 1660s that the first laws defining slavery were enacted in the colonies. In the following century, the status of Africans in colonial America was clarified gradually. What caused the enslavement of the African? The achievement on the navigation ththbetween the 14 and 16 century stimulated the western countries colonial expansion. The Portugal and the Spanish were the first active countries to expand their sphere of influence on the new found land. Under such world background, both Africa and America continents became the colony of western countries. In the following years, British and Dutch developed their own naval force and became the largest colonialist?s countries instead of Portugal. The first group of Africans was taken to the Northern America by the Dutch West India Company in 1619. The British also established the Royal African Company correspondingly to occupy the African trade. In the first period, the colonialist power carried out mercantilism. Their aim was plundering the resources of the colony, especially precious metal. But, when the British took their steps on the Northern America Continent, things began to change. Any precious metal did not be found on the east side, so they began to care about the settlement affairs on the colony thfor the first time. In the 17 century, even the hundred years afterward, the American colonists had occupied a labor intensive work, especially agriculture and farm work. As colonial society developed, this labor intensive farm work formed the plantation system later. Plantation system was based on cultivating and exporting crops like tobacco and corn rose on large tracts of land with a large, cheap work force. In order to solve the labor supply problem, the colonist had experienced a long-term choice. Initially, their labor force was composed with both the blacks and poor whites, what more, a few of Native Americans were included. But why did the blacks become their only choice later? This question was formally answered in 1968 by sociologist Donald Noel. His central idea, which being named the Noel hypothesis, is as follows, “If two or more groups come together in a contact situation which is characterized by ethnocentrism, competition and a different in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Body will result. If the contact situation has all three of the characteristic listed, some system of inequality between the groups (a dominant-minority group structure) will be created(” (Healey, 75) The New World?s initial social groups mainly were the colonist, white indentured servants, Native Americans and blacks. All three groups objected to the ethnocentric feelings of the colonial elites, and competition of some sort existed between the colonists and all three groups. Noel?s third variable, differential in power, which should be very helpful to understand why Africans were enslaved instead of the other. Firstly, the Native American tribes were very well organized and united, difficult to conquer. The history proved that it took hundred years to defeat Native Americans militarily. Besides, the white indentured servants were thought to be strongly desirous of better treatment and higher payment. Only the Africans were a colonized group that did not enter the British colonies by their own will. “Given their unfreed status, they had no bargaining power. As opposed to Native Americans, they had no nearby relatives, no knowledge of the countryside, and no safe havens to which to escape.” (Healey, 78) Besides the African?s historical disadvantaged position, there is another important reason of the enslavement of African. In the year of 1620, 35 puritans were taken to the northern America by the Mayflower ship. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principle. They established the New England Colony along the Massachusetts after their arrival. These first American Puritans were very radical.” American Puritans came under violent and often virulent attacks for their religious intolerance and bigotry, for their austerity of taste and killjoy way of life, for the very heritage they bequeathed to the new nation. ” (Chang Yaoxin, 13) In one word, the early Puritans established another American tradition — a strain of often intolerant moral, which was of the enduring shaping influences in American thought. Such thought also determined the whites? attitude toward the people of the other race in the coming days. From this point of view, Puritanism can be considered as another important reason of the enslavement of the African. Thus, the blacks were enslaved gradually. 5 B. The Whites and the Civil War From the beginning many white Americans in the North found that slavery offensive to their philosophy. Though the enlightened Found Fathers did not approve of the enslavement of the blacks, it in terms of so many people?s profits. They had to make compromise. “Without compromise,? No union could possibly have been formed ?because the Southern states would not have agreed to join the union if slavery was prohibited by the national government.” (Connor, 178) So the slave triangle trade was not banned by the congress until 1808. “Liberty and slavery,opposite as Heaven and Hell,are both in the Constitution.”(Schmidt, 154) Thus, the Negro Problem became a hidden peril of America. After that, the first major crisis occurred in 1820. “When the territory of Missouri applied for admission to the Union as a „slave state? —that is one state in which slavery would be legal. Missouri?s admission was opposed by northern senators. The resultant Missouri Compromise of 1820 allowed the admission of the Missouri as a slave state, along with the admission of Maine (formed out of the territory of Massachusetts with the permission of Congress and Massachusetts) as free state.” (Connor, 179) The compromise of 1820 intensified the contradiction between the South and North. In order to solidify control of slaves, the plantation elite established an elaborate system of laws and customs. According to these laws, slaves were still their master?s property without any civil rights. Slaves were forbidden to gain education opportunity. At the same time, the masters? rights over their slaves had been expanded to every aspect, including slave?s life, living condition, or even names. By 1850, things had been different. The conflict on the slavery between the southern and northern states became obvious because of America?s industrial revolution and westward expansion. The emergence and development of manufacture industry in the northern states asked for unified national markets and free labor, and the manufacturers and businessmen believed that the cheap slave labor was an obstacle to their further development. So they wanted to see it abolished. The southern planters defended slavery as the main source of wealth in the south. Thus the contradiction in the whites was fierce. John Brown, the first white American abolitionist, led 21 men on 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Body a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia on October 16, 1853.He wanted to arm slaves with the weapons they seized from the arsenal. But unexpectedly, there were few slaves joining them. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown?s men had been killed or captured. But John Brown?s insurrection marked the end of compromise over the issue of slavery. From then on, the voice of anti-slavery became louder and louder. Reformers and statesman called for change, and then this period became the calm before storm. The Civil War is unavoidable. Many white abolitionists built the “underground railroad” to help the slaves escape. From these issues, it can be seen that the blacks showed very indifferent to the abolitionist affairs. The whites acted more active than the slave themselves. C. The Blacks’ Living Condition After the Civil War The Civil War finally put an end to the slave system in America. As far as equality and civil rights concerned, the Civil War does not solve the Negro problem thoroughly. Most of the Whites in northern states opposed slavery because their own interest. They wanted to solve the labor problem not the problem of equality. After all, the achievement of the Civil War on slaver problem is outstanding. Because of it, the three so-called Civil War amendments—the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution were passed. The Thirteenth Amendment banned all forms of “slavery and involuntary servitude.” The fourteenth and fifteenth Amendment passed in 1868 and 1870 respectively, which provided, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the states in which they reside” and “The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” “It guaranteed the right of citizens? to vote regardless of their race, color or previous condition of servitude.” (Connor, 182) But in reality, the southern states established much State law to restrict the blacks? rights, especially the voting right. They made many requirements on the voter, such as 7 laid down regulation on their property or education qualifications. Meanwhile, there were many diehard racialists. Take Ku Klux Klan for example, they assassinated many blacks for preventing them from enjoying the civil rights as equal as whites. So the liberated blacks still neither could nor live together with whites. The black children could not study in the same school with whites. Besides, they shared less working opportunities and lower payment. In a word, the problem of sharing equality to the blacks was not really solved in practice, and the blacks and whites were segregated imperceptibly. It is a part reason for the Social Movement in the 1960s. ?. The Awakening of African American A black middle class had developed by the turn of the century, fostered by increased education and employment opportunities following the American Civil War. Many blacks moved from an economically depressed rural South to industrial cities of the North to take advantage of the employment opportunities created by the World War?. More and more educated and socially conscious blacks gathered in Harlem, a section of New York City. This city developed into the political and cultural center of black American. thThese blacks showed a strong interest in the roots of the 20 century African American experience in Africa and the American South. They initiated an African-American cultural movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance. It was closely related to the development in African music, art and politics. These African American artists and writers employed culture to work for goals of civil rights and equality. The Harlem Renaissance aroused the awakening of African Americans. From then on, they became to fight for their equal treatment in social life. They wanted to be melted into the American society actively. The strong desire of participating the social affairs stimulated the later social movement indirectly, and made a great stride in the 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Body development of democracy. A. The Awakening of African American and Civil Rights Movement The African American influenced by the Harlem Renaissance had a strong sense of racial pride and desire foe social and political equality. After World War ?, federal government subsidized education career. The black men lived in northern states and more women had opportunity to learn, and they became well-educated. But in the segregated South, blacks were prevented from sitting together in public place. What worse is that most blacks did not own voting rights in reality because of State Law and diehard racialism organizations. The blacks? hard life wined wide public sympathy. More and more people realized prejudice of blacks did not fit American value they held. The catalytic event happened in 1955. A woman named Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white person on a Montgomery city bus as required by regional law, so the police came and she was put into prison. Her action aroused many supporters across the whole country. Some whites also joined to this group. Her arrest sparked a yearlong bus boycott which signalized the beginning of the American Civil Rights Movement. Besides, many anti-segregation organizations? influence and the tactics they taken were critical to the movement?s success. There were three main organizations, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Congress of Racial Equality, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). These three groups took an important role in the movement. “They provided the leadership, the nonviolent tactics, the network and the people to fight against Southern segregation.”(Zhu Yongtao, 101) The strongest leadership came from the SCLC, headed by Baptist minister Martin Luther King. Jr. These organizations tended to use unconventional tactics to fight against the de jure segregation. The nonviolent civil disobedience was the most effective one, usually being used together with “sit-in” tactics. It was usually used in Greensboro, North Carolina. The most famous event was four black students of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University asked to be served in a restaurant, but been 9 requested to leave. The students refused. Though the police used all kinds of things to threaten them, more and more black students gathered there to join them. In the following two months, similar sit-ins happened in the restaurants and lunch counters across the states. It can be seen that the tactic was acted in this way, a group of people intentionally breaking a law and accepting the consequence as a way to publicize the unjustness of the law. This action did arouse many people?s attention to blacks? unequal treatment and brought much pressure on the statesmen and government. Meanwhile, there were still some activists taken Direct Action. “Freedom Rides” was a popular one. The blacks and some whites took the same bus to go to the southern states where segregation was rooted in society. The radical?s action exasperated the atrocities. Conflict was unavoidable. The Movement used different tactics in different circumstances. Many participants were put into the jail. It was said that there was no space for more prisoner in some states. There was another element not to be ignored— the mass media, particularly TV. Thanks to the mass media, more people were able to witness the black American?s suffering. Abolishing Segregation meets the American value and conforms to the common aspiration of the people. It evoked sympathetic responses across the whole nation and around the globe. To sum up, the Civil Rights Movement dues to the specific social background—the awakeness of the African American, the organization and the tactics they taken, the unit inside blacks, and the most important one is the widely support coming from all aspects of society. B. The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on African American. The Civil Rights Movement had a strong effect on African American people?s life. It not only stimulated the adjustment of the American legislation, but also improved the blacks? living condition indirectly. 1. The Adjustment of the American Legislation and de Jure Discrimination 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Body The idea that all governments derive their power from the people can be found in the Declaration of Independence, and it has been rooted in American people?s mind. In the early days, most representatives of various states refused to sign the Constitution because there were no words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic rights and privileges of citizens. So the Bill of Rights, another basic foundation, was added to the Constitution in 1791. From then on, protecting individual?s rights became a good tradition in America. But the African Americans were treated in the Constitution more like property than like people. Though the Fourteenth Amendment passed in 1868 guaranteed the citizenship of all freed slaves, the slaves did not get equal civil rights. The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act passed in the Civil Rights Movement ensured to blacks a political equality in social affairs, can be considered a complement of the Bill of Rights. They eliminated the de jure discrimination and enriched American democracy. The Civil Rights Act was passed by congress and signed into law by President Johnson in the year of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act was passed in the following year. These laws ended the de jure discrimination, offered legal protection to blacks and brought new atmosphere to American society, especially in the aspect of education, employment and politics. It can be considered a great progress in the building of American legal system. 2. The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on the Other Fields The segregation was used to exist in every aspect of life in America, even in school. This policy deprived the blacks? education rights to a certain degree. In the history, the Brown case served as a catalyst for change in education area. Seven-year-old Linda Brown lived close to a good public school, but her race precluded her attendance there. “When the NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) sought plaintiffs to change this discrimination, Linda?s father, a local minister, offered Linda as one of several students plaintiffs named in the NAACP?s case. Hers name first 11 alphabetically, hence the case name.” (Connor, 191) This case was happened in 1954. After years of struggle, the Supreme Court demanded that all de jure discrimination or discrimination by law referring to school must be eliminated. This judgment offered legal support to African American children in the South attending integrated schools. It is a great progress. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 also prohibits employers from discriminating against employees for a variety of reasons, including race and national origin. Thus, African American could find much more jobs. Besides, the Voting Rights Act transformed the politics in the Southern states. A great many of blacks register and voted by blacks? own will. More and more officials were elected. Even white officials realized the importance of black?s vote and intended to pursue their support. From this point, the statesmen had to care about the interests of blacks. These changes happened in education, employment and political field influenced each other, and formed the virtuous circle. More well-educated blacks become very competitive to higher position. Then they could hold more rights to protect their full citizen rights. ?. The Existing African American Problems Racial problem is very complex in America, because of three factors, such as conceptions of American white, slavery and black consciousness interacting with each other. The Civil Rights Movement is a particularly important milestone in solving this problem. It has a close relation with the advantages of American culture. This superiority has been permeated its political system especially the law aspect. Discrimination can be divided into two kinds, so does racial discrimination. One is called the de jure discrimination, which has been mentioned above. It refers to racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy. The other is de facto 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Body discrimination which referring to racial discrimination that result from practice, such as housing patterns or other social factors, rather than the law. The development of education had been taken critical role in eliminating de jure discrimination. Though de jure discrimination had been eliminated, racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social factors) rather than the law, which called the de facto discrimination, still exist in American society. This is a result of cognitive aspect of prejudice: stereotypes. Stereotypes had been existed in people?s mind for hundreds of years. De facto discrimination persists in America, signified by the education and wage gap between African Americans and whites. With the aim of giving all persons an equal chance to education and employment, and to protect their civil rights, regardless of their race, religious beliefs, or gender, many social movement connected with education broke out, because only the equality of education could assure equal opportunity in other field. Programs like affirmative action, which could remedy de facto discrimination. This program can help minority groups getting equal opportunity in education, and then their individual ability can be improved through such process. That will help them winning social and economic equality. Thus, a virtuous circle in solving racial problem was formed. On the other hand, the same education environment shared by the whites and colored people could make a better understanding to people of different racial. Affirmative action is a term referring to various government policies that aim to increase the proportion of African-Americans, women, and the other minorities in jobs and educational institutions historically dominated by white men. The policies usually require employers and institutions to set goals for hiring or admitting minorities. Though affirmative action was acceptable in the early years, nowadays it becomes extremely controversial because of the change of American population?s proportion. The population of minority groups, especially blacks and Hispanics, is becoming larger and larger. Some demographers expected that the population of whites would be less than Hispanics in 50 years. That means whites will no longer the largest group in America society. It aroused some whites? worry about their position. They held that the equal 13 opportunity in education and employment hurt their interests. Owing to the preferential policy to the minority group, the black children got the same marks with the white could attend a better school. From this point of view, the white parents are very dissatisfied with the preferential treatment shared by the minority groups. It is very satirical to say that they quote the famous Civil Rights Movement leader, Martin Luther King?s speech “I Have a Dream” to support their view. “I have a dream that my four children will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character, I have a dream today.” In their mind, the preferential policies to the minority group threatened the white children?s interests. Someone shouted that “The whites will become minority group”. So there is no need to hold the affirmative action any more. In fact, “the first and most defining characteristic of a minority group is inequality; that is, some pattern of disability and disadvantage.” (Healey, 14), so no group of people can threaten the white?s dominant position in America. Therefore, the Affirmative active action still has its necessity of exist. The problems are how to make the whites understand it, and how to make them understand each other. 攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 Conclusion Conclusion After experiencing the Abolition Movement, the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement, the African American?s position has been gradually admitted by the American white mainstream. It can be considered as a big stride in the development of American democracy. Though honored and celebrated, democracy remains an unfinished project in the United States, since de facto discrimination still exists in American society. De facto discrimination, which has been rooted in people?s mind, belongs to the cognitive aspect. It is difficult to eliminate such an invisible discrimination. If the American government does not take action to remove this hidden peril, much more social problems will arise. How to deal with the relationship between different races is still an external topic in front of American government of each term. Democracy not only asks the widespread participation, but also requires peace, security and a happy co-existence between different people. There is no limit to the development of democracy. The high mobility of modern society makes the world becomes pluralistic, and America is still in such tendency. The perfect of democracy requires the tolerance of difference. The tolerance between the races of the America, which helps to create a future “colorblind” society, is a must. The African American problem shows that the American society becomes more tolerant, and it also proved the development of American Democracy. 15 Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutor------Li Liqin, who offers me many academic and constructive advices on composing this paper. I am deeply grateful to Miss Li for her kindness; great help and a lot of good advice. Her encouragement and help are worthy of high acknowledgement. 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