DOC-【小站教育】雅思写作语法错误分析

DOC-【小站教育】雅思写作语法错误分析 【小站教育】雅思写作语法错误分析 www.zhan.com 雅思写作中语法错误分析 一、因搭配错误丢分 英语中不同的词往往有不同的习惯搭配，同学们在写作时一定要引起注 意，不可随意更改，否则会造成错误。如: ?你若对我们的报价感兴趣，请与我们联系。 误:If you are interested with our offer, please contact us. 正:If you are interested in our offer, please contact us. 说明:表示“对„„感兴趣”，形容词interested 后习惯上搭配介词 in，而不搭配介词with。 ?在我的故乡，每年这个时候农夫都忙着割稻。 误:In my home country farmers are busy to harvest rice at this time of the year. 正:In my home country farmers are busy harvesting rice at this time of the year. 说明:表示“忙于做某 事”，be busy 后习惯上与动词的-ing形式搭配，不能搭配不定式。 二、因语序错误丢分 同学们在写作中出现语序错误主要有三种可能:一是在宾语从句中误用疑 问句语序，二是受汉语意思的影响而用错语序，三是受英语相似结构的影响 而用错语序。如: ?当招待员问他是否再要些咖啡时，他点头表示要。 误:When the waiter asked if did he want more coffee, he nodded Yes. 正:When the waiter asked if he wanted more coffee, he nodded Yes. 说明:句中 if 引导的是宾语从句，要用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语 序。 ?给来宾准备了丰富的食物和饮料。 www.zhan.com 误:The visitors were plentifully supplied with drink and food. 正:The visitors were plentifully supplied with food and drink. 说明:汉语常说“饮食”，即先说“饮”，后说“食”，但在英语习惯中 恰恰相反，即总是说 food and drink，而不说 drink and food。 ?使我最惊讶的是他期末考试没有及格。 误:What was surprised me most that he failed in the final exam. 正:What surprised me most was that he failed in the final exam. 说明:由于同学们平时见到be surprised 这类表达比较多，所以在头脑 中就形成了思维定势，误认为 surprised 总是要与系动词 be 连用。其 实，此句中的 surprised 是动词，不是形容词(注意它后面跟有宾语 me)。 三、因用错非谓语动词丢分 英语非谓语动词的用法比较复杂，尽管灵活运用非谓语通常被视为一种高 级结构，但若用得不当或出现错误，则可能得不偿失，造成丢分。对于非谓 语动词的使用最要注意的有以下几点:一是要注意那些只与不定式或只与动 名词搭配的动词，二是要注意非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常要与句子主语保持 一致，三是要注意非谓语动词是该用一般式还是完成式，四是要注意非谓语 动词是表主动还是表被动，等。如: ?她所谓生病只不过是不想上学的花招而已。 误:Her illness is merely a device to avoid to go to school. 正:Her illness is merely a device to avoid going to school. 说明:动词avoid后接另一动词作宾语，习惯上要用动名词，不用不定 式。 ?做完作业后，孩子们就出去踢足球。 误:Doing their homework, the students went out to play football. www.zhan.com 正:Having done their homework, the students went out to play football. 说明:根据句意可知，“做完作业”在先，“出去踢足球”在后，故“做 完作业”应用完成式，而不能用一般式，否则给人的感觉便是“一边做作业 一边出去踢足球”，这显然不合情理。 ?由于天气不好，球赛不得不取消了。 误:The match had to cancel owing to the bad weather. 正:The match had to be cancelled owing to the bad weather. 说明:汉语既可说“取消球赛”，也可说“球赛取消了”，后者其实是 “球赛被取消了”的省略说法。但是用英语来表示“球赛取消了”必须要用 被动式，因为动词cancel(取消)是及物动词(要么有宾语，要么用被动 式)。 四、因表达句式错误而丢分 造成表达句式错误的原因很多，其中最要注意的是受汉语意思或汉语结构 的影响而用错英语句式。如: ?这个问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 对我来说很容易回答。 误:I am easy to answer the question. 正:It is easy for me to answer the question. 说明:汉语可说某人容易做某事，但英语在“be easy +不定式”这类句式中，句子主语通常应是it(实为形式主语)，而不能是指人或物的名词。 同样的道理，要表示某人很难做某事，不能说sb is difficult to do sth，而要说 It’s difficult for sb to do sth。 ?在警察的帮助下，我找回了我失去的东西。 误:After the help of the police, I got back what I had lost. 正:With the help of the police, I got back what I had lost. www.zhan.com 说明:汉语说“在某人的帮助下”，但英语用 with the help of sb表 示，注意不要按汉语习惯用介词 after。 ?她设法对老师隐瞒事实真相。 误:She tried to hide the truth to her teacher. 正:She tried to hide the truth from her teacher. 说明:汉语“对某人隐瞒”或“向某人隐瞒”等，用“对”或“向”这样 的介词，但英语不能用介词 to 来直译。因为“对某人隐瞒”，其实就是免 于让人知道，所以英语用介词 from。 五、因成分残缺丢分 造成句子成分残缺的原因也很多，可能是受汉语意思的影响，可能是弄错 了相关词汇的词性，也可能是没弄清英语的表达习惯，等等。如: ?别怕，我们会保护你的。 误:Don’t afraid, and we’ll protect you. 正:Don’t be afraid, and we’ll protect you. 说明:afraid 是形容词，不是动词，所以应在don’t 后面加上系动词 be。 ?这些花是如此漂亮，以致于我想摘几朵。 误:Those flowers so beautiful that I want to pick up some. 正:Those flowers are so beautiful that I want to pick up some. 说明:句中的 that 引导的是结果状语从句，前面部分为句子主句，但是 该主句没谓语动词，故应在flowers后加动词are。 ?这是一本很有用的英语词典，我想你会喜欢的。 误:This is a very useful English dictionary, and I think you will like. www.zhan.com 正:This is a very useful English dictionary, and I think you will like it. 说明:根据句意可知，“你会喜欢的”，其实是指“你会喜欢它(指这本 词典)的”。在汉语中，这个用作宾语的“它”可以省略，但在英语中，动 词like 是及物动词，其后必须要有宾语，所以后面的it不能省略。 六、因时态或语态错误丢分 在写作中，许多同学常常因对句子中动作或事情发生的时间把握不准或对 时态的特殊用法不够了解而出现时态错误。有时也因为对动作的对象和谓语 动词的关系把握不准而把主动语态和被动语态弄混淆。如: ?据说这栋教学楼是五年前建的。 误:It is said that the teaching building has been built five years ago. 正:It is said that the teaching building was built five years ago. 说明:five years ago 的意思是“五年前”，它表明动作发生在过去， 故句子谓语要用一般过去时。 ?流感通常发生在冬季。 误:Influenza is usually broken out in winter. 正:Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 说明:由于break out (发生)是不及物动词，所以不能用于被动语态。 七、因语义重复错误丢分 所谓语义重复就是指重复使用了意思相同词或短语。如: ?你应该看管好自己的东西。 误:You should take good care of your things carefully. 正:You should take good care of your things. www.zhan.com 说明:短语take good care of 有“认真保管好”之意，不应再与表示 “认真地”意思的副词 carefully连用。 ?这是我最喜欢的歌曲之一。 误:This is one of my most favorite songs. 正:This is one of my favorite songs. 说明:favorite 用作形容词时，表示“最喜欢的”，因本身已含有 最”这样的意思，因此它不与 most 连用“，以免语义重复。 八、因不平行结构错误丢分 平行结构类似汉语的排比句式，它常常用同样的 格式 pdf格式笔记格式下载页码格式下载公文格式下载简报格式下载 表达两个或两个以上 的平行内容。平行结构可以是单词、短语或分句。在通常情况下，平行结构 包括以下三种情况: 1. 词性的平行:平行结构中的词或短语应具有一致(或接近一致)的词 性; 2. 时态的平行:平行结构的时态一般情况下要求保持前后一致; 3. 形式的平行:平行结构中的平行成分通常要求保持形式上一致(如同 为比较级或最高级，同为现在分词或过去分词，等)。 ?今天下午我们打算去购物中心，替老师买些礼物。 误:We are going to go to the shopping center and buying some presents for our teacher this afternoon. 正:We are going to go to the shopping center and buy some presents for our teacher this afternoon. 说明:“去购物中心”和“买礼物”这两个动作是并列平行的，应使用相 同的形式，所以buying应当改成buy。 ?他抛弃了妻子还带走了两人所有的钱。 www.zhan.com 误:He abandoned his wife and goes away with all their money. 正:He abandoned his wife and went away with all their money. 说明:此处and连接的是两个并列谓语，两个动作发现的时间都在过去， 应该用一般过去时。 英语写作常见错误例析(词性问题) 英语和汉语不仅在遣词造句、句型搭配、习惯用法等方面有很大的差别， 就是在词性方面也有很大的差别，并且这种差别有时会使同学们在写作时稍 不小心就酿成错误。如: 误用:Unfortunately, my car broke down and I was stuck here during it was being repaired. 改为:Unfortunately, my car broke down and I was stuck here while it was being repaired. 说明:during 是介词，后接名词或代词，不接句子。又如:He confidently authorized me to act for him while he is abroad. 他信 任地委托我在他出国期间代行他的事务。 句意:不幸的是，我的车坏了，在修车的时候，我就被困在那里了。 误用:He used to be very anxious if he had to make a speech, even it was only a speech to his old school. 改为:He used to be very anxious if he had to make a speech, even if it was only a speech to his old school. 说明:从语义上看，even 和 even if都可表示“即使”，但是两者的词 性不同:even 是副词，even if 是连词。比如:It was cold there even in July. 那里即使在七月，天气都很冷。Even if I have to walk all the way I’ll get there. 即使我得一路走着去，我也要走到那里。 www.zhan.com 句意:如果他要演讲，他总是焦急不安，哪怕演讲是在以前呆过的学校进 行。 误用:With the cost of keeping money in the bank increases, so it’s spent faster. 改为:As the cost of keeping money in the bank increases, so it’s spent faster. 说明:虽然 with 和 as 均可表示“随着”，但词性 不同:with 是介词，后接名词或代词，而 as 用于此义时是连词，后接句 子。比较:He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长，他会 进步的。People’s ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了，人们的观念也会变化。 句意:随着在银行存钱的费用增加，人们的钱花得也更快了。 误用:She crawled cross the floor, her eyes stinging from the smoke. 改为:She crawled across the floor, her eyes stinging from the smoke. 说明: across 和 cross 均可表示“横过”、“穿过”，但词性不同: across 是介词，cross 是动词。比较:cross the street 横过马路 / walk across the street 走过马路;cross a river 过河，渡河 / swim across a river 游过河 句意:她从地板上爬过去，眼睛被烟熏得直痛。 误用:We were driving around outside when unfortunately three old ladies emerged from the hotel and came straightly across in front of us. 改为:We were driving around outside when unfortunately three old ladies emerged from the hotel and came straight across in front of us. www.zhan.com 说明:在现代英语中，straight 既可用作形容词，也可用作副词。 straightly这个副词形式在现代英语中已被废弃，许多词典均不再收录此 词。又如:We enjoy fresh vegetables and fruit, straight from the garden: fresh orange juice, fresh fish, fresh bread. 我们享用直接 从果菜园采摘的新鲜的蔬菜和水果、新鲜的橘汁、新鲜的鱼、新鲜的面包。 句意:我们正在外面开车兜风时，倒霉的是有三位老年妇女突然从饭店出 来，直接从我们面前穿过。 误用:He fell down to the ground, his mouth open and eyes close. 改为:He fell down to the ground, his mouth open and eyes closed. 说明:open 和 close 均可用作动词，前者表示“开”，后者表示 “关”，是一对反义词，如:Please open your mouth.(请张开嘴)， Please close your mouth. (请闭上嘴)。但是 open 和 close 也可用作形 容词，此时前者意为“开着的”，后者意为“接近的”、“亲近的”等，而 并不表示“关着的”，要表示“关着的”，英语用 closed，即用作形容词 时，open 与close 不是一对反义词，而与 closed 才是反义词。 句意:他倒在地上，嘴张开着，眼睛闭着。 误用:It was at the tip of my tongue to tell him, suddenly the phone rang. 误用:It was at the tip of my tongue to tell him, when the phone rang. 说明:从句意看，用suddenly 并不错;但从句法来分析，空白处前后各 为一个句子，而 suddenly 是副词，显然不承担起连接两个句子的重任。而 when 用作并列连词，可表示“这时(突然)”的意思。又如:We were about to start, when it rained. 我们正要开始，就下起雨来了。She was walking down the road when she heard someone shouting for help. 她正在路上走着，突然听见有人呼救。不过，如果 将 when 改为 and suddenly 也是可以的。 www.zhan.com 句意:我差点就要告诉他了，这时突然电话铃响了。 误用:He used to afraid of heights but he has got over that now. 改为:He used to be afraid of heights but he has got over that now. 说明:因为 afraid 是形容词，不是动词，故其前的 be 不可省略。又 如:No matter what happens I’ll stand by you. so don’t be afraid. 不管发生什么事我都支持你，别怕。Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease. 没人有必要担心染上这个病。 句意:他过去有恐高症，现在已经没了。 误用:Do these students against the plan made by the teachers? 改为:Are these students against the plan made by the teachers? 说明:误用句主要是没有意识到其后的 against 是介词，而不是动词。 又如:Are you for it or against it? 你是赞成还是反对, 句意:这些学生反对老师们作出的决定吗, 误用:There was a switch in the schedule, so we met in the morning instead the afternoon. 改为:There was a switch in the schedule, so we met in the morning instead of the afternoon. 说明:instead 为副词，其后不能接宾语;instead of 是介词，其后可 接宾语。又如:You should encourage her in her attempts to become a doctor, instead of being so negative about it. 你应该对他想要成为 医生的想法给予鼓励，而不该对此抱那么消极的态度。She opted for a winter vacation, instead of one in the summer. 她选择了在冬天休假 而不是在夏天休假。 www.zhan.com 句意:时间表上有一处变动，我们在上午而不是下午开会。 误用:Even if we could afford it, we wouldn’t go to the abroad for our holidays. 改为:Even if we could afford it, we wouldn’t go abroad for our holidays. 说明:误用句主要是将 abroad 误认为是名词。而其实 abroad 是副词。 又如:He was facing a difficult choice between staying with his family or working abroad. 他正面临着是和家人呆在一起还是到国外工作 的艰难抉择。 句意:即使我们有能力，我们也不去国外度假。 英语写作中的常见错误(形容与与副词) 学生在英语写作中用作形容词和副词的情形比较复杂，比如受相似词形的 影响而用错，因搭配而用错，因语法不熟悉而用错，因修饰关系而用错，另 外还有比较等级的用法，等等。如: 误用:No matter how hardly they work, the person they are responsible for is working twice as hard. 改为:No matter how hard they work, the person they are responsible for is working twice as hard. 分析:hard 和 hardly 都是副词，但两者意思完全不同:前者意为“努 力地”，后者意为“几乎不”。又如:I was sure he was telling the truth and yet I did find it hard to believe. 我肯定他在说实话，不 过我的确感到难以相信。 句意:无论他们花多大力气，他们负责照管的那个人都要付出双倍的力气 来工作。 www.zhan.com 误用:Cameras can’t make the kind of adjustments the brain does and this factor means that a drawing of a place and a photograph taken of the same spot look very differently. 改为:Cameras can’t make the kind of adjustments the brain does and this factor means that a drawing of a place and a photograph taken of the same spot look very different. 说明:用于系动词 look 后面作表语，要用形容词，而不是用副词。类似 地:The dinner smells good. 这饭菜闻起来真香。 Silk feels soft and smooth. 绸缎摸起来柔软光滑。 句意:照相机无法像人脑那样作出调整，这一因素意味着表现一个地方的 画作与在同一地方拍摄的照片看起来有很大差别。 误用:Reluctantly the night porter decided that he would have to disturb the asleep guests. 改为:Reluctantly the night porter decided that he would have to disturb the sleeping guests. 说明:asleep 是表语形容词，一般不能单独放在名词前作定语。要表示 “正在睡觉”，可用sleeping作定语，又如:He awoke the sleeping child. 他把那个睡着的孩子弄醒了。 句意:虽不情愿，那位夜间服务员后来还是决定他必须打扰一下那些睡觉 的客人。 误用:Buying cheap tyres is a false economy-they may cost a bit less, but they will wear out fairly more quickly. www.zhan.com 改为:Buying cheap tyres is a false economy-they may cost a bit less, but they will wear out much [far, a lot] more quickly. 说明:fairly可以修饰形容词和副词的原级，但不能修饰比较级，可用 于修饰形容词副词比较级的副词或短语有:a lot, a bit, a little, any, by far, even, far, much, no, rather, still等。又如:For them enthusiasm is a lot more important than talent. 译:对他们来说，热 情比才华更为重要。 句意:买便宜的轮胎也许省一点钱，但磨损起来也更快—这是徒有其表的 节约。 误用:Angel and I were off to another life, another world, which was hopefully a more happier one than the one we had known at the orphanage. 改为:Angel and I were off to another life, another world, which was hopefully a much happier one than the one we had known at the orphanage. 说明:more只构成比较级，而不能修饰比较级。可用于修饰形容词副词 比较级的副词或短语有:a lot, a bit, a little, any, by far, even, far, much, no, rather, still等。又如:Nowadays children are much healthier. 现今孩子们比过去健康。 It is much cheaper if you buy it in large quantity. 如果你大批购买会便宜很多。 句意:安琪尔和我出发走向另一种生活、另一个世界，我们希望它比我们 在孤儿院时所知道的世界更快乐。 误用:The weather of Beijing is just as cold as that of Lanzhou, but colder than Shanghai. 改为:The weather of Beijing is just as cold as that of Lanzhou, but colder than that of Shanghai. www.zhan.com 说明:同样的事物才能相比较，句中的weather和Wuhan不具有可比性， 只有“北京的天气”和“上海的天气”才能放在一起比较。类似地:A grandparent’s job is easier than that of a parent. 祖父母的任务比 父母的任务要轻松一些。(R2) A dog’s intelligence is much greater than that of a cat. 狗的智慧比猫的 高得多。(R2) 句意:北京的气候和兰州一样冷，但比上海冷。 误用:The tulip is the more beautiful flower in John’s garden. 改为:The tulip is the most beautiful flower in John’s garden. 析:表示“„„是„„中最„„的”时，当句子中修饰的名词是单数的时 候，应该用“主语 + be + the + 形容词/ 副词最高级 + 单数名词”表 示，不能用比较级。如果要用比较级表达最高级的意思，则可以使用“主语 + be + 形容词 / 副词比较级 + than + any other + 名词单数”来表示。 上面的句子也可表达成 Tulip is more beautiful than any other flowers in John’s garden。 句意:郁金香是约翰的花园中最美丽的花朵。 误用:I feel pretty old when I see how the young generation behaves. 改为:I feel pretty old when I see how the younger generation behaves. 说明:汉语说“年轻一代”“老一代”等，没有比较意味，但说成英语分 别是 the younger generation, the older generation, 这里通常要用比 较级(而不用原级)。又如:Many representatives of the older generation were there. 老一辈的各类人都在那里。 顺便说一句，汉语说 “高等教育”，说成英语是 higher education，而不能是 high education，如:The government’s policy on higher education is a success. 政府的高等教育政策 www.zhan.com 很成功。 句意:看到年轻一代的举止行为，我觉得我太老了。 误用:The US emits as eight times carbon dioxide as lndia, despite having less than a third the population. 改为:The US emits eight times as much carbon dioxide as lndia, despite having less than a third the population. 说明:修饰 as„as„结构的副词应置于第一个 as 之前，而不是之后。 又如:This room is three times as large as that one. 这个房间是那 个房间的三个大。There are five times as many widows as widowers. 寡妇人数是鳏夫人数的五倍。 句意:尽管美国的人口不到印度的三分之一，但其二氧化碳的排放量却是 印度的八倍。 误用:That new thick plastic rope that they sell is stronger than other you can get. 改为:That new thick plastic rope that they sell is stronger than any other you can get. 说明:由于“他们出售的那种新的粗塑料绳”也是“你能买到的”塑料绳 之一，所以为了避免逻辑混乱，应在 any 后加上 other。又如:He swims faster than any other student in his class. 他比班上的其他任何学生 都游得快。Swallows fly faster than any other bird. 燕子飞得比其他 鸟要快。 句意:他们出售的那种新的粗塑料绳比你能买到的都结实。 误用:The more I thought about it, the more I became confused. www.zhan.com 改为:The more I thought about it, the more confused I became. 说明:由于 the more 是修饰 confused 的，所以应将 the more 直接置 于 confused 之前。类似地:The more things a man is ashamed of the more respectable he is. 一个人引以为耻的事情越多，就越可尊敬。The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually is. 越是有学问的 人，通常越谦虚。 句意:我对此考虑得愈多，就愈感到迷惑不解。 英语写作常见错误例析(介词用法) 学生在写作中用错介词的情况主要有以下几类: 一是多用介词:多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错。 二是漏用介词:漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等。 三是错用介词:错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当地用错。 请看以下具体实例: 误用:The only people with whom he could discuss about the plan were those who knew of it already. 正确:The only people with whom he could discuss the plan were those who knew of it already. 说明:由于 discuss 为及物动词，后接宾语时无需用任何介词，所以误用句中 www.zhan.com 的 about 为多余的。 句意:可以同他一起讨论 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 的最合适人选是那些对计划已经了解的人。 误用:If you mention about my name to the door-keeper he will let you in. 正确:If you mention my name to the door-keeper he will let you in. 说明:由于 mention 为及物动词，后接宾语时无需用任何介词，所以误 用句中 的 about 为多余的。 句意:你要是对看门人提我的名字，他会放你进去的。 误用:Thirty thousand pounds’ worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and Company, the jewellers. The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night and entered into the shop by cutting a hole in the ceiling. 正确:Thirty thousand pounds’ worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and Company, the jewellers. The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night and entered the shop by cutting a hole in the ceiling. 说明:enter 表示“进入”某个具体的地方时是及物动词，所以后接宾语 时无需用任何介词，即误用句中的 about 为多余的。 句意:珠宝商店乔纳森•威尔德公司价值三万英镑的珠宝被盗。窃贼约在 星期日夜间某时潜入楼上的一套房子，然后在商店的天花板上挖洞进入商 店。 www.zhan.com 误用:She met and eventually married with a man considerably younger than herself who claimed to be a pilot with Air France. In point of fact he was a chauffeur working for a car-hire firm. 正确:She met and eventually married a man considerably younger than herself who claimed to be a pilot with Air France. In point of fact he was a chauffeur working for a car-hire firm. 说明:动词 marry 可以表示“与„„结婚”，即其后直接跟“某人”， 无需借助任何介词，即误用句中的 with 为多余的。 句意:她遇上了一名年龄比她小得多，并自称是法国航空公司飞行员的年 青人，并最终与之成婚。实际上，他只是个租车公司的司机。 误用:Eventually she divorced with Stephen. It was a pity she had not done so earlier. 正确:Eventually she divorced Stephen. It was a pity she had not done so earlier. 说明:marry(结婚)与divorce(离婚)是一对反义 词，比较而言，许多同学对marry的用法比较熟悉，而对divorce的用法则 相对比较生疏，但事实上，两者在用法方面极为相似，大家可以将它们放在 一起来学习，这样可以帮助大家利用相对熟悉的语言规律来理解相对生疏的 语言规律——比如，两者均可用作不及物动词，但在口语或非正式文体中， 若不跟宾语，通常用be [get] divorced和be [get] married 这样的结构 来代替其不及物用法;要表示“与某人结婚或离婚”，英语应说marry sb 或divorce sb，而不能按汉语意思说成marry with sb或divorce with sb;两者的过去分词(转化为形容词)后均可接介词to表示对象(注意均 不能用介词with);marry (divorce) 和 get married (divorced) 均为 非 www.zhan.com 延续性动词，通常不与一段时间连用，若要表示某人结婚(离婚)有多 久，可用 be married (divorced);等等。 句意:她最终还是和斯蒂芬离了婚。遗憾的是，她没有和他早点儿离婚。 (R2) 误用:As we always tell prospective patients: if you want me to help you, you must be prepared to help yourself. Unbelievably this quickly eliminates about 40 percent of those who contact with us. 正确:As we always tell prospective patients: if you want me to help you, you must be prepared to help yourself. Unbelievably this quickly eliminates about 40 percent of those who contact us. 说明:用作动词的 contact 为及物动词，表示“与„„联系”时，其后 直接跟宾语，不用任何介词。注意不要汉语意思的影响和其名词用法的影响 而在其后误加介词with。比较名词用例:He hash’t been zoorking forme and I haven’t had that much contact with him. 他并没有为我工作过，我和他没有那许多接触。 句意:正如我们总是告诉那些可能成为病人的人那样，如果你们想要我帮 助你们，那么你们必须要准备好帮助你们自己。与我们联系过的人中有40% 居然令人难以置信地没来看病了。 误用:I serve for my country much as you serve for yours. 正确:I serve my country much as you serve yours. 说明:serve 可以用作及物动词，表示“为„„服务”时，其后无需用介 词 for。 句意:就像你为自己的国家服务那样，我为我自己的国家服务。 www.zhan.com 误用:I think that it’s such an infringement of the sovereignty that we’ve fought for long and hard in this country over a great many of hundreds of years really. 正确:I think that it’s such an infringement of the sovereignty that we’ve fought for long and hard in this country over a great many hundreds of years really. 说明:与 a lot of, a great number of 等不同，a great many 后接名 词时，不用介词。又如:In a great many detective stories when the police are baffled an amateur detective comes along and clears up the mystery. 在许多侦探小说中，当警察束手无策时，来了个业余侦探， 把案子给破了。不过，值得注意的是，若其后接的是代词，或是名词前带有 限定词，则要用a great many of。如:A great many of them couldn’t find work. 他们当中有许多人找不到工作。A great many of the trees were destroyed in the storm. 这次暴风雨毁了许多树。 句意:我认为这是对我们主权的侵犯，而为了主权我们在这个国家中真的 艰苦卓绝地战斗了千百年。 误用:When you are cooking it’s best to clear up as you go, instead of leaving everything to the end and having a terrible pile of things to deal. 正确:When you are cooking it’s best to clear up as you go, instead of leaving everything to the end and having a terrible pile of things to deal with. 说明:deal 表示“处理”“应对”“应付”等义时，是不及物动词，此 时要后接介词 with。又如:How shall we deal with this matter? 这事 我们怎么处理,I don’t know how to deal with him. 我不知怎样与他相 处。 www.zhan.com 句意:烹调时，最好是边干边收拾，而不要把活留到最后而剩下一大堆东 西要打扫收拾。 误用:Undeniably, political stability and human progress in the country depend greater economic success. 正确:Undeniably, political stability and human progress in the country depend on greater economic success. 说明:动词 depend 表示“依靠”时，不及物，要表示“依靠„„”，应 后接介词 on, upon。又如:Whether we’ll go camping depends on the weather. 我们是否去野营要看天气。I haven’t got a car, so I have to depend on the buses. 我没有汽车，所以我得乘公共汽车。Children depend on their parents for food and clothing. 儿童的衣食靠父母。 句意:不可否认，国家政治的稳定和人的进步都依赖于更大的经济繁荣。 误用:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story. 正确:He took a cup of tea, and went on with the story. 说明:表示“继续做某事”，英语可用 go on with sth，注意其中的 with 不可省略。又如:Go on with the treatment. It is doing you good. 你要继续进行这种疗法。它对你是有效的。 The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下 去。 误用:Sixty years ago Melville was almost forgotten;today he is regarded one of America’s great authors. www.zhan.com 正确:Sixty years ago Melville was almost forgotten;today he is regarded as one of America’s great authors. 说明:表示“把„„当作„„”时，regard的常用句式是 regard„as„，其中的介词 as 不可省略。又如:He is regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是本城最好的医生。She regarded him as without principles. 她认为他没有原则。 句意:60年前，梅尔维尔几乎已被人忘记，而今天他却被认为是美国最 伟大的作家之一。 误用:He insisted going back to his work rather than stay in hospital. 正确:He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital. 说明:动词 insist 用作及物动词时，其后只接宾语从句，但不用于接名 词、代词或动名词，遇此情况要用 insist on。又如:Since you insist on it, I will consider the matter again. 既然你坚持，这件事我将重 新考虑。 句意:他坚持要回到工作岗位，不再住医院。 误用:We’re very much interested in the background of the people that we’re talking. 正确:We’re very much interested in the background of the people that we’re talking to. 说明:许多同学在写作时，由于对句子结构没有弄清楚，很容易漏掉英语 句子末尾的介词。对于上面一句而言，由于 that we’re talking to 是修 饰 people 的定语从句，关系代词在定语从句中用作介词 to 的宾语，其中 的介词 to 不可省略。又如以下各句末尾的介词 www.zhan.com 也不可省略:The idea that everyone should be required to vote by law is something I don’t agree with. 主张由法律规定每个人都要投票的意见是我所不能赞同的。The fridge isn’t working properly. I’m having it looked at. 电冰箱出了毛病，我在请人看呢。Her uncle and mother came two days ago, and she is being well taken care of. 她的舅父和母亲前两天来过，因 此现在有人很好地照看着她。He is the man whose house the pictures were stolen from. 他就是那个家里藏画被盗的人。 句意:我们对我们正与之交谈的那些人的经历很感兴趣。 误用:He called at all the housewives in the area and asked them to sign the petition. 正确:He called on all the housewives in the area and asked them to sign the petition. 说明:call at 通常后接地方，而call on 后面则通常接某人。如:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。 句意:他走访了这一地区的所有主妇，要求他们在请愿 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 上签名。 误用:Joy is engaged to a daring, very attractive young Air Force pilot. 改正:Joy is engaged with a daring, very attractive young Air Force pilot. 说明:表示“同某人订婚”，英语习惯上用 be engaged to sb，而不说 be engaged with sb。又如:He is engaged to a nurse. 他与一位护士订 了婚。 句意:乔伊与一位勇敢的，富有吸引力的年轻空军飞行员订了婚。 www.zhan.com 误用:The sun rises from the east and sets in the west. 改正:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 说明:汉语说“太阳从东方升起”，但英语习惯上说 rise in the east。 句意:太阳从东方升起，至西方落下。 误用:Along with the introduction of advanced management techniques and under the help of Mr. Freeker, the hotel is steadily becoming one of the world’s first-class hotels. 改正:Along with the introduction of advanced management techniques and with the help of Mr. Freeker, the hotel is steadily becoming one of the world’s first-class hotels. 说明:汉语说“在„„的帮助下”，英语要说 with the help of sb。又 如:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下，我及时做完 了。 句意:靠引进先进的管理技术和弗里克先生的帮助，这家饭店正稳步成为 世界一流饭店。 误用:During he was in Japan, he visited many places. 改为:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places. 说明:during 是介词，不是连词，其后可接名词或代词，但不可接句 子。又如:During his stay in Paris, he lived with his friends. 他 在巴黎期间，与他的朋友住在一起。 句意:他在日本期间，参观过许多地方。 误用:Nick was already nursing a grudge against her because what happened this morning. She did not want to give him any additional cause for grievance. www.zhan.com 改为:Nick was already nursing a grudge against her because of what happened this morning. She did not want to give him any additional cause for grievance. 说明:许多同学在写作时只是 机械地记住:because 是连词，后接句子，引导原因状语从句;而because of 是介词，后接名词或代词——这本来是完全正确的。但是，用作连词的 because 后只能接没有“引导词”的句子，而对于由 what 这类相当于名词 的从句，其前应用 because of，而不是用 because。又如:He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他离开了这家 公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。 句意:因为上午发生的事，尼克已经对她怀恨在心。她因此不想再给他增 添不满的理由。 误用:I’ll try to get there on time tomorrow but, if I fail, wait me, please, I’ll sure arrive after a few minutes. 改为:I’ll try to get there on time tomorrow but, if I fail, wait for me, please, I’ll sure arrive after a few minutes. 说明:wait 表示“等”是不及物动词，要表示等某人，英语应说 wait for sb，而不是 wait sb。又如:While waiting for the water to boil he made another trip to the bedroom. 等水烧开的时候，他又去了一次寝室。 句意:明天我会设法准时到达那里，但是若是我没赶到，请等我一下，过 了几分钟我一定会到。 误用:Profits increased ?1.5m, despite the difficult economic conditions. 改为:Profits increased by ?1.5m, despite the difficult economic conditions. 说明:表示增加了多少，通常应在increase后用介词by，又 如:The real wage of the www.zhan.com average worker has increased by a factor of over ten in the last 70 years. 近70年来工人的实际工资平均增长超过了10倍。但是，如是指 增加了百多之多少，而可以省略介词by，如:Sales increased (by) thirty per cent compared to last year. 和去年相比销售量提高了 30%。 句意:尽管经济形势不佳，利润还是增长了150万英镑。 英语写作常见 错误例析(冠词用法) 同学们写作中用错冠词主要是由于对定冠词和不定冠词用法以及区别分辨 不清而造成的。常见的错误类型有:不定冠词a和an的混用，不定冠词与 定冠词混用，不定冠词、定冠词与零冠词的混用等。请看实例: 误用:Coming top in the exam was quite achievement. 改为:Coming top in the exam was quite an achievement. 说明:当副词quite, rather直接用于修饰名词时，名词前必须要有不定 冠词，又如:The film had quite an effect on her. 这影片对她影响极 大。She is quite a beauty. 她真是个美人儿。We had quite a party. 我们举行了一个很不错的晚会。 句意:考第一是很了不起的成绩。 误用:The walk is expected to last all day so bring packed lunch. 改为:The walk is expected to last all day so bring a packed lunch. 说明:表示一日三餐的名词包括breakfast, lunch, supper，原则上说 它们是不可数的。如:Breakfast is served until 9 a.m. 早餐一直供应 到上午9点。I usually have a sandwich www.zhan.com for lunch. 我午饭时通常吃块三明治。但是，当它们受到描绘性形容词 的修饰时，如果不是特指，则其前要用不定冠词，此时的a含有 a kind of 的意思。如:We had a very late lunch. 我们很晚才吃午饭。After a quick breakfast, he hurried to the station. 匆匆忙忙吃完早餐，他就 赶到车站去了。 句意:预计要走一天，所以要带份准备好的午饭。 误用:I’ve been invited to a Asian wedding and got to know how such a wedding is held. 改为:I’ve been invited to an Asian wedding and got to know how such a wedding is held. 说明:Asian 读音以元音开头，故其前用不定冠词时要用 an，而不是用 a。又如:From being a librarian she is now an MP. 她从一个图书馆管 理员当上了如今的下议院议员。` Any public figure risks being made an Aunt Sally by the popular press. 任何知名人士都要冒风险，会成为 通俗刊物的众矢之的。 Her career climaxed in the award of an Oscar. 她荣获奥斯卡金像奖是她事业的顶峰。 The ship embarked passengers and cargo at an Italian port. 这艘船在意大利一个港口载客装货。 句意:我应邀参加亚洲人的婚礼，知道了这种婚礼是如何举行。 误用:“The police may have the car followed and may even have it stopped on some pretext ”, Rebet persisted. “I have foreseen that possibility; that is why the second car will follow the first one.” 改为:“The police may have the car followed and may even have it stopped on www.zhan.com some pretext ”, Rebet persisted. “I have foreseen that possibility; that is why a second car will follow the first one.” 说明:在通常情况下，序数词前要用定冠词，但有时序数词前也用不定冠 词，表示在原有序数的基础上再增加一次，含有“再一”“另一”之意，有 类似another的用法。如:Shall I ask her a third time? 我还要问她第 三次吗? Several candidates were called for a second interview. 有 几个候选人被叫来进行第二次面试。 句意:“警察可以对那辆车进行跟踪并且找借口要车停下”，瑞别特坚持 说:“我已经预见到这种可能性;那就是为什么会有一辆车跟着前一辆的原 因。” 误用:He paid an architect to design a house for him, and had it built far enough under the estimate (not too a difficult feat in those years of falling prices) to be able to afford a swimming pool. 改为:He paid an architect to design a house for him, and had it built far enough under the estimate (not too difficult a feat in those years of falling prices) to be able to afford a swimming pool. 说明:当 too 表示“太”且其后修饰一个“a / an+形容词+名词”结构 时，习惯上要改为“too +形容词+a+名词”。又如:It’s too good a chance to miss. 这个机会太好，不能错过。 句意:他出钱聘请一名建筑师为他 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 了一幢房子并把房子以远远低于预 算价格造好(在那价格不断下降的岁月里这不算难以办到的举动)，因而能 造一个游泳池。 误用:In twenties and thirties, my grandfather had a sawmill on his farm. 改为:In the twenties and thirties, my grandfather had a sawmill on his farm. www.zhan.com 说明:逢整“十”的基数词用于复数形式可以表示某人的大约年岁和世纪 中的年代，注意此时要在数词前用定冠词。又如:The war broke out in the nineties. 这次战争爆发于90年代。Karl Mark began to learn the Russian language in his fiftieth. 马克思五十多岁开始学俄语。 句意:在20和30年代，我祖父家的农场里建有一间锯木厂。 英语写作常见错误例析(代词用法) 英语中代词的形式很多，包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词 等等。在使用方面，英语的代词与汉语的代词有诸多不同之处，比如汉语中 的代词则没有主格和宾格之分，也没有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 之别。此外，汉语中很多时候不用物主代词，而英语中物主代词是不可省略 的。所有这些都是中国学生在英语学习和英语写作中容易出错的地方。请看 实例: 误用:I used to work in the garden every day but I lost my heart when all the plants died. 正确:I used to work in the garden every day but I lost heart when all the plants died. 说明:lose heart 与 lost one’s heart 只差一个物主代词，但意思完全不同，前者意为“灰心”，后者用于 lose one’s heart to sb 表示“倾心于或爱上某人。 句意:我以前每周都在花园里忙乎，但后来花草都死了，我也就灰心了。 误用:Mr Watkins, a neighbour of me, never misses the opportunity to tell me www.zhan.com the latest news. 正确:Mr Watkins, a neighbour of mine, never misses the opportunity to tell me the latest news. 说明:英语中说“我的一个„„”时，习惯上用a „ of mine，而不是 用 a „ of me。又如:He’s a good friend of mine. He won’t hold it against us. 他是我的好朋友，他不会以此来反对我们。 句意:沃特金斯先生，我的一个邻居，从不放过向我讲述最新消息的机 会。 误用:Mums and Dads do help his children. As far as I can see, I help my or at least I think I used to. 正确:Mums and Dads do help their children. As far as I can see, I help mine or at least I think I used to. 说明:由于第一句的主语是 Mums and Dads，为复数形式，所以其后相应 的物主代词应用复数 their，而不是 his;第二句中的 my 为形容词性物主 代词，不能单独使用，其后应修饰名词，或改为 mine，或改为 my children。 句意:爸爸、妈妈确实帮助自己的子女。就我所知是如此。我也帮助我的 孩子，至少我认为我过去常常是这么做的。 误用:In her fright Rosetta seized Gabriel’s hand, he felt her plump, soft palm, and entwined his fingers with her. Gabriel’s hand was cold and rough and it pressed hard, harder all the time. 正确:In her fright Rosetta seized Gabriel’s hand, he felt her plump, soft palm, and entwined his fingers with hers. Gabriel’s hand was cold and rough and it pressed hard, harder all the time. 说明:句中的entwined his fingers with hers 是指将的手指和她的手 指缠绕在一起，其中的 hers 相当于 her fingers，不能想当然地用形容词 性物主代词 her。 句意:罗塞达在恐惧中抓住了加布雷尔的手，他接触到她那丰满的手心， 把他的手指与她的捏在一起。加布雷尔的手冰凉而粗糙，越捏越紧。 误用:My son is the only one whom I would worry a lot about if my husband and me were to separate. 正确:My son is the only one whom I would worry a lot about if my husband and I were to separate. 说明:用作主语，要用人称代词的主格，而不是宾格。 句意:万一我丈夫和分手的话，我的儿子将是我唯一十分担心的人。 英语写作常见错误例析(名词可数性) 在英语写作中，有很多同学把握不好名词的数以及一些集合名词的用法。 名词单复数变动的依据主要有以下三种:一是名词本身属于单数还是复数， 二是根据名词前的修饰成分，三是根据上下文的逻辑关系，看该名词在句子 中指代的是单数还是复数。请看实例: 误用:This is irrelevant and, if I may say so, a rather naughty remark. 改为:This is an irrelevant and, if I may say so, a rather naughty remark. 说明:句中的irrelevant 是修饰名词 remark 的，由于 remark 为单数 可数名词，所以 应在修饰它的形容词前使用合适的限定词，根据后面的 a rather naughty 可知，这个限定词应是不定冠词。注意不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉 该用的不定冠词。 句意:这话毫不相干，而且要是可以这样说的话，还相当低级。 误用:Before the boys could answer, angry voice was heard outside. 改为:Before the boys could answer, an angry voice was heard outside. 说明:voice 为可数名词，在用作单数时，其前应有适当的限定词。注意 不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉该用的限定词。 句意:男孩们还来不及作出解答，就从外面传来愤怒的声音。 误用:Considering that they are such important part of undergraduate courses, lectures are often presented in a remarkably poor manner. 改为:Considering that they are such an important part of undergraduate courses, lectures are often presented in a remarkably poor manner. 说明:句中的 part 为可数名词，应在修饰它的形容词前加上不定冠词。 注意不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉该用的不定冠词。 句意:鉴于演讲课在大学本科课程中占了很重要的地位，这些课就显得上 得非常差。 误用:Undeniably, political stability and human progresses in the country depend on greater economic success. 改为:Undeniably, political stability and human progress in the country depend on greater economic success. 说明:progress(进步)是不可数名词，不用复数形式。 句意:不可否认，国家政治的稳定和人的进步都依赖于更大的经济繁荣。 误用:I have played a great deal of glamorous women who have broken men’s hearts, so people tend to see me as that sort of person. 改为:I have played a great number of [a lot of] glamorous women who have broken men’s hearts, so people tend to see me as that sort of person. 说明:由于是用于修饰可数的复数名词 women，所以不能用 a great deal of。 句意:我已扮演过许多使男人伤心的、富有魅力的女角色，所以人们往往 把我看成是那种人。 误用:Dr Maturin could speak fluently in Latin and Greek, and as for modern language, to Jack’s certain knowledges he spoke half a dozen. 改为:Dr Maturin could speak fluently in Latin and Greek, and as for modern languages, to Jack’s certain knowledge he spoke half a dozen. 说明:modern language 在此指现代各种语言，其中的 language 应用复 数; knowledge 为不可数名词，不用复数，to one’s knowledge 为习语，意 为“据某人所知”。 句意:马图林博士能流利地用拉丁语和希腊语说话。至于现代语言，据杰 克的可靠消息，他会讲六种。 误用:He previously worked in the Ministry of Finance. He comes, therefore, with a great deal of experiences and expertises. 改为:He previously worked in the Ministry of Finance. He comes, therefore, with a great deal of experience and expertise. 说明:experience 表示“经验”时，为不可数名词，没有复数形式;但 表示“经历”时，则可数。expertise(专门知识)也是一个不可数名词， 也没有复数形式。 句意:他以前在财政部工作过。因此他来的时候已有丰富经验和专门知 识。 误用:On their travels they indulged their hobby of collecting antique furnitures. As a result their home had become something of a museum. 改为:On their travels they indulged their hobby of collecting antique furniture. As a result their home had become something of a museum. 说明:furniture(家具)是一个典型的不可数名词，没有复数形式。 句意:他们在每次旅行时，尽兴地满足自己收集古董家具的嗜好。结果他 们家成了类似博物馆的地方。 误用:Now supposing there was such a piece of stamp, and supposing it was worth a million dollars. And supposing the man who owned it suddenly came into possession of a second piece of stamp, its duplicate. What do you think would be the valve of each of those two pieces of stamp? 改为:Now supposing there was such a stamp, and supposing it was worth a million dollars. And supposing the man who owned it suddenly came into possession of a second stamp, its duplicate. What do you think would be the valve of each of those two stamps? 说明:stamp(邮票)是可数名词，其前可直接用不定冠词或数词修饰， 也可用复数形式，而不能借助 a piece of 表示“一张”。 句意:假定有这样一张邮票，假定这张邮票值100万美元。然后又假定这 张邮票的主人一下子有了第二张邮票，即第一张邮票的复制品，你认为这两 张邮票各值多少钱,