控制系统的分类（精）

控制系统的分类（精） 控制系统的分类 控制系统的分类有三种方法:以自动控制方式分类、以参于控制方式分类、以调节规律分类。 一、以自动控制方式分类 1、开环控制系统 若计算机开环控制系统的输出对生产过程能行使控制，但控制结果---生产过程的状态没有影响计算机控制的系统，计算机\控制器\生产过程等环节没有构成闭合环路，则称之为计算机开环控制系统.生产过程的状态没有反馈给计算机，而是由操作人员监视生产过程的状态,决定控制 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，并告诉控制计算机使其行使控制作用。 2、闭环控制系统 计算机对生产对象或过程进行控制时，生产过程状态能直接影响计算机控制的系统，称之为计算机闭环控制系统。控制计算机在操作人员监视下,自动接受生产过程状态检测结果，计算并确定控制方案,直接指挥控制部件(器)的动作，行使控制生产过程作用。 在这样的系统中，控制部件按控制机发来的控制信息对运行设备进行控制，另一方面运行设备的运行状态作为输出，由检测部件测出后,作为输入反馈给控制计算机;从而使控制计算机\控制部件\生产过程\检测部件构成一个闭环回路。我们将这种控制形式称之为控制计算机闭环控制。计算机闭环控制系统，利用数学模型设置生产过程最佳值与检测结果反馈值之间的偏差，控制达到生产过程运行在最佳状态。 3、在线控制系统 只要计算机对受控对象或受控生产过程，能够行使直接控制，不需要人工干预的都称之为控制计算机在线控制或称联机控制系统。 4、离线控制系统 控制计算机没有直接参于控制对象或受控生产过程。它只完成受控对象或受控过程的状态检测，并对检测的数据进行处理;而后制定出控制方案，输出控制指示，操作人员参考控制指示，人工手动操作使控制部件对受控对象或受控过程进行控制。这种控制形式称之为计算机离线控制系统。 5、实时控制系统 控制计算机实时控制系统是指受控制的对象或受控过程，每当请求处理或请求控制时，控制机能及时处理并进行控制的系统，常用在生产过程是间断进行的场合。 二、以参于控制方式来分类 1、直接数字控制系统 由控制计算机取代常规的模拟调节仪表而直接对生产过程进行控制，由于计算机发出的信号为数字量，故得名DDC控制。实际上受控的生产过程的控制部件，接受的控制信号可以通过控制机的过程输入/输出通道中的数/模(D/A)转换器将计算机输出的数字控制量中转换成模拟量;输入的模拟量也要经控制机的过程输入/输出通道的模/数(A/D)转换器转换成数字量进入 计算机。 2、计算机监督控制系统 计算机监督控制系统是针对某一种生产过程，依据生产过程的各种状态，按生产过程的数学模型计算出生产设备应运行的最佳给定值，并将最佳值自动地或人工对DDC执行级的计算机或对模拟调节仪表进行调正或设定控制的目标值。由DDC或调节仪表对生产过程各个点(运行设备)行使控制。SCC系统的特点是能保证受控的生产过程始终处于最佳状态情况下运行，因而获得最大效益。直接影响SCC效果优劣的首先是它的数学模型，为此要经常在运行过程中改进数学模型，并相应修改控制算法和应用控制程序。 3、多级控制系统 在现代生产企业中，不仅需要解决生产过程的在线控制问题，而且还要求解决生产治理问题，每日生产品种、数量的计划调度以及月季计划安排，制定长远规划、预告销售前景等， 于是出现了多级控制系统。DDC级主要用于直接控制生产过程，进行PID或前馈控制;SCC级主要用于进行最佳控制或自适应控制或自学习控制计算，并指挥DDC级控制同时向MIS级汇报情况。DDC级通常用微型计算机，SCC级一般用小型计算机或高档微型计算机。 4、分布式控制或分散控制系统 分散控制或分布控制，是将控制系统分成若干独立的局部控制子系统，用以完成受控生产过程自动控制任务。由于微型计算机的出现与迅速发展，为实现分散控制提供了物质和技术基础，近年来分散控制得以异乎平常的发展，且已成为计算机控制发展的重要趋势。 自70年代起,又出现集中分散式的控制系统,简称集散系统。它是采用分散局部控制的新型的计算机控制系统。 三、按调节规律分类 1、程序控制 假如计算机控制系统是按着预先规定的时间函数进行控制，这种控制称之为程序控制。这里的程序是指随时间变化就有确定对应变化值，而不是计算机所运行的程序。 2、顺序控制 在程序控制的基础上产生了顺序控制，计算机如能根据随时间推移所确定对应值和此刻以前的控制结果两方面情况行使对生产过程控制的系统，称之为计算机的顺序控制。 3、比例--积分--微分PID控制 常规的模拟调节仪表可以完成PID控制。用微型计算机也可以实现PID控制。 4、前馈控制 通常的反馈控制系统中，对干扰造成一定后果，才能反馈过来产生抑制干扰的控制作用，因而产生滞后控制的不良后果。为了克服这种滞后的不良控制，用计算机接受干扰信号后，在还没有产生后果之前插入一个前馈控制作用，使其刚好在干扰点上完全抵消干扰对控制变量的影响，因而又得名为扰动补偿控制。 5、最优控制(最佳控制)系统 控制计算机如能有受控对象处于最佳状态运行的控制系统称之为最佳控制系统。如用计算机控制系统就是在现有的限定条件下，恰当选择控制规律(数学模型)，使受控对象运行指标处于最优状态。 6、自适应控制系统 上述的最佳控制,当工作条件或限定条件改变时，就不能获得最佳的控制效果了。假如在工作条件改变的情况下，仍然能的控制系统对受控对象的控制处于最佳状态，这样的控制系统称之为自适应系统。这就要求数学模型体现出在条件改变的情况下，如何达到最佳状态。控制计算机检测到条件改变的信息，按数学模型给出的规律进行计算，用以改变控制变量，使受控对象仍能处在最好状态。 7、自学习控制系统 假如用计算机能够不断地根据受控对象运行结果积累经验，自行改变和完善控制规律，使控制效果愈来愈好，这样的控制系统被称为自学习控制系统。以上讲到的最优控制、自适应控制和自学习控制都涉及到多参数、多变量的复杂控制系统，都属于近代控制理论研究的问题。系统的稳定性的判定，多种因素影响控制的复杂数学模型研究等，都必须有生产治理、生产工艺、自动控制、检测仪表、程序设计、计算机硬件各方面人员相互配合才能得以实现。由受控对象要求反应时间的长短、控制点数多少和数学模型复杂程度来决定选用计算机规模。一般来说需要功能很强(速度与计算功能)的计算机才能实现。 上述诸种控制，可以是单一种也可不是单一的，可以几种形式结合对生产过程实现控制。这要针对受控对象的实际情况，在系统分析、系统设计时确定。 Classification of control systems Classification of control systems there are three ways: by automatic classification methods in order to participate in the control mode classification, to adjust the law category. One way to control category 1, The open-loop control system if the computer output of open loop control system to exercise control of the production process, but the control results --- the state of the production process does not affect the computer control systems, computer \ controller \ production and other sectors does not constitute a closed loop, is called open-loop control system computer. the production process of the state is no feedback to the computer, but by the operator to monitor the status of the production process, decision control program, and tell the computer to control the role of exercising control. 2, Closed loop control system computer to the production of an object or process control, the state can directly influence the production process computer control system, called the closed-loop control system computer. Control of the computer monitor in the operator, the automatic acceptance of the production process state test results, calculate and determine the control scheme, the direct command and control units (devices) of action, the role of exercising control of the production process. In such systems, aircraft control components under control of control information sent to control device operation, the other running equipment condition as the output, measured by the detection part, the feedback as input to the control computer; to make control Computer \ Control Components \ production \ test components form a closed loop. We will call this form of control computer control closed-loop control. Closed loop control system computer, using a mathematical model to set the value of the production process and test results of the best value of the deviation between the feedback and control the production process to run at their best. 3, Line control system as long as the computer controlled production of the controlled object or process, to exercise direct control, without human intervention are called the control computer on-line control, or on-line control system. 4, Offline control system control computer does not directly participate in the control object or the controlled production process. It only managed to complete the process of the controlled object or the status of testing, and testing of data processing; and then develop control programs, the output control instruction, operator reference control instructions manually controlled operation to control parts of the object or subject control process control. This control form is called off-line computer control system. 5, Real-time control system control computer real-time control system is controlled by the control of the object or process, or request when the request processing control, the control function in a timely manner to address and control systems, commonly used in the production process is interrupted for the occasion. Second, in order to participate in the control mode to Category 1, Direct digital control system by the control computer to replace conventional analog instruments and direct regulation to control the production process, as the computer as digital signals, so named after the DDC control. Actually controlled the production process control components, control signals received by the process controller input / output channels of D / (D / A) converter output of the digital control computer volume to be converted into analog; analog input control machine to go through the process of input / output channels of analog / digital (A / D) converter into a digital number into the computer. 2, Supervisory computer control system supervisory computer control system for a particular production process, according to the production process of various states, according to the production process of the mathematical model to calculate the best production equipment should be running a given value, and the best value automatically or manually on the DDC Executive-level computer or analog meter to align the regulation or control of the target set. By a DDC or adjust the instrument at various points on the production process (running equipment) to exercise control. SCC system is that it can guarantee the production process is always controlled the situation in the best condition to run, so get the most benefit. SCC results directly affect the merits of the first of its mathematical model, this should always improve the operation process model, and modify the control algorithm, and application control procedures. 3, Multi-level control systems in modern manufacturing enterprises in the production process not only the need to address the problem of online control, and Huan Zhi Li called for a solution of production problems, the daily product line, the number of arrangements for planning and scheduling, and Rose plans develop a long term planning, notice Xiaoshou prospects, there was multi-level control system. DDC class is mainly used for direct control of the production process, for PID, or feedforward control; SCC level is mainly used for optimal control or adaptive control or learning control calculation, and command and control the same DDC class report back to the MIS class. DDC level usually microcomputers, SCC-level general use of small computers or high-end microcomputers. 4, Distributed control or distributed control system distributed control or distributed control, the control system is divided into a number of independent local control subsystems to complete the controlled production process control task. Since the emergence of micro-computers and rapid development of distributed control to provide for the realization of the material and technical basis, in recent years, decentralized control can be different almost normal development, and has become an important trend in the development of computer control. Since the 70's, appeared focused on distributed control system, called DCS. It is a decentralized local control of the new computer control system. Three, Classified according to the law regulating 1, Program control if the computer control system the division of a predetermined time function control, such control is called program control. Such as the furnace temperature-time curves Anzhao some control on the process control. Here the procedure is time-varying changes have to determine the corresponding value, rather than the computer running. 2, Sequence control in the process control based on the generated sequence control, computer, over time, as can be determined according to the corresponding control value and previous results at the moment both to exercise on the production process control system, called the order of the computer control . 3, Proportional - integral - differential analog PID control regulation of conventional PID control instrument can be completed. Micro-computer can also be achieved with PID control. 4, Feedforward control is usually the feedback control system, have certain effects on the interference in order to generate feedback over the role of inhibitory control of interference, and thus delay the control of undesirable consequences. In order to overcome the negative lag control, with the computer accepts the interference signal after the, did not produce effects in the Huan insert a feedforward control Zuoyong, it Ganghao interference point in the interference of the control to completely offset the effect on the variable, it was Ming Wei Yin Er disturbance compensation control. 5, Optimal control (optimal control) system control computer, such as to have controlled object is best known as the best run of the control system control system. Such as computer control system is limited in the existing conditions, select appropriate control law (mathematical model), the controlled object indicators in optimal running condition. 6, The adaptive control system, optimal control, when the working conditions or qualifications change, we can not get the best control effects. If the situation changes in working conditions, the control system can still be controlled in the best state of the object's control, such control system called the adaptive system. This requires mathematical model reflects the change in the conditions, how to achieve the best state. Control computer to detect changes in terms of the information given by the laws of mathematical models to calculate, to change the control variables, the controlled objects still in the best condition. 7, Self-learning control system if the computer can keep the results under the controlled object gain experience running their own change and improve the control law so that more and better control effect, this control system is called self-learning control system. Above mentioned optimal control, adaptive control and self-learning control are related to multi-parameter, multi-variable complex control systems, are all problems of modern control theory. Determine the stability of the system, many factors affect the control of complex mathematical models, have to be a production control, production technology, automation, instrumentation, programming, computer hardware, each with various personnel to be realized. Controlled object by the length of reaction time required to control the number of points and mathematical models to determine the complexity of the computer use scale. Generally speaking, a strong need to functionality (speed and computing power) of the computer can be achieved. The Zhuzhong control, can be a single type also is not single, you can combine several forms to achieve control of the production process. This should address the actual situation of the controlled object, the system analysis, system design determined at the time.