中国海权现状与意义

中国海权现状与意义 The current situation and significance of the development of China's marine power Sea power is an old noun, but it is also a strategic concept with modern connotation. In the classical sense, the "sea power" refers to the use and control of the ocean, that is, the exploitation and control of the ocean by the state and the people, depriving the opponent of the opportunity and the right to use the ocean. In 1890, American Alfred Mahan T. put forward the theory of "sea power". He thought that the "sea power" was the fundamental reason for the rise and fall of the world power, and it was also a major factor affecting the course of history. "Sea power theory" argues that countries should establish and superior ocean going fleet to protect the country's overseas trade, overseas market, maritime navigation and other interests, at the same time, the national political will and diplomatic influence onto the world, and to influence the land situation and process. The right of the sea, for the people, is one that has been recognized since the Opium War, and has yet to be fully digested today, and in practice it urgently needs theoretical answers. The sea power concept, from general to special, trying to put forward with sea power concept system of Chinese semantic and China practice in the new century and on the establishment of its theoretical system, and the use of these concepts and theories answer the realistic problem of sea power practice of Chinese. China's maritime power is China's maritime power and influence, that is, the use, development, jurisdiction and control of the sea, effectively safeguarding the interests of the ocean and the interests of the whole country, in order to achieve the country's powerful capacity. Chinese Seapower contains fields and processes three interconnected by military and non military means to safeguard maritime rights and recover maritime rights and development of marine power, including the four important contents of building maintenance, development ocean channel of ocean land protection, marine economy and marine defense forces. Chinese sea power is mainly to solve the fundamental problems of three aspects: one is to solve the China modernization process in the allocation of resources in the global scope, the China can successfully use of world resources to accelerate Chinese industrialization and informatization; the two is to solve in the era of globalization in the direction of marine security system set up and perfect the problem the Chinese has to protect its global interests of global military defense; the three is to solve the problem of the transformation of China national development strategy in the future direction of the path selection and the national strategy, the Chinese from the traditional reliance on land resources, land power "," state change is mainly relying on the sea (external) resources and sea power "ocean" countries, so that China access to world power the best strategic track. In the domestic academic and theoretical circles, around the China sea power development also has a sharp confrontation: Chinese scholars call for the development of sea power, and the establishment of a powerful navy; some scholars from the geopolitical constraints, the comprehensive strength of supporting ability, conflict and hegemonic risks, to avoid entering the claim "misunderstanding" sea power, especially to avoid a repeat of the German British maritime hegemony history challenge and fail the historical tragedy. At home and abroad, there are various opinions about the development of China's sea power. From an international perspective, it reflects the strategic confusion of the international community, especially the United States, on how to judge the development of China's sea power and its influence; From the domestic point of view, it reflects the strategic bewilderment of China as a traditional land right country in the transition to the sea power country. Therefore, the scientific planning and arrangement of the development strategy of the sea power has indeed become an important topic in the process of China's peaceful rise. In the history of over 500 years of the rise and fall of the world sea power, the control and utilization of the ocean has been the goal pursued by the great powers of the world. However, the historical fate of the pursuit of sea power is quite different. Some countries have achieved national long-term prosperity through the development of sea power (British and American); some countries fail miserably and fortunes decline (France and Germany); and some of the country's sea power keeps the existence of long-term (British and American), others quickly completed the rise and fall of metamorphosis (Portugal and Spain Holland, the national sea); and the right to pursue the one hand to promote the rise of nations, but the excessive pursuit and buried the root of national decline (such as Russia - the Soviet Union). The right to pursue the same sea resulted in decline of Yunsheng long temporarily the root of a world of difference, is undoubtedly worthy of deep reflection. First, the historical impetus and supporting factors of the development of the sea power The ability of capital expansion and renewal is not only the fundamental motive force for the emergence and development of the sea power, but also the support factor for the long-term existence and development of the sea power. At the same time, technological and institutional innovation capability and industry leading capacity are also important supporting factors to determine the prosperity and decline of sea power. The rise of sea power in the world is the historical opportunity of late medieval geographical discovery, different countries face different choices of the ocean, especially in eastern and Western countries of different grasp the historic opportunities, lead to different fate of the country. The European countries have seized the historical opportunities and completed the rise of the country, while the eastern countries, especially those who created the historical miracle of Zheng He's voyages to the west, have brushed aside the historical opportunities of modern world power change. The American scholar Gustav Llanos a series of questions deeply that the Ming Dynasty and the west of the sea China different understanding and choice: "during the voyage (of these voyages), but why is definitely for some unknown reasons of non commercial aspects is carried out; why is not limited by the court eunuch organization and leadership; why is the return back to the imperial court for ornamental zebra, ostrich and giraffe, rather than into the domestic market, the profit production of commercial goods; why Chinese received the emperor's orders will completely and irrevocably stop." The history of the rise and fall of the sea power in the world shows that the ability to expand and renew the capital is not only the fundamental motive force for the emergence and development of the sea power, but also the support factor for the long-term existence and development of the sea power. Study the historical process of the development of Western sea power is not difficult to find that the line is: the history of the development of business ventures and plunder type colonial expansion (Portugal, Spain) - commercial capital expansion (Holland) industrial capital expansion (UK, USA). Among them, the colony and Navy constitute its important support, but the most fundamental historical impetus and its supporting factors are undoubtedly the ability of capital expansion. The world history also shows that technological and institutional innovation capability and industry leading capacity are also important supporting factors to determine the prosperity and decline of sea power. In history, maritime hegemony countries dominated the technological innovations of their respective times, Such as Portuguese schooners, Makato charts, Holland British battleship, U.S. naval aviation etc.. The world hegemony is not only the most powerful country in the world Navy, but also the leading country in the world's leading industries. Thus, the sea power countries should achieve world hegemony. They need not only a powerful navy, but also an innovative country in world science and technology, and must take the lead in the world economy. Therefore, for the present China, in particular, we should get rid of the simplistic thinking behind a series of complex social factors that emphasize the rise of the great powers without the support of the sea power, and ignore the sea power. Two, the geopolitical conditions of the development of the sea power The influence of geographical factors on the development of sea power fundamentally depends on the strategic handling and arrangement of the advantages and disadvantages of the geographical factors. Objectively speaking, the geopolitical conditions of the development of sea power mainly show whether the geographical position of a country and its related geographical environment factors are beneficial to the development of the sea power. As far as the development strategy of sea power is concerned, the influence of geographical factors on the development of sea power fundamentally depends on the strategic handling and arrangement of the advantages and disadvantages of the geographical factors by the state. This problem is relatively easy for Britain and other maritime countries, and for both marine and continental countries composite attributes such as France and Germany, Chinese is very difficult, the reason is that the national strategic composite state is always the dual attributes of system about geo environment. Mr. Shi Yinhong international experts in China believes that the problem facing Lu Hai is a complex country, dilemma strategic choice direction; second, both offshore and onshore vulnerability, overcome this weakness need high diplomatic strategy; third, the allocation of national resources, decentralized services in strategic objectives, development efforts must be in the two aspects of the land to maintain a certain balance; fourth, put forward higher requirements for strategic decisions on a country's Lu Hai composite. In history, the experience and lessons of the strategic choice of land and sea composite countries include the following aspects: first, how to deal with the balance of land and sea. Historically, Spain, France and Germany have left many lessons for failing to deal effectively with the problem. Second, how to do both the sea and the sea have priority. The sea power in both sea, which is not the average power, but at the same time taking into account, according to the threat of change, in a certain period of time or on land, or on the direction of the sea. However, in reality, how to grasp the opportunity and magnitude requires superb strategic intelligence. Third, how to prevent joint land and sea powers?. The history of all the coastal power are sea power alliance defeated, so to prevent coastal power should sea power alliance as an important strategic task. Fourth, maintain structural balance of the armed forces. The main threat to coastal power often oscillate between land and sea, so we must pay attention to keep the balance of the army and navy in times of peace, the establishment of a reasonable and a proportion of balanced forces. Navy construction cycle is long, lost, easy to recover, but should be placed in the long-term historical period to plan, step by step, gradually increase. But in reality, due to a series of subjective and objective conditions, the sea power strategy of the sea land composite countries is still affected and restricted by their geopolitical defects, And the deviation and error in the strategic choice, thereby affecting the national security and international status, the relationship between European countries in the history of composite fading and modern Chinese are and can not effectively deal with sea power and land rights are closely linked. Three, the limits of the development of the sea power: Russian and Soviet cases In the struggle for hundreds of years, the expansion of the sea power, of course, constitutes a factor in the rise of Russia and the Soviet Union. But in the long run, the excessive pursuit of the sea power constitutes one of the causes of the decline of Russia and the Soviet union. Since sixteenth Century, Russia has embarked on the road of full pursuit of maritime power along three directions, West, South and east. In the struggle for hundreds of years, the expansion of the sea power, of course, constitutes a factor in the rise of Russia and the Soviet Union. But in the long run, the excessive pursuit of the sea power constitutes one of the causes of the decline of Russia and the Soviet union. Russian sea power expansion of the west is west of the Baltic Sea, and into the Atlantic, this is the most successful part of the Russian maritime strategy, it directly contributed to the rise of russia. West to the expansion of the country's sea power is through the establishment of the St Petersburg, to avoid the sea power in Western Europe after the rise of subordination to the West's fate, and steal for the Baltic countries established the buffer zone against the West "". In the United States have Stavrianos opinion, this is one of the reasons to avoid even at Russia in the third world. Russian sea power expansion of the South South India ocean. Peter the great established the three expansion routes of Russia, the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf and the Arabia sea and the India ocean, which deeply influenced the Russian Soviet foreign strategy. This strategy and frustration due to the Anglo American sea powers of containment, except in the early years of harvest and Osman Turkey competed in the Black Sea, and later in Turkey, Iran and Arabia, three countries have suffered a heavy blow to the Afghan line. Russian sea power expansion of the East is East Pacific strategy. To a certain extent by Russian encroachment on Chinese territory and made to the Pacific Vladivostok and the sea, and as a base to establish the Pacific Fleet, become the main weight of Russian influence in the far east. But the East expansion is the first in the Russo Japanese war failed miserably, then defeated in the battle with the United States, but its too greedy desire, especially to seek through the establishment of a joint naval fleet control Chinese unreasonable demands, direct deterioration of the Sino Soviet relations. From the Russian sea power expansion work, the three directions of the maritime expansion, in addition to South goal was not achieved, in the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the sea of Japan, Russia has opened a corridor to the sea, so that the defects in the hinterland of Eurasia geopolitical can change, perhaps this is Russia in modern power occupies one of the most important reasons for a seat. However, the excessive expansion of sea power development in Russia also had a negative impact and important role, even buried the decline of the history of hidden dangers: first, restricted by the landlocked geopolitical structure and greedy sea power ambitions, a heavy burden on the back of the Russian land development right and the sea power, powerless, embarrassing burden. Second, due to multiple maritime expansion, the Russian strategic enemies struggling with too much, Its economic and military development, especially its comprehensive national strength, is hard to sustain. Third, located in Eurasia inland Russia, to conquer and several land rights across countries and regions will be extended to the sea to their own forces in many areas, which will continue into the alien Empire, caused by the geopolitical structure of the complex. Russian expansionism has formed a paradox: the expansion of the purpose is to secure, but the result of the expansion has added a new safety factor -- a new increase in ethnic and regional groups and new permeable border increased. Four, the relationship between the emerging sea power and the existing maritime hegemony In the world of sea power and bust in the history of sea power constitute the strategic demands of many countries, but the ups and downs the outcome is the key depends on be quite different, strategic emerging countries, which challenge the existing hegemonic system, or into the international system and by hand flexible to achieve peaceful rise. In the world of sea power and bust in the history of sea power constitute the strategic demands of many countries, but the outcome of ups and downs but be quite different, an important reason is that the new sea power deal with both marine hegemony relationship mode. In world affairs, the relative power of leading the country never is not immutable and frozen, the growth rate of all countries is unbalanced, and the breakthrough of technology and organization, can make a country has more advantages than the other countries, and the international power structure, order and behavior have a significant impact. This process is what people call the rise of great powers. In history, the rise of great powers is often accompanied by turbulence and war in the international system. The western theories about the rise of the great powers that caused international conflicts, first of all, the rise of national expansion of nature, "the rise of nations" is the current international system will play a "national challenge" role, the reason is dissatisfaction with the existing international order. Secondly, "the rising powers challenge the existing hegemony", resulting in the turbulence of the international system. Third, the emerging powers challenge the hegemony of the leaders and lead to a global war, which is characterized by periodicity. Fourth, it is easier for mainland hegemony to challenge the role of maritime hegemony in the pursuit of world hegemony, including maritime rights. Here we need to think and question the main two questions: First, whether the emerging land rights countries are more prone to play the role of both the challenger and the sea hegemony. On the history, the United States and the Soviet Union against the French, German, Russian and English conflict conflict in Asia and even for the cold war has characteristics of land and sea power to fight, but this does not mean that only the land power constitute the hegemony of the challenger, in fact in the early modern times between Spain and Portugal, Holland and Portugal, Britain and Holland for the world to compete for hegemony, Japan in twentieth Century in the conflict in East Asia and the Anglo American are between the country's sea power, sea power can also act as hegemony challenger role. Therefore, in the role of the world hegemony challenger, there is no fixed land power as the Challenger iron law of history. Second, whether the emerging sea power countries have peaceful rise, thus avoiding the possibility of conflict with the existing hegemony. Although Germany's pursuit of the sea power has indeed caused a worldwide conflict, However, the rise of the American sea power did not appear as a challenger in general, but through the overall, step-by-step diplomatic strategy. It can basically be positioned in the peaceful rise. Therefore, the rise of sea power in emerging countries is not only a historical path of violence. Germany and the United States as a result of different emerging countries in dealing with the relations between the traditional marine hegemony is the one that does not have an emerging sea power and the existing marine hegemony history of conflicts, the key depends on the strategic choice of the emerging countries, challenging the hegemony system, or integrated into the international system and through flexible means to achieve peaceful rise. In order to safeguard international security and national security interests, Chinese warships went to Somali waters to escort past ships. From this event, we had to re talk about Mahan's theory of maritime rights. With the rapid growth of China's economic strength and the promotion of international status, China's maritime rights and interests are becoming increasingly prominent. The Chinese naval escort in the Gulf of Aden indicates that it is incumbent upon China to safeguard national economic interests and safeguard maritime security. The theory of sea power has been attached importance to again, and the consciousness of China's sea power has been further strengthened. It has its own unique characteristics of the theory of sea power. After understanding the characteristics of China's sea power, the development of China's maritime power consciousness will be developed. The Chinese Navy went to the Gulf of Aden to escort 3rd anniversary: throw away the swimming ring". When the warship reaches the ocean, does it mean that the Chinese navy is heading for the ocean? The answer was No. A navy that goes to Navy Blue needs a soul to go to dark blue". More importantly, through 3 years of escort practice, China has found a "China style" approach and guidelines for international affairs. In the Gulf of Aden, Chinese Navy through opening the escort concept, multilateral and various activities of foreign affairs and the United Nations, action and a number of international organizations, improve the efficiency of escort, shows the Chinese contribution to world peace and security and honest belief. Why is it that a country has a complete right to the sea? Because you need to have a complete sea power, is bound to have a powerful navy, the navy is a high-tech units, is the embodiment of the comprehensive strength of the country, and the world is committed to the development of national rejuvenation and powerful countries all pay attention to the sea power. For example, in 2007, the United States issued the strategy of maritime power cooperation in twenty-first Century, and on the title page of the report, it said "protection of the sea power, the survival of the United States"." Russia proposes that "countries without naval power are unlikely to occupy power for a long time."." India: "without the power of the sea, there will be no strong India."." And Japan To develop the Navy, the Maritime Self Defense Force has become one of the most powerful maritime forces in Asia, the Japanese Navy is at the forefront of the world. With the exhaustion of the land resources, marine resources in human development will play a more important role, and the detection results show that world oil reserves of 10000 tons, about 3000 tons mined, including marine reserves of 1300 tons, 14 billion cubic meters of natural gas. In addition, the ocean also contains a large number of metal resources. At the same time, the biological resources, water resources and tidal energy in the ocean will become more and more important in the development of society. Shanghai ocean is an important guarantee for economic and China to achieve sustainable economic and social development, ocean international trade provides a bridge and link of maritime transport, transport capacity, low cost, high reliability, has become an increasingly important means of communication between countries Ancient Rome philosopher Cicero said: who controls the sea, who would control the world, and has a complete sea power means having no security advantages unmatched, such as the Japanese did not defend the country in depth, vigorously develop the navy to ensure the strategic depth of our country, to land and from aggression to. Nowadays, the important role of the ocean for national security is becoming more and more prominent. From the current distribution of the world coastal state political economic and cultural center of science and technology, the big city has about 3/4 in the world, 70% of the industrial capital and population are concentrated in less than 200 kilometers from the coast area. The security and stability of these areas are directly related to the fundamental interests of the state. For a while, pay no attention to the ocean without a strong navy and stable coastal or ocean marine littoral countries, not only plays the role of barrier, and often become the sea. From the perspective of national security interests, the maritime defense capability is actually part of the national strategic defense. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the national defense stability and ensure the security of the national strategic rear by more possession of the ocean to expand the defense depth of the country.