英汉对比与翻译
Unit 1 The Characteristics of the Two Languages
Unit 2 The Comparative Study in Word Order
The old professor in spectacles is the head of the English Department.
戴眼镜的那个老教授时英语系的主任。
Shanghai is one of the biggest industrial bases in our country.
That was a well-equipped machine-building plant built in London in 1977.
Thousands of red, beautiful roses that blossom almost at the same make the park the great resort of people in
spring.
差不多同时开放的几千朵美丽红玫瑰，在春季里吸引了许多人常来公园来。
A new English-Chinese phrases dictionary that I brought here yesterday and placed on the shelf is very useful
for translation.
我昨天带来放在书架上的一本新的英汉成语辞典，对于翻译很有用处。 We study English hard in the classroom every day.
我们天天在教室里认真学习英语。
She reads aloud in the open every morning.
她每天早晨在室外高声朗读。
They discussed the plan animatedly in the classroom yesterday afternoon.
他们昨天下午在教室里热烈地讨论这计划。
The new students were working at the physics laboratory from 8 to 12 this morning.
今天上午八点到十二点新同学去物理实验室工作。 China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite in April 1970.
中国于1970年4月成功地发射了第一颗人造卫星。 The land is the landlaord‘s,
The trader‘s is the sea,
The ore the usurer‘s coffer fills,
But what remains for me?
Oft I had heard of Lucy Gray.
And, when I crossed the wild,
I chanced to see at break of day
The solitary child.
陆地是地主的
海洋是商人的
高利贷者库中充满金银
还有什么是我的？
噢！常听到露茜格莱
一次越过野外
Unit 3.The Comparative Study in Lexicology
brave含有坚定刚毅的意思；bold有勇猛，甚至肆无忌惮之意；courageous是指坚强不屈的性格；valorous
一般用来描述事迹或技艺；valiant，则是对人而言，如valiant defenders of Stalingrad.表示―生气‖或―发怒‖，
有下面一些意义相同或接近的词：irate, angry, indignant, wrathful, enraged, infuriated, incensed等。但它们
各自涵义也不同。Angry表示一般生气；irate表示怒形于色；indignant表示义愤；wrathful表示盛怒；enraged
表示狂怒；infuriated表示因忿恨而愤怒之意；incensed则有激怒之意。
表示―切‖或―割‖这一动作的动词，有：cut, chop, slice, mince, hack, hew, pare, slash, whittle, prune, truncate, incise, excise; chisel等等。
表示―走‖或―步行‖这种动作的各种表现，就有下面一些词：walk, go, stroll, saunter, trudge, plod, toddle,
stride, march, trot, strut, stalk, shuffle, wobble, amble等。 The two buildings are very like.
这两座楼很相像。（形容词）
Don‘t treat me like a guest.
别把我当客人。（介词）
Like enough, the ship will arrive in the port tomorrow.
这条船很可能明天进港。
Like knows like.
英雄识英雄。 （名词）
（汉语有些词涵义较英语宽，如：
山 hill, mountain
借 lend, borrow
拿 take, bring, fetch
叫 cry, shout, call
笑 smile, laugh
羊 sheep, goat
鼠 mouse, rat
英语中有些词涵义比汉语宽，如：
wear 穿、戴
river 江、河
marriage 娶、嫁
net 网、帐子
gun 枪、炮
brother 兄弟、同胞、同业、社友、会友 brother-in-law 姻兄、姻弟、内兄、内弟、姊夫、妹夫、大伯、小叔
uncle 伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父、姨父 sister 姊、妹、姑、姨、嫂
aunt 伯母、大妈、婶娘、叔母、姨母、姑母、舅母、姑妈、阿姨
walking - tractor--由驾驶者扶着走
手扶拖拉机--用手扶
Close the door behind you.--着眼点在人所处的位置 随手关门--着眼于手
Chair days--以老年人总是坐着来象征 暮年--以天色的早晚来比喻
lie on one‘s back; lie on one‘s stomach--以身体的前后为准
仰卧；伏卧--以脸的方向为准
下面再举一些联想不同的例子：
laugh off your head 笑掉了牙 as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 to drink like a fish 牛饮 as strong as a horse 气壮如牛 at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上蚂蚁 a sea of faces 人山人海 goose pimples 鸡皮疙瘩 ３.习俗不同，文化背景不同.
to wear one's Sunday best
穿上最好的衣服
as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗 fool‘s paradise 黄粱美梦 Like priest, like people 师高弟子强 To know the ropes 内行，懂其秘诀 To sail one‘s own boat 独立行动 ４.词的涵义与搭配的不同.用名词作定语修饰词，反映了当代英语简约的总趋势，但这类搭配译成汉语时，
要作必要的调整，特别是常常需要补入汉语动词的概念。如：
parent ticket 发给家长的入场券 shoe habit 穿鞋的习惯
wheat farmers 种小麦的农民 street sense 在街上辨方向的能力 life work 为之奋斗了一生的工作 smog fighters 清除烟尘的工作人员 community gossips 在邻里间流传的风言风语 age group 按年龄划分的人群 sip 一点一点地喝（啜） ５.词的前后排列顺序不同.
前后 back and forth
左右 right and left
新书 old and new
水陆 land and water
贫富 rich and poor
田径 track and field
迟早 sooner or later
同一的 one and the same
唯一的 one and only
不论晴雨 rain or shine
东西南北 North, South, East and West
衣食住 food, clothing and housing
Things like air, water or metals are matter.
像空气、水或金属之类的东西都是物质。 The two buildings are very like.
这两座楼很像。
It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like.
正是原子构成了铁、水和氧等等。
We should like to know all the details.
我们想知道一切详情。
Power can be transmitted over a long distance.
电力可以输送到很远的地方。
Energy is the power to do work.
能是做工的能力。
Friction causes a loss of power in every machine.
摩擦能引起每台机器的功率损耗。 The fourth power of three is eighty-one.
三的四次方是81。
This is a 20 power binocular microscope.
这是一加20倍的双筒显微镜。
soft music 轻音乐 soft drink 软饮料 soft money 纸币 soft fire 文火 soft heart 软心肠 soft head 无主见者 soft water 软水 soft goods 纺织品 soft soaper 奉承者 soft ware 软件 名词 单数形式 复数形式 facility 方便、条件 设备、装置、机构 main 主线、干线 电源 mean 项、平均值 手段、方法、工具 charge 电荷、负荷 费用 time 时间 时代、倍数 The soldiers were walking in step.
战士们步伐整齐地行进。
The engineers solved the problem in steps.
工程师们逐步地解决了那个问
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。 There was a very heavy rain last night.
昨晚下了一场大雨。
We usually have very heavy rains in the months of June and July.
六七月份通常是雨季。‖。
They are the members of the Department.
则可译为：―他们是该系的全体成员‖。 Out of question―毫无疑问‖，out of the question―不可能的‖。
She is dressed in pink.
她穿着粉红色的衣服。
She seems to be in the pink.
她看起来身体非常健康。
My watch is behind time.
我的表走慢了。
My watch is behind the time.
我的表过时了。
That style of dress comes into fashion.
那种衣服的式样流行。
He can speak and write English in a fashion.
他多少会说点、写点英语，但不太好。 I don‘t really know.
我不太清楚。
I really don‘t know.
我确实不知。
I don‘t know whether she is not there. 我觉得她大概会在那儿。
I don‘t know whether she is there or not. 我不知道她是否在那里。
Mr. Wilson loves Miss Alice as deeply as I.
威尔逊先生像我一样深深地爱着艾丽丝小姐。 Mr. Wilson loves Miss Alice as deeply as me.
威尔逊先生向爱我一样，深深地爱着艾丽丝小姐。 Ask her when Miss Rona comes back.
罗娜小姐回来时，请你问问她。
Ask her when Miss Rona will come back.
请你问她一下罗娜小姐何时回来。 ball-point pen―圆珠笔‖ Empty space ―真空‖ North and south east and west ―东南西北‖
Rain or shine ―不论晴雨‖
Light-coloured things reflect more light than dark-coloured things.
浅色的物体所反射的光比深色的物体多。 The storage time is made small.
存贮期变得很短。
Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design.
显然，设计还大有改进的余地。
We see that surface is covered with tiny ―hills and valleys.‖
我们看到，该表面布满了微小的凹凸不平之处。 Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an
electric current.
半导体是一种材料，其通过电流的能力介于绝缘体和导体之间。
The engine sounds good.
那台机器听起来很正常。
Very often a machine is made in different pieces.
一台机器通常由不同的零件组成。 Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow.
今天是昨天和明天之间的桥梁。
The major problem in manufacture is the control of contamination and foreign materials.
制造时的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。 句子引申的例子：
He is prepared to put his hand into her pocket.
他准备解囊捐钱给她。
The police imposed a fine on the driver.
警察给那司机处以罚金。
The wood works easily.
这木材容易加工。
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.
帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾 Pride comes before fall. 骄必败。
In the capitalist society money is the king.
在资本主义社会，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。 Every life has its roses and thorns.
每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
Without tools man is nothing, with tools, he is all.
译文：没有工具，男人什么都不是；有了工具，他是所有。
没有工具，人无法工作，而无所收获；人有了工具，他就可以干活，因而他就拥有了一切。
没有工具，人一事无成；有了工具，人就无所不能。
上面三种译文，哪一种恰到好处？ Unit 4. The Comparative Study in Words and Expressions
Letters:文学 papers:文件 greens:青菜 looks:面貌 Goods: 货物 spirits:酒精
E.有些名词的复数，表示不同种类的意思。 Teas:各种茶 steels:各种钢 fruits:各种水果grasses:各种草 foods:各种食物
metals:各种金属、
我忘了带钥匙。
I forgot my key.
我倒了一杯茶给他喝。
I offered him a cup of tea.
The mountain is high and the moon is small.
花红柳绿。
Flowers are red and willows are green.
物价稳定，市场繁荣。
Prices are stable and the market is flourishing.
今天星期日。
It is Sunday today.
明天晴天。
It will be a fine day tomorrow.
乱蓬蓬的胡子：unkempt(scraggly)beard
亮堂堂的：brightly lit
绿油油的：rich green:glistening green
冷冰冰的：ice cold
社会上各种人物的嘴脸，被区别得清清楚楚。
People of sorts in our society have been clearly revealed for what they are.
老老实实，勤勤恳恳
Be honest and industrious.
我们应当扎扎实实地把这个问题解决好。 We must work in a down-to-earth way.
A golden age； a gold watch
黄金时代；金表
A wooden face; a wood floor
呆板的脸； 木制地板
A charming girl; a charmed girl
迷人的姑娘；着了魔的姑娘
He has a few friends.
He has few friends.
I have time enough.
I have enough time.
He is sure that he will succeed.
He is sure to succeed.
The man responsible.
The responsible man.
He has greater interest in novels than in poetry.
他对小说的兴趣比对诗的兴趣大。 The climate of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.
北京气候比上海冷。
We had much snow last year.
去年下了许多雪。
You cannot eat your cake and have it.
不能吃了饼有想留着。 They say he is a genius.
听说他是一位天才。
We should do our best.
凡事应当尽力而为。
You never can tell.
很难说啦
He‘s a shark, they say.
听说他是个骗子。
Peter and I are studying in the same school.
我和彼得在同一学校读书。 This book is yours.
这本书是你的
Hand in your exercises, please.
请把练习交出来
Don‘t put your hands in your pocket. 别把手搁在口袋里。
He looked me in the face.
He took me by the arm.
I had a cold in the head.
Be careful !You will hurt yourself.
小心，你会伤着自己。 She is too young to look after herself.
她年纪很小，不能照管自己。 He himself was a doctor.
他本人就是一个大夫。 The motion itself is a contradiction.
这动机本身就是个矛盾。 If you want to know the taste of a pear, you must try the pear by eating it yourself.
你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得尝尝梨子，亲口吃一吃。
I wash myself.
我洗脸洗手。
They hide themselves.
他们躲藏起来了。
Little Albert is only four, but he can feed himself, wash himself and dress himself.
小阿伯特只有四岁，却可以自己吃饭，洗漱，穿衣。
The man whom we met yesterday in the street is a teacher.
我们昨天在街上遇见的那个人是一位教员。
A man who doesn‘t try to learn from others can‘t hope to achieve much.
一个不向别人学习的人，不能指望有多少成就。
This note was left by Anna, who was here a moment ago.
这张条子是安娜留的，她刚才倒这儿来过。
There are many people who want to see the film.
许多人要看这部电影。
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国家的某些标志。
The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.
大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。（表示原因）
There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
这
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富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魅力，所以他们都很喜欢。（表示结果）
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。（表让步）
He wishes to write an article that attacts public attention to the matter.
他想写一篇文章，以便能引起公众对这件事的注意。（表示目的）
Those who are in favour please hold up their hands.
如果赞成，请举手。（表示条件） by train乘火车 off shore离岸 in the rain淋着雨
against the proposal 反对这项提议 around the center围绕中心
toward the south 朝南
before everything 居于首位
across the grass横穿草地
beyond my ability 超出我的能力 through the ages古往今来
on the wrong track 走错了路 with a smile 笑一笑
without a handle 缺了一个把手 I help him and he helps me.
我帮助他，他帮助我。
Study hard and make progress every day.
努力学习，天天向上。
Buy and sell books.
买书卖书。
I won‘t go if you are not going. 你不去，我也不去。
Whenever he is free, he will come and see me.
他一有空就来看我。
留得青山在，不怕没材烧。 As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.
饮水思源。
When one drinks water, one must not forget where it comes from.
任重道远。
The task entrusted to you is heavy and your road ahead is a long one.
只要请求他，一切都没有问题。 Ask him, and everything will be all right.
他那么年轻，就知道那么多。
So young, and he knows so much.
他收到这封信马上就动身了。 He started as soon as he received the letter.
Oh! So you are here!
啊，你原来在这儿！
Oh! It is too late already!
唉，已经太晚了！
O, John, what are you doing over there?
嗳，约翰，你在那儿干吗呀？ Oh,boy, that‘s something!
哇！还真不错！
2.Ah,表示惊奇、恐惧、高兴、痛苦、恳求、松一口气等。
Ah, that‘s right.
嗯，这样就对了。
Ah! So you are back now.
啊！你回来了。
Ah! Mary, why are you so impatient today!
嗳，玛丽，你今天怎么这样不耐烦。
3.Well 表示惊奇、满意等 Well, here we are at last.
好了，终于到了！
Well, who would have thought it?
嗨，谁会想得到呀！
Well, well, how can that be?
呀呀，咱们会有这样的事？ 4.dear me 表示惊讶等
Oh dear!Why should you be so stubborn!
天哪！你怎么这样固执。 Dear me! I don‘t know you were so sharp-tongued.
嗨，我不知道你嘴这么厉害。 5.why 表示惊奇和换口气等。 ―How should we answer this question?‖
―Why,that‘s simple enough……‖ ―这问题怎么回答？‖ ―嗨，这简单…‖
走兽的叫声：
1、狮子（lion） roar, howl;
2、老虎（tiger） roar, howl;
3、豹子（panther） howl
4、大象（elephant） trumpet;
5、豺（jackal） howl
6 、狼（wolf） howl
7、狗（dog） bark,yap,yelp,bay,howl,growl,snarl,whine
8、狐（fox） bark,
9、猫（cat） mew,miaow,miau,meow,
10、鼠（mouse） squeak,cheep,peep "
11、猪（pig） grunt, whick, aqueak
12、野猪（swine） grunt 13、公猪（boar） girn 14、熊（bear） bruzz, growl
15、无尾猿（ape） gibber,gueriet 16、猴（monkey） screech, gibber, chatter, snutter, jabber, howl 17、骆驼（camel） nuzz, grunt 18、鹿（deer） call, bell, bellow
19、牛（cattle） cow,bleat
20、公牛（bull） bellow,low 21、母牛（cow） low
22、小牛（calf）： bleat 23、水牛（buffalo） boo 24、羊（sheep,goat） baa, bleat 25、马（horse） neigh,whinny,nicker 26、驴（ass,donkey） bray, hee-haw 27、兔子（rabbit） mumble 虫子的叫声：
1、青蛙（frog） croak
2、蟾蜍（toad） shriek
3、蛇（snake, serpent） 4、蜜蜂（bee） buzz,hum,bumble,drone
5、黄蜂（wasp） hum
6、蟋蟀（cricket） chirp(chirup) 7、甲虫（beetle） drone,boom 8、蚱蜢（grsshopper） chirp 9、蚊子（mosquito） hum,buzz,drone 10、苍蝇（fly） hum,buzz,drone
飞禽的叫声：
1、公鸡（cock） crow
2、母鸡（hen） cackle,cluck
3、小鸡（chicken） cheep 4、火鸡（turkey） gobble 5、鸭（duck） quack
6、鹅（goose） cackle,hiss,creak,gaggle 7、鸽子（dove,pigeon） coo, crood, croud, croodle, 8、鹌鹑（quail） curkle
9、鸠（stock-dove） murmur 10、斑鸠（turtle-dove） wail 11、天鹅（swan） chant,cry 12、乌鸦（crow,raven） caw,croak 13、白嘴鸦（rook） caw 14、鹧鸪（partrige） call 15、鹦鹉（parrot） prat,squawk 16、孔雀（peacock） tantle,scream
17、云雀（lark） sing
18、红雀（linnet） chirp
19、喜鹊（magpie） chatter,clatter
20、麻雀（sparrow） chirp
21、夜莺（nightingale） warble, pip, jug, jug-jug 22、画眉（mavis） guaver
23、布谷（cuckoo） cuckoo
24、鹤（stork） coniat
25、白鹤（crane） whoop Z0ad
26、燕（swallow） chirp,twitter
27、海鸥（gull）： mew
28、鹰（eagle） scream
各类物体的响声:
1、金属磕碰声 当啷 clank,clang
2、形容金属的响声 当当 rattle
3、金属、瓷器连续撞击声 丁零当啷 jingle,jangle,cling-clang
4、鼓声、敲门声 咚咚 rub-a dub,rat-tat,rat-a-tat 5、脆响的（关门）声 吧嗒 clik 6、敲打木头声 梆梆 rat-tat，rat-at 7、重物落下声 咕咚 thud,splash,plump
8、东西倾倒声 哗啦 crash,clank
9、风吹动树枝叶声 飒飒 sough,rustle 10、树枝等折断声 嘎巴 crack,snap
11、不大的寒风声 瑟瑟 rustle
12、踩沙子、飞沙击物或风吹草木 沙沙、飒飒 rustle
13、飞机螺旋桨转动 呼呼 whirr 14、雨点敲击房顶 噼里啪啦 patter 15、水流动声 拔拉 splash,gurgle
16、物体受压 嘎吱 creak 喀嚓 crack.snap 17、溪水、泉水流动声 潺潺 murmur,babble,purl 18、液体、沸腾、水流涌出或大口喝水声 咕嘟 babble,gurgle
19、重物落地声 扑通 flop,thump,splash,pit-a-pat
20、笑声、水、气挤出声 扑哧 titter, snigger, fizz 21、雷声、爆炸声、机器声 隆隆 hum,rumble,roll 22、汽笛或喇叭声 呜呜 toot,hoot,zoom
23、油在锅里 滋滋 sizzle
24、鞭炮爆炸声 噼啪 pop
25、脚踏楼板声 登登 clump
1.Crack! The stick broke in two.
喀嚓！棒子断为两截。
2.Only the venliator in the cellar window kept up a cealess rattle.
只有地下室窗户上的鼓风机发出无休无止的呼呼声。
3.Round the corner of Croscent Bay, between the pile-up masses of broken rock, a flock of sheep came
pattering.
沿着新月海湾的地方，从一堆堆破碎的岩石堆中，一群羊叭嗒叭嗒地跑了过来。
1.The cock in the yard crowed its first round.
院子里的雄鸡已经叫头遍了。 2.He felt as if he must shout and sing, he seemed to hear about him the rustle of unceasing and inmumberable
wings.
他感到简直要大喊大唱，耳际仿佛传来无数翅膀的拍击声。
3.They splashed through the mire to the village.
他们一路踏着泥水向村子去。 ? 1.The logs were burning briskly in the fire.
木柴在火中哔哔剥剥烧的正旺。 2.―Impartinent!‖ snorted Imalds. 伊梅尔达鼻子哼了声―没家教！‖ 3.Then a dog began to howl somewhere ina a farm house far down the road--a long, agonized wailing, as if
from fear.
接着，路尽头一所农舍附近响起狗的汪汪声，那是一声长长的哀鸣，似乎是因恐惧而发出的惊恐之声。
Unit 5 Translation and Equivalence
the U.S. State Department
computational linguistics
the Pacific Ocean
4. tuberculosis 5. helicopter
6. minibus
7. marriage 8. laser
9. as busy as a bee
10. It‘s no use talking to him, for your word will go in one
ear and out the other.
(美国***)
(计算机语言学)
(太平洋)
(肺结核)
(直升飞机)
(小公共汽车)
(结婚)
(激光)
(忙如蜜蜂)
跟他讲没有用，他总是一耳进，一耳出。拉门
拉断
拉开抽屉
拉开开关
他拉了拉我的袖子。
pull the door
pull apart
pull open the drawer
pull switch
He pulled my sleeve.
For examples:
I. Word equivalence
pull a tooth
pull in pull around
pull together
pull off a plan
拉拉手
拉拉队
拉肚子
拉选票
拉倒
拔牙
（车）进站
恢复健康
齐心协力
努力实现计划
shake hands
cheering squad
diarrhea
canvass
forget about it
wife:妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，内人 potato:马铃薯，洋芋，土豆，山药蛋
人:human being, man, people, person
die:死了，走了; 没了; 去了; 完蛋了，驾崩了; 圆祭了; 仙逝；
归天；命赴黄泉
Examples:
cousin:堂兄，堂弟，堂姐，堂妹，表兄，表弟，表姐，表妹 president:总统，总裁，主席， 董事长，议长，会长，社长，校长
carry:搬，运，提，拎，挑，担，抬，背，扛， 搂， 抱， 端，举
Unit 6 Translation Methods
1. delicate skin
2. delicate porcelain
3. delicate living
4. delicate health
5. delicate stomach
6. delicate vase
7. delicate diplomatic question
8. delicate difference
9. delicate surgical operation
10. delicate sense of smell
11. delicate touch
12. delicate food
娇嫩的皮肤 精致的瓷器 奢侈的生活 虚弱的身体 容易吃坏的胃 易碎的花瓶 微妙的外交关系
细微的差别 难做的外科手术
灵敏的嗅觉 生花妙笔 美味食品 C) Functional equivalent:
1. A little flattery would set him carried away.
2. You can never be too careful in answering an English paper.
3. Sumptuous banquets, financed by state money, have long been a bane on Chinese society.
4. The raising of twenty-five thousand pounds was a task altogether beyond her powers.
5. The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.
6. Money can make a mare go.
7. 他非常讨厌多愁善感无病呻吟。
8. Do you see any green in my eyes?
他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。
答英语卷越认真越好。 公费吃喝是群众反映强烈的不良之风之一。
要筹集2万5千英磅她完全无力办得到。
不屑于干自己工作的人终有一天会发现自己不配干那份工作。
有钱能使鬼推磨。 He has a strong dislike for the sentimental.
你认为我幼稚可欺吗? crocodile‘s tears armed to the teeth
chain reaction
gentlemen‘s agreement
纸老虎
一国两制
For examples:
鳄鱼的眼泪
武装到牙齿
连锁反应
君子协定
paper tiger
one country, two systems
a. Total equivalents :
Situations Suitable for Literal Translation
1. to keep the room clean and tidy
2. to enrich cultural life
3. under such circumstances
4. to fish in troubled water
5. to add fuel to the fire
6. to break the record
7. a gentleman‘s agreement
8. Blood is thicker than water.
9. People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes.
保持房间清洁
丰富文化生活
在这种情况下
浑水摸鱼
火上浇油
打破纪录
君子协定
血浓于水
人们笑贫不笑娼
b. Though the expressions in two languages are different, we can find the equivalents in the tone of the both
languages.
Situations Suitable for Literal Translation
Partly as a result of the recently increasing demand, wholesale tea prices have almost doubled.
2. I read this letter with both surprise and excitement, surprise because he is still around, excitement because he
didn‘t even forget me.
部分由于日益增长的需求， 批发茶价几乎翻了一翻。
我读到他的信时即惊又喜， 惊的是他还健在， 喜的是他一直没有忘记我。
Free translation does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.
When there exist dissimilarities or great differences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary,
in grammatical structure and artistic devices, free translation should be employed.
Translation Method
----Free Translation
What is free translation?
1) Adam‘s apple
2) at sixes and sevens
3) It rains cats and dogs (elephants and whales).
4) Don‘t cross the bridge till you get to it.
5) Do you see any green in my eye?
6) a nuclear family
7) It was an old and ragged moon.
8) Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
9) He is being a good boy now.
10) They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them.
Free Translation
For examples:
喉结
乱七八糟
大雨滂沱
不必担心过早。
你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗? 小家庭
这是一弯下弦残月。
昨夜我听见他酣声如雷。 他现在正乖着呢。
他们拼命奔逃，连吃奶的力气都用上了。
11) Justice has long arms.
12) Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence.
13) The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.
14) Will a duck swim?
15) And the shell burst into a million new copies.
16) She knew I knew and she knew if she got funny I‘d either ruin the romance or make her marry him, so she was very friendly.
Free Translation
天网恢恢，疏而不漏。（罪犯难逃法网。）
他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么， 都没有顾及到什么谨慎不谨慎的问题。
关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
炮弹炸成了无数碎片。
当然了， 那还用说吗？
她知道我知道她和他的事，她也明白她要是跟我过不去，破坏或成全他们全在我的一念之间。所以 她对
我很客气。
I talked to him with brutal frankness.
（1）我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。（逐词翻译）
（2）我同他谈话时，使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。（直译） （3）我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。（意译） 2. His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night.
（1）他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。（逐词翻译） （2）他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。（直译） （3）面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。（意译） As we topped the hill, the clouds lifted and the harbour looked most beautiful in its semicircle of hills and
half-lights. The colour of a pale pearl grey and of a fairy texture. Quite indescribable and unpaintable, the air
crisp and fresh. This Arctic scenery has a beauty which is the exact antithesis of the Christmas card of tradition.
Soft, melting half-tones. Nothing brittle or garish.
当我们上到山顶时，云升上去了，海港在半圆形的小山中和半明半暗中，看起来最美。苍白珍珠灰的颜
色和仙境般的特征，是非常难以形容和描绘的。空气是清新和爽快的。北极地区的风景有一种美丽，那
与传统圣诞节卡片适成对照。它们柔和而动人得象照相铜版，没有什么易碎的或太花哨的东西。
我们到了山顶，云消雾散，只见海港在围成半圆形的小山丛中，朦朦胧胧，煞是好看。这一带充满着珍
珠似的银灰色，宛如仙境，无法形容，也无法描绘。空气清新宜人。这北极地区景色之美，同传统的圣
诞节卡片适成对照，它浓淡交融，光影柔和，清雅绝俗。 Literal Translation or Free Translation?
When I had satisfied the first sharpness of hunger, I could eat no more.
[意译]在最初的强烈饥饿感满足以后，我就再也吃不下去了。 Thus, I imagine, must the pious feel cleansed on leaving the confessional after the solemnity of absolution.
[意译]我想，虔诚的信徒在参加庄严的忏悔仪式之后离开忏悔室时，一定也是这样感到自己圣洁了。
Free Translation
The great scientists are often men of supernormal vitality which enables them to retain a freshness of outlook
and enterprise even into their old age.
[意译]伟大的科学家往往具有超人的活力，因此，即令到了晚年，他们还保有新颖的观点和朝气蓬勃的
事业心。
Watch out for Harlow, he‘s full of mickey mouse ideas. [字面意义]要小心哈洛，他满脑子都是米老鼠的想法。 [意译]要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子歪门邪道。（下流、不高明的看法） Literal Translation or Free Translation?
Her father was very fond of Ton, but would not hear of any engagement.
[直译]她的父亲很喜欢汤姆，但不愿意听到任何订婚的事。 [意译]她的父亲很喜欢汤姆，但一提到订婚的事他就不干。 A good teacher should have his head in the clouds sometimes, but his feet always on the ground.
[字面意义]一个好老师的头有时要放在云层中，但他的脚应该永远站在地上。
[意译]好老师有时应该富于幻想，但时时刻刻必须从实际出发。 直译vs意译
Don‘t take the low-fat label as a license to eat.
不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。
别把标有―低脂肪‖的标签看成是可―敞开食用‖的许可证。
Exercises
I. Put the following into Chinese or vice verse, paying attention to the underlined part.
1. They asked long lists of questions, numerically arranged, about the climate, products, laws, business
chances, and statistics of the country in which the consul had the honor of representing his government.
2. One day he tried to sneak across the heavily guarded Swiss border to offer his services as a spy to the
British. He was captured by the Germans, but he talked his way out.
他们一、二、三、四地列了一个很长的问题表， 向那位领 事问了一连串的问题， 诸如领事派驻国的气候、物产、法 律、贸易机会以及种种的统计资料。
一天,当他试图偷偷地溜过重兵把守的瑞士边境, 作为一名 谍报人员为英国提供情报时, 被德国人捉住了。但他凭 三寸不烂之舌终于脱了险。
3. Many retirees are couch potatoes who like popping cold beers and relaxing in front of their $2500 wide
screen high definition television set.
4. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦功不行. 5. 会议开得冷冷清清, 有时甚至开不下去了。 Exercises
许多退休者喜欢窝在沙发里长时间地看电视, 一边手拿冰镇 啤酒, 一边轻松地观赏价值 2500美元的大屏幕\高清晰度电 视里的节目。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
The meetings were marked by such absence of lively discussions
that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up.
1. I prefer driving to being driven.
2. Our hopes and plans are scattered to the four winds.
3. This is an ―egg-and-hen‖ question.
4. Companies with a big staff in Beijing find themselves squeezed.
5. Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade.
Exercises
我喜欢开车， 不喜欢坐车。
我们的希望和计划全落空了。
这是一个长期争论不休的问题。
北京的一些员工队伍庞大的公司颇感处境艰难。 失业人数总是居高不下，已经十多个年头了。
熟悉多种文化背景, 能操两种语言的管理人员在发展中的亚洲十分抢手。
有些厕所似乎仍是这次卫生打扫除的死角。
美国不再是从经济角度来说的头等大国，即超群的世界强国， 世界上也不再是仅仅有两个超级大国。当我们从经济角度和经济潜力来考虑问题时，可以看到当今世界上共有五大力量中心。
这个摊贩叫卖道：― 快来买呀， 过了这个村可没这个店了。‖ Exercises
6.Multi-cultured and bilingual managers are most sought after in
developing Asia.
7.Some toilets seem immune to the clean-up campaign.
8.America is no longer No.1 in the world from an economic
standpoint, the pre-eminent world power and there are no
longer only two superpowers in the world. When we think
in economic terms and economic potentialities, there are
five great power centers in the world today.
9.The peddler hawked:‖ Now or never!‖
Foreignization is a source language culture oriented translation（异化以原语文化为归宿）which strives to preserve the foreign flavor(风味） as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into
the target one.
Foreignization
―to kill two birds with one stone‖
(一石二鸟)是异化译法，（一箭双雕），（一举两得）是归化译法;
―All roads lead to Rome‖。
（条条大路通罗马）是异化译法，（殊途同归）是归化译法。
Domestication refers to the target language culture oriented translation （归化是以目的语文化为归宿）in
which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make
the translated text intelligible（capable of being understood）and easy for the target readers.
Domestication
He met his Waterloo in this competition.
这次比赛他输得一塌糊涂。
Both of them always go Dutch at the restaurant.
他俩在饭店一向各付各的。
Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.
山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。
As the contract has been signed, what‘s done is done and can‘t be undone. 现在
合同
劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载
已签了。真是木已成舟，生米煮成熟饭，只好如此了。
No wonder he is so good at maths—his parents are professors of maths. ―Like father, like son‖, indeed. 难怪他数学那么好，他父母都是数学教授。―龙生龙，凤生凤，老鼠生儿会打洞―嘛。 绝大多数译者在将外语译成本族语时，几乎会毫不例外地要对译文作归化处理，而将本族语译成外语时，
异化的成分占了相当大的比例。归化和异化可以看作是直译和 异译的概念的延伸，但并不等同于直译和
意译。直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，异化和归化则突破了语言因素
的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。
评述：归化vs. 异化？
Spring, the sweet spring is the year‘s pleasant king. ——T. Nash
春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。——郭沫若
原诗中的king是一般性说法，没有任何特殊的文化色彩，可是一旦变成了中国古代和平盛世代名词―尧舜‖，就染上了强烈的汉民族色彩。
评述：归化vs.异化？
Curiosity enough, he prophesied with oracular accuracy to the amazement of all.
说也奇怪，他像诸葛亮一样，料事如神，大家都惊讶不止。
―oracular‖ 的名词形式是―oracle‖，在希腊神话中指―神示、神启‖。这个译文中使用―诸葛亮‖的人物典故太随意。
说也奇怪，他料事真准，像神启一样应验，让所有的人都惊讶不止。 翻译中正确的做法
坚持―和而不同‖（孔子语）的原则。―和‖是为了不造成译语读者误解和费解；―不同‖就是要尽量保持原文有代表性差异特征；
为了保留原文代表性差异，采用―直译夹注‖、―直译加注‖的方法。
如果―异化‖的译法可能造成译语读者的误解，为了在深层语义或语用意义对等，不妨采用―归化‖的处理。
异化、归化举例
You‘ve got to have faith up your sleeve, otherwise you won‘t succeed.
你必须袖里藏有自信，否则你不会成功（异化） 你必须有锦囊妙计，否则你不会成功（归化） 你必须心中充满自信，否则你不会成功的（―和而不同‖）
Some Examples of Domestication
as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠
at a stone?s throw一箭之遥
wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡
as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪
as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛
seek a hare in a hen?s nest 缘木求鱼
as dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶
Examples of Domestication
lead a dog?s life 过着牛马一样的生活
cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉 put back the clock 开倒车
talk horse 吹牛
kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵 drink like a fish 牛饮
Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.
嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
Unit 7 Amplification vs. Omission
Her tone was more friendly than David‘s (tone). 她的语气要比大卫的语气友好。
2). Addition of noun after adjective
She sang her sweetest (song).
她唱了最动听的歌曲。
3). Addition of noun after preposition
Shall I write my name on, above or below the line?
我把名字写在线上，还是线的上方或下方呢？ 4). Addition of the main verb after auxiliary（助词） They would stop if they could (stop).
如果他们能停的话他们会停下来的。 5). Addition of verb after infinitive
At last he agreed to do What I asked him to (do).
最后他们同意去做我要他做的事。
6). Addition of predictive after copula（连系动词） I was scared as the children were (scared) too.
我惊呆了, 孩子们也给吓住了。
7). Addition of subject and the main verb
By birth he was an Englishman; by profession, a sailor; by instinct and training, a rebel.
就出生说，他是英国人；就职业说，他是海员；就本性和教育说，他是背叛者。
Jeep 吉普车
pizza 比萨饼
sauna桑那浴
neon 霓虹灯
1) She could knit when she was seven.
她七岁时就会织毛衣。
(Addition of noun after the intransitive verbs)
2) Day after day he came to work---sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天干活--扫地，擦地板，收拾房间
(Addition of noun after the intransitive verbs)。 3) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这台打字机真是价廉物美。
(Addition of noun before the adjectives)
4) He is a complicated man----moody, mercurial with a melancholy streak.
它是一个性格复杂的人--喜怒无常，反复多变， 有些忧郁寡欢。
5) The leader is not satisfied with our preparation.
领导对我们的准备工作不满意。(Addition of noun after the abstract nouns)
6) We will help this region out of this backwardness.
我们要帮助这一地区摆脱落后状况。(persuasion说服工作, preparation准备工作, tension紧张局势,
arrogance自满情绪， madness疯狂行为, antagonism敌对态度) (Addition of noun after the abstract nouns)
Don‘t take it seriously. I‘m just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。
As for me, I didn‘t agree from the very beginning.
我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
I was very glad to have received your letter.
接到你的来信，非常高兴
As he lay awake, he realized that he was in trouble.
他醒来躺在地上，明白自己的处境不妙。 2．The omission of possessive pronoun
Compared with Chinese, English frequently use possessive pronoun. According to the psychological habit of
Chinese people, most of the possessive pronouns are omitted in E-C translation.
For example,
We wash our faces with our hands.
我们用手洗脸。
He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders
3．The omission of conjunctions(连词） or subordinators（主从连词）.
Conjunctions such as ―and‖, ―or‖ may be neglected in E-C translation. Subordinators, such as, ―when‖,
―because‖, ―whereas‖, ―until‖ may be neglected in E-C translation e.g.
The day is short and the work is long. 时间短，工作多。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
I shall not go until he comes.
他不来，我不走。
4. The omission of prepositions
Prepositions (prepositional phrases) are so widely and frequently used in English language that English is in
some sense called ―prepositional language.‖ ( There are about 286 prepositions in English).
Chinese is a verb-oriented language. (There are about 30 prepositions in Chinese). So very often prepositions
are omitted in E-C translation to make what we call a good translation.
E.g.
Let‘s meet at the station.
咱们车站见面吧。
Do you work in the day time or at night?
你是白天工作还是夜间工作？
5、The omission of articles
Articles exist in English but not in Chinese. In English–Chinese translation, generally articles are omitted in
Chinese version except that they carry various demonstrative meaning or function as the numeral meaning
―one‖.
For example,
I am reading a book.
我在读书。
The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.
耳朵是用来听声音的器官。
There is an apple on the table.
桌上有一个苹果。
6. The omission of non- personal pronouns
―It‖ is an omnipotent word in English. When it is used to substitute time, distance, weather, natural environment,
formal subject, or for emphasis, etc., ―it‖ is omitted in English-Chinese translation, e.g.
It is 10:00 now.
现在10点了。
It is he who did it
是他干得这事。
增加动词
In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting
of the final communiqué(公报）.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。
There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ―ordinary Chinese‖ with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.
没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有―普通中国人‖挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。
增加副词
As he sat down and began talking, word poured out.
他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。 In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall
in love and drive tractors together.
在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：那男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机
了。
Marry washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia
玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。 增加名词
First you borrow, then you beg.
头一遭借钱，下一遭讨饭。
In the summer the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.
夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.
他让法官的
职责
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战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。 The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼 I had known two great social systems.
那时以前，我就经历过两大社会
制度
关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载
。 增加表达时态的词
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
原来是老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。 I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.
我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。 The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机 It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.
完全有可能眼下正在想办法使我获释，只不过需要时间而已。 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.
一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent（新月） moon. 一轮新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。
I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.
我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，即不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。
The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。 Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.
不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧！
We don‘t retreat, we never have and never will.
我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。 Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower.
他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。 Better be wise by the defeat of other than by your own.
从别人的失败中吸取教训比自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than
others.
我可以对你说-我这样说没有任何奉承之意-中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色，更有效果。
A professor of mine once said:
教过我的一位教授曾说过：…
Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion.
人们要掌握科学知识， 必须作出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。 He said he‘d come to the discussion.
他说他要来参加讨论。
The sports meet is scheduled for April 16.
运动会定于四月十六日举行。
The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.
声音的频率、波长和速度三者是密切相关的。
The atmosphere moderates daytime temperature and retards nigh heat loss.
大气层能缓和白天气温的上升和阻止夜间热量的损耗。 It seems that s successful scientist is full of curiosity.
成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。
I didn‘t know that computers had been used so widely. 我还不知道计算机却原来被这么广泛地应用。
1．They are leading a happy life.
他们现在过着幸福的生活。
He was the late president‘s alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.
他过去是已故总统的化身， 而现在是即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。
Since the industrial revolution began the physical science has in general been in the forefront of the scientific
movement.
自从工业革命开始以来， 物理学总的说来一直处于科学运动的前列。（时态）
Then the whole course of my life might have been different.
如果真是那样的话，我的生命路程也许是另一番景象。（虚拟语气） Had we known it in time, we would have prevented the accident.
要是我们及时知道那件事， 事故本来是可以防止的。（虚拟语气） After watching for years, he discovered important phenomena.
观察了数年之后他发现了许多重要现象。（数） 重复译法
重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。 本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；有时为了明确、强调
或生动， 却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。例如： （一）为了明确重复
1. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.
让我们来修订安全规则和卫生条例吧。
2. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.
他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。
3. He became an oil baron---all by himself.
他成为一个石油大王， --- 一个白手起家的石油大王。 4. This has been our position---but not theirs.
这一直是我们的立场，而不是他们的立场。
5．The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.
医生从我身上得到的实践， 会比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。
（二）为了强调重复
为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重
复手段。
英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语时可以保持同样的词的重复。 1. He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.
他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了盘算。 2. Gentlemen many cry peace, peace---but there is no peace.
先生们尽管可以高喊和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。 3. Blood must atone for blood.
血债要用血来还。
4. They would read and re-read the secret notes.
他们往往一遍又一遍反复琢磨这些密件。
（三）为了生动重复
英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时也可以采用各种重复手段。
1．运用两个四字词组成或四字对偶词组。
汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰
当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果。
But there had been too much publicity about my case.
但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。 If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.
多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。 great contributions 丰功伟绩
gratitude 感恩戴德
ingratitude 忘恩负义
prosperity 繁荣昌盛
arrogance 骄傲自大
careless 粗心大意
in chaos 乌烟瘴气
street gossip 街谈巷议
rumor 流言蜚语
I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.
我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。 His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.
他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。
With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we had nothing to do with him.
他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。
Exercise in class.
1. We have to analyze and solve problems.
我们必须分析问题，解决问题。
2. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
勇之过度则蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过度则为贪。 （原文 省略了定语和谓语 译成汉语时应补上） 3. The letter ―I‖ represents I, ―O‖ owe, and ―U‖ you. 字母I代表―我‖，O代表―欠‖，U代表―你‖。 （将省略的动词译出来）
4. All bodies consists of molecules and these of atoms.
所有物体都由分子组成，而分子则由原子组成。（原文中第二个of前省略了 ，并用these代替，汉译时
补上了动词，还原了代词。）
5. We have fulfilled our work ahead of schedule, so have they.
我们提前完成了我们的工作，他们也提前完成了他们的工作。（省略句型中省略的部分汉译时要译出来）
6. He had met with great difficulties in writing his term paper.
他在写学期论文时，遇到了重重困难。
（英语中并无重复，但在译成汉语时，合理使用重复这一修辞手段，却能更准确、更生动地表达原意。）
7. Rain or shine, I‘ll go there.
雨也罢，晴也罢，我都要去那。（使译文生动流畅）。 8. If you go to Beijing, don‘t forget to see my younger brother. 你要是去北京的话，别忘了去看一看我弟弟。 9. May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you,
for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world.
让我通过您最忠心地祝贺伟大的中国人民及其**，祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。
10. Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.
水可以有能量来分解， 所谓能量也就是电流。 11. Is he a friend or an enemy?
他是朋友还是敌人？
12. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other---of everything but our
host and hostess.
我们谈到自己， 谈到前途， 谈到旅程， 谈到天气， 谈到彼此的情况， ---谈到一切，只是不谈我们的
男女主人。
13. Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.
杰西睁开眼睛， 眼里充满的泪水。 14. Happy families also had their own troubles.
幸福家庭有幸福家庭的苦恼。
15. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.
谁犯了纪律， 谁就应该受到批评。 16. Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.
上大学的上大学了， 下乡的下乡了。 17. He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.
他想给他们增加些援助， 增添些武器， 增派些人员。
18. He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.
他既精于飞行， 又善于导航。
一、语法角度上的省略
英语和汉语在语法方面有很大差异，翻译时要根据各自的语法特点适当地进行删减， 使译文更为符合译
语的表达习惯。例如：
１．A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.
骆驼的力气远不如大象。（省略不定冠词） ２．The earth is round.
地球是圆的。（省略定冠词）
３．The flowers are beautiful.
这些花很美。（省略系动词）
４．Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.
早睡早起使人身体健康。（省略连词and 和不定冠词a ）
５．As it is late, you‘d better go home.
时间不早了，你该回家了。（省译原因的从属连词as）
６．Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.
金属热胀冷缩。（省译从属连词when） ７．I won‘t go if you are not going.
你不去，我也不去。（省译连词if） 8.It was very quiet at the moment.
当时很安静。（省译it）
９．Don‘t put your hands in your rocket. 别把手放在口袋里。（省译两个物主代词） 10．Those who are in favour please hold up their hands.
赞成的请举手。（省译指示代词、关系代词和物主代词）
11．Suddenly, there came a knock at the door.
突然响起了敲门声。（省译介词）
12．I‘m warning you for the last time. 我最后一次警告你。（省译介词）
注意：英语介词用的比汉语多，译成汉语时可译成相应的介词或转译成动词，其他情况下一般不译出来。
13．The cars produced in our factory are good in quality and low in price.
我们厂制造的小车物美价廉。
14. Smoking is prohibited in public places.
公共场所不准吸烟。（省略表地点的介词）
二、意义或修辞角度上的省略
意义角度上的省译是指在能用汉语完全表达原文的意义时对原文某些词的省略，但不可能对原文的内容
任意删减。英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。 1. It has been three years since he began to smoke.
他抽烟三年了。
（―自从他开始抽烟以来已经有三年了。‖这样译虽然照顾了形又照顾了义，可却不是地产的汉语了。）
2. Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and
starved me.
那时打我并且使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。 (如加上―打我并且使我挨饿‖就不能够精练。）
3. It is required that the machine should be maintained at regular intervals.
机器需要定期维修。（意思在汉语中已暗含，译出反显累赘。） 4. Williams Sidney Porter, who is known under his pen name, O. Henry, is one of the best known writers of
America.
威廉.悉尼.波特尔，笔名欧.享利，是美国最著名的作家之一。 5. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
Exercises in class.
I. Put the following into Chinese, paying special attention to omission.
约翰做了全部工作，而且干得不错（省略人称代词）
2. He received a warm welcome from his family.
1. John did all the work, and he did it well.
他受到家人的热烈欢迎。（省略物主代词）
3. It‘s stormy out at sea.
海上有暴风雨。（省略非人称代词）
4. It was Mr. Johnson who had taught us English in middle school.
在中学教我们英语是约翰逊先生。（省略引导词it）
5. You can‘t help me and I can‘t help you, either.
你帮不了我，我也帮不了你。（省略并列连词and）
6. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（省略从属连词if）
7. Because I don‘t complain, people think I‘m satisfied.
我不发怨言，人们就以为我满意了。（省略从属连词
8. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.
仓库重地，严禁吸烟。（省略介词）
9. All passengers got off the bus as the bus pulled into the station. Tom also stood up slowly.
汽车时站，所有的乘客都下了车，汤姆也慢慢站起来。（省略定冠词） 10. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength.
自由的国家中将一直存在矛盾的思想，这是力量的源泉。（省略不定冠词） (1)英语中的某些抽象名词、不及物动词或代词，若单独译出，有时意思不够明确，可分别在其后增加―状
态‖、―工作‖、―过程‖、―现象‖、―方式‖、―情况‖、―作用‖、―部分‖、―化‖等词。 例：Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
Care must be taken to ensure that the pulse signal itself shall show no irregularities and no interruptions.
应注意保证脉冲信号本身不出现不规则现象和中断现象。 ?英语中的名词为复数形式时，根据情况可增加适当的表示复数概念的词。如：―们‖、―之类‖、―一些‖、
―许多‖、―一批‖、―这些‖、―那些‖、―
各种‖、―大量‖、―几个‖、―几次‖等。
例：The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.
第一批电子计算机于1945年投入使用。
In spite of the difficulties, our task was got over well.
虽然有各种困难，但我们的任务已顺利完成。
?如果分词短语或独立分词结构含有时间、原因、条件、让步等状语意义，翻译时可增加―当……时‖、―……之后‖、―因为……‖、―由于……‖、―如果……‖、―假若……‖、―虽然……但……‖等词。 例：Using a transformer, power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high voltage.
如果使用变压器，低压电就能转换成高压电。
The velocity increasing, the acceleration of a body is positive.
速度增大时，物体的加速度是正的。
Being stable in air at ordinary temperature, mercury combines with oxygen if heated.
虽然常温下水银在空气中是稳定的，但给它加热的话，就与氧化合。
?当动词不定式和不定式短语表示目的或结果状语时，通常就可在其前面加：―为了‖，―要‖，―以便‖，―就‖，―从而‖，―结果‖等词。
例：We made transistors by different means only to get the same effect.
我们用不同的方法制造晶体管，结果得到相同的效应。
Many lathes are equipped with multistage speed gearboxes to get different speeds.
为了得到不同的速度，许多车床装有多级变速齿轮箱。
?当动词不定式的被动形式作定语时，通常表示按计划或要求表示的动作，含有―将来‖的意思。翻译时要增加―要‖，―将‖，―待‖，―应‖，―须‖等词。
例：The cutting tool must be harder than the material to be cut.
刀具必须比待切的材料硬。
The chief difficulty to be overcome in aviation is
that of renewing supplies of petrol while in the air.
航空上要克服的主要难题是空中加油问题。
?当被动语态句中的谓语是由表示―知道‖，―了解‖，―看见‖，―认为‖，―发现‖，―考虑‖等意义的动词来担任时，译时通常可在其前面增加―人们‖，―我们‖，―大家‖，―有人‖等词，变为主动语态句。 例：All matter is known to possess weight.
大家都知道，所有物质都具有重量。
Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes.
人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。
?当句中有几个成分并列时，可根据并列成分的数量增加数词，并在其后加入量词，如―个‖， ―者‖，―种‖，―方面‖，―领域‖等，使译文确切明白。
例：The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.
频率、波长和声速三者是密切相关的。
This report summed up the new achievements made in electron tubes, semiconductors and components.
本报告总结了电子管、半导体和元件三方面的新成就。
?英语中的动词时态，在译成汉语时，可视不同情况增加―正‖，―正在‖，―过‖，―了‖，―曾‖，―曾经‖，―已经‖，―一直‖，―将要‖，―会‖，―能‖等词。
例：Contemporary natural sciences are now working for new important breakthroughs.
当代自然科学正在酝酿新的重大突破。
Before 15th century it was generally believed that the earth was the center of the universe.
15世纪前，曾普遍认为地球是宇宙的中心。
?英语中，用倒装语序表示的虚拟条件状语从句，译成汉语时，往往可增加―如果……便……‖、―假如……
就……‖、―万一……就……‖、―只要……的话，就……‖等连词。 例：Hard there been no electronic computers, there would have been no artificial satellite or rockets.
如果没有电子计算机，就不会有人造卫星或火箭。 Should a DC system be used, the losses in
transmission would be very great.
如果使用直流系统的话，输电线路上的损耗就会很大。 ?不用连词，而以不变化的―be‖开头的让步状语从句，英译汉时，往往增加―不论‖、―不管‖、―无论‖等连
词。
例：Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.
不论物体的形状如何复杂，总可以求出它的体积。 All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
所有磁体，无论大小，其性质都一样。
?英语中无连词的并列句，只用一定的标点符号分开，翻译时，如果语气有突然的转折，可增加―但‖，―但
是‖，―而‖等词。
例：Liquids contract in freezing; water is an important exception to the rule.
液体冻结时收缩，但水却是这一规则的重要例外。 Adding heat does not make the molecules any larger; it makes the average distance between them larger.
增加热量不能时分子变大，而是使分子间的平均距离增大。 ?英语中的祈使语气句，汉译时根据句子的不同情况，分别增加―要‖，―请‖，―应‖，―须‖，―试‖，―千万‖，
―一定‖，―务必‖等词。
例：Remember that science requires the effort of a lifetime.
要记住，科学需要人们付出毕生的精力。
Compare the melting point and freezing point of a substance.
试比较一种物质的熔点和冰点。
?为使句子前后连贯、意思通顺、逻辑严密，英译汉时可增加某些适当的词，包括语气助词、概括词、
承上启下的词等。
例：Atomic cells are very small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones.
原子电池和普通干电池相比，体积小，重量轻。 Speed and reliability are the chief advantage of the electronic computer.
速度快和可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。 小结：
增词讲起来很多，归纳起来是4个方面的要求：词汇要求，语法要求，逻辑要求和修辞要求。其原则是
增加原文中虽无其词，然有其意的词，不是随心所欲地任意增加。
? 汉译英时的增词情况
汉译英也有增词法，称―词的增补‖。概括起来，汉译英需要增补的有下列9种情况。
?汉语无主语视情况补出主语
例：接到你的来信，非常高兴。
I was very glad to have received your letter.
?增补物主代词
汉语里物主代词用得少，而且常常不用出现，但英语里凡说到一个人的器官和归他所有的或与他有关的
事物时，总要在前面加上物主代词。
例：我们响应政府号召。
We respond to the call of our government.
工人们带午饭到工厂吃。
The workers take their lunches to the factory.
我用手蒙住脸。
I cover my face with my hands.
?增补作宾语的代词
按习惯，汉语常常可省略宾语，但英语里，凡及物动词都得有宾语。
例：请原谅，打断你一下。
Excuse me for interrupting you.
?增补连词
汉语有 意合特点，即词、词组、分句或句子之间的关系可以通过上下文及语序来表示，较少用连词，但
英语注意形合，连词不能少。
例：虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
?增补介词
英语句子十有八九都少不了介词。汉语中不需要介词的地方，它也要。所以，汉译英时注意补介词。
例：这些书，你们五个人分。
Divide these books among the five of you.
?增补冠词
汉语里无冠词。有冠词是英语的特点之一，名词前一般都有冠词，汉译英时要增补冠词。
例：我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before we solve it properly.
?增补暗含的词语
由于习惯问题，汉语中有些词不需明言，意思都很清楚，但译成英语时，如果不补则意思不明，甚至会
引起误会，这是应视情况补上适当的词。
例：要提倡顾全大局。
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.
?增补概括性的词语
例：黄金白银，坚甲利兵，并非构成大国的要素。 Gold and silver, a strong army and powerful weapons---these are not the elements that constitute a great nation.
?增补注释性词语
汉语中的典故、谚语、政治名词、术语和简化说法，译时往往要适当加注释性词语。
例：三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.
? 重复法
英译汉时，有时把句中的重要词或关键词重复一下，称为重复法或重复词意法。重复法的使用是由于汉
语的表达习惯引起的。汉译英时，没有这种方法。重复法用得好，可以达到使译文更明确、生动或强调
的目的。重复法也是增加了词，但它不是增加新词，而是重复原有的词，是增词法中的特例。常见的重
复有：动词的重复、名词的重复和代词的重复。 ?动词的重复
例：We shall overcome all the difficulties so long as we study hard and in a good way.
只要我们学习努力，而且学习得法，我们就能克服学习中的困难。
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in altitude and so does the density of the atmosphere.
大气压力随高度增加而降低，大气密度也随着高度增加而降低。
?名词的重复
例：The properties of gas are quite different from those of liquid.
气体的性质和液体的性质大不一样。
We must do our best to develop the student‘s ability to analyse and solve problems.
我们必须尽力培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。 ?代词的重复
例：The electric resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper.
铁的电阻不象铜的电阻那样小。
Wherever there is matter, there is motion.
哪里有物质，哪里就有运动。
我们观察一下，觉得下列情况使用重复法较多：
?并列句后一句省略的和前一句相同的成分，复合句的从句中所省略了的与主句中相同的成分。
例：All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.
一切物质都是由分子组成，而分子又是由原子组成。 It goes without saying that work does not include
time, but power does.
不言而喻，功与时间无关，但功率与时间有关。
?某些由几个词共有的成分，如几个动词共有宾语，几个宾语共用动词，几个形容词或介词短语共用一
个名词，几个介词短语共用一个动词等。为了使译文清楚明白，可把共有部分重复译出。
例：For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use natural science to understand,
conquer and change nature and thus attain freedom from nature.
人们为着要在自然界里得到自由，就要用自然科学来了解自然，征服自然和改造自然。
This chapter has clarified the relation between electric charges and matter and the nature of the
forces that unite atoms and molecules into solids.
文章阐明了电荷和物质的关系，阐明了使原子和分子结合成固体的力的性质。
We call this field of force, the electric or electrostatic field.
我们称这种力场为电场或静电场。
The unit of work is in joules, if the force is measured in newtons and distance in meters.
如果力用牛顿计量，距离用米计量，则功的单位为焦耳。 ?在英语里，为了使文字简明生动，常常对重复部分予以省略或用词（如do so 和代词等）代替。英译
汉时，为了明确或便于表达，对省略或代替了的部分加以重复。 例：Does the sun ever get dark during the day? It does so when the moon hides it.
白天太阳会变暗吗？当月亮遮住太阳时，太阳会变暗。 The positive charges do not move about; but the electrons do.
正电荷不能到处移动，可是电子却能到处移动。
Our basic unit of electrical charge is that of electron.
电荷的基本单位是电子的单位。
在重复法中，有时采用两字重叠，四字重叠或四字对偶等修辞手段，使译文更生动：
Few people realized how hard Edison worked, often twenty hours a day.
很少有人知道，爱迪生是如何辛辛苦苦地工作，常常一天工作20个小时。 词的省译
?省译冠词
例：The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substance.
化学反应的速度和反应物的浓度成正比。
The basic function of the triode is as an amplifier.
三极管的基本功能是作电流放大器。
?省译介词
例：The first electronic computer was produced in our country in 1958.
1958年我国生产了第一台电子计算机。
The critical temperature is different for different kinds of steel.
不同种类的钢，临界温度各不相同。 ?省译连词
英语中连词用的也很多，一般不能省。汉语句子结构通常是按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列的。语序固定，
关系明确，所以连词用很少，英译汉时一般可省略不译，比如并列连词即从属连词中
表示原因、条件、时间等的连词，常省译。 例：As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater.
温度增高，水的体积就增大。
Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.
智者爱好真理，愚者躲避真理。
The average speed of all molecules remains the same, as long as the temperature is constant.
温度不便，所有分子的平均速度也就不变。 ?省译代词
例：It is never too late to mend.
改过不嫌迟。
Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.
钢铁制品常常涂上一层保护物，以免生锈。 By analysis, we mean analyzing the contradictions in the thing.
所谓分析，就是分析事物的矛盾。
If you know the frequency, you can find the wavelength.
如果知道频率，就可以求出波长。
Why do we feel cooler when we fan ourselves?
扇扇子时，我们为什么感到凉快些？ ?省译动词
?谓语动词的省译。
例：The charged capacitor behaves as a secondary battery.
充了电的电容器，就像一个蓄电池一样。 Friction always opposes the motion whatever its direction may be.
不管运动方向怎样，摩擦力总是同运动方向相反。 ?重复动词的省译。
在复合句中，如果从句中的谓语动词与主句中的相同，往往省略不译。
例：When heated, gases act in exactly the same way as liquid acts.
气体受热时所发生的变化与液体完全一样。 ?引导词的省译
?在there+be+主语句型中，引导词there本身没有任何词汇意义。汉译时一律不译。
例：There are many students in the classroom.
教室里有许多同学。
?英语中，常用引导词it作为先行主语或宾语，而把实际主语或宾语（动词不定式，动名词或从句）放
在后面。这种结构中的it没有实际意思，可省译。 例：It is a common knowledge that the weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.
众所周知，重量是地球作用在物体上的引力。 ?强调句中的it，本身无词义，省译。 例：It is a man‘s social being that determines his thinking.
是人们的社会存在，决定人们的思想。 ?同义词或近义词的省译
英语中，特别是科技英语中，有些同义词或近义词连在一起用，或者表示强调，使意思更加明确，或者
表示一个名称的不同说法。英译汉时，往往只译其中的一个，或把意思综合起来译即可。
例：Semi-conductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no heating power or warmed up
time.
半导体器件没有灯丝，因此不需加热功率或加热时间。 It is essential that the technician understand well the characteristics of battery circuits.
技术人员很好的了解电池的电路特性是必不可少的。 ?名词复数形式的省译
?形式上的复数名词的省译。
glasses眼镜
?英语复数名词与汉语名词一致时的省译。
Mass群众 contents目录
?表示类别的复数名词的省译。
mineral oils矿物油
? 汉译英时的省译
?省译汉语中重复出现的词语
例：我们要忠于党、忠于人民、忠于祖国。
We should be loyal to our party, to our people and to our motherland.
?省译汉语中表示范畴的词语
汉语中表示―任务‖、―工作‖、―情况‖、―状态‖、―问题‖、―制度‖、―事业‖、―局面‖等意义的词语常省译。
例：我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。 Our party has put an end to the social unrest and upheaval of that time.
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