综合教程5_课文翻译

综合教程5_课文翻译 综合教程第五册课文翻译 Unit1The Fourth of July The first time I went to Washington D.C. was on the edge of the summer when I was supposed to stop being a child. At least that’s what they said to us all at graduation from the eighth grade. My sister Phyllis graduated at the same time from high school. I don’t know what she was supposed to stop being. But as graduation presents for us both, the whole family took a Forth of July trip to Washington D.C., the fabled and famous capital of our country. 我第一次到华盛顿的时候是初夏那时我想我不应该再当一个孩子。至少这是他们在八年级的毕业典 礼上对我们说的。我的姐姐菲利斯在同一时间从高中毕业。我不知道她应该不再当一个什么。但当作是送 给我们俩的毕业礼物,我们全家在国庆日前往华盛顿旅游,那是传奇而著名的我国首都。 It was the first time I’d ever been on a railroad train during the day. When I was little, and we used to go to the Connecticut shore, we always went at night on the milk train, because it was cheaper. 这是我第一次真正意义上在白天时乘坐火车。当我还小的时候我们总是在夜晚乘坐运奶火车去康涅狄 格海岸,因为它更便宜。 Preparations were in the air around our house before school was over. We packed for two weeks. There were two large suitcases that my father carried, and a box filled with food. In fact, my first trip to Washington was a mobile feast; I started eating as soon as we were ensconced in our seats, and did not stop until somewhere after Philadelphia. I remember it was Philadelphia because I was disappointed not to have passed by the Liberty Bell. 学期还没结束前家里就开始忙着准备旅行的事。我们准备了两个星期。父亲拿了两个大箱子和一个装满食 物的盒子。事实上,我第一次到华盛顿的旅途可以说是一个移动盛宴一在位子上安顿下来我就开始吃东西直 到我们到了费城往后的某个地方才停下来。我记得那是费城,是因为我们没有经过自由之钟对此我很失望。 My mother had roasted two chickens and cut them into dainty bite-size pieces. She packed slices of brown bread and butter, and green pepper and carrot sticks. There were little violently yellow iced cakes with scalloped edges called “marigolds,”that came from Cushman’s Bakery. There was a spice bun and rock- cakes from Newton’s, the West Indian bakery across Lenox Avenue from St. Mark’s school, and iced tea in a wrapped mayonnaise jar. There were sweet peaches for us and dill pickles for my father, and peaches with the fuzz still on them, individually wrapped to keep them from bruising. And, for neatness, there were piles of napkins and a little tin box with a washcloth dampened with rosewater and glycerine for wiping sticky mouths. 母亲烤了两只鸡,然后把它们切成恰好一口一片的大小。她打包了黑面包和黄油切片,青椒和胡萝卜条。有 来自Cushman 面包店的亮黄色的周围有一圈扇贝形状的小冰蛋糕叫做“金盏花“。有来自牛顿面包店的香辛 小面包和岩皮饼,还有包裹着蛋黄酱的冰茶那是一家雷诺克斯大街上圣马可学校对面的西印度面包店。还有 母亲为我们准备的蜜桃和给父亲准备的莳萝腌菜,桃子上还有绒毛,单独包装,以免它们碰伤。为了干净,母 亲还准备了成堆的餐巾纸和一个小锡盒子里面装有浸了玫瑰水和甘油的毛巾,可以用来擦拭发粘的嘴巴。I wanted to eat in the dinning car because I had read all about them, but my mother reminded me of umpteenth time that dinning car food always cost too much money and besides, you never could tell whose hands had been playing all over that food, nor where those same hands had been just before. My mother never mentioned that Black people were not allowed into dining cars headed south in 1947. As usual, whatever my mother did not like and could not change, she ignored. Perhaps it would go away, deprived of her attention. 我想要在餐车吃饭,因为我已经从书上读到过关于它们的一切,但母亲提醒了我无数次,餐车食品太贵,而且, 你根本没法辨别那些食物上有谁的手在上面动过,也不知道, 之前他们的手碰过什么地方。我的母亲从未提 及过直到1947 年黑人还是不被允许进入前往南部的火车餐车。通常,无论母亲是不喜欢的或无法改变的事 她都会忽视。可能她觉得如果把注意力转开事情就会过去。 I learned latter that Phyllis’s high school senior class trip had been to Washington, but the nuns had given her back her deposit in private, explaining to her that the class, all of whom were white, except Phyllis, would be staying in a hotel where Phyllis “would not be happy,”meaning, Daddy explained to her, also in private, that they did not rent rooms to Negroes. “We still take among-you to Washington, ourselves,”my father had avowed, “and not just for an overnight in some measly fleabag hotel. 后来我知道菲利斯的高中班级旅行去的就是华盛顿,但老师们私底下又把费用还回给了她,跟她解释说,班 上的孩子除了菲利斯都是白人他们将住的那家旅馆会让菲利斯不高兴。这句话后来父亲对她私下里解释的 意思就是,他们不租房间给黑人。父亲承诺说我们仍然会带着你们到华盛顿去,就我们自己。而不是只是在 便宜破旧的小旅馆里住一晚。 “In Washington D.C., we had one large room with two double beds and an extra cot for me. It was a back-street hotel that belonged to a friend of my father’s who was in real estate, and I spent the whole next day after Mass squinting up at the Lincoln Memorial where Marian Anderson had sung after D.A.R. refused to allow her to sing in their auditorium because she was black. Or because she was “Colored”, my father said as he told us the story. Except that what he probably said was ”Negro”, because for his times, my father was quite progressive. 在华盛顿,我们住一间有两张双人床的房间我还有一张额外的小床。这是一家后街的旅馆是我父亲的一个朋 友的房产。次日弥撒过后我花了整个一天的时间眯着眼看林肯纪念堂。在D.A.R.因玛丽安?安德森是个黑 人而拒绝她在他们的礼堂唱歌后她曾在林肯纪念堂唱过歌。父亲在告诉我们这个故事的时候说也许是因为 她是“有色人种”。除此之外父亲说的可能就是“黑人”,他当时相当激进。I was squinting because I was in that silent agony that characterized all of my childhood summers, from the time school let out in June to the end of July, brought about by my dilated and vulnerable eyes exposed to the summer brightness. 我眯着眼是因为我一直处于无声的痛苦中那一直是我从童年的夏天的特征,从学校放假的六月到七月底,导 致我扩张和脆弱的眼睛曝晒在夏天的强光下。 I viewed Julys through an agonizing corolla of dazzling whiteness and I always hated the Fourth of July, even before I came to realize the travesty such a celebration was for Black people in this country. 6 月在我看来就是令人极度痛苦晕眩的白色。我讨厌国庆日,甚至在我开始意识到这荒谬的 现实—这对美国黑人来说也算是个庆典--之前就开始讨厌了。 My parents did not approve of sunglasses, nor of their expense. 我的父母不赞成戴墨镜,他们也花费不起。 I spent the afternoon squinting up at monuments to freedom and past presidencies and democracy, and wondering why the light and heat were both so much stronger in Washington D.C., than back home in New York City. Even the pavement on the streets was a shade lighter in color than back home. 我花了一下午的时间眯眼看自由纪念碑、历届总统和民主政治,不知道为什么华盛顿的光和热要比家乡纽约 强得多。甚至街道上的人行道路面都比家乡的颜色略浅。 Late that Washington afternoon my family and I walked back down Pennsylvania Avenue . We were a proper caravan, mother bright and father brown, the three of us girls step-standards in-between. Moved by our historical surroundings and the heat of early evening, my father decreed yet another treat. He had a sense of history, a flair for the quietly dramatic and the sense of specialness of an occasion and a trip. 后来在华盛顿的那个下午我和我的家人沿着宾夕法尼亚大道走回去。我们可以算是个严格意义上的旅行团, 母亲是白人、父亲是黑人,我们三个女孩介于黑白之间渐变。受历史建筑和傍 晚的炎热影响,父亲宣布去另 一个地方。他有种很强的历史感,懂得制造戏剧化的场面,懂得如何让旅行变得更有趣。 “Shall we stop and have a little something to cool off, Lin?“ “我们要停下来喝点东西降降温么,林?” Two blocks away from our hotel the family stopped for a dish of vanilla ice cream at a Breyer’ s ice cream and soda fountain. Indoors, the soda fountain was dim and fan-cooled, deliciously relieving to my scorched eyes. 我们一家来到离旅馆两个街区远的拜尔冰激凌冷饮小卖部吃香草冰激凌。小卖部里又昏暗又凉爽很好地缓 解了我焦灼的眼睛。 Corded and crisp and pinafored, the five of us seated ourselves one by one at the counter. There was I between my mother and father, and my two sisters on the other side of my mother. We settled ourselves along the white mottled marble counter, and when the waitress spoke at first no one could understand what 我们五个衣着整洁一个挨着一个坐在的柜台边。我坐在母亲和父亲中间我的两个姐姐坐在母亲的另一边。 我们沿着白色斑点的大理石柜台就坐,起先没人听明白那个女服务员说的是什么于是我们就这么坐在那。 you to take out, but you can't eat her, sorry." Then she dropped her eyes looking very embarrassed, and suddenly we heard what it was she was saying all at the same time, loud and clear. 那个女服务员朝我们走来靠近父亲再一次说我说了我可以让你们外带但是抱歉你们不能坐在这儿吃。”然 后她垂下双眼看起来十分尴尬。瞬间我们同时都听到了她说了什么响亮且清楚。 Straight-backed and indignant, one by one, my family and I got down from the counter stools and turned around and marched out of the store, quiet and outraged, as if we had never been Black before. No one would answer my emphatic questions with anything other than a guilty silence. “But we hadn’t done anything!”This wasn’t right or fair! Hadn’t I written poems about freedom and democracy for all? 我和我的家人挺直了背、义愤填膺,一个接一个从柜台凳子上下来转身走出了小卖部,安静并愤怒着,就好像 我们从来不是黑人。没有人会用除了内疚的沉默以外的什么来回答我所强调的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。“但是我们什么都没 做!”这是不正确的不公平的!难道我没有写过关于自由和民主的诗歌吗? My parents wouldn’t speak of this injustice, not because they had contributed to it, but because they felt they should have anticipated it and avoided it. This made me even angrier. My fury was not going to be acknowledged by a like fury. Even my two sisters copied my parents’pretense that nothing unusual and anti-American had occurred. I was left to write my angry letter to the president of the United States all by myself, although my father did promise I could type it out on the office typewriter next week, after I showed it to him in my copybook diary. 我的父母不会谈及这种歧视,不是因为他们导致了这种歧视,而是因为他们觉得他们应当预料到并且避免 它。这使得我更加的生气。我的愤怒将不会被其他家庭成员所认同尽管他们同样愤怒。甚至我的两个姐姐 也学着我父母假装没有什么不正常的和反美的事发生过。虽然在我给父亲看了我写在本子上的 日记 出纳日记账表格下载出纳日记账表格二年级日记200字以上坚持写日记的英文笑猫日记读书分享 后他答 应过我下周能用办公室的打字机但是他还是留我独自一人写抗议信寄给美国总统。 The waitress was white, and the counter was white, and the ice cream I never ate in Washington D.C., that summer I left childhood was white, and the white heat and the white pavement and the white stone monuments of my first Washington summer made me sick to my stomach for the whole rest of that trip and it wasn’t much of a graduation present after all. 那个女服务员是白人的,那个柜台是白色的,我从来不曾在华盛顿吃到的冰淇淋,以及我离开的童年的那个 夏天是白色的,白色的热浪和白色的人行道,那个夏天我第一次华盛顿之旅看到的白色纪念碑让我在余下的 整个旅程中极为恶心反胃。这次旅行实在算不上是毕业礼物。 UNIT 2 The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl It’s still there, the Chinese school on Yale Street where my brother and I used to go. Despite the new coat of paint and the high wire fence, the school I knew 10 years ago remains remarkably, stoically the same. 我和哥哥过去常常去的中文学校还在耶鲁街。尽管刷了新油漆和围了 高铁丝网,我十年前就熟知的这所学校仍明显没有丝毫改变。Every day at 5 P.M., instead of playing with our fourth- and fifth-grade friends or sneaking out to the empty lot to hunt ghosts and animal bones, my brother and I had to go to Chinese school. No amount of kicking, screaming, or pleading could dissuade my mother, who was solidly determined to have us learn the language of our heritage. 每天下午5 点,我和哥哥不得不去中文学校而不是和四、五年级的朋友们一起玩或溜出 去到空地捉鬼寻骨。再多的乱踢,乱叫,或请求都不能劝阻我的母亲她坚决要我们学习中文。Forcibly, she walked us the seven long, hilly blocks from our home to school, depositing our defiant tearful faces before the stern principal. My only memory of him is that he swayed on his heels like a palm tree, and he always clasped his impatient twitching hands behind his back. I recognized him as a repressed maniacal child killer, and knew that if we ever saw his hands we’d be in big trouble. 她强行把我们从家里带到学校有七个街区的路程又长又崎岖。她将面带挑衅、含着泪的我们带到 严厉的校长面前。我对他的唯一记忆是他就像一棵棕榈树一样摇动,他总是将他那双不停抽搐的手紧紧扣在 背后。我把他当成是一个抑郁疯狂的儿童杀手,还认为如果我们看到他的手,就会遇到大麻烦。We all sat in little chairs in an empty auditorium. The room smelled like Chinese medicine, an imported faraway mustiness. Like ancient mothballs or dirty closets. I hated that smell. I favored crisp new scents. Like the soft French perfume that my American teacher wore in public school. 我们都坐在一个 空旷的礼堂里的小椅子上。这房间闻起来就像中药有一股进口的遥远的腐臭。像古老的卫生球或肮脏的衣 柜。我讨厌那气味。我喜爱清新的气味。就像我在公立学校的美国老师喷的轻柔的法国香水。Although the emphasis at the school was mainly language-speaking, reading, writing-the lessons always began with an exercise in politeness. With the entrance of the teacher, the best student would tap a bell and everyone would get up, kowtow, and chant, “Sing san ho,”the phonetic for “How are you, teacher?”尽管在学校重点主要是语言—口语、阅读、写作—课程总是从练习礼貌开始。随 着老师进来, 最好的那个学生会敲击铃铛,然后每个人都站起来,磕头并齐道,“先生好,“意思是“老师好。” Being ten years old, I had better things to learn than ideographs copied painstakingly in lines that ran right to left from the tip of a moc but, a real ink pen that had to be held in an awkward way if blotches were to be avoided. After all, I could do the multiplication tables, name the satellites of Mars, and write reports on Little Women and Black Beauty. Nancy Drew, my favorite heroine, never spoke Chinese. 十岁的时候,我还有比象形文字更重要的东西要学而不是用毛笔痛苦地一 行行地从左往右抄写汉字那是一支真正的墨水笔,必须以一种极别扭的方式拿着,才能避免弄出斑驳的痕 迹。毕竟,我可以背出乘法表,说出火星的卫星的名字,写关于《小女人》和《黑美人》的读后感。南茜朱尔 是我最喜欢的女主人公,她从来不说汉语。The language was a source of embarrassment. More times than not, I had tried to disassociate myself from the nagging loud voice that followed me wherever I wandered in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown. The voice belonged to my grandmother, a fragile woman in her seventies who would outshout the best of street vendors. Her humor was raunchy, her Chinese rhythmless and patternless. It was quick, it was loud, it was unbeautiful. It was not like the quiet, lilting romance of French or the gentle refinement of the American South. Chinese sounded pedestrian. Public. 汉语对我来说是一个尴尬的来源。我 曾不止一次试图让自己摆脱那喋喋不休的声音,无论我走在附近唐人街外的美国超市那声音都会一直跟着 我。那声音属于我的祖母,一个脆弱的妇女却能吼出比街头小贩还响的声音。她的笑话粗俗下流,她的汉语 没有韵律和花样。她语速很快,声音很大,一点儿也不优美。她的汉语不像那安静轻快而浪漫的法语或柔和 精致的南美语。汉语听起来通俗、大众。In Chinatown, the comings and goings of hundreds of Chinese on their daily tasks sounded chaotic and frenzied. I did not want to be thought of as mad, as talking gibberish. When I spoke English, people nodded at me, smiled sweetly, said encouraging words. Even the people in my culture would cluck and say that I?d do well in life. “My, doesn?t she move her lips fast,”they would say, meaning that I?d be able to keep up with the word outside Chinatown. 进进出出数以百计的中国人在日常工作中说着汉语让唐人街听起来混乱而嘈杂。我不想被认为 是在像疯子一样胡扯。当我讲英文的时候人们会对我点头微笑说一些鼓励的话。甚至和我有着相同文化背 景的人都会咯咯笑着说我将来会有出息。他们会说哇她的嘴唇动的好快啊意思说我能够跟得上唐人街外面 的世界。My brother was even more fanatical than I about speaking English. He was especially hard on my mother, criticizing her, often cruelly, for her pidgin speech—smatterings of Chinese scattered like chop suey in her conversation. “It?snot ?What it is,? Mom,”he?dsay in exasperation. “It?s?What is it, what is it, what is it! Sometimes Mom might leave out an occasional “the”or “a”, or perhaps a verb of being. He would stop her in mid-sentence: “Say it again, Mom. Say it right.”When he tripped over his own tongue, he’d blame it on her: “See, Mom, it’s all your fault. You set a bad example.”对于说英语这件事情我哥哥比我更狂热。他对母亲尤其苛刻,经常残忍地批评她 的洋泾浜口语——在谈话中夹杂中文就像炒杂碎一样。他会恼羞成怒地说不是‘What it is,’妈妈, 是‘What is it, what is it, what is it!’”有时候母亲可能偶尔会遗漏冠词,或者一个be 动词。他就会 在母亲说到一半时打断她:“再说一次,妈妈。说对来每当他绊了一下舌头,他就会责怪她:“看哪,妈妈,这都 是你的错。你做了一个坏榜样。”What infuriated my mother most was when my brother cornered her on her consonants, especially “r”. My father had played a cruel joke on Mom by assigning her an American name that her tongue wouldn’t allow her to say. No matter how hard she tried, “Ruth” always ended up “Luth”or “Roof”. 最激怒母亲的是当我哥哥逼她念辅音,尤其是“r”这个音。“我的父亲开 了母亲一个残酷的玩笑给她登记了一个她根本念不出来的英文名字。不管她怎么努力,她总是把”Ruth “说 成“Luth”或者“Roof”。After two years of writing with a moc but and reciting words with multiples of meanings, I finally was granted a cultural divorce. I was permitted to stop Chinese school. 用毛笔抄写了两年的拥有大量词义的汉字我的“文化分裂”终于得到了许可。我可以不用再去上中文学校了。 I thought of myself as multicultural. I preferred tacos to egg rolls; I enjoyed Cinco de Mayo more than Chinese New Year. 我觉得自己是多元文化的。我更喜欢蛋卷玉米饼;我喜欢五月节胜于春节。 At last, I was one of you; I wasn’t one of them. 到最后,我以为自己是一个美国人,而不是一个中国 人。Sadly, I still am. 可悲的是,我始终都是中国人。 UNIT3 A Hanging It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot of drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two. 那是在缅甸,一个泡在雨水中的清晨。我们侯在死牢外面,这是一排正面安了两重铁栅栏的小房子,象关 动物的小笼子。每间牢房十英尺见方,除了一张光板床和一只饮水罐,里面什么东西也没有。其中有几间 关着肤色棕黑、一声不响的犯人,一律裹着毯子,蹲在里层的栅栏跟前。这些都是一两周之内就会被送上 绞架的死刑犯。 One prisoner had been brought out of his cell. He was a Hindu, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes. Six tall Indian warders were guarding him and getting him ready for the gallows. Two of them stood by with rifles and fixed bayonets, while the others handcuffed him, passed a chain through his handcuffs and fixed it to their belts, and lashed his arms tight to his sides. They crowded very close about him, with their hands always on him in a careful, caressing grip, as though all the while feeling him to make sure he was there. But he stood quite unresisting, yielding his arms limply to the ropes, as though he hardly noticed what was happening. 一个死囚已经被带出他的牢房。这是个瘦瘦小小的印度北方人,瘦得能一把攥起来,他的头发给剃掉了, 但却长着浓密的胡茬子,特别像电影里滑稽角色的那种胡子,真不敢相信这么一付小身板能长出这么大一 把胡子。他眼睛里噙满泪水,但他的目光却是一片茫然。六个大个子印度籍看守围着他,替他做上绞架的 准备工作。其中两位端着上了刺刀的步枪站在一边,其他几位忙着给他上手铐,之后把一根链子穿过他的 手铐,绑在他们自己的腰带上,他的胳膊被紧紧地绑在身体两侧。那几个人把他围得严严实实,七八只手 在他身上细心地用着力,像是在爱抚他、无时无刻都要感觉到他的存在。这场景颇似几个人在对付一条活 蹦乱跳的鱼,生怕它随时可能跳回水里去一般。但他只是站着,毫无反抗之意,任凭双臂被绳子摆布,似 乎他根本注意不到正在发生的事情。 Eight o’clock struck and a bugle call floated from the distant barracks. The superintendent of the jail, who was standing apart from the rest of us, moodily prodding the gravel with his stick, raised his head at the sound. ‘For God’s sake hurry up, Francis,’ he said irritably. ‘The man ought to have been dead by this time. Aren’t you ready yet?’ 钟敲了八响,远处兵营里响起一阵军号,若隐若现,煞是凄清。监狱长正独自站在一旁,心神不定地用 手杖刺着地面的砂砾层,听见军号,他抬起头发话了。“务必得抓紧了,弗兰西斯,”他不耐烦地说。“这家 伙这时候早该死了。你们还没准备好吗,” Francis, the head jailer, a fat Dravidian in a white drill suit and gold spectacles, waved his black hand. ‘Yes sir, yes sir,’ he bubbled. ‘All is satisfactorily prepared. The hangman is waiting. We sh all proceed.’ 看守长弗兰西斯,一个身着白色斜纹布制服、戴了副金边眼镜的德拉维胖子,动作夸张地举起他那只黑爪 子报告。“是的长官,是的长官,”他发音有点不清楚。“全部肿备好了,您会满意的。刽知手已经债等了。 我们可以肘了。” ‘Well, quick march, then. The prisoners can’t get their breakfast till this job’s over.’ “很好,那就马上出发。这活儿不干完就没法给别的犯人开早饭。” We set out for the gallows. Two warders marched on either side of the prisoner, with their rifles at the slope; two others marched close against him, gripping him by arm and shoulder, as though at once pushing and supporting him. The rest of us, magistrates and the like, followed behind. 于是我们动身向绞刑场进发。犯人两侧各走着两个斜端着步枪的看守,另外两个看守抓着犯人的肩膀和 手臂,说不上是在推着他走还是在扶着他走。我们其他人——文职人员等等,跟在队伍后面。 It was about forty yards to the gallows. I watched the bare brown back of the prisoner marching in front of me. He walked clumsily with his bound arms, but quite steadily. At each step his muscles slid neatly into place, the lock of hair on his scalp danced up and down, his feet printed themselves on the wet gravel. And once, in spite of the men who gripped him by each shoulder, he stepped slightly aside to avoid a puddle on the path. 到绞刑场有大约四十码远。那个犯人光着背,我看着他褐色的脊背在我前面晃动。由于胳膊被绑着,他 走路的样子有点费劲,不过却很稳健,每跨出一步,他那些肌肉便优美地消失又现形,他头皮上有一绺头 发飘起再荡落,他的双脚都会在潮湿的砂砾地上印下足迹。有一下他甚至不顾两边有看守架着他,脚下稍 微向旁边闪了一步,以躲开路上的一个水坑。 It is curious, but till that moment I had never realized what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man. When I saw the prisoner step aside to avoid the puddle, I saw the mystery, the unspeakable wrongness, of cutting a life short when it is in full tide. This man was not dying, he was alive just as we were alive. All the organs of his body were working – bowels digesting food, skin re newing itself, nails growing, tissues forming – all toiling away in solemn foolery. His nails would sti ll be growing when he stood on the drop, when he was falling through the air with a tenth of a second to live. His eyes saw the yellow gravel and the grey walls, and his brain still remembered, foresaw, reasoned – reasoned even about puddles. He and we were a party of men walking together, seeing, hearing, feeling, understanding the same world; and in two minutes, with a sudden snap, one of us would be gone – one mind less, one world less. 这让我有些讶异,直到这一刻我才认识到毁灭一个健康的、有意识的人意味着什么。当我看到那个犯人 往旁边闪了一步以躲开路上的那个水坑时,我看到了一个充满生机的生命,而这个生命即将戛然而止,这 是个神秘而又无法言说的谬误。这不是一个奄奄一息的人,他活得和在场的其他人一样状态良好。他身上 的所有器官都在工作,肠道在消化食物、皮肤在新陈代谢、指甲在生长、各类组织在形成——所有这一切 的劳碌此刻仍在进行,即便等着它们的是场一本正经的愚蠢仪式。当他站在绞架踏板上的时候,他的指甲 还在生长,甚至在他坠入空气中的那十分之一秒之内,他的指甲也还在生长。他的眼中还看得见黄色的砂 砾和灰色的院墙,他的大脑还有记忆力、预见力和支配力——比如支配他躲开路上的水坑。他和我们同样 是人类,我们走在一起,我们看到、听到、感受到以及理解的是同一个世界,但是要不了两分钟,也就突 然“啪”的一下,我们中间的一个就撒手人寰了——少了一颗心灵,少了一个世界。 The gallows stood in a small yard.The hangman, a gray-haired convict in the white uniform of the prison, was waiting beside his machine. He greeted us with a servile crouch as we entered. At a word from Francis the two warders, gripping the prisoner more closely than ever, half led, half pushed him to the gallows and helped him clumsily up the ladder. Then the hangman climbed up and fixed the rope round the prisoner’s neck. 绞刑场设在一个小院子里。刽子手是个头发灰白、穿白色囚服的犯人,正等在他的设备一旁,见我们进 去,他赶忙跪在地上,奴颜婢膝地给我们请安。这时弗兰西斯发布了一道命令,于是押着死囚的那两个看 守把他抓得更紧了,连推带拉把他架到绞台跟前,挤挤挨挨地架着他爬上楼梯。接着刽子手也爬上绞台, 把绳套挂到死囚脖子上扣紧。 We stood waiting, five yards away. The warders had formed in a rough circle round the gallows. And then, when the noose was fixed, the prisoner began crying out on his god. It was a high, reiterated cry of ‘Ram! Ram! Ram! Ram!’, not urgent and fearful like a prayer or a cry for help, but steady, rhythmical, almost like the tolling of a bell. 我们站在五码以外的地方等着。看守们围着绞架站成一圈。绳扣绑好了,这时那个死囚忽然开始放声呼喊 他的神明。他声音高亢,反复呼喊着一个名字,“罗摩，罗摩，罗摩，罗摩，”,既听不出紧迫也听不到恐 惧,既不像是祷告也不像是祈求,那就是一种坚定的、有节律的声音,如钟鸣般不绝于耳。 The hangman climbed down and stood ready, holding the lever. Minutes seemed to pass. The steady, muffled crying from the prisoner went on and on, ‘Ram! Ram! Ram!’ never faltering for an instant. The superintendent, his head on his chest, was slowly poking the ground with his stick; perhaps he was counting the cries, allowing the prisoner a fixed number – fifty, perhaps, or a hundred. Everyone had changed colour. The Indians had gone grey like bad coffee, and one or two of the bayonets were wavering. 刽子手爬下绞台站好,手里把着他的机关。似乎好几分钟过去了。那个死囚坚定的、裹在布里的呼喊声在 继续,还在继续,“罗摩，罗摩，罗摩，……”没有片刻的踌躇。监狱长勾着脑袋,慢慢地在地上戳着他的 手杖,他大概是在给那声音计数吧,好让死囚能喊个整数什么的,五十声,或许吧,也可能是一百声。每 个人的脸色都变得很难看。印度人脸上失了血色,变得灰白灰白的,让人联想到坏咖啡,甚至有一两把刺 刀也在跟着发抖了。 Suddenly the superintendent made up his mind. Throwing up his .head he made a swift motion with his stick. ‘Chalo!’ he shouted almost fiercely. 突然间监狱长下了决心。他扬起脑袋,斩钉截铁地挥了下手杖。“查洛，”他几乎是恶狠狠地喊道。 There was a clanking noise, and then dead silence. The prisoner had vanished, and the rope was twisting on itself. We went round the gallows to inspect the prisoner’s body. He was dangling with his toes pointed straight downwards, very slowly revolving, as dead as a stone. 一阵“康郎”声响过,随后归于死一般的沉寂。死囚消失了,只有绳子兀自在那里打着绞。我们也绕到绞台 后面去检视这个死囚的尸体。他正吊在绳子上摇摆不定,脚尖垂向地面,身体缓缓转动,已经像块石头一 样没有生命了。 The superintendent reached out with his stick and poked the bare body; it oscillated, slightly. ‘He’s all right,’ said the superintendent. He backed out from under the gallows, and blew out a deep breath. The moody look had gone out of his face quite suddenly. He glanced at his wrist-watch. ‘Eight minutes past eight. Well, that’s all for this morning, thank God.’ 监狱长抬起他的手杖捅了捅那具赤裸的尸体,它微微荡向一边。“他了啦,”监狱长宣布。他从绞台底下退 出来,长出了一口气。忽然之间他脸上的闷闷不乐便一扫而光。他瞄了一眼腕表。“八点过八分。好了,今 天早上就这样吧,感谢上帝，” The warders unfixed bayonets and marched away. We walked out of the gallows yard,past the condemned cells with their waiting prisoners, into the big central yard of the prison. The convicts were already receiving their breakfast. They squatted in long rows, each man holding a tin pannikin, while two warders with buckets marched round ladling out rice; it seemed quite a homely, jolly scene, after the hanging. An enormous relief had come upon us now that the job was done. One felt an impulse to sing, to break into a run, to snigger. All at once everyone began chattering gaily. 看守们卸下刺刀,整队回去了。我们走出绞刑场,走过那排死牢和里面等死的人,走进位于监狱中央的大 院子。犯人们已经在打早饭了,每个犯人都手持一个铁盘子,他们蹲成长长一队,两个看守提着饭桶沿队 伍移动,往盘子里一勺一勺扣着米饭,看起来是一派安宁祥和的气象——尤其是在一次绞刑之后。那活儿 忙完了,这让我们每个人都如释重负,都有想干点什么的冲动,比如唱两嗓子或者疯跑一通,哪怕是能偷 着乐两声也不赖。于是忽然之间每个人都好像成了快活的小鸟,嘁嘁喳喳个没完没了。 The Eurasian boy walking beside me nodded towards the way we had come, with a knowing smile: ‘Do you know, sir, our friend (he meant the dead man), when he heard his appeal had been dismissed, he pissed on the floor of his cell. From fright. – Kindly take one of my cigarettes, sir. Do you not admire my new silver case, sir? Classy European style.’ 那个年轻的欧亚混血儿走在我身边,他把脑袋朝我们来的路歪了一下,脸上带着知情人的笑容,“您知 道吗长官,咱们那位朋友,他说的是刚被处死的那个人,,听说他的上诉被取消以后,在牢房里尿了一地。 把他给吓得，——您赏个脸尝尝我的烟吧长官。您不觉得我这个银烟盒很漂亮吗长官,上等的欧洲货色。” Several people laughed – at what, nobody seemed certain. 有几个人在笑,至于在笑什么,好像也没谁搞清楚。 Francis was walking by the superintendent, talking garrulously. ‘Well, sir, all has passed off with the utmost satisfactoriness. It was all finished – flick! like that. It is not always so – oh, no! I have known cases where the doctor was obliged to go beneath the gallows and pull the prisoner’s legs to ensure decease. Most disagreeable!’ 弗兰西斯跟在监狱长旁边,边走边唠叨。“是的,长官,一切都完成得让人满意得不能债满意了。这件事干 得——喀嚓，真是干净利硕。并不总是这样的——啊,不是的，我知道有几赤法医不得不专到绞台底下去 拽犯人的大腿,不然都不知道他们史没史。真是太麻烦了，” ‘Wriggling about, eh? That’s bad,’ said the superintendent. “要扭两下吗,呃,那可太糟糕了,”监狱长说。 ‘Ach, sir, it is worse when they become refractory! One man, I recall, clung to the bars of hiss cage when we went to take him out. You will scarcely credit, sir, that it took six warders to dislodge him, three pulling at each leg. “噢呵,长官,遇到腊种垂史挣扎的家伙柴叫昭糕呢，我记得有一次,我们去带一个蓝犯,可腊家伙抓 着他牢房的栏杆史活不砂手。您肯定不相信,长官,我们找了六个看守柴把他弄出来,山个人抱他一条大 腿。 I found that I was laughing quite loudly. Everyone was laughing. Even the superintendent grinned in a tolerant way. ‘You’d better all come out and have a drink,’ he said quite genially. ‘I’ve got a bottle of whisky in the car. We could do with it.’ 我听见我在笑,而且笑得很大声。每个人都在笑。甚至监狱长也在咧着嘴笑,很大度的样子。“你们都跟我 出来喝一杯吧,”他非常和蔼地说。“我车上有瓶威士忌。我们去把它喝掉。” We went through the big double gates of the prison, into the road. ‘Pulling at his legs!’ exclaimed a Burmese magistrate suddenly, and burst into a loud chuckling. We all began laughing again. At that moment Francis’s anecdote seemed extraordinarily funny. We all had a drink together, native and European alike, quite amicably. The dead man was a hundred yards away. 我们走过监狱双扇大门,来到路上。“抱他的大腿，”一个缅甸籍文官突然大声重复了一句,然后就笑得上 气不接下气。于是所有人又开始笑起来。那一分钟弗兰西斯的段子似乎格外好笑。后来我们相当友善地在 一起喝酒,完全没有本地人和欧洲人之分。至于那个死去的男人嘛——离我们有一百码之遥呢， Unit 6 Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death Mr. President: No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House. But different men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. The questing before the House is one of awful moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I should consider myself as guilty of treason toward my country, and of an act of disloyalty toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings. 议长先生,我比任何人更钦佩刚刚在议会上发 言的先生们的爱国精神和才能。但是,对同一事物的看法往往因人而异。因此,尽管我的观点与他们截然 不同,我还是要毫无保留地、自由地予以阐述,并且希望不要因此而被视作对先生们的不敬,现在不是讲 客气的时候。摆在议会代表们面前的问题关系到国家的存亡。我认为,这是关系到享受自由还是蒙受奴役 的大问题,而且正由于它事关重大,我们的辩论就必须做到各抒已见。只有这样,我们才有可能弄清事实 真相,才能不辜负上帝和祖国赋予我们的重任。在这种时刻,如果怕冒犯别人而闲口不言,我认为就是叛 国,就是对比世间所有国君更为神圣的上帝的不忠。Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the numbers of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth, to know the worst, and to provide for it. 议长先生,对希望抱有幻觉是人的天性。我们易 于闭起眼睛不愿正视痛苦的现实,并倾听海妖惑人的歌声,让她把我们化作禽兽。在为自由而进行艰苦卓 绝的斗争中,这难道是有理智 的人的作为吗,难道我们愿意成为对获得自由这样休戚相关的事视而不见,充耳不闻的人吗,就我来说, 无论在精神上有多么痛苦,我仍然愿意了解全部事实真相和最坏的事态,并为之做好充分准备。I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House. Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation; the last arguments to which kings resort. 我只有一盏指路明灯,那就是经验之灯。除了过去的经验,我没有什 么别的方法可以判断未来。而依据过去的经验,我倒希望知道,10 年来英国政府的所作所为,凭什么足以 使各位先生有理由满怀希望,并欣然用来安慰自己和议会,难道就是最近接受我们请愿时的那种狡诈的微 笑吗,不要相信这种微笑,先生,事实已经证明它是你们脚边的陷阶。不要被人家的亲吻出卖吧，请你们 自问,接受我们请愿时的和气亲善和遍布我们海陆疆域的大规模备战如何能够相称,难道出于对我们的爱 护与和解,有必要动用战舰和军队吗,难道我们流露过决不和解的愿望,以至为了赢回我们的爱,而必须 诉诸武力吗,我们不要再欺骗自己了,先生。这些都是战争和征服的工具,是国王采取的最后论辩手段。I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. 我要请问先生们,这些战 争部署如果不是为了迫使我们就范,那又意味着什么,哪位先生能够指出有其他动机,难道在世界的这一 角,还有别的敌人值得大不列颠如此兴师动众,集结起庞大的海陆武装吗,不,先生们,没有任何敌人了。 一切都是针对我们的,而不是别人。他们是派来给我们套紧那条由英国政府长期以来铸造的锁链的。And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves longer. 我们应该如何进行抵抗呢,还靠辩论吗,先 生,我们已经辩论了10 年了。难道还有什么新的御敌之策吗,没有了。我们已经从各方面经过了考虑,但 一切都是枉然。难道我们还要苦苦哀告,卑词乞求吗,难道我们还有什么更好盼策略没有使用过吗,先生, 我请求你们,千万不要再自欺欺人了。Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne! In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free--if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long en gaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms contest shall be obtained-- and to the God of hosts is all that is left us! 为了阻止这场即将来临的风暴,一切该做的都已经 做了。我们请愿过,我们抗议过,我们哀求过,我们曾拜倒在英王御座前,恳诚他制止国会和内阁的残暴 行径。可是,我们的请愿受到蔑视,我们的抗议反而招致更多的镇压和侮辱,我们的哀求被置之不理。我 们被轻蔑地从御座边一脚踢开了。事到如今,我们怎么还能沉迷于虚无缥渺的和平希望之中呢,没有任何 希望的余地了。假如我们想获得自由,并维护我们长期以来为之献身的崇高权利,假如我们不愿彻底放弃 我们多年来的斗争,不获全胜,决不收兵。那么,我们就必须战斗，我再重复一遍,我们必须战斗，我们 只有诉诸武力,只有求助于万军之主的上帝。They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength but irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. The millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come! 议长先生,他们说我们太弱 小了,无法抵御如此强大的敌人。但是我们何时才能强大起来,是下周,还是明年,难道要等到我们被彻 底解除武装,家家户户都驻扎英国士兵的时候,难道我们犹豫迟疑、无所作为就能积聚起力量吗,难道我 们高枕而卧,抱着虚幻的希望,待到敌人捆住了我们的千脚,就能找到有效的御敌之策了吗,先生们,只 要我们能妥善地利用自然之神赐予我们的力量,我们就不弱小。一旦300 万人民为了神圣的自由事业,在 自己的国土上武装起来,那么任何敌人都无法战胜我们,此外,我们并非孤军作战,公正的上帝主宰着各 国的命运,他将号召朋友们为我们而战,先生们,战争的胜利并非只属于强者。它将属于那些机警、主动 和勇敢的人们。阿况我们已经别无选择。即使我们没有骨气,想退出战斗,也为时已晚。退路已经切断, 除非甘受屈辱和奴役。囚禁我们的枷锁已经铸成。叮叮的镣铐声已经在波士顿草原上回响。战争已经无可 避免——让它来吧，我重复一遍,先生,让它来吧，It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace--but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death! 企图使事态得到缓和是徒劳的。 各位先生可以高喊,和平，和平，但根本不存在和平。战斗实际上已经打响。从北方刮来的风暴将把武器 的铿锵回响传到我们耳中。我们的弟兄已经奔赴战场，我们为什么还要站在这里袖手旁观呢,先生们想要 做什么,他们会得到什么,难道生命就这么可贵,和平就这么甜蜜,竟值得以镣铐和奴役作为代价,全能 的上帝啊,制止他们这样做吧，我不知道别人会如何行事,至于我,不自由,毋宁死， Unit 8The Art of Smart Guessing Several years ago interviewing candidates for a job I grew tired of asking What experience do you have So I decided on a one-question quiz to find out how resourceful a thinker the new might be. Here it is: 几年前我厌倦问面试应聘者“你有什么经验”所以我决定用一个问题的测验来hire 了解新员工有多么的足智多谋。那就是You are on a yacht sailing the Pacific Ocean. Your navigator announces you are over the deepest point the Mariana Trench. Just then a clumsy guest accidentally drops a 12-pound cannonball over the side. How long will it take for the cannonball to reach the bottom of the ocean 你在一艘航行于太平洋的游艇上。你的导航仪显示你是在最深的地方——马里 亚纳海沟之上。就在那时一个笨拙的客人不小心将一枚12 磅重的炮弹扔了下去。炮弹落到海底需要多长时 间Before reading on please try to solve this yourself--paying special attention to how you might solve it. 在继续阅读之前请设法自己解决这个问题——特别注意你如何解决它。Did you make a completely wild guess because there wasnt enough information Did you get too bogged down in the details trying to come up with the exactly right answer Or did you zero in on the two most important problems--how deep is the Mariana Trench and how fast might a cannonball fall through the water-- then hazard a guesstimate 你是否因为“没有足够的信息”而做了一个完全的猜测你是否过于陷入细节试 图找出“正确”答案还是你瞄准的两个最重要的问题——马里亚纳海沟有多深和炮弹在水中以多块的速度落 下——然后大胆猜测Most of my candidates simply made a wild guess thinking that if they couldnt be 100-percent right there was no use trying to be 95-percent right. Rarely was someone willing to risk an approximation. 我的大多数应聘者只是胡乱猜测想他们认为自己不可能100 正确即使95 正确 也是没有用的。 很少有人愿意大胆猜测。What does this have to do with business or creativity A great deal. In the real world we frequently need to make decisions when the full information does not exist. From what foods we eat to how to raise our kids creative people must think for themselves. There may not be the time or the money to make sure of all your decisions. Your best guess will often be the best you can do. 这与商业或创造力有什么关系呢事实上有很多关系。在现实世界中我们经常需 要在没有完整信息的情况下做出决定。从我们吃什么食物到如何培养自己的孩子有创造力的人必须独立思 考。你可能没有时间或金钱来确保你所有的决定。最好的猜测常常会成为你最应该做的事情。Suppose for example youve been asked to write a marketing plan for a new telephone device that will send your name company address and telephone number to a visual display or printer on another persons phone. In addition to conventional outlets like mass merchandisers and electronics stores youd like to know the number of phone stores in the United States. Unfortunately this figure is not available either from market-research houses or from the U.S. government. What do you do 打 个比方假定你要为一个新的电话设备写一个营销 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 这个设备会将您的大名、公司、地址、电话号码发送 到别人的手机的显示器或打印机上。除了常规网点像大商场和电子卖场你还要了解美国“手机店”的数量。 不幸的是这个数字无论是从市场研究机构或从美国政府都不可能得到。你会怎么做One solution would be to go to your local library pull out a few phone directories from around the country turn to the Yellow Pages and start counting. You could then guesstimate how many stores there were nationwide based on the number of stores per 100000 people in each of the cities you counted. This by the way is exactly what a marketing consultant I know did for a large telecommunications client. 一个解决办法是去您当地的图书馆拉出来自全国各地的几个电话目录打开黄页然后开始数。接着 你就可以根据你所数的每个城市里每十万人会有多少家店来猜测全国有多少家店。顺便说一下这是我知道 的一个营销顾问为一个大型电信客户所做的市场调查的确切做法。The question about phone stores was winning physicist an example of what scientists call a Fermi problem named after Nobel Prize- Enrico Fermi who used problems such as this to teach his students how to think for themselves. A Fermi problem does not contain all the information you need to solve it precisely. 手机店 的问题是科学家所谓的费米问题的一个例子费米问题是由诺贝尔奖得主物理学家恩里科?费米所命名他曾 用这类问题来教他的学生独立思考。费米问题不包含所有你需要的信息但你必须准确地解决它。Fermi is said to have once asked his university students how many piano tuners there were in Chicago. To answer the question he recommended breaking it down into smaller more manageable questions and then having the courage to make some guesses and assumptions. How many people live in Chicago Three million would be a reasonable estimate. How many people per family Assume an average of four. How many families own pianos Say one out of three. Then there are about 250000 pianos in Chicago. How often would each be tuned Maybe once every five years. That makes 50000 tunings a year. How many pianos can one tuner tune in a day Four And how many in a year Assuming 250 working days one tuner can handle 1000 pianos a year. 据说费米曾经问他的大学生芝加哥有多少个 钢琴调音师。为了回答这个问题他建议吧问题打破分解成更小、更易于处理的问题然后勇敢地去做一些猜 测和假设。芝加哥有多少人口三百 万将是一个合理的估计。每个家庭有多少人假设平均有四口人。有多少家庭拥有钢琴呢三分之一吧。那么 芝加哥大约就有25 万架钢琴。每台钢琴多久需要调音一次也许是每隔五年。那每年就有五万次调音。一个 调音师一天可以为几台钢琴调音四台一年内多少台假设一年有250 个工作日一个调音师一年就可以为1000 台钢琴调音。So theres work for approximately 50 piano tuners in Chicago-- which as it turns out is reasonably close to the actual number in the Yellow Pages. 因此芝加哥大约有50 位钢琴调音 师——事实证明这个结果理所应当地接近黄页上的实际数据。Why was guesswork so accurate The law of averages is partly responsible. At any point your assumptions may be too high or too low. But because of the law of averages your mistakes will frequently balance out. 为什么猜测可以如此 的精确有一部分原因是因为平均数定律。在任何时候你的假设可能会过高或过低。但由于平均数定律你的 失误往往会得到平衡。Heresanother puzzle.You probably already know that black absorbs the most heat while white reflects the most. But what about other colors in between How could you find the answer Hint: its wintertime but not too cold. 还有一个疑问。你可能已经知道黑吸收最多的热 量而白色反射了大多数热量。但在黑白之间的其他颜色呢你如何能找到答案提示:冬天但不太冷的时候。Ben Franklins solution was elegant. He simply laid broadcloth samples of various colors on the snow on a sunny morning. In a few hours he reported the black being warmed most by the sun was sunk so low as to be below the stroke of the suns rays the dark blue almost as low the lighter blue not quite so much as the dark the other colors less as they were lighter and the quite white remained on the surface of the snow not having entered it at all. 本?富兰克林的办法非常优雅。 一个阳光明媚的早晨他只是在雪地上铺设了各种不同颜色的阔幅布样品。他说“几小时的日晒后在太阳辐射 的照射下黑色的布将变得最温暖黑布陷进雪地里如此之低以至于阳光都照射不到了深蓝色的几乎与黑色一 样低低浅蓝色就不像深蓝陷得那么深了其他颜色的陷得更浅白色的仍然留在雪地的表面根本没有陷入进 去。”One of my favorite guesstimators is Weston Conn. inventor Stan Mason who developed microwave cookware specially designed to position food in the best spot for cooking. 我最喜欢的一个“猜 想家”是Weston Conn.的发明家斯坦?梅森他改进了微波炊具特殊 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 了最佳烹调的食物放置位置。To do this Mason needed to know where the microwaves hot spots”were -- the place where the rays hit the food with the highest intensity. To find out he put shelves of unpopped popcorn kernels in the microwave and watched to see which kernels popped first. He discovered a pattern in the ovens hottest rays: they werent in the corners or at the center but in the shape of a mushroom cloud. 要做到这一点梅森需要知道微波热点”在哪——那儿的食物受到最高强度强度的微波照射。为了找出真相他 把几层架子的未爆裂的爆米花谷粒放入微波炉中观察看哪个谷粒首先爆裂。突然他发现了微波炉最热射线 的一个模式最热门的射线既不是在角落里也不在中心而是在蘑菇云的形状里。Then he designed cooking dishes to fit the pattern. He had come up with a resourceful way to approximate the answer rather than using scientifically sophisticated testing equipment. 然后他设计烹饪菜肴来适应这个模式。 他已经想出一个创意十足的方法来接近答案而不是利用科学精密的检测设备。 Fermi would have approved. 如果费米知道的话他也会为之鼓掌的。By the way the Mariana Trench is about six nautical miles deep and a cannonball drops at a rate of ten feet per second. So it took the cannonball about an hour to reach the bottom of the trench. 话说马里亚纳海沟深约六 海里炮弹下降速率为10 英尺/秒。因此炮弹大约要花一个小时的时间到达海沟底部。Could this be guessed If you know that Earths highest point Mount Everest is 29000 feet you might reasonably conclude that its lowest point would be close to the same distance. Then you might imagine that a heavy object would take one second to fall through the water of a 10-foot-deep swimming pool. These estimates would bring you close enough to the correct answer. 这都否被猜到如果你知道地球最高 峰的珠穆朗玛峰海拔29000 英尺你可能会得出合理的结论:最低点也是同样的距离。然后你可以想象一个重 物掉进一个10 英尺深的游泳池只需要1 秒钟到底。这些估算足够让你去接近正确答案。 Unit 13 Beauty For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Persons then were assumed to be what we now have to call---lamely, enviously---whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person's "inside" and "outside", they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind. The well-born young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found it quite paradoxical that their hero was so intelligent, so brave, so honorable, so seductive---and so ugly. One of Socrates' main pedagogical acts was to be ugly---and teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciples of his how full of paradoxes life really was. 对于古希腊人来说,美丽是一种美德,一种出色表现。这样的人在今天会理所当然而又无不受嫉妒地 被人们称为"完整"的人。即使古希腊人真的曾经将一个个体的"内在"与"外在"区分开来,他们依然会期望 这个个体的内在美能够与他其他方面的美相匹配。当那些出身良好的年轻雅典人聚集在苏格拉底周围时, 他们发现了一个非常矛盾的事实,他们的英雄是如此地睿智,如此英勇,如此高贵,如此有诱惑力——而 且,如此其貌不扬。苏格拉底用自己的丑陋给他的那些天真无邪的,无疑也是非常俊美的始徒们上的其中 最重要的一节课就是,生活中充满了矛盾。They may have resisted Socrates' lessons. We do not. Several thousand years later, we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not only split off---with the greatest facility---the "inside"(character, intellect,from the "outside"(looks); but we actually surprised when someone who is beautiful is also intelligent, talented, good. 他are 们也许听不进去导师的教诲。但是我们不会。几千年以后的今天,我们变的更加小心翼翼地对待美丽之销 魂。我们不但十分轻而易举地把二者——"内在",品质,智慧,与"外在",外表,分割开,实际上,当我 们看到一个人既漂亮同时又聪明,有才干,善良的时候,我们会感到很惊讶。It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in classical ideals of human excellence. By limiting excellence (virtus in Latin) to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adrift--as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment. And beauty has continued to lose prestige. For close to two centuries it has become a convention to attribute beauty to only one of the two sexes: the sex which, however Fair, is always Second. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally. 人们将美丽从古典的人类理想 的中心地位中分裂出来,主要是受到了基督教的影响。为了将出色,在拉丁文中是virtus,与美德的virtue 同源,的范围缩小到仅仅是道德上的出色,基督教将美丽流放了——使它成为一种疏远的,恣意的,肤浅 的诱惑。而美丽的威望不断地流失。在长达近两个世纪中,美丽约定俗成地变得只能用于形容两性中其中 一性,即无论多么"公平对待",依然是排在"第二位"的那一性。把美丽与女人联系起来使美丽陷入道德上 愈加不利的境地。A beautiful woman, we say in English. But a handsome man. "Handsome" is the masculine equivalent of ---and refusal of---a compliment which has accumulated certain demeaning overtones, by being reserved for women only. That one can call a man" beautiful" in French and in Italian suggests that Catholic countries---unlike those countries shaped by the Protestant version of Christianity--- still retain some vestiges of the pagan admiration for beauty. But the differences ,if one exists, is of degrees only. In every modern country that is Christian or post-Christian, women are the beautiful sex---to the detriment of the notion of beauty as well as of women. 一个美丽的女人,我们在英语中是这么说的。但是,我们会说一个英俊的男人。英俊 是美丽的阳性的对等物,同时也是一种藐视。美丽一词现在专用于女人,它当中积聚着一定的贬抑的弦外 之音。在法语和意大利语中,仍有称一个男性"美丽"的现象,这说明与那些被新教的 基督教教义塑造的国家不同,天主教国家中还残存着一些对美丽的异端赞美的痕迹。但是如果真的有什么 区别的话,那只是程度上的。在所有现代国家中,无论是基督教国家还是后基督教国家,女性都是"美丽的 性别"——这是对美丽本身同时也是对女性本身的贬损。To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women's character and concer ns. (In contrast to men---whose essence is to be strong, or effective, or competent. )It does not take someone in the throes of advanced feminists awareness to perceive that the way women are taught to be involved with beauty encourages narcissism, reinforces dependence and immaturity. Everybody (women and men) knows that .For it is "everybody", a whole society, that has identified being feminine with caring about how one looks. (In contrast to being masculine---which is identified with caring about what one is and does and only secondarily, if at all, about how one looks. )Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation. 渴望被称为美丽被认为是道出了 女性性格的本质与她们所关心事物的核心。,与男性形成对比——他们的核心是强壮,高效,强竞争力, 不需要具有先进女权主义者的敏锐洞察力,人们也能够察觉到,女性被引导向美丽的过程实质上鼓吹了自 恋主义,加重了女性的依赖性和不成熟性。每个人,男人和女人,都心照不宣。"每一个个体",也就全社 会,都默认了" 女性化"就是关心一个人看上去怎样,,与男性化的关心一个人是怎样,干得怎样,然后才 有可能再关心一个人长得怎样形成了对比,考虑到这些思维定势,无怪乎美丽一词,最多只能享有一种不 纯的名声。It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful that is wrong but the obligation to be---or to try. What is accepted by most women as a flattering idealization of their sex is a way of making women feel inferior to what they actually are---or normally grow to be. For the ideal of beauty is administered as a form of self-oppression. Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to evaluate each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on---each in turn is submitted to an anxious, fretful, often despairing scrutiny. Even if some pass muster, some will always be found wanting. Nothing less than perfection will do. 当然,渴望美丽本身并没有错,错就错在当追求美变成了一种义务去完成,或者去尝试。使女性 觉得自己比实际的她,或者说正常成长的她要低一筹,是一种被女性广泛接受的谄媚的性别理想化。因为追 求理想的美在实际操作中已成为一种自我压抑的形式。女性被引导去把她们身体的各部分拆分开来看待, 然后独立地衡量各部分。胸部,腿,臀部,腰身,颈部,眼睛,鼻子,肤色,头发,等等——每一样都被 置于焦急的,难于取悦的,时常是近乎绝望的细察之中。即使一些过关了,肯定还有不足之处。不达到完 美誓不罢休。In men, good looks is a whole, something taken in at a glance. It does not need to be confirmed by giving measurements of different regions of the body, nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. As for perfection, that is considered trivial---almost unmanly. Indeed, in the ideally good-looking man a small imperfection or blemish is considered positively desirable. According to one movie critic (a woman) who is a declared Robert Redford fan, it is having that cluster of skin-colored moles on one cheek that saves Redford from being merely a "pretty face." Think of the depreciation of women---as well as of beauty---that is implied in that judgment. 在男性那里,好看是一种整体的感觉,是匆匆一瞥留下的印象。它不需要 提供身体各部位的尺寸来确认,没有人会鼓励一个男性将自己的外表一点一点地拆分。至于外表完美,被 认为是微不足道的——甚至是缺乏阳刚之气的。实际上,一个男人如果在外表上有一点点瑕疵,或伤痕, 反而会被很正面地追捧为理想的美男子。按照一位自称是Robert Redford 迷的影评 人,女性,的说法,恰恰是他脸上那一堆影响肤色的黑痔使Redford 免于被认作"只有一张漂亮的脸蛋"。 不妨设想在这样的判断中所暗含的对女性和美丽本身的贬损。"The privileges of beauty are immense.' said Cocteau. To be sure, beauty is a form of power. And deservedly so. What is lamentable is that it is the only form of power that most women are encouraged to seek. This power is always conceived in relation to men; it is not the power to do but the power to attract. It is a power that negates itself. For this power is not one that can be chosen freely---at least, not by women---or renounced without social censure. Cocteau 曾说,美丽的特权是无限的。可以肯定,美 丽是一种力量。它也配称为一种力量。但是值得悲哀的是,这是一种绝无仅有的只有女性才被怂恿去寻求 的力量。这种力量也常常被认为和男性有关,这不是一种行动力而是一种吸引力。这是一种否定自身的力 量。因为它不是一个人可以自由选择的,至少,由不得一个女人在未经社会许可的情况下自由选择或放弃。 To preen, for a woman, can never be just a pleasure. It is also a duty. It is her work. If a woman does real work---and even if she has clambered up to a leading position in politics, law, medicine, business, or whatever---she is always under pressure to confess that she still works at being attractive. But in so far as she is keeping up as one of the Fair Sex, she brings under suspicion her very capacity to be objective, professional, authoritative, thoughtful. Damned if they do---women are. And damned if they don't. 对于一个女性来说,打扮自己,绝不仅仅是一种 愉悦。同时也是一种职责。这是她的工作。如果一个女人做了真正意义上的工作——即使攀升到政界,法 律界,医学界,商界,诸如此类领域的领导地位——她仍常常被迫承认她自己依然努力使自己保持吸引力。 但是当她正努力维系两个"公平性别"的其中一性的角色之际,她的客观性,她的专业素质,权威性,思想 的周密性,则备受质疑。如果她们做,会被责难,不做,同样会被指责。One could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of considering persons as split between what is "inside" and what is "outside" than that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, the oppression of women. How easy it is to start off by defining women as caretakers of their surfaces, and then to disparage them (or find them adorable ) for being "superficial". It is a crude trap,and it has worked for too long. But to get out of the trap requires that women get some critical distance from the excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough distance to see how much beauty itself has been abridged in order to prop up the mythology of the "feminine." There should be a way of saving beauty from women---and for them. 要证明将个体的内在与外在割裂开来的危险性,除了那个永无终止 之日的悲喜掺半的神话之外,很难举出更加重要的例子了。人们多么轻易地在一开始就把女性定义为自己 外表的呵护者,然后再毁谤她们,或者觉得她们很可爱,为"肤浅"的。这是一个天然的陷阱,而它已经存 在了太久。要摆脱这个陷阱,女性自己要与美丽的出色与特权保持可观的距离。这种距离要足够让人看清 楚美丽在多大程度上被削弱了来支撑一个"女性化"的神话。我们理应把美丽从女性那分离出来,这同时也 是为了保持女性美。 unit16 One day when I went out to my wood-pile, or rather my pile of stumps, I observed two large ants, the one red, the other much larger, nearly half an inch long, and black, fiercely contending with one another. Having once got hold they never let go, but struggled and wrestled and rolled on the chips incessantly. Looking farther, I was surprised to find that the chips were covered with such combatants, that it was not a duellum, but a bellum, a war between two races of ants, the red always pitted against the black, and frequently two red ones to one black. The legions of these Myrmidons covered all the hills and vales in my wood-yard, and the ground was already strewn with the dead and dying, both red and black. It was the only battle which I have ever witnessed, the only battle-field I ever trod while the battle was raging; internecine war; the red republicans on the one hand, and the black imperialists on the other. On every side they were engaged in deadly combat, yet without any noise that I could hear, and human soldiers never fought so resolutely. I watched a couple that were fast locked in each other's embraces, in a little sunny valley amid the chips, now at noonday prepared to fight till the sun went down, or life went out. The smaller red champion had fastened himself like a vice to his adversary's front, and through all the tumblings on that field never for an instant ceased to gnaw at one of his feelers near the root, having already caused the other to go by the board; while the stronger black one dashed him from side to side, and, as I saw on looking nearer, had already divested him of several of his members. They fought with more pertinacity than bulldogs. Neither manifested the least disposition to retreat. It was evident that their battle-cry was "Conquer or die." In the meanwhile there came along a single red ant on the hillside of this valley, evidently full of excitement, who either had dispatched his foe, or had not yet taken part in the battle; probably the latter, for he had lost none of his limbs; whose mother had charged him to return with his shield or upon it. Or perchance he was some Achilles, who had nourished his wrath apart, and had now come to avenge or rescue his Patroclus. He saw this unequal combat from afar--for the blacks were nearly twice the size of the red--he drew near with rapid pace till be stood on his guard within half an inch of the combatants; then, watching his opportunity, he sprang upon the black warrior, and commenced his operations near the root of his right foreleg, leaving the foe to select among his own members; and so there were three united for life, as if a new kind of attraction had been invented which put all other locks and cements to shame. I should not have wondered by this time to find that they had their respective musical bands stationed on some eminent chip, and playing their national airs the while, to excite the slow and cheer the dying combatants. I was myself excited somewhat even as if they had been men. The more you think of it, the less the difference. And certainly there is not the fight recorded in Concord history, at least, if in the history of America, that will bear a moment's comparison with this, whether for the numbers engaged in it, or for the patriotism and heroism displayed. For numbers and for carnage it was an Austerlitz or Dresden. Concord Fight! Two killed on the patriots' side, and Luther Blanchard wounded! Why here every ant was a Buttrick--"Fire! for God's sake fire!"--and thousands shared the fate of Davis and Hosmer. There was not one hireling there. I have no doubt that it was a principle they fought for, as much as our ancestors, and not to avoid a three-penny tax on their tea; and the results of this battle will be as important and memorable to those whom it concerns as those of the battle of Bunker Hill, at least. I took up the chip on which the three I have particularly described were struggling, carried it into my house, and placed it under a tumbler on my window-sill, in order to see the issue. Holding a microscope to the first-mentioned red ant, I saw that, though he was assiduously gnawing at the near foreleg of his enemy, having severed his remaining feeler, his own breast was all torn away, exposing what vitals he had there to the jaws of the black warrior, whose breastplate was apparently too thick for him to pierce; and the dark carbuncles of the sufferer's eyes shone with ferocity such as war only could excite. They struggled half an hour longer under the tumbler, and when I looked again the black soldier had severed the heads of his foes from their bodies, and the still living heads were hanging on either side of him like ghastly trophies at his saddle-bow, still apparently as firmly fastened as ever, and he was endeavoring with feeble struggles, being without feelers and with only the remnant of a leg, and I know not how many other wounds, to divest himself of them, which at length, after half an hour more, he accomplished. I raised the glass, and he went off over the window-sill in that crippled state. Whether he finally survived that combat, and spent the remainder of his days in some Hôtel des Invalides, I do not know; but I thought that his industry would not be worth much thereafter. I never learned which party was victorious, nor the cause of the war; but I felt for the rest of that day as if I had had my feelings excited and harrowed by witnessing the struggle, the ferocity and carnage, of a human battle before my door. Kirby and Spence tell us that the battles of ants have long been celebrated and the date of them recorded, though they say that Huber is the only modern author who appears to have witnessed them. "Aeneas Sylvius," say they, "after giving a very circumstantial account of one contested with great obstinacy by a great and small species on the trunk of a pear tree," adds that "this action was fought in the pontificate of Eugenius the Fourth, in the presence of Nicholas Pistoriensis, an eminent lawyer, who related the whole history of the battle with the greatest fidelity." A similar engagement between great and small ants is recorded by Olaus Magnus, in which the small ones, being victorious, are said to have buried the bodies of their own soldiers, but left those of their giant enemies a prey to the birds. This event happened previous to the expulsion of the tyrant Christiern the Second from Sweden." The battle which I witnessed took place in the Presidency of Polk, five years before the passage of Webster's Fugitive-Slave Bill. 蚂蚁大战 森林并非总是一片歌舞升平的和平景象。我还是一场战争的见证人。一天,我出门到我的木材堆去,更准确的说,堆树根之处,我瞥见两只蚂蚁,一只红的,另一只是黑的。后者比前者大得多,差不多有半英寸之长。两只蚂蚁缠斗不休。一交上手,谁也不退却,推搡着,撕咬着,在木片上翻滚起伏。放眼远望,我惊叹不已,木材堆上到处都有这样奋力厮杀的勇士,看来不是单挑决斗,而是一场战争,两个蚂蚁王国的大决战。红蚂蚁与黑蚂蚁势不两立,通常是两红对一黑。木材堆上都是这些能征善战的弥尔弥冬军团。地上躺满已死和将死者,红黑混杂一片。这是我亲眼目睹的唯一一场大决战,我亲临激战的中心地带。相互残杀的恶战啊,红色的共和党和帝王派展开你死我活的拼杀,虽没听到声声呐喊,但是人类之战却从未如此奋不顾身。 在一片阳光照射下的木片“小山谷”中,一对武士相互死死抱住对方,现在正是烈日当空,它们准备血拼到底,或魂归天国。那精瘦的红色斗士像老虎钳一样紧紧咬住死敌的额头不放。尽管双方在战场上滚来滚去,但红色斗士却一刻不停地噬住对手的一根触须的根部,另一根触须已被咬断。而胖大的斗士举起对手撞来撞去。我凑近观战,发现红蚂蚁的躯体好些已被咬掉,它们比斗犬厮杀更惨烈。双方斗不让分毫,显然他们的战争信念是“不战胜,毋宁死”。在小山谷顶上出现一个荷戟独彷徨的红蚂蚁,看来它斗志正盛,不是已击毙一个对手,就是刚刚投入战场---根据我分析是后者,因为它还没有缺胳膊少腿。它的母亲要它举着盾牌凯旋而归,或躺在盾牌上由战友抬回故里。也许它是阿喀琉斯的一员猛将,独在热火朝天的战场外生闷气,现在来救生死之交的帕特洛克罗斯了,或者为这位不幸战死的亡友来报仇雪恨,它从远处瞅见这场势不均力不敌的搏斗-----黑蚂蚁比红蚂蚁庞大近一倍-----它奔驰过来,离开那对生死之博的战斗者约半英寸处,看准战机,奋不顾身地扑向黑武士,一下咬住对方的前腿根,不管对手会在自己身上哪一块反咬一口,三个战斗者为了生存粘在一起,好像已经产生出一种新的粘胶剂,让任何锁链和水泥相形见绌。 这时,入看到他们各自的军乐队,在各方突起的木片上排成方阵,威武雄壮地高奏国歌,以振奋前仆后继的前线将士,并激励起那些奄奄一息的光荣斗士,我不会感到诧异。我自己是热血沸腾,仿佛它们是人。你越深究下去,越觉得它们与人类并无两样。起码在康科德的地方史志中,暂且不谈美国历史,当然是没有一场战争能与之并驾齐驱。无论从投入的总兵力,还是所激发的爱国主义和英雄主义,都无法相提并论。就双方参战数量和惨烈程度,这是一场奥斯特利茨大决战,或鏖兵于德累斯顿的大血战。嘿，康科德之战，爱国志士死了两个,而路德?布朗夏尔受了重伤，啊,这里的每一个蚂蚁都是一个波特林克,大呼着——开火,为上帝而战。开火，——千百个生命却像戴维斯和胡斯曼一样杀身成仁。没有一个雇佣兵,我不怀疑,它们是为真理而斗争,正如我的父辈一样,并非为了区区三便士茶叶税的缘故,当然,这场决战对双方来说是何等重大,将载入史册,永志不忘,犹如我人的邦克山战役一样。 我特别关注三位武士的混战,便把它们决战其上的木片端进小木屋,放在我的窗台上,罩上一个反扣的玻璃杯,以观战况。我用放大镜观察最初提到的红蚂蚁,看到它狠狠的咬住敌方的前腿上部,且咬断了对方剩下的触须,可自己的胸部却被黑武士撕开了。露出了内脏,而黑武士的胸甲太结实,无法刺穿。这痛苦的红武士暗红的眸子发出战争激发出的凶光。它们在杯子下又缠斗了半小时,当我再次观战时,那黑武士已使敌人身首异处,但那两个依然有生命的脑袋,挂在它身体的两侧,犹如悬吊在马鞍边的两个恐怖的战利品,两个红蚂蚁头仍死咬住不放。黑蚂蚁微弱地挣扎着,它没有触须,且剩下唯一的腿也已残缺不全,浑身伤痕累累,它用尽力气要甩掉它们。这件事半小时后总算完成。我拿起罩杯,它一瘸一拐爬过窗台。经过这场恶战,它能否活下来,能否把余生消磨在荣军院中,我并不清楚。我想以后它不能再挑起什么重担了。我不清楚谁是胜利的一方,也不知大战的起因。但因目击这一场大血战,而整天陷入亢奋和失落的情绪之中,就像在我的大门前经过一场惊心动魄的战争。 吉尔贝和斯宾塞告诉我们,蚂蚁战争长久以来就受到人们的敬重,彪炳史册,战争的日期也有明确的记载,尽管据他们声称,近代作家中大约只有胡贝尔曾考察了蚂蚁大战。他们说,“对战事发生在一棵梨树干上的蚂蚁大战有过描述,这是一场大蚂蚁对小蚂蚁的难度极大的攻坚战。”之后他们加上注解——“‘这场苦战发生在教皇尤琴尼斯四世治下,目击者为著名律师尼古拉斯?毕斯托利安西斯,他的 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 忠实可信。’另有一场规模相当的大蚂蚁和小蚂蚁之战,由俄拉乌斯?玛格纳斯记录在案,结果小蚂蚁以弱胜强。据说战后它们掩埋了自己的烈士,让大蚂蚁的尸首曝尸荒野,任飞鸟去啄食。这场战争发生于残暴的克利斯蒂安二世 被逐出瑞典之前。”至于我目睹的这场大战,发生于总统波尔克任内,时间间隔在韦伯斯特制订的逃亡奴隶 法案通过前5年。