邹昌波2012级服装大专英语教案1

邹昌波2012级服装大专英语教案1 2012-2013学年第一学期英语教案 任教班级:2012级服装艺术大专班 周节数:7节 本学期周数:22周 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 授课节数:7*22=154节 实际授课节数:114节 (其中入学训练7节;国庆假日7节;重阳节3节;期中考试2节;期末考试2节) 作业:18次:其中语法8次、写作4次、听写6次 第一周新生入学训练 语音:英语字母及音素 【教学时间】第2周第1次课 【教学目标】了解语音的性质，掌握英语26个字母及48个音素 【教学重点和难点】掌握28个辅音的发音。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】一、导入新课 人与人之间进行交际，相互沟通思想感情主要依靠语言，而语言又是通过语音来实现的。同时从人类发音器官发出的声音，象咳嗽，不包含任何意义，不能称为语音。只有人类发音器官发出来的具有一定意义的声音才叫做语音。 二、主要内容: ?语音的性质 1物理属性 这是各种物体振动发出的声音都具有的性质，主要有四个基本要素决定的。 音高:声音的高低。决定决于一定时间里发音体振动的次数。(通过体会汉语普通话四声声调的变化来体会音高变化) 音强:声音的强弱。决定于发音体发声时音波的振幅。(人类发音时用力大，呼出的气流冲击发音器官的力量强，形成的音波振幅大，声音就强;反之就弱。/ 现代汉语普通话中的轻声。) 音长:声音的长短。决定于发音体振动音波持续时间的长短。(发元音比发辅音音长) 音色:声音的个性，也叫音质。决定于音波振动的形式。(发音体不同、发音 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 不同、共鸣器不同都会产生不同的音色。) 2生理属性(图片展示) 人类的发音器官可以分为三部分: 呼吸器官:肺和气管。 发声器官:喉头和声带。 共鸣器官:口腔和鼻腔。 口音:气流在口腔活动产生共鸣而发出的声音。 鼻音:气流在鼻腔活动产生共鸣而发出的声音。 3英语字母共有26个。A,E,I,O,U,这五个字母叫做“元音字母”，其他的字母叫做“辅音字母”。4、英语26个字母书写及读音 (二)音素:1、提问英语中音标有几部分组成, 英语中共有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 音素的符号叫做音标。 2、48个音素的发音图解及发音方法 1 发音器官图 4、辅音部分 21-22 /p/ /b/美式读音符号 /p/ /b/英式读音符号 /p/ /b/传统的国际音标的读音符号 /p/是p的发音，/b/是b的发音。双唇爆破辅音。发音时双 唇紧闭，憋住气，然后突灰分开，气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音。/p/是清辅音，声带不振动;/b/是浊辅音，声带振动。 23-24 /t/ /d/美式读音符号 /t/ /d/英式读音符号 /t/ /d/传统的国际音标的读音符号 2 /t/是t的发音，/d/是d的发音。舌齿爆破辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，然后突然分开，使气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音。/t/是清辅音，声带不振动;/d/是浊辅音，声带振动。 25-26 /k/ /g/美式读音符号 /k/ //英式读音符号 /k/ //传统的国际音标的读音符号 /k/是字母k和字母c的发音，//是字母g的读音。舌后软 颚爆破辅音。发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚，憋住气，然后突然分开，气流送出口腔，形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音，声带不振动;//是浊辅音，声带振动。 27-28 /f/ /v/美式读音符号 /f/ /v/英式读音符号 /f/ /v/传统的国际音标的读音符号 /f/是f和ph的发音，/v/是v的发音。唇齿摩擦辅音。 发音时下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间通过，形成摩擦音。/f/是清辅音，声带不振动;/v/是浊辅音，声带振动。 29-30 // //美式读音符号 // //英式读音符号 // //传统的国际音标的读音符号 ////是th的发音。舌齿摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖轻触上齿背， 气流由舌齿间送出，形成摩擦音。//是清辅音，声带不振动;//是浊辅音，声带振动。 31-32 /s/ /z/美式读音符号 /s/ /z/英式读音符号 /s/ /z/传统的国际音标的读音符号 /s//z/是s的发音，/z/又是z的发音。舌齿摩擦辅音。发音 时舌端靠近齿龈，气流由舌端齿龈间送出，形成摩擦音。/s/是清辅音，声带不振动;/z/是浊浦音，声带振动。 33-34 /?/ //美式读音符号 /?/ //英式读音符号 /?/ //传统的国际音标的读音符号 /?/是sh的发音，//是s的发音。舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音。 发音时舌端靠近齿龈后部，舌身抬起靠近上鄂，双唇稍收圆并略突出。气流通过时形成摩擦音。/?/是清辅音，声带不振动;//是浊辅音，声带振动。 35 /h/美式读音符号 /h/英式读音符号 /h/传统式的国际音标的读音符号 /h/是字母h的发音。声门摩擦辅音。发音时气流送出口腔， 3 在通过声门时发出轻微摩擦;口形随其后的元音而变化。/h/是清辅音，声带不振动。 36 /m/美式读音符号 /m/英式读音符号 /m/传统的国际音标的读音符号 /m/是m的发音。双唇鼻辅音。发音时软颚下垂，双唇紧闭， 气流从鼻腔送出。 37 /n/美式读音 /n/英式读音 /n/传统的国际音标的读音符号 /n/是n的发音。舌尖齿龈鼻辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，软 颚下垂，气流从鼻腔送出。 38 //美式读音符号 //英式读音符号 //传统的国际音标的读音符号 //是ng的发音。舌后软颚鼻辅音。发音时软颚下垂， 堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出。声带振动。 39 /w/美式读音符号 /w/英式读音符号 /w/传统的国际音标的读音符号 /w/是w的发音。舌后软颚半元音。发音时舌后部向软颚抬 起，舌位高。双唇收小并向前突出，声带振动。发音短促，立刻滑向其后的元音。 40 /l/美式读音符号 /l/英式读音符号 /l/传统的国际音标式的读音符号 /l/是l的发音。舌端齿龈边辅音。发音时舌尖及舌端紧贴上 齿龈，舌前向硬颚抬起，气流从舌的旁边送出。当此音为尾音时，将舌端抵住上齿龈，舌前下限，舌后上抬，舌面形成凹形。浊辅音、声带振动。 41 /r/美式读音符号 /r/英式读音符号 /r/传统的国际音标的符号 /r/是r的发音。舌尖齿龈(后部)摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖卷起， 靠近上齿龈后部。舌两侧稍收扰。双唇略突出。气流通过舌尖和齿龈形成轻微摩擦。浊辅音，声带振动。 42 /y/美式读音符号 /j/英式读音符号 /j/传统的国际音标的读音符号 该音是国音字母y在词首 的读音，是舌前硬颚半元音。发音时舌前部向硬颚尽量抬起， 4 舌位较高，双唇伸展成扁平状。它是个浊辅音，声带振动。 43-44 // //美式读音符号 // //英式读音符号 // //传统的国际音标的读音符号 //是ch的发音，//是dge的发音。舌端齿龈破擦辅 音。发音时舌身抬高，舌端抵上齿龈后部，气流通过时发出破擦音。//是清辅音，声带不振动;//是浊辅音，声带振动。 45-46 /ts/ /dz/传统的国际音标读音符号，新课本中美式、英式读 、/dz/分别是字母组合ts音都没将其包括在内，破擦音/ts/ 和ds的读音。舌端齿龈破擦辅音。舌端先贴住齿龈，堵住气 流，然后略下降，气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音，/dz/是浊 辅音。 47-48 /tr/ /dr/传统的国际音标读音符号。新课本中美式、英式读音都没将其包括在内。/tr/、/dr/分别是tr、dr的发音。齿龈后部破擦辅音。发音时舌身与/r/相似，舌尖贴齿龈后部，气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音，/dr/是浊辅音。 名词:种类 教学时间】第2周第3次课 【 【教学目标】了解什么是名词及名词的类别，掌握可数名词和不可数名词。 【教学重点和难点】名词的可数与不可数。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、名词概念:名词 (Nouns)是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns)，专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如:book，sadness等。 二、名词的种类 按意义分 1(专有名词 表示具体的人，事物，地点，团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写) 例:China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式，则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。 地点，团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写) 例:China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 2(普通名词 表示某些人，某类事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称。(例如:teacher 老 5 师tea 茶 reform 改革)普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。 (car 汽车 room 房间 fan 风扇photo 照片) 2) 集体名词(Collective Nouns): 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 ( people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 ) 3) 物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 ( fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk牛奶 ) 4) 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作，状态，品质或其他抽象概念。 ( labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 ) 按是否可数分类 名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns) 1、不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词，物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词 2、可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式 三、名词的功能:名词在句中作主语,宾语，介词宾语，宾语补足语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 1)(主语:The bag is in the desk. 书包在桌子里边。 2)(宾语:I washed my clothes yesterday. 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 3)(表语:This is a good book. 这是一本好书。 4)(宾语补助语We selected him our monitor. 我们选他为我们的班长。 5)(介词宾语Mary lives with her parents. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。 6)(定语:She is a Party member. 她是一位党员。 三、听写P228单词“a”-P229“anything” 名词:名词的数 【教学时间】第3周第1次课 【教学目标】了解什么是可数名词，掌握可数名词的复数变化及不可数名词的复数表达。 【教学重点和难点】可数名词的复数变化。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、复习及新课导入二、可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，复数形式如下: 6 规则变化:见书12页 不规则变化: 1、有些名词用改变无音的方法来构成其复数形式: foot，feet，英尺，脚goose，geese鹅 louse，lice虱子man，men男人 mouse， mice老鼠tooth，teeth牙齿woman，women女人 但是，child的复数是children，ox的复数是oxen。F 某些动物名称没有复数形式: 名词fish通常没有复数形式，虽然有fishes这一形式，但不常用。 鱼类的某些种类通常没有复数形式: carp鲤鱼cod鳕鱼mackerel 鲐鱼pike狗鱼plaice鲽鱼salmon鲑鱼 squid 鱿鱼trout鳟鱼turbot大菱鲆 但是，这些名词如果表达复数的意思，其动词要用复数形式。其他鱼虾要表达复数意思则要在词尾加s: crabs蟹eels鳗鱼hetrings鲱鱼lobsters龙虾sardines沙丁鱼sharks鲨鱼 deer(鹿)和sheep(羊)没有复数形式: one sheep一只羊two sheep两只羊 喜欢打猎的人说duck(野鸭)，partridge(鹧鸪)，pheasant(野鸡)等时，对其不分单复数都用同一形式。但是其他人通常在常见的有复数形式的鸟类名称上加s: ducks partridges pheasants 打猎的人用game这个词表示所猎获的猎物时，它总是取单数形式，而且后边跟单数动词。G 还有一些没有变化的词: aircraft航空器，飞机craft船只counsel 法庭上的辩护律师quid一英镑(俚语) 有些度量单位和数词没有复数形式。 2、集合名词如crew，family，team等用单数或复数动词都可以;如果认为这个词表示的是一个群体或单位，可用单数动词: 7 Our team is the best. 我们这个队是最好的。 如果认为它表示的是这个队的所有成员，就用复数动词: Our team are wearing their new jerseys. 我们这个队的队员们都穿着新运动衫。 这些名词后面需要带所有格形容词时，复数动词+their要比单数动词+ its常用一些，虽然有时两者都可以用: The jury is considering its verdict. 陪审团正在考虑裁决。 The jury are considering their verdict. 陪审团成员们正在考虑裁决。 3、有些词总是复数形式，并和复数动词连用: clothes衣服police警察 由两部分组成的服装用复数: breeches马裤pants(男用)短衬裤pyjamas睡衣裤trousers裤子 由两部分组成的工具和仪器用复数: binoculars双筒望远镜glasses眼镜scales天平scissors剪刀shears大剪刀 spectacles眼镜/护目镜 还有其他一些词用复数:arms武器damages损害/赔偿earnings收入goods/wares商品/货品greens蔬菜grounds(建筑物周围的)庭院，场地outskirts郊外pains费心，辛苦particulars细情prenises/qusrters房屋/住所riches财富savings储蓄spirits烈酒stairs台阶，楼梯surroundings环境valuables贵重物品 4、有一些以ics结尾的词从形式上看是复数，通常也要跟复数动词。这些词有: acoustics音响效果athletics体育运动 ethics道德/伦理学hysterics歇斯底里发作 mathematics数学physics物理学politics政治 8 例句如: His mathematics are weak.他的数学学得不好。 但学科的名称有时是单数: Mathematics is an exact science.数学是一门精密的科学。 5、形式上是复数但意义上却是单数的名词包括news: The news is good.消息很好。 还包括某些疾病的名称: mumps流行性腮腺炎rickets软骨病，佝偻病shingles带状疱行疹 这一类中也包括某些游戏的名称: billiards台球(俗称“打弹子”)bowls滚木球(保龄球)darts掷飞镖 dominoes多米诺骨牌游戏draughts([美]checkers)国际象棋 6、一些源自希腊或拉丁的外来词在构成复数时，依照各自原有的规则变化: crisis/′kraIsIs/，crises/kraIsI:z/危机 erratum，errata印刷或书写的错误，勘误表 memorandum，memoranda备忘录 oasis/′eIsIs/，oases/+u′eIsI:z/绿洲 phenomenon，phenomena现象 radius，radii半径 terminus，termini铁路或公共汽车的终点 但是有些外来词依照英语的规则而变化: dogma，dogmas教条 formula，forrmulas公式(科学家仍用formulae) gymnasium，gymnasiums体育馆 有些词的两个复数形式意思不同: appendix，appendixes/appendices(医学术语)阑尾 9 appendices(书的)附录 index，indexes(书的)索引 indices(数学术语)指数 音乐家对意大利文音乐术语通常用意大利文中的复数形式: libretto，libretti歌剧脚本 tempo，tempi拍子 但在词尾直接加s也是可以的: librettos tempos 7、复合名词的复数形式 1 通常是把最后一个词变成复数形式: boy-friends男朋友 break-ins入室盗窃 travel agents旅行社经纪人 如man和woman位于复合名词的第一部分，两部分都要变成复数: men drivers男司机 women drivers女司机 2 由动词+er构成的名词+副词组成的复合名词构成复数形式时，只需把第一个 词变为复数: hangers-on食客，奉承者 lookers-on旁观者 runner’s-up(在竞选、赛跑等中)占第二位的人，亚军 另外，由名词+介词+名词构成的复合名词变为复数时，也同样只需将第一个词变 为复数: ladies-in-waiting侍从女官 sisters-in-law嫂子，弟媳 10 wards of court法庭指定受监护者 3 首字母缩写词也可有复数形式: MPs(Members of Parliament)英国下院议员 VIPs(very important persons)要人 OAPs(old age pensioners)养老金领取者 三、试卷练习名词的复数并讲解 四、第一次作业P14练习1 名词:名词的所有格及练习 【教学时间】第3周第2次课 【教学目标】了解什么是名词所有格，掌握名词所有格的表达。 【教学重点和难点】不可数名词的所有格如何表达。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、什么是名词所有格 名词所有格用来表示所有关系，一般用’s和of来表示名词的所有格。与所有格相对，不带’s词尾的是名词普通格。 二、在学习名词所有格时，要掌握以下内容: 1(’s所有格用法 单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’s(以s结尾的只需在s后加’)构成所有格，主要用于有生命的东西。例如: Have you read Robert Browning’s poems,你读过罗伯特-勃郎宁的诗吗, It’s made from mare’s，cow’s or ewe’s milk(它是用马奶、牛奶 或者羊奶制成的。 但也可用于表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物。例如: We accepted the invitation without a moment’s hesitation( 我们一点也没有犹豫就接受了邀请。 New York’s population is much larger than Washington’s，though it is not the capital city( 纽约的人口比华盛顿多得多，虽然它并不是首都城市。 They are holding conferences to discuss the Europe’s future( 他们正召开各种会议来讨论欧洲的前景。 We heartily applauded the delegation’s successful visit( 我们热烈欢呼代表团访问成功。 Professor Smith is teaching at Yale’s Department of Literature( 史密斯教授在耶鲁大学文学系任教。 在某些习惯用语中，尽管是表示无生命的名词，也需要’s的所有格。例如: The driver escaped the death by a hair’s breadth(那个司机这回真 是九死一生。 Now you may sing to your heart’s content(你现在可以尽情地唱了。 另外，for friendship’s sake(为了友情)，at a stone’s throw(一 箭之远)， at one’s finger’s tip(手头上有)，at arm’s length(保 11 持距离)，at one’s wits’end(黔驴技穷)等都属此类。 2(of所有格用法 凡不能加’s的名词，都可以与of构成短语，来表示所有关系。无生命名词的所有格也可以这么用。例如: Does anyone know the title of the novel,有谁知道这部小说的名字, There is a tall maple tree at the end of the road(在这条路的尽头有一棵高高的枫树。 但有特殊情况: This is a photo of my parents. 如果名词后面有一个较长定语，尽管名词表示有生命的东西，也可以用这种所有格形式。例如: Did you listen to the speech of the President Clinton over the radio, 你听了克林顿总统的广播讲话了吗, They have the support of the people of the developing countries(他们得到发展中国家人民的支持。 3(双重所有格 所谓“双重所有格(double genitive)”，是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of，名词所有格”。双重所有格有以下几个特征: 1) “of，名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。因此，我们可以说: a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)， a friend of my wife’s(我妻子的一个朋友)，但却不能说a funnel of the ship’s或 a leg of a table’s，而且该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的。我们可以说:a friend of the doctor’s(这位医生的一个朋友)，a novel of the writer’s (那位作者的一部小说)，而不能说a friend of a doctor’s或 a novel of a writer’s。 2)除了修饰的原因外，用双重所有格主要是由于被修饰词有排他性的限定词。如冠词、某些不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、数词等。比如我们不能说 an our old acquaintance，而必须说an old acquaintance of ours (我们的一个老相识);不能说many their books，正确的说法是 many books of theirs(他们的许多书)。再如: This demand of theirs is quite ridiculous(他们的这个要求非常可笑。 “This foolish wife of mine thinks I’m a great artist，” said he( “我那愚蠢的老婆以为我是个大艺术家。”他说道。 3)注意区别下列四种表达方式含义的差别: one of my brother’s friends(明确表示我兄弟有一个以上的朋友) a friend of my brother’s(暗示我兄弟有一个以上的朋友) a friend of my brother(对我兄弟有好感的人) my brother’s friend(我兄弟唯一的一个朋友或刚谈及的那一个朋友) 4(特殊所有格 若一样东西为两人共有，则后一个人名用所有格;如果不是两人共有，而是各有各的，则两个名词都用所有格，且其后名词应为复数。例如: The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alice’s mother( 那个穿蓝衣服的妇女是玛丽和爱丽丝的母亲。 You should find what the difference between Mr( Smith’s and Mr(Black’s cars is( 你应当发现史密斯先生与布莱克先生的汽车的不同之处。 12 三、做练习15页 四、听写P230单词 代词:人称代词 【教学时间】第3周第3次课 【教学目标】了解什么是代词及代词的分类，掌握人称代词、物主代词、指示代词。 教学重点和难点】人称代词人称、数和格的区别,指示代词的用法。 【 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、分类: 英语代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词。 二、人称代词 英语人称代词有人称、数和格的区别。第三人称单数还有性的区别。 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he him they they she her it it 人称代词作主语时用主格形式，作宾语时用宾格形式。如: He teaches us English. We like him very much. 人称代词作表语时，在口语中常用宾格形式。如: Who `s that? It`s me. 三、物主代词 1、在英语中物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。其形式如下: 形容词性my your his her its our your their 物主代词 名词性物mine yours his hers - ours yours theirs 主代词 2、物主代词的用法 1)形容词性物主代词可以做定语。如: My parents his shirt her pen our classroom their bedroom 2)名词性物主代词可以做主语、表语和宾语。如: His brothe is a teacher, mine is a doctor and hers is an artist.(主语) These books are not ours. They are theirs.(表语) Something is wrong with my bike. May I use yours?(宾语) 四、指示代词 1、指示代词在句中成分:指示代词在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定 13 语。 1)、作主语 This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。 2)、作宾语 I like this better than that.我喜欢这个多于那个。 3)、作介词宾语 I don't say no to that. 我并未拒绝那个。 There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。 4)、 作表语 My point is this.我的观点就是如此。 5)、作定语 This room is mine. 这间房间是我的。 2、指示代词的用法 1)、this和these指在时间或空间上较近的人或者事物，that和those指在时间或空间上较远的人或者事物。例如: This is a pen and that’s an eraser. 这是一支笔，那是块橡皮擦。 This is a boy and those are girls. 这是个男孩，那些是女孩。 2)、指示代词所指的对象取决于说话者和听话者共同熟悉的语境。如: I liked this movie today better than that concert last night. 我喜欢今天的这个电影，胜过昨晚的那个音乐会。 3)、指示代词具有名词和形容词性质，既可指人也可指物。但是在相当于名词时一般指物多于指人。如: I found this wallet. I found this. 我找到了这只皮夹子。我找到了这个。(this 等于 this wallet) Is she going to marry that man? 她打算跟那人结婚吗,(that man不得用that代替，否则有轻蔑之意) 4)、相当于名词的指示代词在句中作主语时，则指物指人均可。如: What are these? 那些是什么,(指物) This is Bill. Is that George? 我是比尔。你是乔治吗,(电话用语)(指人) 5)、打电话过程中，介绍自己时通常用this指代“我”，不用代词I;询问对方时用that指代“你”，不用代词you。例如: ----Hello. This is Mary. Who’s that? 喂，我是玛丽。你是谁, ----This is Tom. 我是汤姆。 6)、当指示代词所指的事物已确定时，后面的指示代词则用it或they代替。如: This (suit) is expensive, isn't it? 这套衣服昂贵，不是吗, "Are those yours?" "Yes, they are." “那些是你的吗,”“是的，它们是我 的。” 3、相关题型的注意事项 1)、指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如: (对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。that作主语，指人 (对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词) (错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人) (对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语) 2)、That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时， 14 在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较: (对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 (对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) (错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人) (对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人) (对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西(those指物) 3)、在回答指示代词作主语的特殊问句时，如果指示代词指人，其回答中的主语仍可以用相应的指示代词，也可以用it或者they;但指事物时，只能用it或者they。 例如: Who’s that? That’s/It’s Liu Dehua.那是谁,那是刘德华。 What are those? They are basketballs. 那些是什么,那些是篮球。 4)、在回答指示代词作主语的一般疑问句时，不管指示代词指人还是指物，答语中都用it或they。例如: Is this a ruler? Yes, it is. Are those your friends? No, they aren’t. 5)、为避免重复，有时可用 that 或 those 来代替前面已提到过的人或事物;用 this 或 these 来代替下文中将要提过的人或事物。例如: She’s very friendly, and that is why we all love her. 她很友善，这就是我们都喜欢她的原因。 You needn’t do this — It’s pretty easy. 你不必做这事，那相当容易。 6)、向别人介绍某个人时，要说“ This is „.”，而不说“ That is „.”， 也不能说“ He is „.”或“ She is „.”。介绍两个人时，先用“ This is „.”介绍一个人，然后用“ That is „.”介绍另一个人。如: This is Li Ming. Li Ming， this is Wei Hua. 这是李明。李明，这是魏华。 This is my brother and that is my sister. 这是我哥哥，那是我妹妹。 7)、one，that 和it的区别: one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。 I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。 五、听写P231单词 代词:疑问代词和不定代词 【教学时间】第4周第1次课 【教学目标】了解什么是不定代词及疑问代词，掌握疑问代词、不定代词的用法。 15 【教学重点和难点】不定代词的用法。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、不定代词 1、概念:不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如: --- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗? --- Yes, I have one. --是的,我有一辆。 --- I don't know any of them. 他们,我一个也不认识。 2、不定代词用法 ’ 1)some与any:some一般用于肯定句中，但在表示请求并希望对方能给予肯定回答时，可用于疑问句中;any一般用于否定和疑问句中，但当any强调“任何”时，也可用于肯定句中。同理，something，somebody，someone的用法同some;anything，anybody，anyone的用法同any。 2)none既可指人又可指物，其后面一般需跟of所引导的一个范围;no one只能指人，并且不需接范围。How many,much提问时的否定回答用none;Who提问时的否定回答用no one;What提问时的否定回答用nothing。 3)another指三者或三者以上当中的另一个;the other指两者当中的另一个，也可接名词复数，特指其它某些人或物;any指三者或三者以上当中的任意一个。 4)other意思是“其他的”，不能单独使用，后面必须接名词，表泛指;others可指 其他的人或东西，相当于other+名词复数;the others特指其他某些人或物，相当于the other+名词复数。 5)either指两者中的任意一个，表示肯定;neither表示否定，指两者都不;nor表示否定，指三者或三者以上都不。 neither,nor的其它用法:neither一般只能作代词，而nor既可作代词又可作连词，连接两个否定意义的句子时，一般用nor，若用neither，则需在neither前加and。neither,nor位于句首时，句子须部分倒装。 6)such指具体的人或事;SO只能用在某些动词后面，指情况或内容。 (附:其它词性的用法) such a+ adj + n,( so +adj +a +n( such +adj +n((pl或不可数名词) so +many,much,few,little +n((pf或不可数名词) 注意:但当little指个子小时，还是用such little +n(。 7)every不能单独使用，必须与名词一起使用，强调全部、所有;each可单独使用，也可修饰名词，强调单个的个体。 8)one可指人也可指物(可数)，表示某一类人或东西中的一个，相当于a +n(，而it只能指物，强调同类同物(相当于the+n()或不可数名词;one还可有复数形式ones，当one有定语修饰时，前面还可有冠词a,the+a4(+one。 9)all指三者或三者以上“所有，全部”，而both指“两者都”，常与and连用，成为both(((and。((。 16 10)对含有all，both，every，each等词的句子进行否定时，不管not位于什么地方，句子所表达的否定都为部分否定。 二、疑问代词 1、概念:疑问代词:what指事或物，不强调范围;who(whom，whose)指人;which既可指人也可指物，但强调范围。 2、疑问代词用法 1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个: what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever,whoever, whomever 2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较: 疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的, What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的, 限定词: Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的, What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国, 说明1: 无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如: Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘, What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘, 说明2: Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如: Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁,(作动词宾语) Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁,(作介词宾语，置句首) To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了,(作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。) 说明3: 疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如: For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么,(旧文体) What are you looking for? 你在找什么,(现代英语) 说明4: 疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如: I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。 Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗, 三、第二次作业P24练习5 代词:关系代词 【教学时间】第4周第2次课 【教学目标】了解什么是关系代词，掌握关系代词的用法。 17 【教学重点和难点】先行词、定语从句。 【教学时数】1 【教学过程】 一、概念:关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。 二、先行词，定语从句 1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如: The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。 该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。 2)关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表: 指人 指物 指人或指物 主 格 who which that 宾 格 whom that that 属 格 whose of of which/whose which/whose 例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语) He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略) 说明:非限定性定语从句中，不能用that作关系代词。 3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如: He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。 说明: 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外，关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略，例如: I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。 He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。 三、语法注意事项 1. 常用that 不用which的情况: 1)先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, something等时。 I will do all (that) I can to help you. 2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时。 He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year. 3)先行词既有人,又有物时 They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school. 4)当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句用that 引导, 以避免重复。 Who is the boy that was here just now? 2. 若被修饰的名词充当从句介词宾语时 介词可提前于引导词之前,此时的引导词只能用whom 或which. The pencil with which he was writing broke. 3. 当先行词为way时 其后的定语从句用in which或 that引导,也可不用引导词。 I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me. 18 四、听写P232单词 代词 :代词练习 【教学时间】第4周第3次课 【教学目标】了解、复习各种代词，通过练习掌握代词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】不定代词注意事项，关系代词的用法。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、P22-P26书中练习讲解 二、历届真题强化 I intended to compare notes with a friend，but unfortunately ________couldn’t spare me even one minute( A(they B(one C(who D(it 【答案及解析】 A从句子结构上，可排除选项c;从代词的意义上可排除D;根据前半句的意思，句中的a friend指任意一个朋友，可理解为a friend 0f mine(而后半句意指“我”这些朋友们，为复数，故答案选A。 真题2(2004重庆卷31) --One week’s time has been wasted( --I Can’t believe we did all that work for ________( A(something B(nothing C(everything D(anything 【答案及解析】 B由One week’s time has been wasted(可知我们一无所获。 真题3(2004广东卷27) She doesn’t know anyone here(She has got ________ to talk to( A(anyone B(someone C(everyone D(no one 【答案及解析】D根据前面一句的意思，没有一个认识的人，为全否定，那么，后一句也应是全否定，故答案选D。 真题4(2004福建卷22) --Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? --________way as you please( A(Each B(Every C(Any D(Either 【答案及解析】 C根据上下句的意思，这里含有选择的意思，因此，排除A、B;选项C表示在三者或三者以上中选择其一;而选项D表示在二者中选择其一。根据句子的意思。 真题5(2004辽宁卷24) I have done much of the work(Could you please finish ________in two days? A(the rest B(the other C(another D(the others 【答案及解析】A选项A表示剩余的事情或东西;B表示两者中的另一个;C表示三者或三者以上中的另一个;D表示其余的人或东西。根据句中的work可知，答案选A。 真题6(2004浙江卷33) We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________( A(none B(either C(any D(each 【答案及解析】 C any“任何的”，用于三个或三个以上的人或事物，答案选C。 真题7(2004江苏卷21) 1 will never know what was on his mind at the time(nor will ( A(anyone B(anyone else C(no one D(no one else 【答案及解析】B首先根据句子间的连接词nor排除C、D;选项A包括说话 者本人，根据上句的意思需排除，以免重复;选项B指除说话者以外的人，符合句 19 子意思，因此答案选B。 真题8(2004广西卷24) We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen(So Peter made ________from some wood we had( A(it B(one C(himself D(another 【答案及解析】 B由题意可知，因为我们需要一个新的，所以Peter就做了一个新的。one表前面提到的同一类人或物，it则指同一物，another指在原来的基础上另外的。 真题9(全国[河南、河北、山东、福建]27) I like ________in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright( A(this B(that C(it D(one 【答案及解析】 C it是形式宾语，在句中无实意，只是指代句子后面现象:天气晴朗。 真题10(2004四川卷35) That’s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________he’s done for you( A(something B(anything C(all D(that 【答案及解析】C考查代词及定语从句。all是先行词，其后省略关系代词that。that在从句中作done的宾语，结构为do sth for sb，all表所有的事。 真题11(2004四川卷32) --Do you like ________here? --Oh，yes(The air，the weather，the way of life(Everything is SO nice( A(this B(these C(that D(it 【答案及解析】D it在这里作形式宾语，无实际意义。而A、B、C须指代具体的东西。 真题12(2004上海卷26) I had to buy ________these books because I didn’t know which one was the best( A(both B(none C(neither D(a11 【答案及解析】D both、neither指两者，none、all指三者或三者以上。由the best可知，这儿指的是三者或i者以上。none修饰名词后要接of。而a11可直接修饰名词。 真题13(2004上海卷36) American women usually identify their best friend as someone ________ they can talk frequently( A(who B(as C(about which D(with whom 【答案及解析】D根据句子结构，talk不能直接接名词或代词，而需加介词，从而排除A、B;选项C:谈论某事，与先行词不符;因此答案选D，talk with sb意为“与某人交谈”。 真题14(2004上海卷37) After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth，________ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space( A(where B(what C(that D(how 【答案及解析】 B根据从句的句子结构可知，从句动词不定式缺少宾语，排除A、D;而在名词性从句中，选项C(that)在从句中不作任何成分，因此答案只能选B。 真题15(2004上海卷40) A story goes ________Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court( 20 A(when B(where C(what D(that 【答案及解析】D that引导一个同位语从句，说明a story的具体内容。 真题16(2004上海卷38) Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ________ she was bitten on the leg by a lion( A(when B(while C(since D(once 【答案及解析】 A when后可按延续性或短暂性动词;while后接延续性动词;而since表示自„„时候起;once表示条件。由题意可知:“被狮子咬’’是短暂的动作，故选项A为正确答案。 真题17(2004上海卷39) Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses ________eye protection is necessary in sunny weather( A(because B(though C(unless D(if 【答案及解析】 A选项A表原因;B表让步;C、D表条件。前后两个句子为因果关系. 真题18(2004天津卷23) Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，________，of course, made the others envy him( A(who B(that C(what D(which 【答案及解析】D根据前后句的关系，后面一句说明前句所产生的结果，属于前面句子的非限制性定语从句，所以排除B、C;根据先行词--前面整个句子的内容，因此又排除A。 真题19(2004天津卷29) I got the story from Tom and ________people who had worked with him( A(every other B(many others C(some other D(other than 【答案及解析】C根据句子结构排除B，因为它不能修饰名词;排除D，因介词短语from Tom与other than people不能并列。再根据短语意思，A表示每隔„„，若表范围，不能用every other而应该用all other，因此，排除选项A;答案只能选c，表示其他一些人。 真题20(2004天津卷30) It is easy to do the repair. ________you need is a hammer and some nails( A(Something B(All C(Both D(Everything 【答案及解析】 B根据前句的easy可知，后句应该指你所需要的全部东西。从而可排除选项A(某物，某东西)、C(两个都);选项B强调整体概念;D强调具体的事物。显然，你所需要的并不是“具体的每一件东西”而是“所有的东西”，因此答案选B。句子意思是:修理并不难，你所需要的只是一把锤子和几个钉子而已。 真题21(2004北京卷21) I invited Joe and Linda to dinner，but ________them came( A(neither B(either C(none D(both 【答案及解析】A根据转折连词but可知，是两者中的否定，故选A。 真题22(2004北京卷30) There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A(1ittle;some B(1ittle;any C(a little;some D(a little;any 【答案及解析】A根据句子的意思，应该是没有油了，才口q你去买。而little。表示“几乎没有”;a little表示“少量”，但暗含还有一些;some用于疑问句时，表示邀请、请求并希望得到对方的肯定回答。故答案选A。 21 真题23(2004湖南卷21) Playing tricks off others is ________we should never do( A-anything B(something C(everything D(nothing 【答案及解析】 B考查不定代词的用法。根据句子的意思可知:捉弄人家是一件我们决不应该做的事情。那么选项C、D应予以排除;选项A一般用于否定和疑问句中，而B用于肯定句中，虽然后面的定语从句含否定词，而主句的意思是 。 肯定的，故选B 真题24(2004北京春季卷22) There at the door stood a girl about the same height ________( A(as me B(as mine C(with mine D(with me 【答案及解析】 B the same„as是一个固定结构，意为“和„„一样”，排除c、D。根据句意，比较的是高度，而不是人，所以排除A。 真题25(2004北京春季卷23) Luckily，we’d brought a road map without ________we would have lost our way( A(it B(that C(this D(which 【答案及解析】D从句子结构中可以看出，后面是一个句子，那么这个句子只能从属于前面的句子。所以排除A、C;介词后面不能用that，故答案只能选D。 真题26(2004上海春季卷25) Some of the stamps belong to me，while the rest are ___________( A(him and her B(his and hers C(his and her D(him and hers 【答案及解析】 B 本题考查的是名词性物主代词的用法，his and hers=his and her stamps，him是宾格，her即是宾格又是形容词性物主代词。 真题27(2003全国卷32) --There’s coffee and lea;you earl have _________( --Thanks( A(either B(each C(one D(it 【答案及解析】 A考查不定代词的用法。either指两者中任何一个;each指两者或三者以上，有分别强调每一或每一个都如何的意思;one指前面已经提到的可数名词，表示同类事物，泛指任何一个;it用来指代可数或不可数名词，代替前述事物或表示同一事物。 真题28(2003全国卷33) --Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard( --Why ________? John is sitting there doing nothing( A(him B(he C(I D(me 【答案及解析】 D考查人称代词用法。当人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句子或作为主语补足语代替I时(通常出现在口语中)，可使用宾格形式。 真题29(2003北京卷27) --I hear they aren’t pleased with the house you’ve chosen for them --Well，_________could they live in such comfort? A(where else B(what else C(how D(why 【答案及解析】 A考查疑问代词。where else“别的什么地方”，作状语。译文:“我听说他们对你为他们选的房子不满意。”“那么，还有什么地方能让他们住得这么舒服呢?”答案为A。 真题30(2003上海卷27) Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for ________two weeks( A(another B(other C(the other D(other’s 22 【答案及解析】 A another意为“又一，再一”，后面如接two，three等数词或few等时，可与复数形式连用，我们可以把two weeks看作一个整体，在原来的基础上再呆两星期。而other，the other用于两者之中的另一个，other’s是other的所有格形式，故B、c、D都不可选，只能选A。 真题3l(2003北京春季卷22) --The boys are not doing a good job at all，are they? --________ A(I guess not so B(I don’t guess C(I don’t guess so D(I guess not 【答案及解析】D I guess not(“我认为他们没做好工作”。为了避免重复，用 not替代the boys are not doing a good job at all。 真题32(2003北京春季卷34) --What happened to the priceless works of art? --___________. A(They were destroyed in the earthquake B(The earthquake was destroying them C(They destroyed in the earthquake D(The earthquake destroyed them 【答案及解析】A happen to sb(or sth(“某人或某物怎么了”。在回答这种问题时，要用某人或某物作主语，且由句意知应用被动语态。答案为A。 真题33(2003安徽春季卷34) --Your coffee smells great! --It’s from Mexico(Would you like ________? A(it B(some C(this D(1ittle 【答案及解析】 B 根据上下句排除选项c、D;选项A表示上文所谈到事物的整个或全部，选项B表示上句所谈事物的部分。一般说来，顾客不可能把全部的咖啡买下来。 真题34(2003上海春季卷26) Equipped with modem facilities，today’s libraries differ greatly from ________( A(those of the past B(the past C(which of the past D(these past 【答案及解析】 A those指前句中提到的图书馆;those of the past指过去的图书馆。今天的图书馆和过去的图书馆相比较是同类相比，故排除B和D，而which则是指同一个，即today’s libraries，故排除C。答案为A。 真题35(2002全国卷24) The mother didn’t know ________to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out( A(who B(when C(how D(what 【答案及解析】A know后接“疑问词+to do sth(”作宾语。blame是及物动词，who表示人，作宾语。译文:妈妈不知道对她碰巧外出时玻璃杯被打破这件事该责备谁。真题36(2002全国卷33) It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________. A(it what to do with B(what to do it with C(what to do with it D(to do what with it 【答案及解析】 C knows后可接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语，可排除A、D。what作do的宾语，即do sth with sth,sb“采取措施处理某事或对付某人”。 真题37(2002全国卷35) 23 Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，________I will always treasure( A(that B(one C(it D(what 【答案及解析】 B one指代moment作同位语，解释是一个永远珍惜的时刻。I will always treasure是定语从句，作one的定语，省略了关系代词which或that。这是一个难度系数比较大的题目，由于一些考生把它看成了定语从句，可在选项 ，因而发生了错误。译文:多年后与中又找不到引导定语从句的关系代词which 我叔叔的会面是一个难忘的时刻，一个我将永远珍惜的时刻。 真题38(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷30) --He was nearly drowned once( --When was ________? --________was in 1998 when he was in middle schoo1( A(that:It B(this;This C(this;It D(that;This 【答案及解析】A用that指代上文提到的事，避免了重复;it指代时间。答案为A。 真题39(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷32) --You’re always working(Come on(1et’s go shopping( --________you ever want to do is going shopping( A(Anything B(Something C(All D(That 【答案及解析】 C从上句知对方想做的事就是go shopping，没有别的什么事，故all包括一切在内。从语境可知:前者埋怨对方只是一味地工作;后者反唇相讥，说前者只知买东西。 真题40(2002上海春季卷32) In order to make our city green，________( A(it is necessary to have planted more trees B(many more trees need to plant C(our city needs more trees D(we must plant more trees 【答案及解析】D考生必须明白:(1)非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语;(2)非谓语动词的动作与逻辑主语是什么关系。本题的不定式的逻辑主语应是动作的发出者，故选D。 真题41(2001全国卷25) The Parkers bought a new house but ________ill need a lot of work before they can move in( A(they B(it C(one D(which 【答案及解析】 B it指代前面提到的单数名词，指同一个事物，此句中指a new house;而one指“同名异物”;which引导定语从句，但题于中有连词but，并非主从句，which不妥;A为复数，更易排除。 真题42(2001上海卷22) Both teams were in hard training;________was willing to lose the game( A(either B(neither C(another D(the other 【答案及解析】 B neither“(两者)都不”，根据语境两队都在刻苦训练知双方都不愿意在比赛中失败，故选neither。 真题43(2001上海卷28) Finding her car stolen，________( A(a policeman was asked to help B(the area was searched thoroughly C(it was looked for everywhere D(she hurried to a policeman for help 【答案及解析】 D在做非谓语动词的题目时，要分析非谓语动词的逻辑主语。 24 该题Finding her car stolen的逻辑主语是she，可排除A、B、C。译文:发现汽车被偷了，她急急忙忙找警察请求帮助。 真题44(2001上海卷33) In fact ________is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match( A(this B(that C(there D(it 【答案及解析】D it在句子中作形式主语。真正的主语是to keep order in an important football match。由于空格出现在fact的后面，所以一些考生把它当成了同位语从句，选了that。而实际上，in fact是介词短语作状语，后不能接同位语从句。译文:实际上，在一次重大的足球赛中，对警察来说，维持秩序 是一项很难的工作。 真题45(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷13) If this dictionary is not yours，_________can it be? A(what else B(who else C(which else’s D(who else’s 【答案及解析】 D考查关系代词所有格的用法。who else“其他什么人”，用于主格，宾格。who else„s其他什么人”，用于所有格。 真题46(2001上海春季卷24) Some of the wheat is from Canada(What about——? A(another B(the other C(others D(the rest 【答案及解析】D wheat是不可数名词，不能用others代替。the rest既可代 可数名词，也可代不可数名词，此处指the rest of the wheat。 真题47(2000京、皖春季卷6) --Do you want tea or coffee? --________(I really don’t mind( A(Both B(None C(Either D(Neither 【答案及解析】 c从问话的意思可知，是让对方选择茶或咖啡。所以要填Either，意思是“(两者中的)任意一种”。 真题48(2000京、皖春季卷21) One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow，and ________( A(the other is white B(another white C(the other white D(another is white 【答案及解析】 C考查one(((the other结构，木板一般只有两面，把一面染成黄色的，另一面染成白色的，由此排除B、D;原句结构为“(((the other(should be painted)white，所以答案选C。 第五周国庆放假 冠词 :定冠词 【教学时间】第6周第1次课 【教学目标】了解定冠词和不定冠词，掌握两种冠词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】定冠词的用法。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、概念:冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示名词的数量或者特征 二、分类:冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词"(/)"三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。 不定冠词表示泛指、类指，定冠词表示特指、专指、类指，零冠词表示泛指人或事物、类指。a、an，仅用在单数可数名词前来表示“一”的意义， 25 但不强调数目概念，只表示名词为不特定者。定冠词the，表示名词的特定者，表示“这”?“那”?“这些”?“那些”，用在可数名词单数、复数，不可数名词前均可。(/)则表示名词化的其他词或专有名词，因此单数复数均可。 三、不定冠词用法 不定冠词巧记 a与an两种体，不重数量相当“一” 可数名词首次提，有 时还可表“每一” 不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以辅音音素开头的词前，而不是辅音字母前;"an"用在以元音音素开头的词前，而不是元音字母前，(例如hour，第一个元音是“а”，故用an。当字母单独出现时 A E I O U R S F H L X 也要使用不定冠词"an"，其次特别要注意的是 U 这个字母单独出现发的并不是元音 同理 UNIVERSITY USUAL也都不用不定冠词"an”。但UNCLE要用“an”)。确定用“a”还是“an”，有一个口诀:不见“原因(元音)”别施“恩(n)”。 a和an的区别:a用于辅音音素开头的单词之前 an用于元音音素开头的单词之前 例句:1(用于可数名词的单数形式之前，表示"一" There is a tiger in the zoo. 动物园里有一只老虎。 A hundred and more people attended this meeting. 100多人参加了这次会议。 2( 表示一类人或事物。 A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎可能有危害性。 3( 表示"某一个"的意思。 A gentleman wants to see you. 有一位先生要见你。 4( 表示"同一"的意思。 They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁。 The two shirts are much of a size. 这两件衬衫大小差不多。 5( 表示"每一"的意思。 We go swimming four times a week. 我们每周去游泳四次。 6( 用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业。 My mother is a teacher. 我妈妈是教师。 7( 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个。 Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter. 很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他有一个非常美丽的女儿。 8( 在英国英语中，以"h"开头的多音节词，如第一个音节不重读，其前亦可用"an"。 He plays soccer for an hour. 他踢一个小时足球。 9( 在such a，quite a句式中。 He is quite a good actor. 他是一个相当好的演员。 Don't be in such a hurry. 不要如此匆忙。 10( 在感叹句 what...的句式中。 What a pretty girl she is! 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀～ 四、定冠词的用法 巧计定冠词the用法歌诀: 特指双方熟悉，上文已经提起。 世上独一无二，方位名词乐器。 某些专有名词，还有复数姓氏。 序数词最高级，习惯用语牢记。 26 1( 用以特指某(些)人或某(些)事物 This is the house where Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。 2( 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door,please. 请把门打开。 3( 用以复述上文提过的人或事物(第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”) Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him. 从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。 4(用在序数词和形容词最高级前。 January is the first month of the year. 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。 Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。 5(表示地球、宇宙等独一无二的事物 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 the world 世界 6( 指由普通名词构成的专有名词 he West Lake 西湖the Great Wall 长城 the United States 美国the United Nations 联合国 the Browns 布朗一家 the English 英国人 the WTO 世界贸易组织 7( 表示地点、方位、时间 用于表示地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等。 in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方 in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面 in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部 on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边 8( 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Huanghe River 黄河 the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡 注:孤山等前不加the。 9( 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人 The Bakers came to see me yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。 10( 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物 the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员 the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 11( 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前 the working class 工人阶级 the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 12( 用在the very强调句中 This is the very book I want. 这就是我想要的那本书。 13( 在the more,the more比较级的句式中 The more you drink,the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。 14( 用于西洋乐器前(民族乐器前不加) play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴 *中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)] the+n{发明物} 必须是单数 27 who invented the telephone 15( 某些固定的表达法 in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影 go to the theatre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头 on the way to 前往...去的路上 16( the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。 注意:像这类句子还有如下两种写法 A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals. 17(在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不用人称代词。 take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸 be red in the face 脸红 be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸 等结构中，名词前要用the 18 用在世纪或逢十{1990}的复数名词前 in the18th century 在18世纪 in the 1960s 在20世纪60年代 19 多与民族 国籍的形容词连用 the chinese are brave hard-working people 中国人是勤劳和勇敢的人 20 用于报刊 杂志 会议 条义 历史 时期 朝代的名词前 the Xian incident 西安事变 五、第三次作业 冠词 :零冠词 【教学时间】第6周第2次课 【教学目标】了解零冠词，掌握零冠词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】通过练习掌握冠词的使用。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、什么是零冠词:零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况 二、不用冠词的情况 1( 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前一般不加冠词(在特指时加冠词) (/)China 中国 (/)Europe 欧洲(/)Money 金钱(/)Music 音乐 (/)Lei Feng 雷锋(/)William Shakespeare 威廉?莎士比亚 2( 月份、星期、节日 前一般不加冠词(在特指时加冠词) (/)January 一月份 (/)Sunday 星期日 (/)Christmas Day 圣诞节 (/)Thanksgiving 感恩节 (/)National Day 国庆节 (/)May Day 劳动节 比较:...on a Sunday morning. 在一个星期天的早晨... (表示某一个。) 注:民族节日前要加the 如:the Spring Festival 3( 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词 I have (/)lunch at (/)school. 我在学校吃午餐。 (/)Summer is the best season for swimming. 夏天是游泳的好季节。 比较:I had a big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。(表示某一个) The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice. 史密斯先生款待的晚宴 28 真是美味。(表示特指) 比较:I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii. 我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。 (表示特指) 4( 进行球类运动 play (/) basketball 打篮球 play (/) volleyball 打排球 play (/) football 踢足球 5( 没有特指的物质名词 This cart is made of (/) wood. 这辆手推车是用木头作的。 比较:The wood outside was all wet. 外面的那些木头都湿了。(表示特指) 6( 没有特指的不可数抽象名词 (/) Time is precious. 时间是宝贵的。 比较:The time of the play was 1990s. 这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代。(表示特指) 7( 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后。 I like (/) tomatoes. 我喜欢西红柿。 8( 山峰 (/) Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰 9( 固定词组 go to (/) school 去上学 go to (/)bed 上床睡觉 go by (/) train 乘火车去 go by (/) boat 乘船去 at (/) table 在用餐 in (/) hospital 住院 at (/) school 求学 in (/)school 求学 at (/) noon 在中午 at (/) night 在晚上 at (/) midnight 在半夜 in (/) town 在城里 10( 独立结构中的名词不加冠词 A boy came in,(/) book in hand.一个男孩进来，手上拿着书。 11( 泛指人类 (/) Man is mortal. 人必有一死。 12( 在"kind of+名词 sort of+名词"句式中 What (/) kind of (/) flower is it 这是什么花, I like this sort of (/)book. 我喜欢这种书。 13( 指职位、头衔的词，如king，captain，president，chairman ，leader等。 He is (/或the) captain of the team. 他是球队的队长。 As (/或the) chairman of the committee,I declare the meeting open. 作为委员会主席，我宣布会议开始。 比较:The Captain of Morritius (荷兰殖民时期)毛里求斯首长 冠词和三餐的搭配 三餐名词单独使用时，之前通常不加冠词 三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外: We have (/) breakfast at eight( 我们8点钟吃早饭。 29 He gave us a good breakfast( 他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐。 I was invited to (/) dinner( 他们邀请我吃饭。 I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador( 我被邀请参加欢迎新任大使的宴会。 The Scots have (/) porridge for breakfast( 苏格兰人早餐吃粥。 The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house( 婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。 三、书P28-P30练习 数词:基数词和序数词的表达及用法 【教学时间】第6周第3次课 【教学目标】了解数词，掌握基数词和序数词的表达。 【教学重点和难点】成百上千的数字的表达与读音。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、概念:表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 二、分类:基数词、序数词 1、部分基数词 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 elevtwelthirtfourtfiftsixtseventeightnineten ve een een een een een een een 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety 100 1，000 1，000，000 1，000，000，000 a hundred a thousand a million a billion 基数词 1-12 是独立单词,需逐个记忆。 基数词13-19是个位数词的词干后加-teen 构成。其中 thirteen, fifteen, eighteen, 变化不规则。 基数词 20-90 是在十位数词后面加 -ty 构成。 基数词 21-99 是在十位数词后面加上个位数词合成,中间加上连字符 " ? 例如: 21 twenty ? one 95 ninety ? five 基数词三位以上的数词, 在百位和十位之间,一般要用连词"and "。 例如: 132 one hundred and thirty ? two. 1340 one thousand three hundred and forty . 表示"万"的词英语中没有.如1万可用10千来表示。 ten thousand. 30万可用 three hundred thousand 来表示。 30 2、序数词表示排列的顺序 序数词的缩写形式: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 1.first (1st) 2. second (2nd) 3. third (3rd) 4.fourth (4th) 5.fifth (5th) 6.sixth (6th) 7. seventh (7th) 8. eighth (8th) 9. ninth (9th) 10. tenth (10th) 11. eleventh (11th) 12. twelfth (12th) 13. thirteenth (13th) 14. fourteenth (14th) 15.fifteenth (15th) 16.sixteensixteenth (16th) 17.seventeen seventeenth (17th) 18.eighteen eighteenth (18th) 19.nineteen nineteenth (19th) 20.twenty twentieth (20th) 21.twenty-one twenty-first (21st) 22.twenty-two twenty-second (22nd) 30.thirty thirtieth(30th) 40.forty fortieth (40th) 50.fifty fiftieth (50th) 60.sixty sixtieth (60th) 70.seventyseventieth (7th) 80.eighty eightieth (80th) 90.ninety ninetieth (90th) 100.a/one hundred one-hundredth (100th) 101.one hundred and one one hundred and first (101st) 1000.a/one thousand one thousandth (1000th) 1,000,000.a/one million one millionth (1,000,000th) 除了first, second, third以及和它们一起组成的高位序数词以外，序数 词的构成方法是在 相应的基数词之后加-th，但要注意fifth, eighth, twelfth等不规则拼法。twenty, thirty等在变 为序数词时，要把y变成 i, 再加-eth。 四、听写P233单词 一、数词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如: 1. 基数词的用法 (1) 作定语。如: There are only three boys in the class. 班上只有3名男生。 Ten people will come to the party. 十个人要来参加聚会。 (2) 作主语。如: It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 据说13是个不吉利 的数字。 Three of them will play football. 他们中有三人要去踢足球。 (3) 作宾语。如: It is worth three hundred. 这件东西值300。 The city has a population of three million. 这个城市有三百万人口。 (4) 作表语。如: I am eighteen. 我18岁。 31 Two and two is four. 二加二等于四。 (5) 作同位语。如: Are you two coming? 你们俩来吗, They ten will go abroad. 他们十个人将出国。 2. 序数词表示法 (1) 有时序数词前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”，“又一”这样的意思。如: We'll have to do it again. 我们得重做一次。 Shall I ask him a third time? 还要再问他一次吗, (2) 序数词的主要作用 作主语。如:The first day of May is International Labour Day(五月一日是国际劳动节。 作表语。作表语时，序数词前的定冠词往往省去。如: Lynd was second last year. 林德去年是第二。 作宾语。如: He was among the forst to arrive. 他是首批到达的人员之一。 作定语。如: May is the fifth month of the year. 五月是一年中的第五个月。 作同位语。如: Who is the woman, the second in the second line? 在第二列第二个的那个妇女是谁, 但要注意:在很多情况下，我们可以用基数词代替序数词来表示顺序。如: the second part = Part two (第二部分) the first chapter = Chapter one (第一章) the fourth section = Section four (第四节) 二、数词的用法 整数的表示方法 1(表示二十以上的十位数，要在个位数与十位数之间加连字符号。表示百位数，要在 百位数与十位数之间(无十位数，则在百位数和个位数之间)加and。在美国英语中，and往 往省去。如: 68 ? sixty-eight 156 ? one/a hundred (and) fifty-six 2.书写千位数以上的阿拉伯数字，从后往前每隔三位用一分节号，如: 1,000 = one/a thousand 10,000 = ten thousand 100,000 = one/a hundred thousand 1,000,000 = one/a million 3(hundred, thousand, million等词前面有具体数字或several修饰时，不加-s。如: The magazine has two million readers. 不与数词或several连用，可以复数形式出现，表示“数以百计”、“成千上万”等。如: Mr. Smith has donated (捐赠) hundreds of books to the school. (数以百计) 32 倍数的表达方法 1(用„times表示。如: My room is three times as large as yours. 我的房间是你的三倍大小。 如果表示“是„„两倍数”，一般用twice。如: My room is twice as large as yours. 我的房间是你的两倍大小。 2(用-fold表示。如: The value of the stock has increased two-fold since we bought it . 股票的价值已涨至我们购买时候的两倍。 3(用-%表示。如: The collection of our school library is 200% up compared with 1998. 我们学校图书馆藏书量与1998年相比增长了一倍. 4.用double(翻一番)，triple(三倍于)，again等词表示倍数。如: This coat cost me as much again as the coat I have just bought. 这件外套和我刚买的那件外套的价格一样。 分数、小数和百分数表示法 1.分数的分子以基数词表示，分母以序数词表示，当分子大于1时，序数词要用复数， 其写法与读法如下: 1/2 — a/one half 1/3 — a/one third 1/4 — a/one fourth; a/one quarter 2/5 — two fifths 2.小数是以基数词加小数点表示，小数点前面的数按基数词的规则读，小 数点后面的数按个位基数词依次读出，如: 0.5 — zero point five 0.006 — zero point zero zero six 0.257 — zero point two five seven 148.06 — a/one hundred and forty-eight point zero six 其中zero可替换为naught或读作oh。 3(百分数是由基数词或小数加百分号组成，百分号(%)读作per cent，如: 0.6% — zero point six per cent 5% — five per cent 100% — one hundred per cent 12.34% — twelve point three four per cent 时间的表示法 1(十二小时计时制 使用十二小时计时制，为了避免午前、午后时刻的混淆，有时要在时刻后 面加a.m. /am或p.m. /pm以示区别。如:10:11 a.m.、 6:20 p.m.。 2(二十四小时计时制 用于军事或国际时刻的二十四小时制，书写时用四位数字。“时”和“分”之间可用“:”， 也可省略。如:0000(零时)、1300(十三时)、18:30(十八时三十分)。 年份的表示法 1.年份通常用阿拉伯数字表示，用基数词读。公元前用B.C.表示，公元用A.D.表示，读 其字母音。A.D. 一般用于公元1年到公元999年之间的年份。如: 公元前502年写作502 B.C. 公元429年写作429 A.D. 公元1000年写作 33 1000。 2(年代表示法 年代用年份的阿拉伯数字加-’s或-s表示。如: 十七世纪二十年代写作1620’s或1620s。 初期、中期、末期分别用early，mid-和late表示。如: 三十年代初期写作the early thirties。 三十年代中期写作the mid-thirties。 三十年代末期写作the late thirties。 二十世纪五十年代初期写作the early 1950’s; 中期写作the mid-1950’s; 末期写作the late 1950’s。 3(月、日的表示法 表示月、日既可以先写“月”再写“日”，也可先写“日”再写“月”。如: 9月1日写作September 1，读作September the first;或1 September，读作the first of September。 表示年、月、日，要将年份放在最后，用逗号和月、日隔开如1998年7月1日写作 July 1, 1998或1 July, 1998。 在非正式文体中，年、月、日可以全用数字表示。如: 1996年6月10日写作6,10,1996或10,6,1996。为避免误解，宜将月份拼出。 三、练习P33-P34 形容词和副词 :形容词 【教学时间】第7周第1次课 【教学目标】掌握形容词的用法、位置、和比较级最高级的用法。 【教学重点和难点】形容词比较级和最高级的构成。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 形容词 1) 形容词的用法 形容词可以用作定语、表语和宾语补足语。 (1) 作定语 This is an important meeting. We must send somebody to attend it. 这次会议很重要。我们必须派人参加。 Is there anything wrong? 有什么毛病吗, (2) 作表语 This car is too expensive. I can’t afford it. 这辆汽车太贵了。我买不 起。 Are you ready? 你准备好了吗, (3) 作宾语补足语 I‘ll get everything ready. 我将把一切准备好。 He left the window open. 他没有关窗。 34 注意: 一般的形容词既可作定语，也可作表语。但是有些形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，如wooden(木制的)，daily(每日的)等。另外有些形容词只能作表语，不能作定语，如well(健康的;好)，afraid(害怕)，alive(活的)，alone(单独的)，awake(醒着的)，等等。 2) 形容词的位置 (1) 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词前面。如: Bird flu is a dangerous disease. 禽流感是一种很危险性地病。 Salt Lake City is a beautiful city in the west of North America. 盐湖城是北美西部一座美丽的城市。 (2) 如有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词，通常是关系最密切的要靠近 被修饰的名词。如: A big black cat 一只大黑猫 An interesting English play 一个有趣的英语剧 (3) 与something，everything，anything，nothing等词连用时，放在这些词的 后面。如: I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 Was there anything special in today’s news? 今天有什么特别的新闻吗, (4) 在量度表达法中，形容词放在量度名词之后。如: Two meters tall 两米高 nine years old 九岁 ten feet wide 十英尺宽 3) 形容词的比较级和最高级 大多数形容词有三个等级: a( 原级，即原形，如big(大); b( 比较级，表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思，如bigger(较大;大一 些); c( 最高级，表示“最……”的意思，如biggest(最大)。 (1)形容词的比较级和最高级的构成方法如下: a. 规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词以加-er和-est的方式构成: 原级 比较级 最高级 young年轻 younger较年轻 youngest最年轻 old老 older较老 oldest最老 clean干净 cleaner较干净 cleanest最干净 在加词尾时要注意下面的各种情况: 情况 加词尾法 例词 一般情况 直接加词尾 small, smaller, smallest 以e结尾的词 加-r，-st large, larger, largest 以辅音，y结尾的词 变y为i，再加词尾 busy, busier, busiest 35 以“辅音字母”结尾的词 将这字母双写再加词 big, bigger, biggest 尾 b. 其他词都在前面加more, most构成比较级及最高级: 原级 比较级 最高级 important more important most important difficult more difficult most difficult interesting more interesting most interesting useful more useful most useful 3. 用比较级时常用than引起一个从句，表示和什么比较: His room is bigger than mine. 他的房间比我的房间大。 She is younger than my sister. 她比我妹妹年轻。 b(不规则变化 少数形容词的比较级和最高级的变化是不规则的。如: 原级 比较级 最高级 good(好的)/ better best well(健康的) bad (坏的)/ worse worst ill(有病的) old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest much/many(多的) more most little(少的) less least far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest (2)形容词比较级和最高级的用法 a(两个人或两种事物比较时，用比较级。 Jim is taller than Tom. 吉姆比汤姆高。 The earth is bigger than the moon.地球比月亮大。 Lesson Two is more interesting than Lesson One. 第二课比第一课有趣。 b(三个或三个以上的人或事物比较，其中有一个在某方面超过其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面要加定冠词the，后面可带of(in)短语来说明比较范围。 Yao Ming is the tallest in his team. 姚明是球队当中最高的。 Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。 His elder brother is the best swimmer in the family. 他哥哥是家里游泳最好的。 c( 表示双方程度相等时，用“as…as…”(……和……一样);表示双方程度不 相等时，用“not so/ as …as…”(“……和……不一样”或“……不如(没 有)……”)。 He is as tall as I .他和我一样高。 Our classroom is as large as theirs. 我们的教室和他们的教室一样大。 He is not so/as tall as I . 他没有我这么高。 二、第四次作业P40练习1 副词 1) 副词的种类 (1) 普通副词 说明动作的时间、地点、方式或程度等。 a(时间副词 如:ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等 36 b(地点副词 如:here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。 c(频度副词 如:ofen,seldsom,once,twice,daily等。 d(方式副词 如:carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。 e(程度副词 如:almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。 (2)疑问副词 用来引导特殊疑问句，有when(何时)，where(何地)，how(如何)，why(为什么)。如: When do you get up? 你什么时候起床, Where is he staying? 他住在什么地方, How do you feel today? 今天你感觉怎么样, Why did she leave? 她是为什么走得, (3)连接副词 用来引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，有how，when，where，why。如: When they will return is uncertain. 他们什么时候回来还没确定。(主语从句) Can you tell me where the No.1 bus stop is ? 你能告诉我1路汽车站在哪里吗,(宾语从句) That was why she left early. 这就是她早走的原因。(表语从句) Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting. 请告诉我，我们什么时候开会。(宾语从句) This is how it happened. 事情就是这样发生的。(表语从句) (4)关系副词 用来引导定语从句，有where，when，why。如: This is the factory where I am going to work. 这就是我要去工作的工厂。 That happened in the year when I came to Beijing.这件事发生在我来北京的那一年。 That is the reason why she didn’t say a word at the meeting. 这就是她在会上一言未发的原因。 2) 副词的用法 (1) 作状语 副词主要在句中作状语，用来修饰动词、形容词或副词等。 a( 修饰动词 He works hard. 他工作很努力。 b( 修饰形容词 She is very skillful driver. 她是一个技术熟练的司机。 c( 修饰另一个副词 She speaks English quite well. 她英语讲得相当好。 d( 修饰介词短语 The hospital is just around the corner. 医院就在拐角的地方。 (2) 作表语 He will be back I a day or two.他过一两天就回来。 (3) 作定语 This book here is the most useful. 这里的这本书最有用。 Which is the way out, 哪条是出去的路, 3) 副词的位置 (1) 修饰形容词和其他副词时，一般放在被修饰的词之前。如: You are completely wrong. 你完全错了。 37 He drives very fast. 他车开得很快。 但enough要放在形容词和副词的后面。如: Is it warm enough for you? 你觉得够暖和了吗, I couldn’t run fast enough. 我跑得不够快。 (2)多数副词都放在所修饰动词后面或句末(宾语或状语后面) It’s raining hard. 雨下得很大。 He speaks (behaves) naturally. 他讲话(举止)很自然。 He gave her the money reluctantly. 他不情愿地把钱给了她。 He looked at me suspiciously. 他用怀疑的目光看着我。 (3)有时放在主语和动词之间，这时有三种情况: 宾语较长时，副词常常提前(以免副词离动词太远): a. He carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass. 他仔细地把碎玻璃都捡了起来。 They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这座城市。 b. 有些说明性格或智力的副词，常可放在动词前面: I foolishly forgot my passport. 我愚蠢地忘了带护照。 He kindly waited for me. 他好心地等候我们。 They warmly welcomed us at the door. 他们在门口热烈欢迎我们。 c. 有些副词，如suddenly, soon, nearly, surely, almost, just, still, really等，常可以放在动词前面: I almost forgot about the whole thing. 我几乎把整个这件事给忘了。 She suddenly fell ill. 她突然病了。 I still don’t understand. 我还是不懂。 (4)有些副词常放在助动词和主要动词之间或主语和表语之间 I’m still waiting for an answer. 我还在等待答复。 She’s already gone home. 她已经回家了。 Then she was already out of his mind. 这时他已不想她了。 (5)有些副词为了强调可放在句首: Indoors it was nice and warm. 室内非常暖和舒服。 Really, it needs watering. 真的它该浇水了。 Apparently, he knew the town well. 显然他很熟悉这座城市 (6)疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词通常都在句子或从句的开头: How are things going? 情况如何, The first thing is to find out where she is. 首先得打听她在哪儿。 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 (7)句子副词一般放在句首: Maybe he would come round yet. 或许他会回心转意。 Actually, she had altered much less than I. 实际上她的变化比我小。 Fortunately, he found the money he’d lost. 幸好他找到了丢失的钱。 Surely you’ll stay for dinner. 你一定留下吃晚饭。 有时也可放在其他位置，如: She actually expected me to do it for her. 她实际上是指望我替她干。 There has evidently been some mistake. 显然哪儿出了岔子。 You must know Bulla, surely! 你肯定认识波拉，没错的～ 4)副词的比较级和最高级 (1) 副词和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级形式。但单音节词和少数双音节 38 词可以加词尾的方法构成比较级和最高级(a)，双音节词和多音节词大多以加 more和most的方法构成比较级和最高级(b): 原级 比较级 最高级 a. hard harde hardest fast faster fastest late later latest early earlie earliest b.quickly more quickly most quickly strongly more strongly most strongly carefully more carefully most carefully efficiently more efficiently most efficiently 副词的比较级和最高级也有不规则的形式: 原级 比较级 最高级 well better best badly worse worst little less least much more most far farther, further farthest, furthest (2)副词比较级和最高级的用法 a(单独使用: Try to do better next time. 下次争取干好一点。 I had seen the film only a few days earlier. 我是几天前才看的这部电影。 He’ll come back sooner or later. 他迟早会回来的。 Please speak more slowly. 请讲慢一点。 b 和than一起使用: She swims better than I. 他游泳游得比我好。 He works less than he used to. 他工作的时间比过去少了。 Gray loathed him more than ever. 格雷比过去更讨厌他了。 c比较级前有时可有状语修饰: You must work much faster. 你必须大大加快干活的速度。 He walked no further. 他没再往前走。。 You speak English far more fluently than the others. 你讲英语比其他人 流利得多。 形容词和副词练习 【教学时间】第7周第2次课 【教学目标】通过练习使学生掌握形容词和副词的使用。 【教学重点和难点】对个别难点题目的掌握。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 教师布置形容词和副词练习题。 练习题: 1. Bob never does his homework_____ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes. A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful 39 as 2.Now air in our town is ____ than it used to be. Something must be done to it. A. very good B. much better C. rather than D. even worse 3. I feel __ better than yesterday. A. more B. very C. the D. far 4. China has a large population than __ in the world. A. all the countries B. every country C. any country D. any other country 5.This book is __ on the subject . A. the much best B. much the best C. very much best D. very the best 6.The sick boy is getting __ day by day. A. worse B. bad C. badly D. worst 7.This necklace looks __ and__ sells__. A. well, well B. good, nice C. nice, good D. nice, well 8. Doctor Wang ___ heart operation A. is interested on B. like doing C. does well in D. is good at 9.the population of Shangdong is__ than that Sichuan. A. smaller B. larger C. less D. large 10.I didn’t go shopping yesterday. He didn’t __. A. so B. either C. too C. neither 11.___ delicious the food is! A. How B how a C. What D. What a 12. What animal do like ___? I like all kinds of animals. A. better B. best C. very D. well 13.Hainan is a very large island. It’s the second__ island in China. A. large B. larger C. largest D. most large 14.If you want to book a round –trip ticket, you’ll have to pay __ $30. A. more B. other C. the other D. another 15. A horse is __ than a dog. A. much heavy B. more heavier C. much heavier D .more heavy 16. Which is __ season in Beijing? I think it’s spring. A. good B. well C. best D. the best 17. Usually Xiao Li spends __ time doing homework than Xiao Chen does. A. little B less C. few D. fewer 18. I liked to play football when I was young._______. A. So he was B .So was he C. So did he D. So he did 19. She is______ a musician than her brother. a) much of b) much as c) more of d) more as 20. It is reported that ___ adopted children want to know who their natural parents are. a) the most b) most of c) most d) the most of 教师举例讲解典型题目。 例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____ A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall 40 解析:该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。 例2 ____ the worse I seem to be. A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More medicine taken 解析:该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+„ , the +形容词比较级+„"意为越„，越„。该句意为:吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。 例3"I haven't been to London yet". "I haven't been there ____". A too B also C either D neither 解析:该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。 例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news. A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply 解析:该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。 单词背诵竞赛及英语书法练习 【教学时间】第7周第3次课 【教学目标】通过竞赛练习使学生掌握单词表中以字母A开头的单词。 【教学重点和难点】对个别较难单词的再次解释。对于某些字母的错误写法进行纠正。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 学生在课堂上进行单词背诵竞赛。及英语书法练习。 第8周第一次课迎接华侨 《新概念英语2》课文第一课 【教学时间】第8周第2次课 【教学目标】了解课文内容，掌握一些单词。 【教学重点和难点】学生能够听懂课文内容。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 课文原文 Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. "I can't hear a word!" I said angrily. 41 "It's none of your business," the young man said rudely. "This is a private conversation!" 参考译文: 上星期我去看戏. 我的座位很好, 戏很有意思, 但我却无法欣赏. 一青年男子与一青年女子坐在我的身后, 大声地说着话. 我非常生气, 因为我听不见演员在说什么. 我回过头去怒视着那一男一女, 他们却毫不理会. 最后, 我忍不住 : “我一个字也听不见了!” 了, 又一次回过头去, 生气地说 “不关你的事, “那男的毫不客气地说, “这是私人间的谈话!” 【生词和短语】 private adj. 私人的 conversation n. 谈话 theatre n. 剧场，戏院 seat n. 座位 play n. 戏 loudly adv. 大声地 angry adj. 生气的 angrily adv. 生气地 attention n. 注意 bear v. 容忍 business n. 事 rudely adv. 无礼地，粗鲁地 【课文讲解】 1、Last week I went to the theatre. 动词go的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方，与介词to连用后，常加上主语所要去的目的来代表主语的动作目的。 go to the +地点 表示去某地干嘛 go to the theatre = go to the theatre to see a play去剧场看戏 go to the cinema =see a film 去电影院看电影 go to the dairy 去牛奶店 go to the + 人 + 's 表示去这个人开的店 go to the doctor's 去看病;go to the butcher's 买肉 以下短语中名词前不加冠词: go to school 去上学;go to church 去做礼拜;go to hospital(医院) 去看病;go to bed 上床，睡觉;go home(跟home相连一定表示没有事情可做,回家休息) I am at home. 在家休息 2、I had a very good seat. seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位，也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”等概念。 the front seat of a car 汽车的前座 Take a seat, please. 请坐。 3、I did not enjoy it. enjoy vt. 欣赏，享受，喜爱 ? enjoy +n. 喜欢,从当中得到一种享受(后面不能跟人) I enjoy the music. enjoy the dinner/film/program/game 42 ? enjoy oneself/代词 玩的开心 We always enjoy ourselves. ? enjoy +动名词 Jane doesn’t enjoy swimming. She enjoys going to the theatre. 动词:动词的种类、最常见的短语动词、动词的基本形式 【教学时间】第8周第3次课 【教学目标】了解英语中的四类动词，掌握一些常见的短语动词。 【教学重点和难点】动词的原形、过去式、过去分词和现代分词的基本形式。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 1. 动词的种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句中的作用可分为下列四类: ? 行为动词(又称实义动词)是在在句子中表示有关主语的动作或者是状 态的主要动词。例如:syudy,学习;walk步行等。 行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。 根据动词能否有宾语，可以将句子分为及物动词和不及物动词和系动词。及物动词是指动词所表达的动作能有一个接受动作的对象，也就是后面可以接宾语的动词。 如:She often washes clothes at weekends 她常在周末洗衣服。. The baby sleeps soundly. 这个婴儿睡得很熟。 但是，同一动词，由于使用的场合不同，有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词。而且，有时词义不变，有时词义也有变化。 ? 连系动词是本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成 谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词,或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充 当,说明主语是什么或怎么样。 常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显 得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。如: My father is a teacher. 我爸爸是教师。 She looks very ill. 她的气色很不好。 ? 助动词:一般没有词义，不能单独做谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成各 种时态、语态和语气等动词形式，以及帮助主要动词构成疑问式和否定式。常用的助动词有be, do, have, shall, will, should, would等。如: He is getting up now. 他正在起床。 This kind go computer is made in China. 这种计算机室中国造的。 ? 情态动词即一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动 词,认为“可能”、“应当”、或“必要”等。但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语，必须和不带to的动词不定式连用。情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。如: I can speak a little English now. 我现在能说一点英语了。 May I use your bike? 我可以用一下你的自行车吗, 2. 最常用的短语动词 有些动词常和其它此类(如副词、介词、名词、形容词)一起构成固定词组，称为短语动词，其作用和一个单独的动词一样。短语动词也有及物的和不及物的两种。为了便于记忆和掌握，应把这类动词看做一个整体，像一个简单的行为动词 43 来使用。 ? 动词+介词 He was listening to the music. 他在听音乐。 ? 动词+副词 I’m getting off at the next station. 我下一站下车。 ? 动词+名词+介词 Will you take part in the dinner party? 你参加宴会吗, ? 动词+副词+介词 They are looking forward to the holidays. 他们期待着假期的到来。 ? be+形容词+介词 We must be good at learning from the others. 我们要善于向别人学习。 3. 动词的基本形式 大多数动词都有四种形式:现在式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。按照动词各种形式的构成方法，动词可以分为规则动词和不规则动词两类。 1) 规则动词的基本形式 规则动词的过去形式和过去分词一把在动词原形后 面加词尾-ed构成;现在分词则加词尾-ing构成。如表所示: 现在式 构成规则 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 (动词原形) 一般动词过去式和过Look Looked Looked Looking 去分词加-ed;现在分Play Played Played Playing 词加-ing visit visited visited visiting 结尾是“e”的动词，Live Lived Lived Living 过去式和过去分词加Hope Hoped Hoped Hoping -d;现在分词先去”e”,use used used using 再加-ing 末尾只有一个辅音字Stop Stopped Stopped Stopping 母的重读闭音节，先Plan Planned Planned Planning 双写这个辅音字母，fit fitted fitted fitting 再加-ed或-ing 结尾是“辅音字母+y “的动词，过去式和Study Studied Studied Studying 过去分词先变“y”为Carry Carried Carried Carrying “i”，再加-ed;现在try tried tried trying 分词直接加-ing 2)不规则动词的基本形式 不规则动词的构成情况比较复杂。为了帮助同学们记住不规则动词，现在把教材中出现的不规则动词分为几个类型，每个类型中又 44 分若干组，尽量找出每组中各词变化形式的共同点，以帮助记忆。 1. A---A---A型(现在式、过去式和过去分词同形) 动词原形(现在式) 过去式 过去分词 cost cost cost 花费 cut cut cut 割，切 hit hit hit 打 let let let 让 put put put 放下 read read read 读 hurt hurt hurt 伤 2. A---A---B型(现在式和过去式同形) beat beat beaten 打 3. A---B---A型(现在式和过去分词同形) come came come 来 become became become 变 run ran run 跑 4. A ---B ---B型 (1)在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词。 burn burnt burnt 燃烧 learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习 mean meant meant 意思 hear heard heard 听见 (2)把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。 build built built 建筑 lend lent lent 借给 lose lost lost 失去 send sent sent 送 spend spent spent 花费 (3)其他 pay paid paid 付 lay laid laid 下蛋 say said said 说 bring brought brought 带来 buy bought bought 买 think thought thought 想 sleep slept slept 睡 keep kept kept 保持 sweep swept swept 扫 stand stood stood 站 understand understood understood 明白 5. A---B---C型(现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同) (1)在动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。 eat ate eaten 吃 fall fell fallen 落下 steal stole stolen 偷 give gave given 给 45 freeze froze frozen 冻结 take took taken 拿 see saw seen 看见 write wrote written 写 ride rode ridden 骑 drive drove driven 驾驶 throw threw thrown 抛，扔 blow blew blown 吹 grow grew grown 生长 know knew known 知道 fly flew flown 飞 draw drew drawn 拉，绘画 show showed shown 展示 (2)过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。 speak spoke spoken 说话 break broke broken 破碎，折断 wake waked/ woke waked/ waken 醒 choose chose chosen 选择 forget forgot forgotten 忘记 (3)变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”(过去式)和“u”(过去分词)。 begin began begun 开始 ring rang rung 按铃 sing sang sung 唱 sink sank sunk 沉 swim swam swum 游泳 drink drank drunk 饮 (4)其他不规则动词的变化。 be(am, is) was/ were been 是 be(are) were been 是 do did done 做 go went gone 去 lie lay lain 躺 wear wore worn 穿 动词的时态:一般现在时 、一般过去时 【教学时间】第9周第1次课 【教学目标】掌握英语一般现在时、一般过去时的构成和用法。 【教学重点和难点】动词一般现在时第三人称单数的变化及一般过去时形式 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一般现在时 (1) 一般现在时的构成 一般现在时表示经常性的或习惯性的动作、特征或状态。常见的一般现在时主要 46 有以下三种句式: 1.肯定句式。一般现在时肯定句式主要由动词原形表示，第三人称单数的谓语动词后要加词尾-s或-es。动词be根据主语不同的人称有不同的形式，第一人称单数中动词be用am，第一人称复数、第二人称单数和复数以及第三人称复数中动词be用are的形式，第三人称单数中动词be用is，动词have在主语是第三人称单数中变为has，其余情况均用原形have。如: She is a worker. 她是一名工人。 They are workers. 他们是工人。 2.疑问句式。一般现在时变为疑问句时，一般在句首加助动词do或does的方式构成，第三人称单数时用does，其余情况都用do，主要动词一概不变，用原形;在以have或has为主要动词的句子中，可以直接将动词have或has提前放于句首，也可以在句首加动词do或does构成，have或has一律用原形have。其简略回答形式用“Yes+主语+动词”或“No+主语+动词+not”。如: Do you work? 你工作吗,Yes, I do. 是的。 Does he work? 他工作吗,No, he does not. 不，他不工作。 3.否定句式。一般现在时的否定句式在动词前加do/does not的形式构成。如: She does not work. They do not have a cake. 动词一般现在时第三人称单数词尾加-s或-es的规则列表如下: 规则 动词原形 第三人称单数形式 Read Reads 一般动词在词尾加-s Like Likes Play Plays Pass Passes 以字母s，x，ch，sh或oTeach Teaches 结尾的动词加-es Wash Washes do Does 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的Carry Carries 动词，先变y为i，再加-es fly Flies (2) 一般现在时的用法 a(表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作或现在的状态。如: My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼镜。 He often goes to the cinema. 他经常去看电影。 b(表示主语现在具备的能力、特征、职业等。如: He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。 Mr. Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法语。 c(表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在。如: Summer follows spring. 春去夏来。 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 d(表示按规定或计划要发生的将来的动作(只限于go，come，start，leave，stay，arrive，return，begin，be等动作)，常带有表示将来时间的状语。如: When does the train arrive? 火车什么时候到, 47 School begins the day after tomorrow. 学校后天开学。 e(在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。如: If he runs, he’ll get there in time. 如果他跑着去，就可以及时到达那里。 f(表示时间短暂的动作。如: Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 There goes the bell. 铃响了。 -10 二、第五次作业P57练习1 一般过去时 (1) 一般过去时的构成 现将动词be、have和行为动词的一般过去时肯定式、否定式和疑问式的构成列表如下: 肯 定句 否 定 句 be I /He/She/It was... I/ He /She/It was not ... We/You/They were... We /You/They were not... have I/He/She/It/ We/You/They I/ He /She/It/We/You/They had not had... (有) ... I/He/She/It/We/You/They did not have (吃/喝/进行...)… 行为动词 I/He/She/It/ We/You/They I/ He /She/It/ We /You/They did studied… not study… 一般疑问句 简略回答 be Was he/she/it...? Yes,he was.(No,he wasn’t.) Were we/you/they...? Yes,you were. (No,you were not) have Had I/he/she/it/you/we/ Yes,you had.(No,you hadn’t.) they...? Did Yes,you did.(No,you didn’t.) I/you/he... have... 行为动词 Did he/she/ it/ we/you/ they Yes,you did.(No,you didn’t.) study..? (2) 一般过去时的用法 a(表示过去的动作或状态，常和明确的过去时间状语连用，如:yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1998,just now等，或与由when引导的从句连用。 b(表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复出现的动作。句子中常带有every day, often, usually, always, sometimes等时间状语。 例:When I worked in the company, I got up early every morning. 在那家公司上班时，我每天早晨都起得很早。 In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays. 在过去的几年里，每逢暑假她总是出去旅游。 注:表示过去常常或反复发生的动作，也可以用used to加动词原形或用would加动词原形。如: I used to smoke, but I’ve stopped now. 我过去抽烟，但现在不抽了。 48 动词的时态:一般将来时 【教学时间】第9周第2次课 【教学目标】掌握英语一般将来时的构成和用法。 【教学重点和难点】一般将来时的其他表示法以及区别。 2 【教学时数】 【教学过程】 一般将来时 (1) 一般将来时的构成 一般将来时表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。但是现在第一人称一般也用will，其区别并不明显。 人称 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 I /We will/shall I /We will/shall 第一人称 Shall I /we work? work. not work. 第二人称 You will work. You will not work. Will you work? He /She/It/They He /She/It/They Will he/she/it/they 第三人称 will work. will not work. work? (2)一般将来时的用法 a( 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与一些表示将来的时间 状语连用，如:tomorrow(明天)， next week(下周)， from now on(从 现在开始);in the future(将来);someday (未来的某一天) 等。如: The workers will build a new school here next year.工人们明年将在这儿盖一所新学校。 b( 表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。如: We will come to see you every Sundy. 每个星期天我们都会来看你。 (3) 将来时的其他表示法 1.be going to +不定式，表示将来。表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事。be going to和will相比，be going to通常表示主观，will通常表示客观。 What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你要做什么, Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看看这些黑云，将有一场暴风雨。 It’s going to be a fine day tomorrow.明天将会是个好天。 It is going to rain. 要下雨了。 2.“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。这种结构表示计划中约定的或按 职责 岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载建筑公司岗位职责下载社工督导职责.docx 、义务要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。 We are to have a meeting next Saturday. 下个周日我们有个会。 49 The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 这个男孩明天要去上学。 Are we to go on with this work? 我们继续干吗, The president is to visit China next week.总统下周来访中国。 3.“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，意为:很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。这一结构用于表示客观就要发生的事，表示马上就要发生。一般不再与时间状语连用。 Don’t go out. We’re about to have a meeting. 别出去了,我们很快就开会了。 I was about to start when it began to rain.我刚要出发就下起雨来了。 He is about to leave for Shenyang.他将要离开去沈阳。 We are about to leave. 我们马上就走。 The film is about to begin. 电影马上就要开始了。 动词的时态:现在进行时 【教学时间】第9周第3次课 【教学目标】掌握英语现在进行时的构成和用法。 【教学重点和难点】使用现在进行时的场合。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 现在进行时 (1) 现在进行时的构成 现在进行时由“助动词be的现在式(am，is，are)+现在分词”构成。 (1)肯定式:主语，be，v-ing，其它。如: He is playing football( (2)否定式:主语，be，not，v-ing，其它。如: He is not(isn't)playing football( (3)疑问式:主要分一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种句式。 一般疑问句:Be，主语，v-ing，其它,如: —Is he playing football, —Yes，he is((No，he isn't() 特殊疑问句:疑问词，be，主语，v-ing，其它,如: What is he doing,他正在干什么, (2) 现在进行时的用法 a 表示现在(说话时)正在进行或发生的动作。如: They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。 I’m waiting for a friend from America. 我在等一位美国朋友。 b表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，且此时有this week, these days等时间状语，这时常用现在进行时。如: We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。 c 有时可以表示将来的动作。如; We’re flying to Paris tomorrow. 我们明天乘飞机去巴黎。 (3) 使用现在进行时的场合 a.当句中出现的表示时间的词是now, at the moment (此刻、现在)等时，表示句子要说明的是现在正在发生的事，动词应用现在进行时。 Linda's brother is watching TV in his bedroom now. 50 Linda的哥哥现在正在他的卧室里看电视。 We're far from home. What are our parents doing at the moment? 我们现在远离家，我们的父母此刻在干什么呢, b.当句中出现的时间状语是these days, this week, this month等时，如果句子所要表达的意义是在这一阶段正在发生的事，则动词应用现在进行时。 These days we are helping the farmers work on the farm. 这些天我们在农场帮农民们干活。 They're having a test this week. 这一周他们在进行一次考试。 Mr Cheng is visiting our village this month. 这个月程先生在我们村访问。 c.在句中出现了Look, Listen, Can't you see? 等暗示词时，说明后面谓语动词的动作正在发生，该动词应用现在进行时。 Listen! Our English teacher is singing the popular English song. 听～我们英语老师正在唱那首流行的英文歌曲。 Many children are swimming in the river. Can't you see? 许多小孩在河里游泳，你难道看不见吗, d.注意根据上下文的暗示，句子的谓语动词可能应用现在进行时。 — Where is Mr Wang? 王先生在哪儿, — Oh, he is reading a newspaper in the office. 噢，他正在办公室看报。 动词的时态:现在完成时 、过去进行时 【教学时间】第10周第1次课 【教学目标】掌握英语现在完成时、过去进行的构成和用法。 【教学重点】了解现在完成时和一般过去时的区别。 【教学难点】掌握“have/has been”和“have/has gone”的区别 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 现在完成时 (1) 现在完成时的构成 现在完成时由助动词have加过去分词构成。现在以动词work为例，将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式列表如下: 肯定式 否定式 I have worked. I have not worked. 单数 You have worked. You have not worked. He /she /it has worked. He /she /it has not worked. We / you/they have not 复数 We / you/they have worked. worked. 疑问式和简略答语 人称 单数 复数 Have I worked, Have we worked? 第一人称 Yes, I have. Yes, we/you have. No, you have not. No, we/you have not. 51 Have you worked? Have you worked? 第二人称 Yes, I have. Yes, we have. No, I have not. No, we have not. Has he/she/it worked? Have they worked? 第三人称 Yes ,he/she/it has. Yes, they have. No, he/she/it has not. No, they have not. (2)现在完成时的用法 a( 现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却 和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. 如: I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) b( 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和表示一段时间的 状语如for,since连用。如: Mary has been ill for three days. 玛丽已经病了三天了。 I have lived here since 1998. 我从1998年起就住在这里。 c( 注意:只有表示延续的动作或状态的动词(如study，live，work，teach 等)，才能这样用。Come，become，join，get up等动词只表示一个短暂 的动作，不能这样用，这时需要用be来表示延续的状态。如: He has been here for half a year.他来这里半年了。(不能说He has come here for half a year.) (3)和现在完成时连用的时间状语 a( 和表示不确定的时间状语连用 现在完成时不能与单纯表示过去时间的状语连用，如 yesterday, last week, in 2002, three days ago 等，因为它们与现在毫无关联。但可以和表示不确定的时间状语连用，如 already, never, ever, just 等。含有这类时间状语的句子，其谓语动词表示句中的行为或动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响。如: I've just found this library book. 我刚刚找到这本图书馆的书。 They have already finished the work. 他们已经完成了这项工作。 b( 和包括现在在内的时间状语连用 现在完成时可以与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用，如 lately, recently, in the past few years, these few years, these days, up to now, so far 等。如: How have you been recently , 你近来状况如何, The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years. 那位著名的作家在过去的两年里写了一本新书。 (4)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响。现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如: He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间) Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电 52 脑) (5)“have/has been”和“have/has gone”的区别 表示“曾到过某地”要用“have/has been”，不能用“have/has gone”。 have/has been指去了某地并且已经回来了(去而复归)，have/has gone指去了某地还没有回来(去而未归)。比较下面的句子: I have been to the library. 我刚从图书馆回来了. I have gone to the library.他到图书馆去了. 过去进行时 (1) 过去进行时的构成 过去进行时由“主语+was/were+现在分词”构成。 肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其它 否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它 一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 答语:Yes,I was./No,I wasn't. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它 Was not常简略为wasn’t，were not常简略为weren’t。 (2) 过去进行时的用法 表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。这一过去特定的时间，除有上下文暗示以外，一般用时间状语来表示。如: We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。 What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他整天都在研究什么,My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。 (3)过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 a、 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。如: I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段) I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”) b、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用 It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用) He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时) c、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。 如: He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down. 当他跳来跳去的时候他弄坏了一把椅子。 d、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。 I cooked the dinner while he played the piano. 他弹钢琴时我正在做饭。 I saw him while I was walking to the station. 我走去车展的时候看到了他。 动词的时态:过去完成时 【教学时间】第10周第2次课 【教学目标】掌握英语过去完成时的构成和用法。 53 【教学重点和难点】过去完成时在一些固定句型中的使用。 【教学时数】1 【教学过程】 过去完成时 (1) 过去完成时的构成 过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成。现在以动词work为例，将过去完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式列表如下: 肯定式 否定式 I had worked. I had not worked. 单数 You had worked. You had not worked. He /she /it had worked. He /she /it had not worked. We / you/they had not 复数 We / you/they had worked. worked. 疑问式和简略答语 人称 单数 复数 HadI worked, Had we worked? 第一人称 Yes, I had. Yes, we/you had. No, you had not. No, we/you had not. Had you worked? Had you worked? 第二人称 Yes, I had. Yes, we had. No, I had not. No, we had not. Had he/she/it worked? Had they worked? 第三人称 Yes ,he/she/it had. Yes, they had. No, he/she/it had not. No, they had not. (2)过去完成时的用法 a( 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即"过去的过去"。这一过去 时间常用下列两种方式来表示: a) 用by, at，before等构成的短语，如: By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚,点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。 We had got to the station before seven o’clock. 七点以前我们到达车站。 b) 用when，before等引导的从句，如: The train had left before he reached the station. 在他到达车站以前，火车已经开走了。 The film had already begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。 b( 过去完成是还可以表示从过去某一时间开始，并持续到过去另一时间的动作 54 或状态。往往和由for或since引导的、表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 She said that she had lived here since 1980.她说从1980年她就住在这里。 He had studied English for two years before he came here.他在来这里之前已经学了两年英语。 (3)过去完成时的特殊用法 hink, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现?动词t 的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 如: They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 ?过去完成时还可用在hardly...when..., no sooner...than..., It was the first (second, etc) time (that)...等固定句型中。 如: Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。 动词的时态:过去将来时 【教学时间】第10周第3次课 【教学目标】掌握英语过去将来时的构成和用法。 【教学重点和难点】过去将来时的其他用法。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 过去将来时 (1) 过去将来时的构成 过去将来时由助动词would(should)+动词原形或was/ were going to+动词原形构成。 如:The farmers didn’t know whether they would have a good harvest.农民们不知道他们是否会有一个好收成。 Li Mei said that she was going to visit her grandma in the country the next Sunday.李梅说下星期天要去看望她乡下的祖母。 美国英语无论什么人称都用would。Would常简略为’d，如I ’d，he’d等;would not常简略为would’t。 (2)过去将来时的用法 表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。 过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将来要看发生的动作或存在的状态。具体分为: ?(主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。如: Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years. 没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。 We didn’t know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们不知道她是否 55 准备在会上发言。 ?(在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。如: It was a Saturday afternoon. A young man named George had just left school. He was going to start to work the following week, so he decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes.一个星期六的下午，一位名叫乔治的年轻人刚离开学校。因为他准备下周开始工作，所以，决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。 (3)过去将来时的其他表示法: 在时间或条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时表示在过去看将来要发生的动作。?( 如: They said that they were going to West Hill Farm if it didn’t rain the next Sunday. 他们说如果下星期天不下雨他们就去西山农场。 The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he grew up. 老师问汤姆长大后准备干什么。 ?(go, come, leave, fly, drive, arrive, start等表示位置移动的动词常用过去进行时表示一个当时按计划或安排近期将要发生的动作。如: She didn’t say when she was coming again next time. 她没说下一次什么时候会再来。 Jim decided they were flying to England next month. 吉姆决定他们下个月坐飞机去英国。 动词时态的练习 【教学时间】第11周第1次课 【教学目标】通过练习进一步掌握英语常用八种时态的用法。 【教学重点和难点】一般过去式、现在完成时和过去完成时的混合。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 详见课本P57-P64练习1-100 期中考前复习第11周第2次课 期中考试第11周第3次课 动词的被动语态 【教学时间】第12周第1次课 【教学目标】了解英语中的语态，掌握被动语态的用法及构成。 【教学重点和难点】被动语态的用法。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 英语中及物动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。 一、 被动语态的用法: 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 56 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. he door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6.现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.? My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. ? Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. ? There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤: 1. 先找出谓语动词; 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语; 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语; 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例:1.Bruce writes a letter every week. ?A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2.Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.?The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.?Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.?Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.?A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.?the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变 为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例:make somebody do something?somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something?somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.?My wallet was seen to drop 57 by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.?The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.?A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.?A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. ?A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh him. ?He can’t be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. ?The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. ?The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 动词的被动语态及复习 【教学时间】第12周第2次课 【教学目标】掌握各个时态的被动语态的用法及构成。 【教学重点和难点】过去进行时的被动语态。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一.被动语态的时态 1.一般现在时am/is/are+done eg:We clean the classroom. 被动语态:The classroom is cleaned by us. 2.一般过去时was/were+done eg:He made the kite. 被动语态:The kite was made by him. 3.现在进行时am/is/are+being+done eg:She is watering flowers. 被动语态:Flowers are being watered by her. 4.现在完成时have/has+been done eg:Jim has finished the work. 被动语态:The work has been finished by Jim. 5.一般将来时will/shall/be going to+be done eg:They will plant trees tomorrow. 被动语态:Trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 6.过去进行时was/were+being done eg:She was writing a letter this time yesterday. 被动语态:A letter was being written by her this time yesterday. 7.过去完成时had+been done eg:Jim had finished the work. 被动语态:The work had been finished by Jim. 8.过去将来时would/should/be going to+be done eg:He said he would make a kite. 58 被动语态:He said a kite would be make by him. 二.被动语态的用法 被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况: 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。 2.没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。 3.需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。 三，复习动词的各种时态 四、第六次作业 《新概念英语2》课文第二课 【教学时间】第12周第3次课 【教学目标】了解课文内容，掌握一些单词。 【教学重点】课文内容翻译和讲解 【教学难点】理解并背诵课文 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day!' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. 'I've just arrived by train,' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said. 'What are you doing?' she asked. 'I'm having breakfast,' I repeated. 'Dear me,' she said. 'Do you always get up so late? It's one o'clock!' 参考译文: 那是个星期天, 而在星期天我是从来不早起的, 有时我要一直躺到吃午饭的时候. 上个星期天, 我起得很晚. 我望望窗外, 外面一片昏暗. “鬼天气!” 我想, “又下雨了. “正在这时, 电话铃响了. 是我姑母露西打来的. “我刚下火车, “她说, ”我这就来看你. “ “但我还在吃早饭, “我说. “你在干什么?” 她问道. “我正在吃早饭, “我又说了一遍. “天啊, ”她说, “你总是起得这么晚吗?现在已经1点钟了!” 【课文讲解】 1、It was Sunday. it指时间、天气、温度或距离，it被称为“虚主语”(empty subject)。作为第三人称单数的中性代词，it可以指一件东西、一件事件或用来指是什么人: It is a lovely baby. 2、I never get up early on Sundays. on Sundays: 所有的星期天,每逢星期天,与一般现在时连用，表示经常性的行为。 介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中:on Monday，on Monday morning，on that day 当使用last，next，this，that时，介词(以及定冠词)必须省略: I’ll see you next/this Friday. never 从来不 (可以直接用在动词前面)=助动词+not (变成否定句,前面一定要 59 加助动词) I don't like her.=I never like her. 3、I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. 在表达卧床时bed前不需加冠词: It’s time for bed now. You must stay/remain in bed for another two days. 你必须再卧床两天。 4、Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. just then: 就在那时 如果不知道对方性别, 他/她可以用it取代 Who are you?/Who is it ? 5、I've just arrived by train, by 直接加交通工具(不能有任何修饰词, 复数);如果加修饰词, 就要换掉by用in或on I go out by bus. I go out in/on two buses. (指具体的两辆车介词用in/on) Long ago people could go to America only by ship/sea. 如果是特指的交通工具，则要加冠词或其他限定词: My aunt left by the 9:15 train. by air 乘飞机 by bicycle/bike 骑自行车 by boat 乘船 by bus 乘公共汽车 by car 乘小汽车 by land 由陆路 by plane 乘飞机 by sea 由海路 by ship 乘船 by train 乘火车 6、I'm coming to see you. 我将要来看你. 用 come 的现在进行时态 be coming 表示一般将来，表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。同样用法的动词有:go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join„ 7、Dear me! 天哪!英国人说Dear me!或My dear! 美国人说 : My god! [^Cd] ([C]发啊的音)注意美英的发音不同. 一、教师根据课文内容讲解其中的语法内容，并巩固复习。 现在进行时和一般现在时 现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。现在进行时常与now，just，still等副词连用: I am working as a teacher. "现阶段" He is still sleeping. (现在还在睡觉) Jane is just dressing up. 简正在打扮。 一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副词often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever等连用。 Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him. 频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后;如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两个之间;疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中not必须放在always之前，而且也出现在generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前;not必须出现在sometimes和frequently之后。表示肯定的速记可以用在句尾;在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually等副词可用于句首。 60 I get paid on Friday usually. Very often the phone rings when I’m in bath. 非实义动词 : ? 系动词(be) ? 帮助动词构成时态的助动词(do, does, will, shall, have, had, has) ? 情态动词(must, can, may) 除此之外都是实义动词. I frequently go to bed hungry. (形容词作状语) He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学. You must come here hungry.空腹来这里. 二、教师布置习题进行练习，学生完成后教师讲解。 1. She is _____ (walk, walking) now. 2. Mother is ______ (feed, feeding) birds. 3. They are _____ (sitting, siting) on the chair. 4. Cindy is _____ (watch, watching) TV. 5. Joe is _____ (jogging, joging) in the garden. 6. Look, Nick is _____ (coming, come). 7. The cat is _____ (lieing, lying) on the rug. 8. Listen, she is _____ (singing, sing). 9. Look, the girl is _____ (run). 10. The cat is _____ (eat) now. 11. Look, the baby is _____ (smile). 12. My mother and my father are _____ (dance). 13. Uncle Jerry is _____ (drive). 14. The fish is _____ (swim) in the river. 15. She is _____ (shop). 动词之助动词 【教学时间】第13周第1次课 【教学目标】了解什么是助动词，掌握其用法。 【教学重点和难点】助动词的用法。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、概念:协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。 被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用， 例如:He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。 (doesn't是助动词，无词义;like是主要动词，有词义) 二、助动词的主要用法: a.表示时态，例如:He is singing.他在唱歌。 He has got married.他已结婚 b. 表示语态，例如:He was sent to England.他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如:Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗, Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗, d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如:I don't like him.我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定 来参加晚会。 61 He did know that.他的确知道那件事。 三、最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语。它常配合主要动词，协助构成否定句、疑问句、强调句、时态、语态等语法形式。 常见的助动词有: be(无词义)，do(无词义)，have(无词义)，shall将要，will将要 (一).be的助动词用法 1、am, is, are, was, were 2、助动词+be:shall be, will be, can be, etc. 3、have/has/had + been(完成时) 4、am, is, „being(进行时) (1)表达进行时态:句型 be + V-ing„(进行时态) 例:What are you reading?(你正在阅读什么,) I am reading a magazine.(我正在阅读杂志。) 例:He will be taking a walk in the park at this time tomorrow morning. (明天早晨此时他将会正在公园散步。) 例:She has been teaching English in our school for years. (她已在我们学校教英语许多年了。) 解说:第一例句是表达现在进行时，第二例句是将来进行时，第三例句是现在完成进行时。 (2)表达被动语态:句型 be +p.p.(被动语态) 例:English is spoken in both Canada and the United States. (加拿大和美国都讲英语。) 例:Those keys were found in your drawer. (那些钥匙是在你的抽屉里找到的。) 例:It can be done much faster in this way. (这件工作用这个方法可以更加快速地做好。) (二).do的助动词用法 (1)“do”表达疑问:句型 Do/Does/Did + S + V„, 一般动词的疑问句表达通常都借助于“do/does/did”。 例:Do you know her telephone number?(你知道她的电话号码吗,) 例:Does your father speak English?(你的父亲会说英语吗,) 例:When did you see him last?(你上一次看到他是在什么时候,) 例:She writes to you very often, doesn’t she?(她常写信给你，是不是,) 例:Didn’t you forget to lock the door, did you?(你忘了锁门，是不是,) 解说:一般动词的疑问表达也可以不借助于“do/does/did”，但是这种表达法通常都是在表示反问。 例:You know her telephone number?(你知道她的电话号码,——句意在反问对方“你真的知道吗,”或“你怎么知道的,”。) (2)“do”表达否定:句型 do/does/did + not + V „(否定) 例:I don’t know him.(我不认识他。) 例:He doesn’t like papaya.(他不喜欢木瓜。) 例:She didn’t go to the movies yesterday evening.(昨晚她没去看电影。) 解说:本句式可用“„at all”来加强否定的语气，例如: I don’t know him at all .(我根本就不认识他。) 一般动词中“have”因兼有助动词的功能，所以其否定与疑问的表达法也就兼有助动词的表达方式。 例:Have you money with you?(你带钱了吗,) 62 No, I haven’t. I haven’t any money with me.(没有，我没有带钱。) 英式英语正式用法，不过令人有古板之感。 例:Have you got money with you? No, I haven’t. I haven’t got any money with me. 英式口语表达法，较为随便的用法。 例:Do you have money with you? No, I don’t. I don’t have any money with me. (3)“do”表达强调:句型 do/does/did + V„(加强语气) “do/does/did”可置于一般动词之前以加强动词的语气。 例:I hate a liar.(我讨厌骗子。) I do hate a liar.(我痛恨骗子。) 例:He drinks.(他会喝酒。) He does drink.(他不但会喝酒，而且是海量。) 例:She said so yesterday.(昨天她是这么说的。) She did say so yesterday.(昨天她确是这么说了。) (4)“do”的代动词用法:句型 V„do/does/did (=V) „ 本句式的“do”并非助动词用法。为避免动词的重复使用，通常都以do来代替前述的一般动词，尤其是日常谈话中的“Yes, I do„/No, he doesn’t„”更 是使用频繁，和“Yes, I can„/No, I can’t„”等的助动词用法很相似，因此特把本句式纳入此处讨论。 例:He speaks much better than you do (=speak).(他讲得比你好多了。) 例:“She loves roses most.”(她最爱玫瑰花了。) “So she does(=loves).”(她确是最爱玫瑰花。) 例:He made a mistake the other day and he did (=made) the same mistake again yesterday. This is why the teacher punished him.(几天前他犯了一个错误，昨天他又犯了相同的错误，这就是老师处罚他的道理。) (三).have的助动词用法 (1)表达完成时态:句型A have (has, had) +p.p. „ 句型B can (could), „have + p.p. 例:He can’t have said such a foolish word. (他不像是会说了这样傻的话。) 解说:本例句是在表达对过去的推想。 (2)“have”的惯用句式:句型 had better +V„ 例:You had better go and tell her everything. (你最好去向她把事情全盘地说明白。) 解说 有些文法学家把本句式的“had better”称为半助动词(Semiauxiliary verb)，因为“had better”之后接原形动词，其本身所表现的功能很像是一个助动词。“had better”不可分开使用，“had”亦非过去形式。实际上“had better”所指的时间性是现在或将来，若是指过去则用“had better + have +p.p.”。本句式绝无“have/has better +V”的形式，宜注意。 本句式是用于表达建议或劝告，言外之意是“若不这样做就不好或会有不良后果”。 例:You had better take an umbrella. (If you don’t, it may rain and you’ll get wet.) 本句式也可用于第三人称。 例:He had better stop smoking.(他最好把烟戒掉。) “had better + V”的否定是把“not”置于“better”之后，例如: 例:You had better not borrow money from your friend’s wife. 63 (你最好不要向朋友的太太借钱。) 本句式的“had”因发轻音，有时甚至轻到几乎不发音，所以也就常被省略。 例:You had better take an umbrella with you. ----You’d better take an umbrella with you. ---You better take an umbrella with you. -----Better take an umbrella with you. (你最好带一把雨伞去吧。) “had best”来加强语气。 “had better”可用 例:We had best hurry, or we’ll miss the train. (我们最好快一点，不然就赶不上火车了。) 本句式通常不用在疑问句，不过可以使用于附加疑问。 例:We’d better get on with the work, hadn’t we? (我们最好把工作赶一下，怎样,) (3)“have”表达义务 句型 have/has/had to + V„ “have to + V”所表达的意思与“must + V”几乎相同，因此也有文法学家把“have to”称为半助动词。 例:I have to go to help her every Saturday. (每星期六我得去帮她的忙。) 例:You have to take care of your sisters. It’s your duty. (你应该照顾你的妹妹，这是你的责任。) 解说 英式口语常用“have got”的表达法，实际上口语的“have got”是等于“have”，没有完成时的意思。 例:I have got to clean the blackboard before the teacher comes.(我必须在老师来之前把黑板清理好。) “have (got) to + V”的否定句和疑问句都使用“do”来造成。 例:Did you have to tell her everything? (你真的必须把每一件事都向她说吗,) 例:You didn’t have to tell her, did you? (你本来就没有必要向她说的，对不对,) “have (got) to + V”与“must + V”的区别:这两者，英、美人通常都不很在意地随便在使用，不过在讲究的语法中通常是，表达来自说话者本身的“需要或必须”时使用“must + V”，表达非来自说话者本身的“需要或必须”时则使用“have (got) to + V”。 例:I must go to bed now; I am very tired. (我很疲倦了，我必须上床去睡。) 例:I’ve got to go now; my wife will be waiting for me. (我必须走了，因为我的太太会在等着我。) 动词之情态动词 【教学时间】第13周第2次课 【教学目标】了解什么是情态动词，掌握其用法。 【教学重点和难点】情态动词的用法。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、概念:情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。 二、分类:情态动词有四类: 1、只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might)„„ 64 2、可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare 3、具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to 4、情态动词表猜测:一肯一否三不定(must一肯，must not一否，can，could，would三不定。) 注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 三、位置 1- 具有助动词作用，可以来构成否定句，疑问句及用于简单回答。 Can you sing an English song, 你会唱英语歌吗, Yes I can。 是的，我会。 2-后接动词原形，即不带to的不定式。 She may lose her way. 她可能迷路了。 3-无人称和数的变化。 We must stay here. 我们必须待在这儿。 He must stay here. 他必须待在这儿。 4-有一定的词义，但并不完整，必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。 5.在以Could引导的表示委婉语气的疑问句，常用来表示请求别人的帮助。注意的是这里不是情态动词的用法。 回答为肯定:Yes，I can./Sure./Certainly. 否定:Sorry,I am afraid not. 在作否定回答时，要注意:在拒绝别人的请求时，不能用can not，这样显得语气太过生硬。但是在长辈拒绝晚辈的请求是是可以用can not的。 四、用法:情态动词部分重点测试以下内容: 1情态动词+动词完成式: must have done 2情态动词+动词进行式: must be doing 3情态动词+动词完成进行式: must have been doing 4某些情态动词的特殊用法: need 1、情态动词+动词完成式 情态动词+动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + done分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。 1). must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。其否定或疑问形式都用can(could) 来表示. 例如: Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night. 当然对现在发生或将来发生的事情,要用must do 表示猜测, 否定为can’t do. He must understand that we mean business. 2).may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如: I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 3). could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批评. 本应该做什么,而没做; 有时也用作猜测. You could have told us earlier. 4). ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldn’t have done ought to / should have done 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have done 用 于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该„”和“本不应该„”。例如With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night. 5). needn’t have done 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要„”。例如: You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today. 65 注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如: “I wonder how Tom knew about your past.” 2、情态动词+动词进行式 即情态动词+ be + doing形式，表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:He must be playing basketball in the room. 、情态动词+动词完成进行式 3 即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:They should have been meeting to discuss the problem. 4、某些情态动词的特殊用法 1). need 考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别。情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见下表。 时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need 现在时 He need (needn’t) do 过去时 He needed (didn’t need) to do 将来时 He need (needn’t) do 注: need 一般用于否定句或疑问句. 2). dare 考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。 情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比如下 句型 情态动词dare 实义动词 dare 肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 过去时 dare to 少用 现在时 dare/dares to do 过去时 dared to do 否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do 过去时 dared not do 现在时 do/does not dare (to) do 过去时 did not dare (to) do 疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? 过去时 Dared he do? 现在时 Do you/Does he dear (to) do? 过去时 Did he dare (to) do 3). can 和 may 考试中主要测试can，may或could，might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑 问句的回答。 (1)can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性;而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外，can还具有“有能力”的意思，而may与might则不具此意。例如: According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow. Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong. (2)May I / we „,这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如: “May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.” 4). can 和 be able to can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力，但两者在用法上有点差异:can (could)表示主观能力，不表示意愿，它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿，强调要克服困难去做某事。例如My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses. 5). must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”，但有几点区别: (1)must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”，而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。 66 (2)have to可用于多种时态，而must一般用于现在时，其过去时与将来时分 别由had to与shall / will have to代替。 (3)在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn’t，而要 用needn’t或don’t have to，因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能” 的意思。例如: You must come to the classroom before eight. ). used to +do, be used to +doing和be used to +do 6 (1)used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n (名词)意为“习惯于”;be used to +v意为“被用来(做某事)”。 (2)used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将 来。例如He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t. 7)(用作情态动词的其他短语 would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如:The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 注:这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟 语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如:I would rather you came on Sunday. 五、第七次作业 助动词和情态动词练习 【教学时间】第13周第3次课 【教学目标】通过练习进一步掌握助动词和情态动词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】作为情态动词shall和should的用法区别。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match. a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has 2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast. a. will rise b. shall rise c. should rise d. would rise 3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made 4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work. a. don’t had b. didn’t have c. didn’t had d. don’t have 5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time? a. Do,have come b. Did,will have come c. Does,will come d. Do,will have come 6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus. a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running 7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey. a. has,was asked b. have,were asked c. had,is asked d. had,was asked 8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel. a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May 9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time. a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t 67 10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.” a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended 11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?” “No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.” a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been 12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police. a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to 13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat. a..are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate 14.I hoped ______ my letter. a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering 15.He ______ live in the country than in the city. a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather 16.______ to see a film with us today? a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked 17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did. a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do 18.“Time is running out,______?” a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started 19.No one ______ that to his face. a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say 20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise. a. need b. ought c. must d. dare 21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work. a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come 22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers. a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed 23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.” a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss 24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.” “He ______ have been an outstanding student.” a. must b. could c. should d. might 25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it. a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take 26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday. a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing 27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut. a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became 28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______. 68 a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried c.need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry 29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight? a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do 30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career. a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be 单词复习及单词竞赛 4周第1次课 【教学时间】第1 【教学目标】试卷形式检查基础知识:书后单词。 【教学重点和难点】记忆单词。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、Directions: Translate the following words into English. (30%) 1. 申请者 __________2. 懒散的 ___________3. 不可避免的____________ 4. 贫穷的 ___________5. 廉价货 ___________6. 妨碍干扰 ______________ 7.积累，积蓄 __________8.紧迫的 ____________9.地位,情形 ______________ 10.充足的,适当的________11.授予,准予 _______12令人讨厌的 ___________ 13吞，轻信 ___________14帐户 ___________15攻击,抨击 ________ 16体贴的,体谅的_______17突出的,未解决的 ___ 18安排(n.) ______________ 19裂口,分裂___________20乐观的_________21忧郁的,沮丧的 _____________ _________23过早地,比预期时间早地 ______________ 22性格外向的 24主观的,个人的 ____________25不公正的,非正义 ____________ 26惊讶,惊奇(n.)________________27可宽恕的可饶恕的 __________________ 28.有能力的 _______29.有益的____________30.警告__________ 二、Directions: Translate the following words into Chinese. (30%) 1. reserved ___________2. comprise ___________3. supreme ______________ 4.preferable _________5、remedy ___________6. determination ____________ 7.nuisance ____________8.scratch____________9、withdraw _______________ 10.exaggerate _____________11.status__________12.liable _____________ 13.exhaust_____________14.consume___________15.fundamental___________ 69 16.generous__________17.approve_____________18.disturb_______________ 19.confuse_____________20.intense____________21.stimulate____________ 22.feature_____________23.awkward___________24. proclaim _____________ 25.outshine____________26.permissible_________27.rivalry ____________ 28.shamelessly _______29. offensive ____________30.allowance __________ 动词之不定式和动名词 【教学时间】第14周第2次课 【教学目标】掌握不定式和动名词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】掌握二者的用法区别。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、形式:1、不定式的基本形式为“to do”, 在句中不单独作谓语;本身具有 名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足 语。 2、动名词由动词+ing构成。它具有动词和名词的性质，在句中充当主语、宾语、 表语和定语。 二、二者用法详解及区别 作主语 ?不定式作主语句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种: (1)把不定式置于句首。如: To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如: ?It，be，名词，to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. ?It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? ?It，be，形容词，for sb，to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. ?It，be，形容词，of sb，to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. ?It seems(appears)，形容词，to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型?中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如: difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型?中，常 用 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句 式有时相当于Sb is，形容词，to do句式 ，如:It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. ?动名词作主语 Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如: ?It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing„ It's no good reading in dim light. It's no use sitting here waiting. 70 ?It's，形容词，doing It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适 用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如:It'simportant for you to keep fit. ?There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It's impossible to„"结构。 ?动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 ?不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名 词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如: It's no good eating too much fat. It's no good for you to eat so much fat. ?动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如: It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. 作宾语 ?不定式作宾语 ?以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如: agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分 可接th at引导的从句。如: I decided to ask for my money back. ?当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置 于补语之后，即:主语，动 词，it，补语，to do句式。如: We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. ?介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do，则接 to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如: The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. ?动名词作宾语 ?以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如: admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如: I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. ?动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如:have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop„(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。 3部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如: begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。 在 need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动 形式，如:Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行 为。 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式: ?hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee. ?当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如:Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem. ?begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时如:I soon 71 began to understand what was happening. ?advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不 定式作宾语补足语。如:Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake. ?部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 ?forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表 示动作已经发生。如:Don't forget fo post the letter for me. doing 意味着„„ ?mean to do 打算做某事 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. ?try to do 设法尽力做某事 doing 试着做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. ?stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语) doing 停止做某 事 On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told. ?can't help doing 禁不住„„ to do不能帮助干„„ They couldn't help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you. ?go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一 动作的继续 He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. ?leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语) doing停下某事 It's time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 ?To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. ?My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. ?What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果(例?)。当主语是 aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词 组(例?)时，或以what引导的名词性分句(例?)，不定 式说明主语的内容。 ?Our work is serving the people. ?What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ?The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. ??句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而?句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的 各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 作定语 ?不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如: ?The next train to arrive is from Washington. ?Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ?Do you have anything to say on the question? ?Would you please give me some paper to write on? 72 ?My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系: 1)表示将来的动作(例?)。 2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词(例?)。 3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系 时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态(例?);如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上 的主谓关系，则需用被动语态(例?)。 4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例?to arrive=that will arrive。 ?动名词作定语 ?This passage can be used as listening materials. ?The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. ?All moving bodies have energy. ??句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即:用来„„的;第?句为现在分词作定语， 单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓 关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如:The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 不定式作补足语 ?作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状 态、特征，这时意思才相 对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫)， encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如: ?Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? ?I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. (2)部分动词后常接to be，形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如: believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppos e,see(=understand),understa nd等。 ?We all believe John(to be)honest. ?I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如:We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 ?I didn't hear anyone say anything about it. ?They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第?句:Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如: Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? I've never known her(to)be late before.但:He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如: You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有:ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for(渴望)， prepare for,wish for等。 73 ?作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如: ?He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. ?The young university student is considered to have great promise. 动词之分词 【教学时间】第14周第3次课 【教学目标】掌握分词的用法。 Ving与Ved的用法区别。 【教学重点和难点】 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、分词的性质 分词是一种非限定动词，有时式和语态变化，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作谓语，其具有形容词和副词的性质。 二、分词的类型 分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成(doing)，过去分词由“动词原形+ed”(done)构成。 注:done表示被动、完成的含义，所以只有一种形式。 三、分词的用法 由分词形容词和副词的性质可知，分词在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。 作表语 分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。分词作表语时有些形容词化，doing常用来修饰物，含有“令人„„”的意思;done来修饰人，表示人的某种感情或情绪，含“感到„„”的含义。 例如:I saw a very moving film last night.(令人感动的) I was deeply moved when I saw the film.(感动的) 习题演练What seemed most ____ to me was that no one thought of his own safety. A、surprise B、surprisingC、surprised D、to surprise 解析:B。空白处为主语从句中的表语，seem为系动词，surprising作表语表示“令人吃惊的”。 作定语 分词作定语有两种形式。位于被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语;位于被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。单个的分词作定语时一般前置;分词短语作定语需后置。 例如:polluted air and water(前置定语) The man standing at the window is our English teacher.(后置定语) 现在分词与过去分词作定语时的区别: (1)现在分词的完成式不作定语。 (2)作定语的及物动词形式为，现在分词:doing，being done;过去分词:done 当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用doing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且正在进行时，用being done;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且完成时，用done。 例如:The man walking in the street is Tom.(主动，进行) The houses being built are for teachers. (被动，进行) The bridge built last month needs repairing.(被动，完成) 74 (3)作定语的不及物动词形式为，现在分词:doing，being done表进行，不表被动;过去分词:done表完成不表被动。 例如:boiling water=water which is boiling(正在沸腾的水) boiled water=water which has boiled(已烧开了的水，可能已凉了) 四、分词的独立主格结构 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加 名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构。独立主格结构上自己的逻辑主语( 常放在句首，表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句;表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。 理解下面句子的用法: Problem settled, we went home.(独立主格，settle与problem为被动关系，且已完成) After the problem settled, we went home.(时间状语从句) Having settled the problem, we went home.(分词作状语) 动名词和分词练习 【教学时间】第15周第1次课 【教学目标】通过讲练进一步掌握助动词和情态动词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】作为情态动词shall和should的用法区别。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、动名词的句法功能: 1( 作主语 eg.) Reading books makes one wise. Collecting stamps is interesting. ? 与不定式区别: 动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的抽象动作;不定式作主语表示具体的特别是将来的动作。 Eg.) _____ (Walking, To walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. _____ (Finishing, To finish) the work in a week is impossible. ? 常用it作形式主语: 限于名词: good, use, fun, joy或形容词:good, nice, interesting, useless, worth, etc. eg.)It’s no use crying over spilt milk. It’s no good quarrelling with such a bad-tempered person. ? 注意主谓一致: 单个的动名词短语作主语,谓语用单数;由and连接的多个动名词短语作主语, 谓语多用复数. Eg.) Plating flowers _____ (need) constant watering. Learning a theory and putting it into practice ___ (are, is) two different things. ? 用于结构: There is no doing sth. No doing. have a good (hard ) time/ difficulty/ problem/trouble /fun/ pleasure (in) 75 doing sth. Eg.) There is no ____ (know) what will happen in the future. No _____ (spit) in public places. With the boy _______ (lead) the way, we had no difficulty ________ (find) his house. 2.作表语:(be, remain, taste, sound, smell等link-v.后) eg.)In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. My job is _____(type) letters. (抽象、习惯性、经常性的动作) My job now is _______(type) these letters. 某次具体的特别是将来的动作) ( 3.作定语: 动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别: 动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的用途,而不表示动作.现在分词作定语时, 表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作. a walking stick= a stick for walking a dancing hall= a hall for dancing 比较: a sleeping car= a car for sleeping ( _______ ) a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping ( _______ ) 4.作宾语:(动宾,介宾) ?有些动词及短语后跟动名词作宾语: 常见动词: advise, avoid(避免), appreciate(感激), admit(承 认),consider(考虑), complete, delay, deny(否认), enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk(冒险), suggest(建议), understand, etc. 常见短语:be busy, be worth, burst out, insist on, feel like, can’t help (忍不住), set about, succeed in, persist in be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to, be opposed to, pay attention to, get down to, devote oneself/one’s life ( energy, effort, time) to, be reduced to (沦为), admit/ owe to(承认) 【lead to, stick to, listen to, refer to, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to, be open to (愿意接受), in addition to (除外), be familiar to, give one’s mind to (专心于), be sentenced to，be equal to，keep to，point to, give rise to (引起), stand up to (勇敢面对), see to (注意，处理，照料), trust to (依靠，凭), look up to(尊敬) 后接名词,一般不接动名词】 eg.) Would you mind ____ (fill) out this form? I’m sorry I missed ___(see) you while in Beijing. ?allow, advise, consider, forbid, permit等动词 , +doing sth. , + sb. to do sth. eg.) The doctor advised ___ (take ) a good rest. The doctor advised the patient ___ (take ) a good rest. ?某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式. 常见动词: begin/start, continue; love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; forget, remember, regret; mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help A.) begin/start 76 三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语:?主语是sth.;?本身用于进行时;?做宾语 的动词表示情感、思想或意念时(如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.) B.) love, like, dislike, hate, prefer,如表示经常性的动作, 用动名词作宾语;如表示特定或具体的动作,多接不定式. Eg.) I like___(play) chess during my spare time. I like___(play) at chess with the chess master now. C.) need, want require eg.) He wants _____(repair) the bike for me. The bike needs/wants/ requires______(repair). D.) forget, remember, regret eg.) The light in the office is still on. I forgot ____ (turn) it off. I’ll never forget ____(see) the musical comedy in New York. Remember____( meet) me tonight. I remember ____(take) to Beijing when I was a child. I regret ____ (inform) you that you are dismissed. I regret ______( not take ) his advice. E.) mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, can’t help Eg.) What do you mean _____ (do ) with it? ____(miss) the train means __(wait) for another two hours. He’s been trying ____ (get) you on the phone. Let’s try___ (knock) at the back door. He paused and went on __ (explain) the text to us. Go on _____(do) the other exercise after you have finished this one. Wood is used to ___(make) paper. He is used to _____(get) up early. She couldn’t help_____( do ) the housework, for she was busy. People couldn’t help____(laugh) at the foolish emperor in the procession. ?动名词做介词宾语: eg.) On _____(hear) the news, she couldn’t help crying. He went to the party without ___(invite). 注意:except/but后接不定式做宾语 eg.) He had no choice but _____(wait). He could do nothing but ______(wait). 5.作同位语: eg.) His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged. 二、动名词的复合结构: ? 物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词(作主语、宾语、表语) ? 代词宾格或名词普通格+ 动名词(作宾语、表语) Eg.) My father’s being ill worried us greatly. =That my father was ill worried us greatly. His not being present at the party annoyed the hostess. It’s no use your pretending that you didn’t know the truth. I suggest them /their having their eyes examined. Last night I dreamed of there being a garden in front of my house. What angered me most was the students failing to fulfill their duties. I think the problem is their/them not having enough time. 注意: 77 若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西,只用普通格: eg.) The experiment can’t be carried out because of the equipment being out of order. In 1949, New China, like a sun rising in the east, appeared in the world. The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.= The news that the new hotel caught fire shocked everyone. The noises of the boxes being opened and closed could be heard. 三、动名词的时态: 一般式:表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动 作之后发生. 完成式: 表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前. Eg.) Seeing is believing. She denied having been there. 但:I remember seeing/having seen her. 四、动名词的语态: (主动式和被动式) eg.) Do you like _____(treat) like that? She prided herself on _______(send) to work in Beijing. Do you mind _______ ( Jane, leave) alone at home? While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____(persuade) into buying something they don’t really need. 注意: be worth, need/want/require后接动名词的主动式表示被动之意. Eg.) The place is worth _____(visit). The place is worthy ________(visit). 五、动名词的否定式: 动名词一般式的否定式: not doing 动名词完成式的否定式: not + having done; having never done eg.)The girl made her mother angry by not taking her medicine. =The____ ____ _____ the medicine made her mother angry. The girl is nervous for ______ ( never speak) in public. They apologized for ____ (not wait) for us. 《新概念英语2》课文第三课 【教学时间】第15周第2次课 【教学目标】掌握并背诵课文内容，能够熟练运用于实际生活中。 【教学重点】课文中出现的语法内容，如think of ，think over 等短语。 【教学难点】课文内容的背诵。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 课文原文: Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Every day I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card! 参考译文: 明信片总搅得我假日不得安宁. 去年夏天, 我去了意大利. 我参观了博物馆, 还 78 去了公园., 可我还没有给我的朋友们寄过一张明信片. 到了最后一天, 我作出了一项重大决定. 我早早起了床, 一位好客的服务员教了我几句意大利语, 之后还借给我一本书. 我读了几行, 但一个字也不懂. 我每天都想着明信片的事. 假期过得真快买来了37张明信片. 我在房间里关了整整一天. 然而竟连一张明信片也没写成! 【课文讲解】 1、Last summer, I went to Italy. last: ? adj. 上一个 last summer里的last表示 “上一个” ? adj. 最后一个，表示“最后一个”时要加冠词the the last day 最后一天 (具体到一天及一天的早中晚都要用on) 2、A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. teach sb. sth. 教某人做某事 He teaches our English.(错) He teaches us English.(对) 语言不可数, 所以要用a little Italian或a few words of Italian I can speak a little English/a few words of English. a few可与复数可数名词连用，表示肯定，含有some，a small number of(一些，少数几个)的意思。 The police would like to ask him a few questions. 警察要问他一些问题。 3、Everyday I thought about postcards. think about/of 考虑, 思考，指某一段时间一直在想/考虑某事, think of还可指想到 What do you think of? What do you think of TV program last night? What do you think of the weather today? 你觉得天气怎么样? think over 仔细考虑，反复思考 What’s the weather like today? cold, chilly(非常非常冷), freeze I'll freeze.我要冻僵了 4、I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card! spend与表示时间的词或短语连和时，意思为“花(时间)”、“度过” spend+时间+地点 : 在什么地点我花费/度过了多少时间 I spend three hours in the sea. I spend my weekend at my mother's. I spend three hours in the classroom everyday. I spend a lot of time in traffic jam.(交通堵塞) spend还可以表示“花钱” If we spend all the money, we’ll be poor again. I can’t spend any more on this car. 《新概念英语2》课文第三课 【教学时间】第15周第3次课 【教学目标】复习语法一般过去时，掌握直接宾语与间接宾语。 【教学重点】语法知识直接宾语和间接宾语。 【教学难点】对语法知识的运用和练习。 79 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、教师根据课文内容讲解其中的语法内容。 一般过去时 一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。 Do you ever catch a cold in the winter? Yes, I caught a cold last winter. 直接宾语与间接宾语 双宾语:直接宾语(表示动作结果，动作所涉及的事物)和间接宾语(动作目标，动作是谁做的或为谁做的，通常是人)。间接宾语大多数情况下置于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾主前必须加“to”(表示动作对什么人做)或“for”(表示动作为什么人而做)。 give sb. sth./give sth to sb 间接宾语在后面时,其前必须加to(对……而言)或for(为……而做)。可以翻译为“给”、“替”、“为”的，就用for;如果只能翻译为“给”的,就用to 与to相连的give, take, pass, read, sell, buy，pay，hand，bring，show，promise，offer，owe take flowers to my wife. 与for相连的buy, order, make, find I buy a book for you . make a cake for you find sth. for sb. do sb. a favor帮某人一个忙 Do me a favor please./Do a favor for me? 帮我一个忙 I do something for you. Can I order something for you? Can I buy you a bottle of beer ?意为我请你喝杯酒的意思。 二、教师布置直接引语和间接引语习题，学生通过练习进行巩固知识。 1. He asked ________ for the computer. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. ?He asked me _______. A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film 3. “Please close the window,” he said to me. ?He ______ me _____ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close 4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. ?He said _________. A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher 80 C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher 5. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” ?He _____- very naughty. A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy is C. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was 6. “You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked. ?She asked ________. A. if I have already got well, hadn’t you B. whether I had already got well C. have I already got well D. had I already got well. 7. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member?” ?He asked me _________. A. am I a Party member or a League member B. was I a Party member or a League member C. if I was a Party member or a League member D. whether was I a Party member or a League member. 8. He asked, “How are you getting along?” ?He asked _______. A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting along C. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along 9. He asked me ________ with me. A. what the matter is B. what the mater was C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter 10. He said, “Don’t do that again.” He _____ me _______ that again. A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; don’t do C. told me; don’t do D. told me; not to do 介词 【教学时间】第16周第1次课 【教学目标】了解介词及介词的种类。 【教学重点和难点】复合介词的用法。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、理解介词:介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。 二、介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类: (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ?.简单介词是指单一介词。如: at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。 ?. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如: Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ?. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如: 81 In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点(包括动向)的介词。如: About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如: About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如: beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如: As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如: againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如: for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如: to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如: by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如: of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如: on, without , considering 等。 {11} 表让步的介词。如: despite, in spite notwithstanding等。 {12} 表关于的介词。如: About, concerning, regarding ,with regard to, as for , as to {13} 表对于的介词。如: to, for over , at , with 等。 {14} 表根据的介词。如: on, according to 等。 {15} 表其他的介词。如: for(赞成)，without(没有)等。 2. 介词短语 (1).介词短语的构成 介词之后出现的名词、代词或其他相当于名词的结构、短语或从句叫介词宾语。介词短语是指介词和介词宾语构成的短语。介词短语的构成主要有下面的形式: {1} 介词，名词。如: The headmaster lives near the school 校长住在学校附近。 {2} 介词，名词性从句。如: I am curious as to what she will say. 我很想知道她想说什么。 82 {3} 介词，代词。如: What do you know about him ? 关于他，你都知道些什么, {4} 介词，动名词短语或其复合结构。如: He is interested in swimming. 他对游泳感兴趣。 The painter is keen on collecting coins 那位画家喜欢收集硬币。 There are no risk of you being late 你不会迟到的。 {5} 介词，连接词或连接副词引导的从句或不定式。如: Your success will largely depend upon how you do it. 你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。 The teacher gave us a talk on how to study English . 老师给我们做了一个如何学英语的讲座。 {6} 介词，数词。如: Six from twelve is six 12减6等于6。 {7} 介词，形容词。如: We know her of old 我们老早就认识了她。 {8} 介词，副词。如: They worked all day and had a hurried luch in between . 他们工作了一整天，中间匆匆吃了一顿饭。 (2). 介词短语的作用 介词短语在句中可作多种句子成分: {1} 作主语。如: From the library to the teaching building is a 5 minutes’ walk. 从图书馆到教学楼要走五分钟。 {2} 作表语。如: Are you for the plan? 你赞成这个计划吗, I was at my grandma’s yesterday. 我昨天在我奶奶家。 {3} 作宾语。如: He gave me until tomorrow. 他给我的期限是到明天。 The dog came out from behind the tree.( 狗从树后出来。(behind the tree 作介词from 的宾语) {4} 作定语。如: She is a woman of strong character. 她是位性格坚强的女人。 The expert will give us a lecture on how to improve soil. 这个专家将给我们作一个如何改良土壤的讲座。 {5} 作补语。如: He woke up and found himself in hospital 他醒来发现自己在医院里。(in hospital作宾补) As a doctor ,he is always patient with the patients 83 作为一个医生，他一贯对患者很耐心。(As a doctor 作主补) {6} 作状语。如: I wil be free on Tuesday morning. 星期二上午我有空。(时间状语) We’ll meet at the station . 我们将在火车站碰面。(地点状语) She covered her face with her hands and cried 她用双手捂着脸哭。(方式状语) He left home and worked in a big city for the sake o f money . 他为了赚钱，离家到一个大城市工作。(目的状语) The tree died from want of water . 这棵树因缺水而死。(原因状语) In spite of all his effort ,he failed 尽管他很努力，但还是失败了。(让步状语) No living thing can live without water. 生物离开水都无法生存。(条件状语) With the words, he came into the room他说着话就进来了。(伴随状语) To a great extent, it is not fair . 在很大程度上，这是不公平的。(程度状语) In general her works have been good, but this one is dreaful. 总的来说，她的作品很不错，不过这篇很糟。?( in general 作评注性状语) It doesn’t seem ugly to me , on the contrary, I think it’s very beautiful. 我觉得它不丑，恰恰相反，我觉得它很美。(on the cntrary作连接性状语) 介词 【教学时间】第16周第2次课 【教学目标】介词与其他词类的固定搭配的用法。 【教学重点和难点】介词词组。 【教学时数】1 【教学过程】 介词与其他词类的固定搭配:介词常常和形容词、名词、动词等构成固定搭配，即某些词的后面常要求特定的介词以表示固定的意义。 (1).形容词与介词的固定搭配 形容词与介词的固定搭配 {1} 形容词+about Angry with对„„生气 anxious about担心 calm about对„„很平静 care bout小心 careless about粗心 certain about对„„有把握 curious about对„„好奇 sure about确信 doubtful about对„„怀疑 enthusiastic about对„„热情的;热心的 hopeful about对„„抱希望 frank about对„„坦白的;坦率的 incredulous about对„„不相信 {2} 形容词+at clever at擅长于„„ expert at对„„熟练的 good at擅长于„„ indignant at对„„愤慨的 quick at做„„敏捷 slow at 对„„反应慢 surprised at对„„吃惊 {3} 形容词+for anxious for渴望的 eligible for有资格的 famous for因„„而著名 fit for对某人适宜 hungry for对„„渴望 late for迟到 possible for可能 qualified for有资格的 ready for准备好 responsible for对„„负责 necessary for为„„所必需 84 {4} 形容词+from absent from缺席 free from使„„摆脱 prohibited from禁止某事物 safe from安全 detached from分开某物 different from与„„不同 {5} 形容词+in absorbed in专心于 disappointed in对„„失望 experienced in有经验 in 在„„熟练 fortunate in有幸 interested in对„„感兴趣 expert rich in富于;盛产 successful in在„„成功 {6} 形容词+ of afraid of害怕 ashamed of羞耻 aware of知道 certain of确信 fond of喜爱 guilty of有罪的 proud of骄傲 short of缺乏 sick of厌烦 tired of厌倦 worthy of值得 {7} 形容词+to contrary to与„„相反 determined to有决心的 equal to等于 familiar to为„„所熟悉 favourabel to对„„有利 harmful to有害的 inclined to准备做某事 indifferent to对„„不在乎 similar to相似;相同 {8} 形容词+with angry with对„„感到恼火 annoyed at对„„烦恼 busy with忙于 crowded with拥挤 familiar with精通;熟悉 friendly with与„„友好 nervouse with对„„感到紧张 patient with对„„有耐心 popularwith受欢迎 satified with对„„满意 {9} 形容词+on dependent on依靠 intend on坚决;专心 keen on热衷于某事物 severe on严格的 (2). 名词与介词的固定搭配 {1} 介词+名词。如: at the cinema在电影院 at university上大学 from„„point of view从某人的角度 for the sake of为了 in poerty 在穷困中 in earnest有决心的 on sale在出售 on the average平均的 on the contrary相反地 on the radio 通过收音机 to some extent某种程度 to one’ssurprise让某人吃惊 to one’sdelight让某人高兴 {2} 名词+介词。如: dependence on依靠 independence on不依靠 discussion about/on关于„„的讨论 hundres on数以百计的 thousands of成千上万的 influence on对„„的影响 explanationof/for对„„的解释 half of„„的一半 the idea of„„的主意 lack of缺乏 proof of„„的证据 reason of„„的原因 Responsibility for对„„的责任 success in/at在„„成功 (3). 动词与介词的固定搭配 {1} 动词+介词 agree with同意;赞同 arrive at到达 arrive in到达 fall behind 落后 come from来自 sonsist of由„„组成 get to到达 hear from收到„„来信 hear of听说 laugh at嘲笑 listen to听 look after照看;照料 85 look at看 look for寻找 look like看起来 {2} 动词+副词+介词 catch up with赶上; 超过 do well in在„„方面做得好 get on with与某人相处 go on with继续 take care of关心 take part in参加 介词 【教学时间】第16周第3次课 【教学目标】掌握介词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】介词的语法功能。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、举例讲解介词的用法 1. _________ fire, all exits must be kept clear. (天津卷) A. In place of B. Instead of C. In case of D. In spite of 2. The open-air celebration has been put off _________ the bad weather. (浙江卷) A. in case of B. in spite of C. instead of D. because of 3. I have offered to paint the house _________ a week’s accommodation. (山东卷) A. in exchange for B. with regard to C. by means of D. in place of 这三道题的答案分别为CDA。通过这几道题我们可以看出，高考英语似乎对“介词+名词+介词”这类复合介词似乎有着非同寻常的“感情”，所以同学们在平时学习或复习中也不可不重视。本文根据高中英语教材和高考考试大纲，同时结合近几年的高考英语考题情况，为大家总结了以下20个复合介词，供同学们参考。 1. in advance of 在„„前面。如: He is far in advance of his class. 他在班上遥遥领先。 I shall walk a few steps in advance of you. 我将走在你前面几步。 2. in case of 一旦，以防，如果。如: In case of fire, call 119. 倘若有火灾，就打119电话。 The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 为了防洪，沿河筑了堤。 3. in charge of 担任，指挥，管理，负责照料。如: He was placed in charge of the department. 他受命管理这个部门。 She is in charge of our class. 她担任我们的班主任。 4. in course of 在„„过程中，在„„时，在进行中。如: The new railway is in course of construction. 新铁路正在兴建当中。 The goods ordered are now in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。 5. in danger of 有„„的危险。如: The patient is in danger of death. 病人有死亡的危险。 These goods are in danger of robbery. 这些货物有被盗的危险。 6. in defense of 保卫，保护，为„„辩护。如: Is there any man unwilling to fight in defense of his country? 难道有谁不愿为保卫祖国而战吗, He wrote a book in defense of his doctrine. 他写了一本书为自己的学说辩护。 7. in favour of 赞成„„，以„„为受款人。如: 86 Was he in favour of the death penalty? 他赞成死刑吗, Cheques should be written in favour of Mr Smith. 支票上请写明以史密斯先生为受款人。 8. in front of 在„„前面。如: There is a pond in front of the house. 房屋前面有个池塘。 You shouldn’t discuss that in front of the children. 你不应该当着孩子的面谈论那类事。 9. in memory of 纪念„„。如: He founded the charity in memory of his late wife. 他兴办那项慈善事业 以纪念他已故的妻子。 A service was held in memory of the dead. 为死者举行了悼念仪式。 10. in need of 需要„„。如: We are all in need of a rest. 我们全都需要休息。 Are you in need of help? 你需要帮助吗, 11. in place of 代替。如: Won’t you go in place of me? 你能代替我去吗, Who is here in place of the manager? 谁在这里代理经理, 12. in possession of 占有，持有，拥有。如: The chief was in possession of a large quantity of stolen property. 那个头目占有了大量偷盗来的财产 Anyone found in possession of this poison will be punished. 凡是被发现拥有此种毒药者均将受到惩罚。 13. in search of 寻找，寻求。如: He emigrated to Brazil in search of a better life. 他为寻求更好的生活，移民到巴西。 Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease. 科学家想研究出治疗这种疾病的方法。 14. in spite of 尽管。如: The match was played in spite of the awful weather. 尽管天气恶劣，比赛仍然进行。 In spite of all her hard work, she failed her exam. 她虽然很努力，可是考试不及格。 15. in terms of 用„„的字眼，从„„的观点。如: It is difficult to express it in terms of science. 要用科学的字眼来表达它是很困难的。 Let each child read in terms of his own tastes and choices. 让每个孩子阅读根据自己的兴趣爱好选择的书籍。 16. in addition to 除„„外。如: She speaks five foreign languages in addition to English. 除英语外，她还会说五种外语。 In addition to his salary, he has a bonus of 6 yuan per month. 除工资外，他每月还有6元钱奖金。 17. instead of 代替，而不是。如: Use eggs instead of meat. 用鸡蛋代替肉。 Let’s play cards instead of watching TV. 咱们玩纸牌吧，别看电视了。 18. in exchange for 用„„作为交换。如: 87 I give his Chinese lessons in exchange for English lessons. 我用汉语课 与他换英语课。 I’ll give you three sweets in exchange for an apple. 我拿3块糖换你一 个苹果。 19. by means of 用，依靠。如 (自www.yygrammar.com): He got into the house by means of an open window. 他从一扇开着的窗户爬 进屋去。 were able to position the yacht by means of radar. 他们能够用雷达They 测定快艇的方位。 20. with [in] regard to 关于，就„„而论。如: What did he say with regard to my proposals? 关于我的建议他说了什么? 二、第八次作业 介词练习 【教学时间】第17周第1次课 【教学目标】通过练习进一步巩固介词的语法功能。 【教学重点和难点】介词的语法功能。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 真题讲解 1. The train leaves at 6:00 p.m. So I have to be at the station __________ 5:40 p. m. at the latest. (NMET 1997) A. until B. after C. by D. around 2. __________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET 2000) A. As B. For C. With D. Through 3. The home improvements have taken what little there is __________ my spare time. (NMET 2001) A. from B. in C. of D. at 4. I wanted two seats __________ Madame Curie for Friday night, so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets. (1998上海卷) A. of B. about C. to D. for 5. __________ most students, she was always well prepared and never came to class late. (1998上海卷) A. Like B. As C. For D. To 6. The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200. This means it has risen __________ 20 percent. (1999上海卷) A. by B. at C. to D. with 7. The sunlight came in __________ the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room. (2001上海卷) A. through B. acrossC. on D. over 8. Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain __________ an inch. (2002上海卷) A. by B. at C. to D. from 9. The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism __________ the wildlife in the area. (2003上海卷) A. in B. on C. at D. with 10. Rose was wild with joy __________ the result of the examination. (2001上海春) 88 A. to B. at C. by D. as 11. Marie Curie took little notice __________ the honors that were given to her in her later years. (2002上海春) A. of B. on C. about D. from 12. —What do you want __________ those old boxes? —To put things in when I move to the new flat. (2002北京) A. by B. for C. of D. with 13. They had a pleasant chat __________ a cup of tea. (2003北京) A. for B. with C. during D. over 14. —You are so lucky. —What do you mean __________ that? (2002北京春) A. for B. in C. of D. by 15.In order to change attitudes__________ employing women, the government is bringing in new laws. (2004北京春) A. about B. of C. towards D. on 16. You can’t wear a blue jacket __________ that shirt — it’ll look terrible. (2004湖南卷) A. on B. above C. up D. over 17. __________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004北京卷) A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of 18. It was a pity that great writer died __________his works unfinished. (2004福建卷) A. for B. with C. from D. of 19. I feel that one of my main duties __________ a teacher is to help the students to become better learners. (2004广东卷) A. for B. by C. as D. with 20. The accident is reported to have occurred __________the first Sunday in February. (2004上海卷) A. at B. onC. in D. to 【答案及解析】 1. C。by 意为“不迟于(not later than / before)”，表示“在5:40前我必 须到达车站。”until 与肯定句连用表示结束的时间，即“我不得不一直呆在车 站直到5点40分(就不要在车站了)”。after(在„之后)和 around (大约)与语 境不符。 2. C。为 with 复合结构，表原因。 3. C。have taken 后是一个宾语从句，其正常的语序是 what little of my spare time there is，由于调换了词序，增加了难度。句意为:房屋装修占去了我仅 有的一点业余时间。 4. D。seat 指车上、戏院、音乐厅等的“座位”; Madame Curie 是电影名称; 表 示“某部电影座位(票)”，用 for。又如 book two seats for the concert 订 两张音乐会的票。 5. A。介词 like 意为“像„一样”。句意为“像大多数学生一样，她总是做好 准备，上课从来不迟到。”。as作为„; for / to sb 对于某人来说。 6. A。表示增加或减少了多少，要用介词 by。 7. A。表示某物体从内部“穿过”窗户要用 through。across 指从平面的一边 “横过”到另一边; over 指“越过”某个障碍物。 8. A。介词 by 表示程度。又如 The carpet is too short by three feet.(那 89 地毯短了3英尺)。本题句意为:幸运的是，子弹在距离船长一英尺的地方与他擦肩而过，没有射中他。 9. B。表示“对„的影响”用 effect on。 10. B。at 表示原因。be wild with joy at?意为“为„而欣喜若狂”。at 常接在某些表示情感变化的形容词或动词等后面表示原因。 11. A。take notice of (注意)是固定短语。 12. D。由下文可知，是问箱子的用途。with 表示“用”某种工具。 13. D。over (=while doing / having / eating, etc.)意为“在(做)„期间”。本题取自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》P.1046的 over 词条的原句。句意为:我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。 14. D。What do you mean by that? 意为“你那么说是什么意思?”。 15. C。an attitude towards / to„为固定搭配。 16. D。因为over可表示“附于某人或某物之上并将之部分或全部遮住”，而其余三者都无此用法。on在„的表面上(与某物接触); above高于; up向上。 17. A。因为to worry about是宾语补足语，选项中只有with才能接“宾语+宾补”(复合宾语)。此处用with的复合结构表示原因。 18. B。因为unfinished是宾语his works的补足语。选项中只有with能接“宾语+宾补”，此处用with的复合结构作伴随状语。 19. C。因为as 在表示职业、身份的名词前，意为“作为”。表示“被”的by、表示“和„一起”的with很易排除; 而for是用以引出不定式的逻辑主语，请比较:It is a duty for a teacher to help.... 20. B。表示具体的某一天、星期几，或者具体某天或星期几的上午、下午或晚上，用介词on。表示钟点或时刻用at，还有at noon, at night, at daybreak/dawn。表示年、季度、月份、星期等不是具体的某一天，都用in。 英文歌曲讲解练习 【教学时间】第17周第2次课 【教学目标】通过英文歌学习词汇。 【教学重点和难点】歌词讲解。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 groove coverage-- she的歌词 她 She Lyrics She hangs out every day near by the beach 她经常去海滩走走 Havin’a harnican fallin’asleep 手中拿着啤酒(海涅根)就这样入睡 She looks so sexy when she’s walking the sand 她在沙滩上走路的姿势非常性感 Nobody ever put a ring on her hand 还从来没有人成功向她求婚 Swim to the oceanshore fish in the sea 在浪里游泳在海中捕鱼 She is the story the story is she 她就是故事，故事就是她 She sings to the moon and the stars in the sky 90 她对着天上的月亮和星星唱歌 Shining from high above you shouldn’t ask why 为什么它们在天空中闪耀，你已知道答案 She is the one that you never forget 她就是那个你忘不了的人啊 She is the heaven-sent angel you met 她是来自天堂的天使 Oh, she must be the reason why God made a girl 哦，她才是真正的原因，上帝为什么造女孩 She is so pretty all over the world 她是世界上最可爱的人 She puts the rhythm, the beat in the drum 她让鼓点变得更有旋律 She comes in the morning and the evening she’s gone 她清晨而出，日落即走 Every little hour every second you live 在你生命的每分每秒 Trust in eternity that’s what she gives 相信她带给你的永恒信念 She looks like Marilyn, walks like Suzanne 她长得象玛丽莲，走路像苏姗妮 She talks like Monica and Marianne 她说话像莫尼卡和玛丽安妮 She wins in everything that she might do 她做的每件事都能成功 And she will respect you forever just you 而且她会永远维护你，是的只有你 She is the one that you never forget 她就是那个你忘不了的人啊 She is the heaven-sent angel you met 她是来自天堂的天使 Oh, she must be the reason why God made a girl 哦，她才是真正原因，上帝为什么要造女孩 She is so pretty all over the world 她是世界上最可爱的人 She is so pretty all over the world 她是世界上最可爱的人啊 She is so pretty 91 她真可爱 She is like you and me 她就像你，就像我 Like them like we 就像他们，就像我们 She is in you and me 她就在你心中，就在我心中 She is the one that you never forget 她就是那个你忘不了的人啊 She is the heaven-sent angel you met 她是来自天堂的天使 Oh, she must be the reason why God made a girl 哦，她才是真正原因，上帝为什么要造女孩 She is so pretty all over the world 她是世界上最可爱的人 (She is the one) She is the one (就是她啊)就是她 (That you never forget) That you never forget (你永远忘不了啊)你永远忘不了 She is the heaven-sent angel you met 她是来自天堂的天使 She’s the reason (oh she must be the reason) why God made a girl 她才是真正的原因(哦，她一定是真正的原因)上帝为什么要造女孩 She is so pretty all over the world (oh...) 她是世界上最可爱的人啊 连词 【教学时间】第17周第3次课 【教学目标】掌握并列连词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】for、since、because的区别。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、概念:连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。 二、连词种类:并列连词、从属连词 三、并列连词的用法 1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如: Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。 92 He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。 2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如: The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。 You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。 3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , either„or , neither„nor , not only„but (also) , both„and , as well as 等。如: He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他没去，她也没去。 The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。 Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。 四、第九次作业 连词及练习 【教学时间】第18周第1次课 【教学目标】掌握从属连词的用法。 【教学重点和难点】从属连词的用法。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、从属连词的用法 1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 (1) 表示“当„时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如: Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。 (2) 表示“在„之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如: Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。 After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 (3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如: She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。 Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下，等我找人来帮忙 93 Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。(from www.hxen.com) (4) 表示“一„就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner„than, hardly„when等。如: I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。 The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。 I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息，马上就来了。 Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。 (5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每 次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如: I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时， 我就把这个情况告诉他。 We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的 时候，我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。 You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 注意:every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。如: Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧? Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。(from www.hxen.com) As long as you’re happy，it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴， 你做什么都没关系。 In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨，他们就呆在家里。 注意:在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用 将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而 是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如: If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。 3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如: He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每 个人都能听见。 Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞，以防下雨。 She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 94 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。 4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, so„that, such„that等。如: I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。 I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤，以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。 He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。(from www.hxen.com) 5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如: He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因为我是新来的。 As you are sorry，I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。 Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。 Seeing that he’s ill he’s unlikely to come. 因为他病了，他大概不会来了。 Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了 6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如: Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。 I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。 You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。 Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。 Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。 Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每当我见到他，我都和他讲话。(from www.hxen.com) 7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way 等。如: Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢? He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如: The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。 I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。(from www.hxen.com) Everywhere I go，I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。 9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和as„as。如: 95 She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。 I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表，时间比我想像的早。 He doesn’t work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。 10. 引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等，它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分，而且没有词义，在句子中只起连接作用;而 分，但有词义，即表示“是否”。如: He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。 I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。 《新概念英语2》课文第四课 【教学时间】第18周第2次课 【教学目标】学习掌握课文内容，并进行背诵。 【教学重点】语法知识的理解。 【教学难点】同位语语法知识的讲解和运用，课文的背诵。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 原文内容: I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting. 参考译文 我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信, 他正在澳大利亚. 他在那儿已经住了6个月了. 蒂姆是个工程师, 正在一家大公司工作, 并且已经去过澳大利亚的不少地方了. 他刚买了一辆澳大利亚小汽车, 现在去了澳大利亚中部的小镇艾利斯斯普林斯. 他不久还将到达达尔文去, 从那里, 他再飞往珀斯. 我弟弟以前从未出过国, 因此, 他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心. 【课文讲解】 1、I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. 同位语:一个名词(或短语等)与另一个名词(或短语)并列而作为其说明或限定成分时称为同位语。同位语与它所补充说明的成分之间用逗号隔开。 在译成汉语时，同位语或者插入主句中，或者另译为一句，很少像英语中那样用逗号隔开。 This is John, one of my best friends. 这位是约翰。他是我最好的朋友之一。 Mrs. Smith, my neighbore, has never been abroad. 我的邻居史密斯夫人从来没有出过国。 2、He has been there for six months. one month[mQnW];two months[mQnWs] 注意读音 将/W/省略 I have arrived in Beijing. (arrive 是瞬间动词不能和段时间连用) has been + in 地点 He has been in Beijing for one year. He has been in America for tow years. 96 同位语练习题: 1. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. (2009江西) A. what B. which C. that D. though 2. News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing ) University. (2009四川 A. which B. what C. that D. where 3. Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea ______ the party is to be held? (2008陕西) A. what B. which C. that D. where 4. A warm thought suddenly struck me ______ I might buy a tie for my father’s birthday. A. if D. which 5. Do you have any idea______ is actually going on outside the classroom? A. that B. what C. as D. which 6. Along with the letter was her promise ______ she was free she would visit me this weekend. A. that B. if C. what if D. that if 7. There remains a doubt among the public ______ the vaccine is safe enough for children. A. whether B. that C. what D. how 8. The mother was filled with anxiety ______ her daughter might be disabled by the accident. A. whether B. that C. what D. which 9. Standing in the hall, Patty had an uneasy feeling ______ somebody was watching her. A. why B. whether C. that D. which 10. The doctor tried to remove the man's fear______ his wife might die during the operation. A. when B. that C. whether D. what 教师讲解: 同位语从句在句中起同位语的作用。它一般跟在某些抽象名词(如fact, news, idea, promise等)的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。 引导同位语从句的连词多用that。that在同位语从句中只起连接作用，不充 当任何成分，但不可省略。 ? The fact that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer is clear. ? The news that our team won the football game inspired all the fans. ? They introduced the idea that children could learn to read as babies. ? Tom made his teacher a promise that he would never be late again. 少数情况下同位语从句也可用连词whether和连接代词who，what，which 或连接副词when，where，why，how等引导。 ? I have no idea whether it is safe to sail in this weather. ? Have you got any idea who will take over now that the president has resigned? ? Here comes the question what we should do with so much e-waste. ? I have no idea when the general manger will come back. 第十次作业 97 《新概念英语2》课文第四课 【教学时间】第18周第3次课 【教学目标】继续进行课文中出现的语法知识学习。 【教学重点】语法知识的掌握。 【教学难点】根据所掌握语法知识进行习题练习。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 语法知识: 、He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different 1 places in Australia. work for 在……上班/任职，强调work I am working for a school. work in 强调地点(在哪个地方上班) I am working in the New Oriental school. work at 上班 She works at a department store. a number of后面一定要加可数名词复数;通常number前有great，large，good，small，certain等形容词，数量大小也随之改变。a great number of 类似于, 约等于a lot of; A large/great number of our students are Danish. There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework. a lot of 可加可数名词也可加不可数名词 I have a lot of friends I have a great number of friends. 2、He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. has gone to 去了某地没回来 has been to 曾经去过某地, 现在不在那个地方 Have you been to Paris? 3、From there, he will fly to Perth. from there:从那地方起 from 即可以加时间又可以加地点 from half past 8 to half past 11 from Beijing to Tianjing fly to Perth = go to Perth by air 4、My brother has never been abroad before, so he is fending this trip very exciting. before在句子后是副词, 译为“在此之前”，是现在完成时态的标志 find作“发现”、“发觉”讲时宾语往往带补足语(一般为形容词)，说明宾语的状况、性质等。 find +宾语+形容词做宾补 find the room clean find her happy be finding在口语中经常使用 I'm finding... . . We’re finding... ... 下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时:believe，doubt，see，hear，know，understand，belong，think，consider，feel，look，seem，show， 98 mind，have，sound，taste，require，possess，care，like，hate，love，detest，desire 练习题: 1.--I don't mind telling you what I know . ---you___.I'm not asking you for it. A.mustn't B.may not C.can't D.can't 2.He got to the station early,___missing his train. A.in case of B.instead of C.for fear of D.in search of 3.--you haven't lost the ticket,have you? ---___.I know it's not easy to get another one at the moment. A.I hope not B.Yes,I have C.I hope so D.Yes,I'm afraid so 4词组辨析:set out ,take off 5.Tom's fame has spread well___the walls of his college. A.across B.through C.beyond D.over 6.--Hello,Rosa! I heard you went to New Jersey. ---I __away for a week.But I'm back now. A.am B.have been C.was D.had been 7.---I have just had my watch repaired. ---How much did they___for that, A.cost B.charge C.spend D.take 8.The room is in a terrible mess; it___cleaned. A.can't have been B.couldn't be C.may have been D.would be 9.He___the test,but he wasn't careful enough. A.was able to pass B.must have passed C.could have passed D .might be able to pass 10.He expexted there___more room for him to put in a desk. A.will be B.is C.whether D.when 11.With a lot of difficult problems___,the manager felt like a cat on hot bricks. A.to settle B.settling C.settled D.being settled 教师讲解: 第一题:怎么两个can't，答案应该是needn't 第二题:in case不要of就对了，instead of代替，in search of寻找 第三题:I hope not表示我希望没(丢失票)，反义疑问句，是就肯定回答(Yes/I think so)，不是就否定 第四题:take off 1. 脱下;移去 2. 起飞 3. 休假，set out 1. 开始 第五题:beyond意为超出...范围，through和across都是穿过的意思，over表示 在...上 第六题:首先Had been一般在过去时的过去使用，一般过去时was很少用于一 段时间(a week) 第七题:AD两项主语一般为物(注意they指人)，而spend要接sb(I spend 100 yuan in...)，且在这种情况下不接for 第八题:A表示“肯定没被清理过”，其他不符 第九题:C表示“本来能过却没有过”，是could的一个用法，可以理解为虚拟语 气，其他不符 99 第十题:expect打错了，这里意为“想，猜测”，“是否”有足够的空间 第十一题:由后句可知，问题还没解决，所以是“要解决”(to settle) 做游戏，学英文 【教学时间】第19周第1次课 【教学目标】通过游戏活动，掌握一些 英语单词 七年级上册英语单词表高考英语单词3500记忆高中3500个英语单词表七年级下册英语单词表小学六年级英语单词表 和词组。 【教学重点】使学生在轻松的气氛中熟记单词和短语。 【教学难点】教师需控制好课堂节奏。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、 教师事先准备好游戏所需的教具，如卡片，图片等。 二、 全班进行第一个游戏，“Carrot Down萝卜蹲”。 ? 师讲解各种水果的英语名称，全班同学一起学习，并且要求熟记发音及词义。 apple 苹果pear 梨peach 桃grape 葡萄banana 香蕉pineapple 菠萝 plum 李子watermelon 西瓜orange 橙lemon 柠檬mango 芒果 strawberry 草莓cherry 樱桃pomegranate 石榴fig 无花果 pepper 胡椒hot pepper辣椒tomato 番茄,西红柿cucumber 黄瓜 eggplant 茄子bean 菜豆potato 马铃薯carrot 胡萝卜cauliflower 菜花 cabbage卷心菜 ? 在学生熟悉单词的基础上，教师讲解游戏规则，并找几名同学演示。 每次活动六名同学参加，站成一排，给每人以水果蔬菜命名，任意指定一名同学开始下蹲，同时还要念词，再指定别的同学做同样动作，依此类推但不能马上回指。直到有同学说错或者没有反应过来，那么这个同学遭淘汰，游戏继续直到只剩一名同学，为获胜者。 以一实例加以说明。有苹果apple，香蕉banana，橘子orange，芒果mango，教师制定apple先蹲，代表apple的同学就一遍念“apple down，apple down，apple down，then mango down”指定mango为下一个蹲的同学，以此进行。 三、 全班进行第二个游戏“宾狗Bingo” ? 首先教师带领学生复习课本后单词表中所有学过的单词，并将以字母A、B、 C、D开头的单词作为游戏中将出现的单词。(具体见课本单词表) ? 教师讲解游戏规则。 活动以小组为单位，每个小组派一名学生做代表，每个学生准备一张纸，并在上面画一个井字，将纸分成九格，然后教师随便念九个学过的单词，学生边听边将单词写在格子中，随便填在哪格里都好。学生填好后，教师再打扰次序逐个念这九个单词，学生边听边在听到单词上画圈，当画的圈在横行、竖行或对角线上成为一条直线时，学生就可边喊“宾狗(Bingo)”边将纸举起让教师检查，最先喊“宾狗”写得准确的获胜。 四、 教师在游戏结束后，进行总结，并带领学生复习游戏中出现的单词，布 置课后继续背诵。 100 注:游戏根据时间和实际情况多次进行，教师作为主导者根据实际情况掌控好课 堂节奏。 单词竞赛 【教学时间】第19周第2次课 【教学目标】考察学生一段时间的单词学习的成果。 【教学重点和难点】学生对重点单词的掌握程度。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、 教师事先布置学生背诵课本中单词表中单词，并根据单词进行出题。 二、 教师分发单词竞赛试卷，要求学生根据自己背诵情况认真作答，教师批 阅后评出本次竞赛前几名，全班进行表扬。题目如下: 1. Do you love ________ (徒步旅行) or traveling by bike ? 2. The reader have a good ________ (评价) of his latest novel. 3. Tom’s father loves ________ (古典的) music. 4. I am ______ (喜爱) of sports. 5. What a great ___________ (挑战) 6. His h ________ face showed that he told the truth. 7. She is a l________ wife all these years. 8. He lit the m_________ and the whole room became bright. 9. She looked at herself in the m______ and found herself older. 10. The d_________ wife lived a hard life after her husband left her. 11. We should teacher the children to learn to _______ (分享), not to enjoy by themselves. 12. All the children listened to his ________ (冒险) with eager attention. 13. As soon as they reached the fishing area, the fisher men _________(撒) their nets into the sea. 14. When they heard that the president was murdered, they were all in deep _______ (悲伤). 15. The president made a ________(演讲) to the college students when he was on a visit to China. 16.He b_______ went into the hunting house to save the baby trapped there. 17.Poke is very h_________. He told the truth of the accident. 18.The man climbed the mountain by r________ in the dark. 19.Keep your kids safe by keeping ________ (枪)out of their hands. 20.It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, e____ when you know little about the language. st21. It’s said that Australia became i_______ of Britain on the 1 of January , 1901. 22. Joe and Nancy are not visitors here. They are both n_____ of the city . 23. Can you think of a s_________ where “doing it alone” might be more important than teamwork. 24. Greece is a_______(欧洲) country with a very long history. 25. At least 30 unknown diseases have appeared ___________ (在全世界范 围内)since 1970. 101 26( Let’s leave ______ (立即) after breakfast. 27. Would you please _______ (发音)the words clearly and pay attention to the _______ (发音) of each word you learn. 28. Please _____ (重复) what you said. I didn’t hear clearly. 29. He has a ______ (广博的) knowledge of animals. 30. The plane ______ (飞) from Paris to Rome last night. 31(In what ________ (情形) do you use these words? 32. The _________ (大多数)of the students did it right. 33. Is Chinese one of the _________ (工作) languages of the United Nations? 34. What is his __________ (本族) language? 35. Chinese is our mother t_________. 36. The country became _______ (独立) in 1948. 37. Writing English is much more difficult to learn than _______ (口头) English. 38. A red light is a _________ (信号) of danger. 39. The excited ________ (表情)on his face showed everything. 40.The _______ (服务) in this shop is always slow.; the girls are very lazy. 构词法 【教学时间】第19周第3次课 【教学目标】了解构词法的6种方法，帮助记忆单词。 【教学重点和难点】派生法。 【教学时数】2 【教学过程】 一、英语构词通常包括六种方法:转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法。 二、英语词汇构词法之【转化法】 英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。 1.动词转化为名词 1)意思没有变化，例如:I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。 2)意思有一定变化，例如He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。 3)构成短语，例如:Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。 2.名词转化为动词 1)表示物体的，如:Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗? 2)表示身体部位的，如:Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。 3)表示一类人的，如:She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。 4)抽象名词，如:We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。 3.形容词转化为动词 少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 4.副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。 5.形容词转化为名词 102 1)表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如: The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。 2)一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如: We don't belong to the rich, but we dong't belong to the poor either. 我们不是有钱人但我们也不是穷人。 二、英语词汇构词法之【派生法】 英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。 1.前缀 前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性;英语后缀一般改变除少数英语前缀外， 词类，而不引起词义的变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un- 等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如: agree同意?disagree不同意 fair公平的?unfair不公平的 possible可能的?impossible不可能的 understand理解?misunderstand误解 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如: co-worker 同事，帮手 enlarge 使变大 cooperate 合作 rewrite 重写 subway 地铁 2.后缀 给单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。详细的介绍见article_88.html，下面仅作简单介绍。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通„„的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质;状态)，-ness (性质;状态)，-tion(动作;过程)等。例如: differ不同于?difference区别 write写?writer作家 China中国?Chinese中国人 act表演?actress女演员 music音乐?musician音乐家 (2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使„„化)，-ize (使„„成为)。例如: wide?widen加宽 beauty?beautify美化 pure?purify提纯 real?realize意识到 organ?organize组织 sharp?sharpen使变锋利 (3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en 103 (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al， -ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像„„的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表 示天气)等。例如: nature自然?natural自然的 reason道理?reasonable有道理的 America美国?American美国的 China中国?Chinese中国人的 gold金子?golden金的 east东?eastern东方的 child孩子?childish孩子气的 snow雪?snowy雪的 (4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如: angry生气的?angrily生气地 to到?towards朝„„，向„„ east东方?eastward向东 (5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如: six六?sixteen十六?sixteenth第十六 four四?forty四十?fortieth第四十 构词法 【教学时间】第20周第1次课 【教学目标】了解构词法的6种方法，帮助记忆单词。 【教学重点和难点】合成法。 【教学时数】3 【教学过程】 一、英语词汇构词法之【合成法】 英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个 词，这样的方法就是合成法。 1.合成名词 构成方式例词 名词，名词weekend周末 名词，动词daybreak黎明 名词，动名词handwriting书法 名词，及物动词，er,or pain-killer止痛药 名词，介词，名词sister-in-law嫂子 代词，名词she-wolf母狼 动词，名词typewriter打字机 动名词，名词reading-room阅览室 现在分词，名词flying-fish飞鱼 形容词，名词freshman大一新生 副词，动词outlook景色，风光 介词，名词afterbrain后脑 2.合成形容词 名词，形容词bloodred血红的 名词，现在分词French-speaking讲法语的 104 名词，to，名词one-to-one/one-on-one一对一的(如one-on-one tutoring一 对一外教) 名词，过去分词man-made人造的 数词，名词one-way单行道的 数词，名词，形容词three-year-old三岁的 数词，名词，ed ten-storeyed十层的 -off 一次性的 动词，副词one 形容词，名词high-quality高质量的 形容词，名词，ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词，形容词light-green浅绿色的 looking相貌一般的 形容词，现在分词ordinary-副词，形容词ever-green常青的 副词，现在分词hard-working辛勤的 副词，过去分词well-known著名的 副词，名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 介词，名词indoor室内的 3.合成动词 名词，动词sleep-walk梦游 形容词，动词white-wash粉刷 副词，动词overwhelm压倒，制服 4.合成副词 形容词，名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词，副词everywhere到处 副词，副词however尽管如此 介词，名词beforehand事先 介词，副词forever永远 5.合成代词 代词宾格，self herself 她自己 物主代词，self myself 我自己 形容词，名词anything 一切 6.合成介词 副词，名词outside在„„外面 介词，副词within在„„之内 副词，介词into进入 二、英语词汇构词法之【截短法(缩略法)】 将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、 截头去尾等形式。 1.截头 telephone?phone airplane?plane 2.去尾 mathematics?maths examination?exam kilogram?kilo laboratory?lab 105 taxicab?taxi 3.截头去尾 influenza?flu refrigerator?fridge prescription?script 三、英语词汇构词法之【混合法(混成法)】 英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。 news broadcast?newscast新闻广播 television broadcast?telecast电视播送 smoke and fog?smog烟雾 photo and graphy?photography摄影，摄影术 helicopter airport?heliport直升飞机场 四、英语词汇构词法之【首尾字母缩略法】 用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。 Foreign Language Teaching Agency?FLTA上海外教网 Testing of English as a Foreign Language?TOEFL托福 Teach English as a Foreign Language?TEFL Teach English as a Second Language?TESL Graduate Record Examination?GRE美国研究生入学考试 五、练习 appear出现?disappear消失 correct正确的?incorrect不正确的 lead带领?mislead领错 stop停下?non-stop不停 alone单独的antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作enjoy使高兴 internet互联网reuse再用 subway地铁telephone电话 differ不同于?difference区别 write写?writer作家 Japan日本?Japanese日本人 act表演?actress女演员 mouth ?mouthful一 music音乐?musician音乐家 wide?widen加宽 beauty?beautify美化 pure?purify提纯 real?realize意识到 organ?organize组织 nature自然?natural自然的 reason道理?reasonable有道理的 106 America美国?American美国的 China中国?Chinese中国人的 gold金子?golden金的 east东?eastern东方的 child孩子?childish孩子气的 snow雪?snowy雪的 第20周第二次课 期末考前总复习 第20周第三次课 期末考试 107