4级翻译虚拟语气讲解精选习题

4级翻译虚拟语气讲解精选习题 高中语法项目------虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood 一:分类 1在英语中有三种语气，陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气 2 虚拟语气表示说话的人的一种愿望、意见、命令、要求，有时候是一种非真实的假设、料想或者是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。 二、形式 虚拟语气经常用在if引导的条件状语从句中，在条件句中做出和事实不相符的一种假设。 a.和现在事实相反的假设 If从句 主句 主语+动词过去式+其它 主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形+其(be动词用were) 它 如:If I were you, I would study hard. If he had enough money, he would buy a computer. b.和过去事实相反的假设 If从句 主句 主语+had done+其它 主语+would/should/could/might +have done 主语+had been done+其它 主语+would/should/could/might +have been done(被动) 如:If you had come five minutes earlier, you would have met him. If they had been treated in time, they would not have died. c.和将来事实相反的假设 If从句 主句 主语+were to do+其它 主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形 主语+动词过去式+其它 主语+should+动词原形+其它 如:If I were to do it, I would do it in another day. If it rained tomorrow, we wouldn’tbeabletogoonpicnic. d.混合条件句 混合条件句是指条件句是对过去事实相反的假设，而主句则表示现在的某种情况。 If从句 主句 主语+would/should/could/ might +be+表语 主语+had done+其它 主语+would/should/could/might +be+doing 主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形 三、注意事项 ?如果从句中有were、had或者should时，则可以省略if，并将were、had或者should提前至句首，构成部分倒装，但如果是否‎‎定句，则否定词not不提前。 如:Were I to be young again, I would study medicine. =If I were to be young again, I would study medicine. Had you not left so early, you might have missed the train. =If you had not left so early, you might have missed the train. ?用介词短语代替条件状语从句，常用的介词有with, without, but for. 如:Without your help, we couldn’thave finished the work ahead of time. =But for your help, we couldn’thavefinished the work ahead of time. =If it had not been for your help, we couldn’thavefinished the work ahead of time. =Had it not been for your help, we couldn’thavefinished the work ahead of time. ?在句中出现了表示转折的连词，如or, or else, otherwise等，如果句意和事实不符也要用 虚拟语气。 如:You did what you were asked to, otherwise you would have been punished. ?如果句子中有短语for fear that, lest, in case时，要用should+动词原形来表示虚拟，should 1 可以省略。 如:He is working hard for fear that he fail. ?如果句子前半部分是虚拟，句中出现了but，后面句子则不用虚拟语气。 如 :I would have come earlier, butIdidn’tknowthatyouwerewaiting for me. The house would have been burnt down but the firefighters arrived in time. 四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用 1.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中 a.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中，不表示“和事实相反的假设”而表示说话者的一种意愿、决心、要求、命令和建议。“一、二、三、四 ” “一坚持insist二命令order, command三建议advise, suggest, propose 四要求ask, require, request, demand” 虚拟形式“在从句谓语动词前加should，should可以省略。 My teacher suggested that I (should) spend more time learning English. She suggested we (should)leave here at once. The doctor ordered she should be operated. 注意:当suggest翻译成“暗示、表明”;insist翻译成“坚持认为、坚持说”，坚持的是一种事实，而不是表示一种命令或者要求时，不应该用虚拟语气，应该用陈述语气。 The smile on her face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. The man insisted that he had never stolen the monry. b.在would rather后的宾语从句中也要用虚拟语气。 对现在、将来虚拟:一般过去时(did/be用were) would rather 对过去的虚拟:过去完成时 (had done0 I would rather you came tomorrow. I would rathertheydidn’thearofthenews. c. wish + 宾语从句表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时;表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形;表示过去不”能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。。 对现在虚拟 一般过去时(did/be用were) 对过去虚拟 过去完成时(had done) 对将来虚拟 过去将来时(would do) I wish I were a flying bird and could fly freely in the sky. I wish I had met that film star yesterday. How I wish it would be fine tomorrow! 注意:howIwish…=ifonly(要是……就好了)，虚拟和wish虚拟用法一致。 2.虚拟语气用在主语从句中 a. It is/was +adj.+ that+主语+should do (should可以省略) adj:advisable,amazing,astonishing,better,clear,certain,desirable,good,interesting,impo-ssible, normal,necessary,possible… It is natural that he (should) think so. It was necessary that the plan should be planned carefully. b. It is/ was+ n.+ that+主语+should do(should可以省略) ?表示“惊奇、怀疑、遗憾”等意义的名词词组，如: a fact, a good thing, a pity, a shame, a wonder… ?表示“请求、命令、建议、决心”等意义的名词，如advice, demand, decision, order, proposal, requirement, suggestion … It is a pity she should say so. 2 It was her order that the matter should be discussed. ? It is/was+过去分词+that+主语+should do(should可以省略) 用在该句型中的动词过去分词表示“请求、命令、建议”等。 It is requested that Miss Li should give a performance at the party. ?It is (high) time that+主语+did/should do，should不可以省略 到做……的时间了。 It’stimethatIpicked up my daughter. It’shightimeweweregoing. 3.虚拟语气用在表语从句中 用在advise, idea, order, plan, suggestion, demand, proposal等后面的表语从句，需用“should do”构成谓语，should可以省略。 What I suggest is that we should start the work at once. His order is that the meeting should be called off. 4.虚拟语气用在同位语从句中 当demand, insist, decide, determine, recommend, suggest这些动词的名词形式后跟同位语从 句时，要用虚拟语气，用should do表示虚拟。 Not all of them agreed to my suggestion that more money should be given to them. His request that he should be given a rise was turned down at the meeting. 5.虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中，in order that,sothat…用情态动词 I got up early this morning so that I could catch the bus to Boston. 6.在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中 a. as if, as though引导的状语从句是否用虚拟取决于从句所描绘的情况，如果情况与事实相 符就可以不用虚拟，否则就要用虚拟语气。 It looks as if it is going to rain. She acted as if nothing had happened. b.对将来的虚拟 as if/as though+主语+would/could/should/might +do(动词原形) It looks as if the old man could live another 10 years. c.对现在的虚拟 as if/as though+主语+did(动词过去式) The old man is lying on the ground as if he were dead. d. as if/ as though+主语+were doing(对现在进行虚拟) They ran as fast as they could as if a ghost were chasing them. e. asif’/as though+主语+had done(对过去事实的虚拟) Heateasifhehadn’thadamealforyears. 精典名题导解 1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 解析: 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 为C。 2. Ididn’tseeyoursister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94) A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come 解析:答案为D。 3. —If he ___________, he ________that food. —Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93) A.was warned; would not take B.had been warned; would not have taken C.would be warned; had not taken D.would have been warned; had not taken 解析:答案为B。 虚拟语气 1(I enjoyed the movie very much(I wish I the book from which it was made( A(have read B(had read C(should have read D(am reading 2(You are late(If you a few minutes earlier,you him( A(came;Would meetB(had come;Would have met 3 C(come;Will meet D(had come;would meet 3(Ican’tstand him(He always talks as though he everything? A(knew B(knows C(has know D(had known 4(His doctor suggested that he short trip abroad( A(will take B(would take C(take D(took 5(We might have failed if you us a helping hand( A(have not given B(would not give C(had not given D(did not give 6(The law requires that everyrone his car checked at least once a month( A(has B(have C(had D(will have 7(He was busy yesterday，otherwise he to the meeting( A(would come B(would have been C(could have been D(would be 8(If there were no subjunctive mood，English much easier( A(will be B(would have been C(could have been D(would be 9( the fog，we should have reached our schoo1( A(Because of B(In spite of C(In case of D(But for 10(—What will you do during winter vacation? —Idon’tknow，butit’sabout time something? A(I decided B(I’lldecide C(I’ddecided D(I’mdeciding 11(He was very busy yesterday，otherwise，he to your birthday party( A(would come B(came C(would have come D(should come 12(The two strangers talked as if they friends for years( A(should be B(had been C(have been D(were 13(Look!‎‎Whatyou’vedone!You have been more careful( A(should B(may C(ought D(would 14(Without electricity，what ? A(will the world be like B(would the world be like C(the world will be like D(the World Would be like 15(With your ability，you out the puzzle within a few minutes( A( could have worked B(need have worked B( C(ought have worked D(must have worked 16(My suggestion is that the sick boy to hospital as soon as possible( A(is taken B(must be taken C(be taken D(has to be taken 17(If we had not missed the bus，we lunch at home now( A(would have had B(would have C(must be having D(would be having 18( here yesterday，he would attend the lecture with us today( A(Had he been B(If he were C(Were he D(Should be he 19(His tired face suggested that he really tired after the 1ong walk( A(had been B(was C(be D(should be 20(Do you feel that I the problem in a different way the other day? A(should come B(should have solved C(have solved D(solved 21(0ur chairmanhasn’tcomeyet(If he on time，we would have to put off the meeting( A(should come B(would come C(shouldn’tcome‎‎‎‎D(doesn’tcome 22(He insisted that he really very tried and that he to have a rest( A(was;be allowed B(was;must be allowed C(should be;must be allowed D(should be;be allowed 23(He did his best in everything; he would not have been what he was( A(and B(but C(otherwise D(but that 24(I do I could give you a hand( A(hope B(wish C(expect D(think 25(I Would rather she tomorrow than today( A(come B(came C(should D(has come 4 26(The guard at the gate insisted that everybody the rules( A(obeys B(obey C(will obey D(Would obey 27(I her if I thought she would understand( A(would tell B(will tell C(Would have to1d D(told 28(The teacher requires Rose by heart 15 English words each day( A(1earn B(to learn C(must learn D(1earning 29(—If he ，he that food( —Luckily he was sent to the hospita1 immediate1y( A(Was warmed;would not take B(had been warmed;wou1d not have taken C(would be warmed;had not taken D(would have been warmed;had not taken 30(Without electricity human life quite different today( A(is B(will be C(would have been D(Would be 一、强调句句型 1. 陈述句的强调句型:It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。 e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 2. 一般疑问句的强调句型:同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。 e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping, 3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问‎‎代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分, e.g. When and where was it that you were born, 4. 强调句例句:针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。 强调主语:It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语:It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday. 强调地点状语:It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday. 强调时间状语:It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station. 5. 注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that， who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that， who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was „„ ，其余的时态用It is „„ . 二not „ until „ 句型的强调句 1. 句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分 e.g. 普通句:He didn‘t go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 2. 注意:此句型只用until，不用till.但如果不是强调句型，till， until可通用;因为句型中It is/ was not „„ 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。 三、谓语动词的强调 1. It is/ was „„ that „„ 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did. e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必(千万)要小心啊～ 2. 注意:此种强调只用do/ does和did，没有别的形式;过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。 常见强调句练习 一,强调句型的强调部分必须是对 that / who 之后句子的某一成分表示强调,如果把 "It is (was)...that "去掉,该句应该意思完整,不缺任何句子成分: 1. Is it _____ who wants to see you. A. him B. he C. his D. himself 2. It was _____ who respected all their teachers. A. them B. their C. they D. themselves 5 3. --- What is Mary --- Was it _____ that you were referred to A. he B. she C. her D. they 4. It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago . A. was B. are C. were D. had been 5. It _____ at Christmas that John Smith gave Mary a handbag. A. must have B. will be C. might have been D. may have had 6. ---Was that new school master who walked by --- _____. A. It must be that B. It must have been C. He must be D. This must have been 【题解】强调部分如果是人称代词,应根据句子需要选择它的主格或宾格形式:如第? ?? 小题.注意谓语动词形式与整个句子语境的一致性:如第?? ? 小题. 二,强调部分为疑问词时: 7. _____ electricity plays an important part in our daily life A. Why was it that B. Why is it that C. Why is it D. Why it is that 8. Who was it _____ wanted to see me just now A. that B. who C. when D. when 9. _____ you met the foreigner from Canada A. Where it was that B. Who it was that C. Where was it that D. Where was that 【题解】强调部分为疑问代词或疑问副词时,该强调句句型结构与特殊疑问句句型相 同,即:"疑问词 + 一般疑问句" 三,强调部分为 " not ... until " 句型: 10. It was not until late in the evening _____ her husband arrived home . A. which B. when C. that D. how 11. It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began. A. which B. when C. that D. since 12. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star. A. when ; that B. until ; that C. until ; when D. when ; then 【题解】注意 " not ... until " 句型的变化.比较下列三个句子: She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor. 四,复合句中的强调句型: 13. I can't quite remember _____ you started doing the work . A. that it was when B. when it was that C. when was it that D. that was it when 14. She wants to know if it is 600 miles an hour _____ the newest plane can go. A. which B. that C. when D. on which 15. Was it _____ he was seriously ill that he didn't come to school yesterday . 6 A. although B. that C. because D. since 16. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty . A. until B. that C. then D. so 17. _____ he came back home that we knew what had happened . A. When it was B. It was when C. Was it when D. When was it 18. It was the training _____ he had as a young man _____ made him such a good engineer. A. what ; that B. that ; what C. that ; which D. which : that 19. It was _____ he said _____ disappointed me at that time. A. what ; that B. that ; that C. what ; what D. that ; what 【题解】当强调部分为从句或含从句的短语时,应首先确定它在句子中的作用.第? ? 小题为宾语从句;第? ? ? 小题为状语从句,此时不能对 for, as , since , although 引导的从句表示强调; 第 ? 小题的强调部分又被一个由 which 引导的定语从句修 饰; 第? 小题的强调部分则为 what 引导的主语从句. 五,强调部分为介词短语: 20. It was through Jack _____ Mary got to know Bob . 21. It was _____ great care that they did the job. A. for B. about C. with D. in 22. It was on October 1st 1949 _____ new China was founded . A. which B. when C. as D. that 23. Was it in this palace _____ the last emperor died A. that B. in which C. in where D. which 24. It was the school gate ______ I met an old friend of mine after class . A. that B. which C. where D. why 【题解】强调部分为介词短语时,?应特别注意能引起误解的干扰选项,如第20小题; ?表示时间或地点时,应注意与定语从句的区别,如第24小题. 倒装句? 全部倒装 1.由here, there引起，谓语通常用 be, come, g o eg:Look ! Here comes your sister. There goes the bell. 2. 由介词短语引起，谓语通常用be, stand, lie, live, live, sit, come, go,rise Along the wall stand four big chairs. At the top of the hill lay the dying soldiers. 3. 由up, down, on, in, off, away, out, back引起，谓语通常用come, go ,run, rush, fly Out rushed the boy. Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 4.以上情况主语如果是代词，主谓不倒装 Here’syourwatch. (Here it is.) Up it went. 5.由个别副词引起，谓语通常是be, lie North of the city lies (is) a railway. 6. 由such引起， 谓语通常用be Such is what he said. Such are his words. ?部分倒装 指谓语的一部分放在主语之前而引起的倒装，通常是助动词或情态动词提前或连系动词提前 1. 由never, hardly, seldom, little, not until引起 7 Seldom did he make any mistakes. Not until yesterday did I receive his letter. 2.notonly…butalso连接两个单句时，前面的倒装 Not only was she working hard, but also she was verypolite. 3. neither…nor连接两个单句时，两个句子都倒装 Neither is he studying, nor is he working. 4. no sooner…than, hardly (scarcely)…when No sooner had we got into the room than the telephonerang. 5. 由only + 状语， so + adj. (adv.) 引起 Only then (Only at the age of 18) did he realize theimportance of the problem. 6. 由as引起 Child as he is, he can work out the problem. 7. 虚拟语气的倒装 Were I you, I would work harder. Had you come yesterday, you would have known that. Should it rain tomorrow, you wouldn’tleave.? so (neither, nor) + be (do, have, 情态动词，助动词)+ 主语 You should work harder and so should I. Shehasn’tbeentoBerlin and nor have I --I went to the zoo yesterday. --So you did. --She is a tailor.--So is she. / So she is. 1. No sooner ________ themselves in their seats in the theatre ________ the curtain went up. A. they have settled; before B. had they settled; than C. have they settled; when D. they had settled; than 2. I wonder if your girl friend will go to the ball. If she ________ , so ________ mine. A. does; does B. does; will C. will; does D. would; will 3. It’s necessary that not only ________ to see a doctor but also stay at home for a good sleep. A. Bob should go B. did Bob go C. Bob’s going D. should Bob go 4. In ________ , but out ________ again. A. came the teacher; he went B. came the teacher; went he C. did the teacher come; he went D. the teacher came; went he 5. It’s beyond description. Nowhere else in the world ________ such a quiet, beautiful place. A. can there be B. you can find C. there can be D. can find you 6. Not until Dec. 2003 ________ caught by the US soldiers, and it was a great victory for the USA. A. was Saddam Hussein B. Saddam Hussein was C. had Saddam Hussein been D. Saddam Hussein had been 7. Only after ________ his homework ________ to watch TV. A. he has finished; is he allowed B. has he finished; is he allowed C. he has finished; he is allowed D. has he finished; he is allowed 8. Form then on we never saw her again, nor ________ from her. A. heard we B. had we heard C. we have heardD. did we hear 9. “Never ____ to hurt your feeling while I was expressing myself in the discussion” explained Jim. A. I expected B. expected I C. had I expected D. did I expect 10. ________ our bus; we’ll have to wait for the next. A. Does there go B. It goes C. There goes D. Does it go 11. ,It was careless of you to have left your new bike outside all night. ,My god! ________ . A. So did I B. So I did C. So was I D. So were you 8 12. What a naughty boy he was! ________ . A. Down jumped he from the desk B. From the desk jumped he down C. He down jumped from the desk D. Down he jumped from the desk 13. On the opposite wall ________ one map ________ dozens of pictures. A. hang; including B. are hung; together withC. is hanged; with D. is hanging; as well as 14. You can never use my computer. At no time ________ that machine. A. you should touch B. should you touchC. touch should you D. you touch 15. Not until all the fish died in the river ________ how serious the pollution was. A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize 【答案解析】 1. B. 因为以否定词或半否定词开头的句子，要用部分倒装，排除A和D。另外，no sooner„than„(一…就…)是固定答搭配，且no sooner分句中的谓语通常用过去完成时，而than分句中的谓语用一般过去时。 2. B. 因为由前句判现在还没有去舞会，是将来时态;又因为在条件状语从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，所以正确答案是B。If she does, so will mine. =If she goes to the ball, my girl friend will go, too. 3. D. 当not only„but also„不是连接两个不同的主语时，以not only开头的句子要用部分倒装，排除A和C。又因为it is necessary后的that从句一般要用should +动词原形，所以只有D正确。 4. A. 主句是名词时，其后要倒装，但是代词时不用倒装。 5. A. 因为是nowhere否定词，以否定词开头的句子，要用部分否 定。 6. A. 因为以否定词not until开头的句子要用部分倒装，排除B和D;又因为2003年12月是过去时间，用一般过去时，所以选 A。 7. A. 因为“only+状语”放在句首时，句子要用部分倒装;但这个“状语”是从句时，从句不要倒装，所以只有A正确。 8. D. 因为“nor +情态动词、助动词或be+主语”表示“…也不”之意，又由前文的saw可知hear也是一般过去时态，所以用助动 词did。 10. C. 因为以here, there, up, down, in, out, now, then, away, off等副词开头时，常用完全倒装。句意是:我们要坐的公共汽车走了，我们将不得不等下一辆 。 11. B. 因为这里不是表示“…也一样”，而是对对方所言表示赞同:“的确如此”，所以不用倒装。 12. D. 句子以副词down开头，本来应该要用完全倒装，但由于主语为代词，所以不用倒装。(from www.yygrammar.com) 13. D. 因为以作状语的介词短语开头，句子要用完全倒装;又hang作“(某物) 悬挂在”解是不及物动词，不用于被动语态，排除B和C;又因one map与dozens of pictures没有包含关系，排除A。 14. B. 因为以否定词at no time(永不, 在任何时候都不)开头，句子要用部分倒装。 15. A. 因为以否定词not until开头，句子用部分倒装 省略句1、概述 为了避免重复，省略句子的一个或几个句子成分，使语句简练，结构紧凑，收到一定的修辞效果，这种语法现象称为省略。 2、不用替代词的省略 (1)省掉主语 (I) Beg your pardon.请再说一遍。(It) Sounds like a good idea.听起来是一个好主意。 (I) See you later.回头见。(I) Thank you for your help.谢谢你的帮助。 (2)省略谓语或谓语的一部分 They learn French and we (learn) English.他们学法语，我们学英语。 9 (Is there ) Anything I can do for you ? 要我帮忙吗, Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。 He is a teacher, and his wife (is ) a doctor.他是位教师，他的妻子是一名医生。 (3)省略表语 -Are you a teacher? 你是教师吗,-Yes, I am (a teacher).是的，我是。 (4)省略宾语This is the book (that) I'm looking for.这是我正在找的书。 -Is Mr.King in his office? -Sorry, I don't know (whether he is or not).金先生在办公室吗,对不起，我不知道。 (5)省略主语和谓语或主谓和谓语的一部分 (Come )This way, please. 请走这边。 -What does he want to eat? -他想吃什么, -(He wants) Some rice and vegetables. -米饭和蔬菜。 In winter it is colder in Beijing than (it is )in Nanjing.北京的冬天比南京要冷。 What a good boy (he is )! 他是多好的学生啊～ What a wonderful victory (it is )for Wilma! 对威尔玛来说这是多么了不起的胜利啊～ (It is) my mistake.我的错。 (6)省略主、谓或宾 o whom did you lend the book?你把书借给谁了,-To John.(I lend the book)约翰。 -T -What do you think made John so upset?你人为什么使约翰如此难过, -(I think)Losing his wallet (made John so upset).他丢了钱包。 (7)as…as结构中的省略 这种结构中，从句于主句重复的词可以省略;把两个时间地点等相比较时，第一个as可省略。 She looked after the baby as carefully as (she looked) after her own.她就像照顾自己的孩子一样照顾那个婴儿。 He can be( as )happy in hard times as in good days.他在艰难岁月里能像在好时光时一样幸福。 He was (as) delighted as (he was) in middle school.他就将在中学时一样快乐。 (8)所有格后的名词 名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、办公室、店铺、教堂或上文己暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。 We'll go to the doctor's (clinic)in a minute.一会儿我们要到医务室去。 No dustmen come to the Turner's (street). 没有垃圾清运工到特纳家所在的街道上来。 (9)状语从句中的主谓省略 ? 在以if、when、though、unless、as、as if等连词引导的从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,而且从句中的谓语动词是be，可以将状语从句中的主谓省略。 When (he was ) walking in the street, he met a friend.他在街上走的时候，遇到了一位朋友。 He will not come unless (he is ) invited.除非邀请他才肯来。 The research is so well designed that once(it is ) begun it can never be stopped.研究设计得如此好，一旦启动就无法停止。 ? 如果从句主谓语是it is或it was，可以省略主谓结构， if it is possible, when it is necessary 等都是这种结构。 He ran as fast as (it was) possible.他拼命跑。 If (it is )necessary, put a comma.有必要的话，加一个逗号。 注意:由after, because, before等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等，用-ing代替动词。 Becausehewasillhedidn’tattend the meeting.因为他病了，所以未出席会议。 Because of being ill, hedidn’tattend the meeting. Because ill, hedidn’tattend the meeting.(误) (10)在限制性定语从句中作状语的关系副词when、why、where也可以省去。 This is the very reason (why) I want to kill you. 这就是我为何要杀死你的理由。 This was the first time (when) I had visited Beijing.这是我第一次参观北京。 (11)当wh-疑问从句作宾语时如果其 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 与上文重复可以省略从句，只保留wh-疑问词。 10 He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back). 他将回来，但不知道什么时间。 (12) 在状语的独立分词结构中，分词往往可以省略 The meeting (being)over, they walked out of the hall.会议结束了，他们走出了大厅。 The work (having been) done, he left the office.做完工作后，他离开办公室。 3、用替代词的省略 (1)to代替不定式 to代替不定式，常同refuse, want, seem, intend, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try等动词连用。 -Would you like to come to the party? -你愿意参加晚会吗, -I'd like to (come to the party).-我愿意。 You may go with them if you want to (go).如果你愿意的话，也可以和他们一起去。 注意:如果不定式中含有be, have,或have been，一般要保留be, have或have been。 -Are you on holiday?你放假了吗, -No, butI’dliketobe( on holiday).没有。不过我真愿意。 -Shehasn’tdoneityet.她还没有做。 -She ought to (have done it).她该做。 (2)so 和not so 可以代替单词、词组或句子，做call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, tell, think, believe, be afraid, see, notice等宾语;not代替句子,用法和so相似，并可以放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后面。 -Is the famous singer going to give any performance at the evening party? 这位著名歌手在晚会上要表演节目的吧? -I expect so. 我想是吧。-I expect not. (I don't expect so.)我认为不会。 He must be a teacher. I imagine so.他一定是老师。我认为是。 -Do you think so? 你是这样想吗?-Absolutely not. 当然不是。 注意:so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，口气比较委婉，不表示肯定，也不表示否定，因此，在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。再know和ask后也不可用so。 -Are they coming to the party?-I’msureofit.(正) I doubt it. (正) - I’msureso.(误) -I doubt so. (误) He knows that. (正) He knows so. (误) (3)do do可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。 -Did you see the film?你去看那场电影了吗,-Yes. I did.是的，去看了。 He speaks English more fluently than you do.他英语讲得比你流畅。 (4)do so, do that,和do it ? do so 可以替代动词加宾语，也可以替代动词加状语。 She said she would gowithme,butshedidn’tdoso.她说她要和我一起去，但她没有。 Just finish off watering the flowers. And let me know when you have done so.赶快浇完花，等你浇完时通知我。 ? do so 替代动词加宾语时，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具体事物，that表示较重的语气。 Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it, too.亨利打算做试验，他曾想让我也做。 He played cards after supper and I watched them do that.他们吃完晚饭后玩牌，我看着他们玩。 ?do so, do that,和do it一般只用于替代动态动词，而不适合替代静态动词。 - Alice feels better today.爱丽斯今天感觉很好。 - I think she does. (正)-Yes, so does she. (正) -I think she does so. (误) -I think she does that. (误) I think she does it. (误) (5)one和ones one和ones具有泛指的性质，常指替代单数或复数名词，不能替代不可数名词。使用时应注意: ?one和ones与其所替代的名词在数方面和句法功能上可以不一致以及所指意义上可以不同。I prefer the new edition to the old ones.和旧版本相比我更喜欢新版本。(数不一致) Do you see the teachers over there? The one wearing blue coat is his father.你看见那些老师了吗,那个穿蓝上衣的是他爸爸。(句法功能上不一致) 11 Idon’tlikethisfilm. I like a more interesting one.我不喜欢这部电影。我喜欢看更有趣的。(所指对想不同) ?one前面有this或that，ones 前面有these或those，或者前面又形成对比的形容词、最高级或the next, the last时one和ones可以省略。 Let’sfinish the exercise so we can do the next (one).我们做完这个练习，好做下一个。 ? 所有格my, your, our, her, their 被其相应的物主代词mine等代替时。不用one或ones. This is my pen, not yours.(不能说yours one) I prefer to use my own.(不能说my own one) ? Whose和名词所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。 Whose is it?(不能说whose one) Her bike is better than her brother’s.(不能说brother’sone) (6)one和that作替代词时的区别 ? one 可以代替人或物，that只能代替物。 I haven't a book; can you lend me one? 我没有书，你能借我一本吗? I have a brother, one in the army.我有一个哥哥，他在部队。 Look at the clock, that the wall.看那座钟，墙上那座。 ? one只能代替可数名词;that可替代可数名词与不可数名词。 The novel is as interesting as the one I read last year.这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。 The weather here is rather hotter than that in Beijing.这里的天气比北京的热。 ? one 可以有前置或后置定语;而that只能有后置定语。 Your answer is better than that of hers.你的答案比她的好。 This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.这是一枝红钢笔，我还有三只别的。 Please look at the map, the one on the right wall.请看地图，右边墙上的那幅。 ? one(不加定语)表示泛指;that表示特指。 The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.这首曲子和我昨天听的那首一样美。 A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.美国作家写的诗通常比中国作家写得难懂。 省略句练习 1. _____, I will help you with your work. A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible 2. —Do you follow me? —Yes, _____. A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good 3. —How are you getting on with your work ? —Oh, I’msorry. Thingsaren’tgoing so well as _____. A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan 4. —Are you a teacher? —No, but I _____. I worked in a middle school for three years. A. am B. will C. do D. was 5. —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010? —There will be only a few, if _____. A. much B. some C. any D. many 6. —Whydidn’tyoucometoMike’sbirthday party yesterday ? —Well, I_____, but I forgot it. A. should B. must C. should have D. must have 7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patientsdon’ttakemedicine _____. A. like directed B. to be directed C. as directed D. so that directed 1. --- I won't do it any more. --- ________? A. Why don't B. Why don't do it any more C. Why not D. Why not to 2. Although ________ to stop, he kept on working. A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told 3. --- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________. A. I not B. don't C. not D. no 4. --- Mary didn't attend the lecture, did she? --- Yes, she ________. A. attended B. didn't attend C. didn't D. did 5. --- What's Joan doing? ---_________ newspapers in the room. A. She reading B. She reads C. To read D. Reading 6. _________ always succeed. 12 A. Honest and clever students B. Students who honest and clever C. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever 7. --- Can you climb that tree, my boy? --- __________ ? A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me 8. Some people are against the plan but _______ support it. A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more 9. --- I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. _________. A. I've no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like to D. I'd be happy to 10. --- Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? --- _________. It's too expensive. A. Why not B. I agree C. I'm afraid not D. I'm sure 11. _____, I will help you with your work. A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible 12. —Do you follow me? —Yes, _____. A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good 13. —How are you getting on with your work? —Oh, I’msorry. Thingsaren’tgoing so well as _____. A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan 14. —Are you a teacher? —No, but I _____. I worked in a middle school for three years. A. am B. will C. do D. was 15. —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010? —There will be only a few, if _____. A. much B. some C. any D. many 16. —Whydidn’tyoucometoMike’sbirthday party yesterday ? —Well, I_____, but I forgot it. A. should B. must C. should have D. must have 17. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patientsdon’ttakemedicine _____. A. like directed B. to be directed C. as directed D. so that directed 答案:CDCDD ADBDCCCCDCCC 13