saej1113-1v003

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAETechnicalStandardsBoardRulesprovidethat:“ThisreportispublishedbySAEtoadvancethestateoftechnicalandengineeringsciences.Theuseofthisreportisentirelyvoluntary,anditsapplicabilityandsuitabilityforanyparticularuse,includinganypatentinfringementarisingtherefrom,isthesoleresponsibilityoftheuser.”SAEreviewseachtechnicalreportatleasteveryfiveyearsatwhichtimeitmaybereaffirmed,revised,orcancelled.SAEinvitesyourwrittencommentsandsuggestions.Copyright©2006SAEInternationalAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofSAE.TOPLACEADOCUMENTORDER:Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)Tel:724-776-4970(outsideUSA)Fax:724-776-0790Email:CustomerService@sae.orgSAEWEBADDRESS:http://www.sae.orgJ1113-1REV.OCT2006SURFACEVEHICLESTANDARDIssued1995-07Revised2006-10SupersedingJ1113-1APR2002ElectromagneticCompatibilityMeasurementProceduresandLimitsforComponentsofVehicles,Boats(upto15m),andMachines(ExceptAircraft)(16.6Hzto18GHz)RATIONALEThisdocumenthasbeenrevisedtoreflectchangestothevariouspartsofthisseriesofdocuments.SAEJ1113-23andSAEJ1113-25havebeenwithdrawnbecausetheyarenolongersignificantlyusedinindustry.Anewdocument,SAEJ1113-28,hasbeenreleasedandisincluded.SAEJ1113-41hasbeenwithdrawnasacompletestandardandIECCISPR25isadoptedbyreference.Referencedocumentshavebeenupdatedandadditionaldefinitionshavebeenincluded.FOREWORDThisSAEStandardbringstogethermethodologyfortestingtheelectromagneticemissionsandimmunitycharacteristicsofvehicularmodulesandcomponents.ThewritersofthisseriesofdocumentshaveparticipatedextensivelyinthedraftingofISOTC22Subcommittee3andCISPRSubcommitteeDdocuments.Byintent,themethodsandlimitsofthisdocumentcloselyresemblethecounterpartinternationalstandards.SAEJ1113-1GeneralandDefinitionsSAEJ1113-2ConductedImmunity,30Hzto250kHz,PowerLeadsSAEJ1113-3ConductedImmunity,250kHzto500MHz,DirectRadioFrequency(RF)PowerInjectionSAEJ1113-4ConductedImmunity-BulkCurrentInjection(BCI)Method[Parts5through10reservedforfutureuse]SAEJ1113-11ImmunitytoConductedTransientsonPowerLeadsSAEJ1113-12ElectricalInterferencebyConductionandCoupling—CouplingClampSAEJ1113-13ImmunitytoElectrostaticDischarge[Parts14through20reservedforfutureuse]SAEJ1113-21RoadVehicles—ElectricalDisturbancesbyNarrowbandRadiatedElectromagneticEnergy—ComponentTestMethod—AbsorberLinedChamberSAEJ1113-22ImmunitytoRadiatedMagneticFieldsfromPowerLinesSAEJ1113-23WithdrawnSAEJ1113-24ImmunitytoRadiatedElectromagneticFields,10kHzto200MHz,TEMCellMethodSAEJ1113-25WithdrawnSAEJ1113-26ImmunitytoACPowerLineElectricFieldsSAEJ1113-27ImmunitytoRadiatedElectromagneticFields—ModeStirReverberationMethodSAEJ1113-28ImmunitytoRadiatedElectromagneticFields-ReverberationMethod(ModeTuning)[Parts29through40reservedforfutureuse]SAEJ1113-41—[Withdrawnasacompletestandard.ReservedforuseasanexceptiondocumentforSAEdifferencesfromIECCISPR25.]SAEJ1113-42—ConductedTransientEmissionsSAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-2-1.SCOPEThisSAEStandardcoversthemeasurementofvoltagetransientimmunityandwithintheapplicablefrequencyranges,audio(AF)andradiofrequency(RF)immunity,andconductedandradiatedemissions.Byreference,IECCISPR25isadoptedasthestandardforthemeasurementofcomponentemissions.IntheeventthatanAmendmentismadetothereferencededitionofCISPR25oraneweditionispublished,thenewIECdocumentshallbecomepartofthisstandardsixmonthsafterthepublicationoftheIECdocument.SAEreservestherighttoidentifyexceptionstothepublishedIECdocumentwiththeexceptionstobedocumentedinSAEJ1113-41.Emissionsfromintentionalradiatorsarenotcontrolledbythisdocument.(Seeapplicableappropriateregulatorydocuments.)Theimmunityofcommercialmainspoweredequipmenttoovervoltagesandlinetransientsisnotcoveredbythisdocument.2.REFERENCESThefollowingpublicationsformapartofthisspecificationtotheextentspecifiedherein.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thelatestissueofSAEpublicationsshallapply.2.1ApplicablePublications2.1.1SAEPublicationsAvailablefromSAE,400CommonwealthDrive,Warrendale,PA15096-0001,Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)or724-776-4970(outsideUSA),www.sae.org.SAEJ1113-1GeneralandDefinitionsSAEJ1113-2ConductedImmunity,30Hzto250kHz,PowerLeadsNOTE:ThisSAEdocumentisunderconsiderationforpublicationasanISOdocumentSAEJ1113-3ConductedImmunity,250kHzto500MHz,DirectRadioFrequency(RF)PowerInjectionSAEJ1113-4ConductedImmunity-BulkCurrentInjection(BCI)MethodSAEJ1113-11ImmunitytoConductedTransientsonPowerLeadsSAEJ1113-12ElectricalInterferencebyConductionandCoupling—CouplingClampandChatteringRelaySAEJ1113-13ImmunitytoElectrostaticDischargeSAEJ1113-21RoadVehicles—ElectricalDisturbancesbyNarrowbandRadiatedElectromagneticEnergy—ComponentTestMethod—AbsorberLinedChamberSAEJ1113-22ImmunitytoRadiatedMagneticFieldsfromPowerLinesNOTE:ThisdocumentisunderconsiderationforpublicationasanISOdocumentSAEJ1113-24ImmunitytoRadiatedElectromagneticFields,10kHzto200MHz,TEMCellMethodSAEJ1113-26ImmunitytoACPowerLineElectricFieldsSAEJ1113-27ImmunitytoRadiatedElectromagneticFields—ModeStirredReverberationChamberMethodSAEJ1113-28ImmunitytoRadiatedElectromagneticFields—ModeTunedReverberationChamberMethodNOTE:ThisSAEdocumentisunderconsiderationforpublicationasanISOdocumentSAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-3-SAEJ1113-41[Withdrawnasacompletestandard.ReservedforuseasanexceptiondocumentforSAEdifferencesfromIECCISPR25.]SAEJ1113-42ConductedTransientEmissionsSAEJ1812FunctionPerformanceStatusClassificationforEMCImmunity2.1.2ANSIPublicationsAvailablefromANSI,25West43rdStreet,NewYork,NY10036-8002,Tel:212-642-4900,www.ansi.org.ANSIC63.2AmericanNationalStandardforInstrumentation—ElectromagneticNoiseandFieldStrength,10kHzto40GHz—SpecificationsANSIC63.4EmissionsfromLow–VoltageElectricalandElectronicEquipmentintherangeof9kHzto40GHzANSIC95.1AmericanNationalStandardforSafetyLevelswithRespecttoHumanExposuretoRadioFrequencyElectromagneticFields,3kHzto300GHzANSI/IEEESTD100StandardDictionaryofElectricalandElectronicTerms2.1.3CISPRPublicationAvailablefromANSI,25West43rdStreet,NewYork,NY10036-8002,Tel:212-642-4900,www.ansi.org.CISPR25SecondEdition2002-08,Radiodisturbancecharacteristicsfortheprotectionofreceiversusedonboardvehicles,boats,andondevices—Limitsandmethodsofmeasurement2.1.4IECPublicationsAvailablefromANSI,25West43rdStreet,NewYork,NY10036-8002,Tel:212-642-4900,www.ansi.org.IECPublication60050-161InternationalElectrotechnicalVocabulary–ElectromagneticCompatibilityIECPublication60050-726InternationalElectrotechnicalVocabulary–TransmissionLinesandWaveguides2.1.5ISOPublicationsAvailablefromANSI,25West43rdStreet,NewYork,NY10036-8002,Tel:212-642-4900,www.ansi.org.ISO7637-1Roadvehicles—Electricalinterferencebyconductionandcoupling:Part1—DefinitionsandgeneralISO7637-2Roadvehicles—Electricalinterferencebyconductionandcoupling:Part2—Vehicleswithnominal12Vor24Vsupplyvoltage—ElectricaltransientconductionalongsupplylinesonlyISO7637-3Roadvehicles—Electricaldisturbancebyconductionandcoupling:Part3—Vehicleswithnominal12Vor24Vsupplyvoltage—Electricaltransienttransmissionbycapacitiveandinductivecouplingvialinesotherthansupplylines.ISO10605Roadvehicles—ElectricaldisturbancesfromelectrostaticdischargesISO11452-1Roadvehicles—Componenttestmethodsforelectricaldisturbancesfromnarrowbandradiatedelectromagneticenergy—Part1:GeneralanddefinitionsISO11452-2Roadvehicles—Electricaldisturbancesbynarrowbandradiatedelectromagneticenergy—Componenttestmethods—Part2:Absorber-linedchamberSAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-4-ISO11452-3Roadvehicles—Componenttestmethodsforelectricaldisturbancesfromnarrowbandradiatedelectromagneticenergy—Part3:Transverseelectromagneticmode(TEM)cellISO11452-4Roadvehicles—Componenttestmethodsforelectricaldisturbancesfromnarrowbandradiatedelectromagneticenergy—Part4:Bulkcurrentinjection(BCI)ISO11452-5Roadvehicles—Electricaldisturbancesbynarrowbandradiatedelectromagneticenergy—Componenttestmethods—Part5:StriplineISO11452-7Roadvehicles—Electricaldisturbancesbynarrowbandradiatedelectromagneticenergy—Componenttestmethods—Part7:Directradiofrequency(RF)powerinjection2.2RelatedPublicationsThefollowingpublicationsareprovidedforinformationpurposesonlyandarenotarequiredpartofthisspecification.2.2.1SAEPublicationAvailablefromSAE,400CommonwealthDrive,Warrendale,PA15096-0001,Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)or724-776-4970(outsideUSA),www.sae.org.SAEHS-3600SAESurfaceVehicleElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)StandardsManual2.2.2ANSIPublicationsAvailablefromANSI,25West43rdStreet,NewYork,NY10036-8002,Tel:212-642-4900,www.ansi.org.ANSIC63.5AmericanNationalStandardforElectromagneticCompatibility—RadiatedEmissionsMeasurementsinElectromagneticInterference(EMI)Control—CalibrationofAntennas(9kHzto40GHz)ANSIC63.14AmericanNationalStandardDictionaryforTechnologiesofElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC),ElectromagneticPulse(EMP),andElectrostaticDischarge(ESD)(DictionaryofEMC/EMP/ESDTermsandDefinitions)ANSIC63.16MethodologiesandCriteriaforElectronicEquipment2.2.3CISPRPublicationAvailablefromANSI,25West43rdStreet,NewYork,NY10036-8002,Tel:212-642-4900,www.ansi.org.CISPR22Limitsandmethodsofmeasurementofradiointerferencecharacteristicsofinformationtechnologyequipment2.2.4ISOPublicationAvailablefromANSI,25West43rdStreet,NewYork,NY10036-8002,Tel:212-642-4900,www.ansi.org.ISOTR10305Generationofstandardemfieldsforcalibrationofpowerdensitymeters—20kHzto1000MHz2.2.5IEEEPublicationsAvailablefromIEEE,445HoesLane,Piscataway,NJ08854-1331,Tel:732-981-0060,www.ieee.org.IEEESTD211IEEEStandardDefinitionofTermsforRadioWavePropagationIEEESTD291IEEEStandardMethodsforMeasuringElectromagneticFieldStrengthofSinusoidalContinuousWaves,30Hzto30GHzSAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-5-2.2.6OtherPublicationsSAEpaper810333,“ImplementationofEMCTestingofAutomotiveVehicles,”Kinderman,J.C.,etal.,February1981SAEpaper831011,“AnIndoor60Hzto40GHzFacilityforTotalVehicleEMCTesting,”Vrooman,June1983Adams,J.W.,Taggart,H.E.,Kanda,M.,andShafer,J.,“ElectromagneticInterference(EMI)RadiativeMeasurementsforAutomotiveApplications,”NBSTech.Note1014,June1979Tippet,J.C.,Chang,D.C.,andCrawford,M.L.,“AnAnalyticalandExperimentalDeterminationoftheCutoffFrequenciesofHigher-OrderTEModesinaTEMcell,”NBSIR76-841,June1976Tippet,J.C.,ModalCharacteristicsofRectangularCoaxialTransmissionLine,ThesissubmittedJune1978fordegreeofDoctorofPhilosophytoUniversityofColorado,ElectricalEngineeringDept.,Boulder,CONichols,F.J.,andHemming,L.H.,“RecommendationsandDesignGuidesfortheSelectionandUseofRFShieldedAnechoicChamberinthe30-1000MHzFrequencyRange,”IEEEInter.SymposiumonEMC,Boulder,CO,August18-20,1981,pp457-4643.DEFINITIONSThedefinitionslistedbelowapplytocertaintermsusedinthevariouspartsofSAEJ1113andarenotintendedtobeanexhaustivelist.Formoreinformation,checkotherresourcessuchasIECpublications60050(161)and60050(726)andthelatesteditionsofANSI/IEEEDictionariesofTechnologicalterms.DefinitionswithoutasourcereferenceweredefinedwithintheSAEcommitteeactivities.3.1Absorber-LinedShieldedEnclosure(ALSE)Ashieldedroomwithabsorbingmaterialonitsinternalceilingandwalls.NOTE:ThecommonpracticeistohavethemetallicflooroftheALSEexposed(semi-anechoiccondition),orabsorbingmaterialmaybeplacedovertheentirefloorarea(fullyanechoiccondition).(AdaptedfromISO11452-1.)3.2AmplitudeModulation(AM)Theprocessbywhichtheamplitudeofacarrierwaveisvariedfollowingaspecifiedlaw.TheresultoftheprocessisanAMsignal.(AdaptedfromISO11452-1.)3.3ArtificialNetwork(AN);LineImpedanceStabilizationNetwork(LISN)Anetworkinsertedinthesupplyleadsofapparatustobetestedwhichprovides,inagivenfrequencyrange,aspecifiedloadimpedanceforthemeasurementofdisturbancevoltagesandwhichisolatestheapparatusfromthepowersupplyinthatfrequencyrange.(AdaptedfromIEC60050-161-04-05.)3.4BenchTestingBenchtestingiscomponenttestingperformedinalaboratoryortestfacility.3.5BondAconnectionbetweenconductivepartsorsurfacesthatassuresthattherequiredelectricalconductivitywillbeachieved.3.6BroadbandArtificialNetwork(BAN)Anetworkthatpresentsacontrolledimpedancetothedeviceundertestoveraspecifiedfrequencyrangewhileallowingthedeviceundertesttobeinterfacedtoitssupportsystem.Itisusedinpower,signal,andcontrollines.(AdaptedfromISO11452-1.)SAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-6-3.7BulkCurrentTotalamountofcommonmodecurrentinaharness.(ISO11452-1.)3.8BulkCurrentInjectionProbeAdeviceforinjectingcurrentinaconductorwithoutinterruptingtheconductorandwithoutintroducingsignificantimpedanceintotheassociatedcircuits3.9BurstAburstisatransientwithmultiplespikes.3.10BurstCycleTimeSeeISO7637-1.3.11BurstDurationSeeISO7637-1.3.12CANControllerAreaNetwork.3.13ClassAperformancelevelagreeduponbythepurchaserandthesupplieranddocumentedinthetestplan.(CISPR251stEdition.)3.14ConductedSusceptibilityThresholdConductedsusceptibilitythresholdisdefinedasthelevelofconductedinterferenceatwhichtheDeviceUnderTestrespondsundesirablyorexperiencesperformancedegradation.Forconductedsusceptibilitybenchtesting,arepresentativenumberofconductedinterferencewaveformsareartificiallygeneratedandinjectedintotheDUTtodeterminethethresholdlevelofsusceptibility.3.15CouplingAmeansoradevicefortransferringpowerbetweensystems.(AdaptedfromIEC60050-726-14-01.)3.16CurrentProbe(MeasuringorMonitoring)Adeviceformeasuringthecurrentinaconductorwithoutinterruptingtheconductorandwithoutintroducingsignificantimpedanceintotheassociatedcircuits.(AdaptedfromIEC60050-161-04-35.)3.17DampedSinusoidAwaveformcomposedofasinewavehavingadecayingamplitudeenvelope.Thewaveformoccurswhenapulseexcitesacircuithavingaconditionofresonance.3.18Degradation(ofperformance)Anundesireddepartureintheoperationalperformanceofanydevice,equipmentorsystemfromitsintendedperformance.NOTE:Theterm“degradation”canapplytotemporaryorpermanentfailure.(IEC60050-161-01-19.)SAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-7-3.19Device1)Anelectricalorelectroniccomponent,module,subassemblyorsystem.Eachcouldincludeawiringharness(s).2)Amachinedrivenbyaninternalcombustionenginewhichisnotprimarilyintendedtocarrypersonsorgoods.NOTE:Devicesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,chainsaws,irrigationpumps,snowblowers,aircompressors,andlandscapingequipment.3.20DeviceUnderTest(DUT)Thedevice,equipmentorsystembeingevaluated.3.21DirectionalCouplerAthree-orfour-portdeviceconsistingoftwotransmissionlinescoupledtogetherinsuchamannerthatasingletravelingwaveinanyonetransmissionlinewillinduceasingletravelingwaveintheother;thedirectionofpropagationofthelatterwavebeingdependentuponthatoftheformer.(AdaptedfromIEC60050-726-14-02.)3.22ElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)Theabilityofanequipmentorsystemtofunctionsatisfactoryinitselectromagneticenvironmentwithoutintroducingintolerableelectromagneticdisturbancestoanythinginthatenvironment.(IEC60050-161)-01-07.)3.23ElectromagneticEnvironmentThetotalityofelectromagneticphenomenaexistingatagivenlocation.[IEV60050-161-01-01]3.24ElectromagneticImmunity(toadisturbance)Theabilityofadevice,equipment,orsystemtoperformwithoutdegradationinthepresenceofanelectromagneticdisturbance.(AdaptedfromIEC60050-161-01-20.)3.25ElectromagneticInterferenceDegradationoftheperformanceofanequipment,transmissionchannel,orsystemcausedbyanelectromagneticdisturbance.NOTE:TheEnglishwords“interference”and“disturbance”areoftenusedindiscriminately.(IEC60050-161-01-06.)3.26ElectromagneticSusceptibilityTheinabilityofadevice,equipment,orsystemtoperformwithoutdegradationinthepresenceofanelectromagneticdisturbance.NOTE:Susceptibilityisthelackofimmunity.(AdaptedfromIEC60050-161-01-21.)3.27ElectrostaticDischarge(ESD)Atransferofelectricchargebetweenbodiesofdifferentelectrostaticpotentialinproximityorthroughdirectcontact.(IEC60050-161-01-22.)3.28ForwardPowerThatpowersuppliedbytheoutputofanamplifier(orgenerator)travelingtowardstheload.(AdaptedfromISO11452-1.)SAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-8-3.29FunctionPerformanceStatusClassificationsSeeAppendixAfordefinitionsofFunctionalPerformanceStatusClassifications,theassociatedRegionsofPerformance,andPerformanceObjectives.3.30GlowDischargeAportionofthetransientwaveformcharacterizedbyashortfalltimeprecededbyarelativelylongerrisetime.Thewaveformoccursattheendoftheinitialswitcharcoftheon-to-offswitchingoperationofinductiveloads.Theremaybeasingleormultipleoccurrencesofthiswaveform.3.31Ground(Reference)PlaneAflatconductivesurfacewhosepotentialisusedasacommonreference.(IEC60050-161-04-36.)3.32ImmunityLevelThemaximumlevelofagivenelectromagneticdisturbanceincidentonaparticulardevice,equipmentorsystemforwhichitremainscapableofoperatingatarequireddegreeofperformance.(IEC60050-161-03-14.)3.33InductiveKickAportionofthetransientwaveformwhichoccursduringtheon-to-offswitchingoperationofinductiveloadsattheendoftheinitialswitcharc.Itischaracterizedbyanexponentialwaveshapewithnegativevoltageamplitude.3.34InformativeAppendixAppliesheretoclassifyanappendixthatcontainsinformationthatisadvisoryorexplanatoryinnature,asopposedtobeingmandatory.3.35LoadDumpAnexponentiallydecayingpositivetransientproducedbythealternatorwhentheloadpresentedbythebatteryoranyotherlargecurrentloadissuddenlyremoved.3.36ModulationFactor(m)Theratioofthepeakvariationoftheenvelopetothereferencevalue.Thereferencevalueisusuallytakentobetheamplitudeoftheun-modulatedwave.Thevalueofmvariesbetween0and1.3.37NetPowerForwardpowerminusreflectedpoweratthesamelocationonthetransmissionline.(AdaptedfromISO11452-1.)3.38NormativeAppendixAnappendixcontaininginformationwhoseuseismandatorywhenapplyingthisdocument.3.39ParallelPlateAntennaAnelectricfieldgeneratingantennawithasetofparallelarms.(ISO11452-1.)3.40Polarization(ofawaveorfieldvector)Thepropertyofasinusoidalelectromagneticwaveorfieldvectordefinedatafixedpointinspacebythedirectionoftheelectricfieldstrengthvectororofanyspecifiedfieldvector;whenthisdirectionvarieswithtime,Thepropertymaybecharacterizedbythelocusdescribedbytheextremityoftheconsideredfieldvector.(IEC60050-726-04-01.)SAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-9-3.41PulseDurationFromISO7637-2.3.42QualityFactor“Q”IfaDUThasafrequencyresponsewithacenterfrequencyfDUTanda–3dBbandwidth(BW),QisdefinedastheratiooffDUT/BW.3.43ReflectedPowerThatpowertravelingtowardtheamplifier(orgenerator)reflectedbytheloadcausedbyimpedancemismatchbetweenthetransmissionlineandtheload.(AdaptedfromISO11452-1.)3.44RFBoundaryAnelementofanEMCtestset-upthatseparatesthatpartoftheharnessand/orperipheralsthatisincludedintheRFenvironmentandthatpartthatisexcluded.Itmayconsistof,forexample,ANs,BANs,filterfeed-throughpins,RFabsorbercoatedwire,and/orshielding.3.45RFDisturbancePowerItistheamountofRFpowermeasured(differenceremaining)betweentwomeasurementsthefirstbeingmadewithoutsuppressionandthesecondmadewhensuppressionispresent.3.46RippleRegularorirregularvariationsinvoltagearoundthenominalDCvoltagelevelduringsteadystateoperationofthesystem.3.47RipplePeakThegreatestvariationsduetorippleaboveandbelowthenominalDClevelarecalledtheUpperPeakandLowerPeak,respectively.Peak-to-PeakRippleisthedifferencebetweentheUpperPeakandLowerPeakvoltages.3.48ShallUsedtoexpressacommand;i.e.,conformancewiththespecificrecommendationismandatoryanddeviationisnotpermitted.Theuseoftheword“shall”isnotqualifiedbythefactthatcompliancewiththedocumentisconsideredvoluntary.3.49ShieldedEnclosure/ScreenedRoomAmeshorsheetmetallichousingdesignedexpresslyforthepurposeofseparatingelectromagneticallytheinternalandexternalenvironment.(IEC60050-161-04-37.)3.50SourceResistanceTheoutputresistanceofthesource.3.51SpikeAtransientthatexceedspeakrippleforaperiodlessthan150µs.Spikesaresometimeshighfrequencyoscillationsresultingfromsuddenloadvariations.SAEJ1113-1RevisedOCT2006-10-3.52StandingWaveRatio(inatransmissionline)(SWR);VoltageStandingWaveRatio(VSWR)Theratio,alongatransmissionline,ofamaximumtoanadj