2021.06四级真题+解析第3套

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaytitled"Doviolentvideogamesleadtoviolence?".Thestatementgivenbelowisforyourreferenee.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Agrowingbodyofresearchfindsthatviolentvideogamescanmakekidsactaggressivelyintheirrealworldrelationships,causinganincreaseinviolence.Part:U:ListeningComprehension(25minutes)&�:Eil=f2021�6�IZQ���OO��TWI�l!Jrfl•*�;l'.lml!Jrfl!§fi!WI���fflfRJ,J=U!JZtl3i!flll¥�1EJ,1!1JtttE*�·-r:p�ff:m:�tll:$PartIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectone.wordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.&ehchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondirtgletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Nowadaysyoucan'tbuyanythingwithoutthenbeingaskedtoprovidearatingofacompany'sperformanceonafive-starscale.I'vebeenaskedtoratemy"store�"ontheEFTPOSterminalbeforeIcanpay.Eventhemost_J'J__activities,suchascallingTelstraorpickingupaparcelfromAustraliaPost,arefollowedbytextsoremailswithsurveysasking,"Howdidwedo?"Onlinepurchasesare�followedupbyacustomersatisfactionsurvey.Companiesareso�forahitofstarsthatifyoudeletethesurveythecompanysendsyouanotherone.We're_lQ_torate搜公众号：四六级考试必过ourappswhenwe'vebarelyhadachancetousethem.OneonlinecourseproviderIuseasksyouwhatyouthinkofthecourseafteryou'veonlycompleted�2percentofit.EconomistJasonMurphysaysthatcompaniesusecustomersatisfactionratings·becausea�displayofstarfeedbackhasbecomethenuclearpowersourcesofthemodemeconomy.However,youcan'thelpbut�ifthesecompaniesarebasingtheirbusinessonfabrications(�:itit?1t-�).I�thatwithonlinesurveys1justclickthe�that'sclosesttomymousecursor(it#)togetthedamnthingoffmyscreen.OftenthestarratingIgivehasfarmoretodowiththekindofdayI'mhavingthanthepurchase1justmade.A)announceF)fascinatedK)shiningB)commonplaceG)optionL)showeringC)confessH)promptedM)variety-----maesperatel)roughly-----N)voyage___E)experienceJ)routinely0)wonder(JTJ�2021�6�47SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.&ehstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.&ehparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Scienceofsetbacks:HowfailurecanimprovecareerprospectsA)Howdoearlycareersetbacksaffectourlong-termsuccess?Failurescanhelpuslearnandovercomeourfears.Butdisasterscanstillwoundus.Theycanscrewusupandsetusback.Wouldn'titbeniceiftherewasgenuine,scientificallydocumentedtruthtotheexpression"whatdoesn'tkillyoumakesyoustronger"?B)Onewaysocialscientistshaveprobedtheeffectsofcareersetbacksistolookatscientistsofverysimilarqualifications.Thesescientists,forreasonsthataremostlyarbitrary,eitherjustmissedgettingaresearchgrantorjustbarelymadeit.Insocialsciences,thisisknownasexamining"nearmisses"and"narrowwins"inareaswheremeritissubjective.Thatallowsresearcherstomeasureonlytheeffectsofbeingchosenornot.Studiesinthisareahavefoundconflictingresults.Inthecompetitivegameofbiomedicalscience,researchhasbeendoneonscientistswhonarrowlylostorwongrantmoney.Itsuggeststhatnarrowwinnersbecomeevenbiggerwinnersdowntheline.Inotherwords,therichgetricher.C)A2018studypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,forexample,followedresearchersintheNetherlands.Researchersconcludedthatthosewhojustbarelyqualifiedforagrantwereabletogettwiceasmuchmoneywithinthenexteightyearsasthosewhojustmissedout.Andthenarrowwinnerswere50percentmorelikelytobegivenaprofessorship.D)OthersintheUShavefoundsimilareffectswithNationalInstitutesofHealthearly-careerfellowshipslaunchingnarrowwinnersfaraheadofcloselosers.ThephenomenonisoftenreferredtoastheMattheweffect�fosp1red6y-ilieBible's-wisdomdiaffo-thosewhohave,morewillbe-given:There's-a-goodexplanationforthephenomenoninthebookTheFormula:TheUniversalLawsofSuccessbyAlbertLaszloBarabasi.AccordingtoBarabasi,it'seasierandlessriskyforthoseinpositionsofpowertochoosetohandawards搜公众号：四六级考试必过andfundingtothosewho'vealreadybeensorecognized.E)Thisisbadnewsforthelosers.Smallearlycareersetbacksseemtohaveadisproportionateeffectdowntheline.Whatdidn'tkillthemmadethemweaker.Butotherstudiesusingthesametechniquehaveshownthere'ssometimesnopenaltytoanearmiss.Studentswhojustmissgettingintotophighschoolsoruniversitiesdojustaswelllaterinlifeasthosewhojustmanagetogetaccepted.Inthiscase,whatdidn'tkillthemsimplydidn'tmatter.Soisthereanyevidencethatsetbacksmightactuallyimproveourcareerprospects?Thereisnow.F)InastudypublishedinNatureCommunications,NorthwesternUniversitysociologistDashunWangtrackedmorethan1,100scientistswhowereontheborderbetweengettingagrantandmissingoutbetween1990and2005.Hefollowedvariousmeasuresofperformanceoverthenextdecade.Theseincludedhowmanypaperstheyauthoredandhowinfluentialthosepaperswere,asmeasuredbythenumberofsubsequentcitations.Asexpected,therewasamuchhigherrateofattrition(�g!)amongIm�2021&'f6}348scientistswhodidn'tgetgrants.Butamongthosewhostayedon,thecloselosersperformedevenbetterthanthenarrowwinners.Tomakesurethiswasn'tbychance,Wangconductedadditionaltestsusingdifferentperformancemeasures.Heexaminedhowmanytimespeoplewerefirstauthorsoninfluentialstudies,andthelike.G)Onestraightforwardreasoncloselosersmightoutperformnarrowwinnersisthatthetwogroupshavecomparableability.InWang'sstudy,heselectedthemostdetermined,passionatescientistsfromthelosergroupandculled(J1J�)whathedeemedtheweakestmembersofthewinnergroup.Yettheperseveringlosersstillcameoutontop.Hethinksthatbeingacloselosermightgivepeopleapsychologicalboost,ortheproverbialkickinthepants.H)UtrechtUniversitysociologistArnoutvandeRijtwastheleadauthoronthe2018papershowingtherichgetricher.Hesaidthenewfindingisapparentlyreasonableandworthsomeattention.Hisownworkshowedthatalthoughthenarrowwinnersdidgetmuchmoremoneyinthenearfuture,theactualperformanceofthecloseloserswasjustasgood.I)HesaidthepeoplewhoshouldbepayingregardtotheWangpaperarethefundingagentswhodistributegovernmentgrantmoney.Afterall,bycontinuingtopilerichesonthenarrowwinners,thetaxpayersarenotgettingthemaximumbangfortheirbuckifthecloselosersareperformingjustaswellorevenbetter.There'sahugeamountoftimeandeffortthatgoesintotheprocessofselectingwhogetsgrants,hesaid,andthelatestresearchshowsthatthescientificestablishmentisnotverygoodatdistributingmoney."Maybeweshouldspendlessmoneytryingtofigureoutwhoisbetterthanwho,"hesaid,suggestingthatsomemoreequaldividingupofmoneymightbemoreproductiveandmoreefficient.VandeRijtsaidhe'snotconvincedthatlosingoutgivespeopleapsychologicalboost;Itmayyetbeaselectioneffect.EventhoughWangtriedtoaccountforthisbycullingtheweakestwinners,it'simpossibletoknowwhichofthewinnerswouldhavequithadtheyfoundthemselvesonthelosingside.J)Forhispart,Wangsaidthatinhisownexperience,losingdidlightamotivatingfire.Herecalledarecentpaperhesubmittedtoajournal,whichaccepteditonlytorequestextensiveediting,andthenreversedcourseandrejectedit.Hesubmittedtheuneditedversiontoamorerespectedjournalandgotaccepted.搜公众号：四六级考试必过K)Insportsandmanyareasoflife,wethinkoffailuresasevidenceofsomethingwecouldhavedonebetter.Weregardthesedisappointmentsasafatewecouldhaveavoidedwithmorecarefulpreparation,differenttraining,abetterstrategy,ormorefocus.Andthereitmakessensethatfailuresshowustheroadtosuccess.Thesepapersdealwithakindoffailurepeoplehavelittlecontrolover-rejection.Othersdeterminewhowinsandwholoses.Butattheveryleast,theresearchisstartingtoshowthatearlysetbacksdon'thavetobefatal.Theymightevenmakeusbetteratourjobs'.Gettingpaidlikeawinner,though?That'sadifferentmatter.36.Beingacloselosercouldgreatlymotivateonetopersevereintheirresearch.37.GrantawarderstendtofavorresearchersalretJ.dyreco�izedi:11theirre�pectivefif?Jd_s_.__38.Sufferingearlysetbacksmighthelppeopleimprovetheirjobperformance.39.Researchbysocialscientistsontheeffectsofcareersetbackshasproducedcontradictoryfindings.fill€fl!20216J34940.Itisnottothebestinterestoftaxpayerstokeepgivingmoneytonarrowwinners.41.Scientistswhopersistedinresearchwithoutreceivingagrantmadegreaterachievementsthanthosewhogotonewithluck,assuggestedinonestudy.42.Aresearchpaperrejectedbyonejournalmaygetacceptedbyanother.43.Accordingtoonerecentstudy,narrowwinnersofresearchgrantshadbetterchancestobepromotedtoprofessors.44.Oneresearchersuggestsitmightbemorefruitfultodistributegrantsonarelativelyequalbasis.45.Minorsetbacksintheirearlycareermayhaveastrongnegativeeffectonthecareerofcloselosers.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passa,gesinthissection.F.achpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Boredomhasbecometrendy.Studiespointtohowboredomisgoodforcreativityandinnovation,aswellasmentalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeoplearemorecreativefollowingthecompletionofatedioustask.Whenpeoplearebored,theyhaveanincreasein"associativethought"-theprocessofmakingnewconnectionsbetweenideas,whichislinkedtoinnovativethinking.Thesestudiesareimpressive,butinreality,thebenefitsofboredommayberelatedtohavingtimetoclearyourmind,bequiet,ordaydream.Inourstimulation-richworld,itseemsunrealisticthatboredomcouldoccuratall.Yet,therearevalidreasonsboredommayfeelsopainful.Asitturnsout,boredommightsignalthefactthatyouhaveaneedthatisn'tbeingmet.Ouralways-onworldofsocialmediamayresultinmoreconnections,buttheyaresuperficialandcan��tin�h�_\\"_a_y_�fbuildin�_arealse��!'!_b_elonging.Feelingboredmaysignalthedesireforagreatersenseofcommunityandthefeelingthatyoufitinwithothersaroundyou.Sotakethestepofjoininganorganizationtobuildface-to-facerelationships.You'llfinddepththatyouwon'tgetfromyourscreennomatterhowmanylikesyou搜公众号：四六级考试必过getonyourpost.Similartotheneedforbelonging,boredpeopleoftenreportthattheyfeelalimitedsenseofmeaning.It'safundamentalhumanneedtohavealargerpurposeandtofeellikewe'repartofsomethingbiggerthanourselves.Whenpeoplearebored,they'remorelikelytofeellessmeaningintheirlives.Ifyouwanttoreduceboredomandincreaseyoursenseofmeaning,seekworkwhereyoucanmakeauniquecontribution,orfindacauseyoucansupportwithyourtimeandtalent.Ifyourdefinitionofboredomisbeingquiet,mindful,andreflective,keepitup.Butifyou'restrugglingwithrealboredomandtheemptinessitprovokes,considerwhetheryoumightseeknewconnectionsandmoresignificantchallenges.Thesearethethingsthatwillgenuinelyrelieveboredomandmakeyoumoreeffectiveintheprocess.46.Whathavestudiesfoundaboutboredom?A)Itfacilitatesinnovativethinking.B)Itisaresultofdoingboringtasks.fill�2021�6Ji50C)Ithelpspeopleconnectwithothers.D)Itdoesharmtoone'smentalhealth.47.Whatdoestheauthorsayboredommightindicate?A)Aneedtobeleftalone.B)Adesiretobefulfilled.C)Aconflicttoberesolved.D)Afeelingtobevalidated.48.Whatdowelearnaboutsocialmediafromthepassage?A)Itmaybeanobstacletoexpandingone'sconnections.B)Itmaygetinthewayofenhancingone'ssocialstatus.C)Itmaypreventpeoplefromdevelopingagenuinesenseofcommunity.D)Itmaymakepeoplefeelthattheyoughttofitinwiththeoutsideworld.49.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledotogetridofboredom?A)Countthelikestheygetontheirposts.B)Reflectonhowtheyrelatetoothers.C)Engageinreal-lifeinteractions.D)Participateinonlinediscussions.50.Whatshouldpeopledotoenhancetheirsenseofmeaning?A)Trytodosomethingoriginal.B)Confrontsignificantchallenges.C)Defineboredomintheiruniqueway.D)Devotethemselvestoaworthycause.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Canyourememberwhatyouateyesterday?Ifasked,mostpeoplewillbeabletogiveavaguedescriptionoftheirmainmeals:breakfast,lunch,dinner.Butcanyoubesureyou'venotedeverysnackbarinyourcar,oreveryhandfulofnutsatyourdesk?Mostpeoplewillhaveafeelingthatthey'vemissedsomethingout.Weoriginallyhadthis搜公众号：四六级考试必过suspicionbackin2016,puzzledbythefactthatnationalstatisticsshowedcalorieconsumptionfallingdramaticallyoverpastdecades.Wefoundreliableevidencethatpeopleweredrasticallyunder-reportingwhattheyate.NowtheOfficeforNationalStatisticshasconfirmedthatweareconsuming50%morecaloriesthanournationalstatisticsclaim.Whyisthishappening?Wecanpointtoatleastthreepotentialcauses.Oneistheriseinobesitylevelsitself.Under-reportingratesaremuchhigherforobesepeople,becausetheysimplyconsumemorefood,andthushavemoretoremember.Anothercauseisthattheproportionofpeoplewhoaretryingtoloseweighthasbeenincreasingovertime.Peoplewhowanttoloseweightaremorelikelytounder-reporttheireating-regardlessofwhethertheyareoverweightornot.Thismaybedrivenpartlybyself-deceptionor"wishfulthinking''.Thefinalpotentialcauseisanincreaseinsnackingandeatingoutoverrecentdecades-bothintermsofhowoftentheyhappenandhowmuchtheycontributetoouroverallenergyintake.Again,thereisll!I�20216JI51evidencethatfoodconswnedoutofthehomeisoneofthemostpoorlyrecordedcategoriesinsurveys.So,what'sthemessageconveyed?Forstatistics,weshouldinvestinmoreaccuratemeasurementoptions.Forpolicy,weneedtofocusonoptionsthatmakeiteasyforpeopletoeatfewercalories.Ifpeopledonotknowhowmuchtheyareeating,itcanbereallyhardforthemtosticktoadiet.Also,weshouldbelookingfornewwaystoensurewhatpeopleeatwouldn'thavemuchimpactontheirwaistlines.Ifthisworks,itwon'tmatteriftheycan'trememberwhattheyateyesterday.51.Whatdidtheauthorsuspectbackin2016?A)Calorieconswnptionhadfallendrasticallyoverthedecades.B)Mostpeoplesurveyedwerereluctanttorevealwhattheyate.C)Thenationalstatisticsdidnotreflecttheactualcalorieconswnption.D)Mostpeopledidnotincludesnackswhenreportingtheircalorieintake.52.WhathastheOfficeforNationalStatisticsverified?A)People'scalorieintakewasfarfromaccuratelyreported.B)Themissingoutofmainmealsleadstothehabitofsnacking.C)Thenation'sobesitylevelhasmuchtodowithcalorieintake.D)Calorieconswnptionislinkedtotheamountofsnacksoneeats.53.Whatdowelearnaboutobesepeoplefromthepassage?A)Theyusuallykeeptheireatinghabitsasecret.B)Theyoverlookthepotentialcausesofobesity.C)Theycannothelpeatingmorethantheyshould.D)Theyhavedifficultyrecallingwhattheyhaveeaten.54.Whatoftengoesunnoticedinsurveysonfoodconswnption?A)Thegrowingtrendofeatingout.B)Thepotentialcausesofsnacking.C)People'shomeenergyconsumption.�-D)_People'schan�gdietove!Jh�-��rs.________55.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpolicymakersdoaboutobesity?A)Remindpeopletocutdownonsnacking.B)Makesurepeopleeatnon-fatteningfood.C)Ensurepeopledon't搜公众号：四六级考试必过misstheirmainmeals.D)Seethatpeopledon'tsticktothesamediet.PartNTranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.}kAt-CLongjing)Jl-#!t�,.i..�?tJ1f�ij;��ifu:€r9*0:�O)£-Jl=-��i#€r9�F-*-�t:1�?b-:it-&Air"1f�%,�"€r9:#�,,f}:.1f��*�*--ita9>t.bfe.,,fJ;.ifg:5'r,ikJlJa9A..:if?..:M!*-:M!jO1£-J!=-�:ii1*'"+.:r.tJ1t'-:it--Yt�"iifi�ifll-:it-�-t,�"iifi�tt.$.t1t.j:,i!.�*:-f"�€r9!l*-�..;ft�atfaJ�1M1t.:r.to1£-J!=-�1;�tft!l-!-C�*�j#����a9�-!°o�1*'"�1£-Jl=-��M-f"����..����ofil1�20216A52搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过搜公众号：四六级考试必过