3写作作文arg黄金80题范文

GMAT作文Argument黄金80题范文AnalysisofArgumentQuestions1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods.“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusizeprofits.”下面摘自一家冷冻食品处理商（processor）食品提交给股东的年报：随着时间流逝，由于机构了解了做好事情的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 进而提高了效率，处理的成本会降低。比如在彩色胶卷处理方面，3/5英寸的成本从1970年的5天50cent降至1984年的1天20cent。同样的规律适用于食品处理方面。由于食品即将庆祝它的25岁生日，我们可以指望我们长期的经验会使我们达到最小的成本和最大的利润。1.falseanalogy:Thefoodindustryisnotanalogoustothecolorfilmindustry.2.causaloversimplification:Otherfactorsthatmaycontributettothecostdeclineoftheprintingcostshouldbeconsideredandruledout.3.gratuitousassumption:Theoftheargumentisbasedonagratuitousassumptionthatthecompanycanminimizecostandizeprofitbecausethecompanyhasbeenconductedfor25years.1.错误类比：colorfilmprocessing和processingoffood不相同。problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportation都只影响food不影响film.2.同时，忽略他因。是否是因为组织更有效率才使COST下降的？很可能是materialnecessaryfortheprocess下降了价钱。所以，两者更不同。3.gratuitousassumption：二十五年不代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 学到了很多。很可能什么都没学到，或者技术已经outofdate.Citingfactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustrythatindicateadownwardtrendinthecostsoffilmprocessingovera24-yearperiod,theauthorarguesthatOlympicFoodswilllikewisebeabletominimizecostsandthusizeprofitsinthefuture.Insupportofthistheauthorcitesteralprinciplethat“asorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.”Thisprinciple,coupledwiththefactthatOlympicFoodshashad25yearsofexperienceinthefoodprocessingindustryleadstotheauthor’srosyprediction.Thisargumentisunconvincingbecauseitsuffersfromtwocriticalflaws.First,theauthor’sforecastofminimalcostsandumprofitsrestsonthegratuitousassumptionthatOlympicFoods’“longexperience”hastaughtithowtodothingsbetter.Thereis,however,noguaranteethatthisisthecase.Nordoestheauthorciteanyevidencetosupportthisassumption.Justaslikely,OlympicFoodshaslearnednothingfromits25yearsinthefood-processingbusiness.Lackingthisassumption,theexpectationofincreasedefficiencyisentirelyunfounded.Second,itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry.Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid.Forexample,problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabsentinthefilm-processingindustry.Problemssuchasthesemightpresentinsurmountable不可抗拒的obstaclesthatpreventloweringfood-processingcostsinthefuture.Asitstandstheauthor’sargumentisnotcompelling.TostrengthenthethatOlympicFoodswillenjoyminimalcostsandumprofitsinthefuture,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatthecompanyhaslearnedhowtodothingsbetterasaresultofits25yearsofexperience.Supportingexamplesdrawnfromindustriesmoresimilartothefood-processingindustrywouldfurthersubstantiate证实theauthor’sview.2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogeeCompany.“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”下面摘自APogee公司的门的备忘录：当Apogee将它所有的业务部门集中在一处时，它将有比现在的利润。因此，Apogee应该关闭它的驻外办公室并从单一场所管理它的所有部门。这样的话，集中会通过削减成本提高利润，并帮助公司更好地对所有员工进行监督。1.causaloversimplification:Itisimprudenttoconcludethattheestablishmentofthefieldofficesistheonlyreasonexplainingthedeclineoftheprofit.2.allthingsareequal:Thesuccessofthecentralizationofthepastdoesnotguaranteetheapplicabilityinthefuture.3.either-or-orchoice:Theauthorassumesthatthecentralizationandtheestablishmentoffieldofficesaremutuallyexclusivealternatives,thereisnomiddlegroundbetweentheytwo.Infact,wecanhavethefieldofficesundercentralizedcontrol.InthisargumenttheauthorconcludesthattheApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasingle,centralizedlocationbecausethecompanyhadbeenmoreprofitableinthepastwhenallitsoperationswereinonelocation.Foracoupleofreasons,thisargumentisnotveryconvincing.First,theauthorassumesthatcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandstreamliningsupervisionofemployees.Thisassumptionisneversupportedwithanydataorprojections.Moreover,theassumptionfailstotakeintoaccountcostincreasesandinefficiencythatcouldresultfromcentralization.Forinstance,companyrepresentativeswouldhavetotraveltodobusinessinareasformerlyservedbyafieldoffice,creatingtravelcostsandlossofcriticaltime.Inshort,thisassumptionmustbesupportedwithathoroughcost-benefitanalysisofcentralizationversusotherpossiblecost-cuttingand/orprofit-enhancingstrategies.Second,theonlyreasonofferedbytheauthoristheclaimthatApogeewasmoreprofitablewhenithadoperatedfromasingle,centralizedlocation.Butiscentralizationtheonlydifferencerelevanttogreaterpastprofitability?Itisentirelypossiblethatmanagementhasbecomelaxregardinganynumberoffactorsthatcanaffectthebottomlinesuchasinferiorproducts,carelessproductpricing,inefficientproduction,pooremployeeexpenseaccountmonitoring,ineffectiveadvertising,sloppy肥大的buyingpoliciesandotherwastefulspending.Unlesstheauthorcanruleoutotherfactorsrelevanttodiminishingprofits,thisargumentcommitsthefallacyofassumingthatjustbecauseoneevent(decreasingprofits)followsanother(decentralization),thesecondeventhasbeencausedbythefirst.In,thisisaweakargument.TostrengthenthethatApogeeshouldclosefieldofficesandcentralize,thisauthormustprovideathoroughcost-benefitanalysisofavailablealternativesandruleoutfactorsotherthandecentralizationthatmightbeaffectingcurrentprofitsnegatively.6.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinamagazinedevotedtoregionallife.“CorporationsshouldlooktothecityofHelioswhenseekingnewbusinessopportunitiesoranewlocation.Evenintherecentrecession,Helios’sunemploymentratewaslowerthantheregionalaverage.Itistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,andhistoricallyithasprovidedmorethanitsshareoftheregion’smanufacturingjobs.Inaddition,Heliosisattemptingtoexpanditseconomicbasebyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.”一份面向地方生活的杂志上的一篇文章：企业在寻找新的商机或位置时应该去Helios城。甚至在最近的中，Helios的失业率也比地区平均水平低，它是地区的工业中心，历史上它提供的比它在地区制造业工作中的份额中。而且，Helios正试图通过吸引研究和发展革新技术的公司来扩张它的基础。1.作者认为应该到该地区建厂理由是这里的失业率很高。但是却没有给出因果关系。从常理来看这是没有道理的因为失业率高的地方可能更难雇佣到雇员从而使成本增加。2.作者认为该地区会鼓励研发，所以应该到该地区投资。但事实上就象作者说的那样该地区是制造业中心怎么可能有很多对技术和科研很熟练的。1，因为H地区industrialandmanufacturing比较attractive，所以那里的工人很可能只适合做这类的，如果缺乏能够做innovativetechnologiesandresearch的工人laborpool，那么很可能导致失败。2，H的低失业率更可能成为坏处。因为比lessavailableworkforce。企业必须提高wage才能吸引他们。提高了COST。3，错误的假设过去的能够代表未来。比方说已经饱和的、过分的竞争、以及可能出现的错误政策，都可能导致H地区的不再发达。InthisargumentcorporationsareurgedtoconsiderthecityofHelioswhenseekinganewlocationornewbusinessopportunities.Tosupportthisrecommendation,theauthorpointsoutthatHeliosistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,providingmostoftheregion’smanufacturingjobsandenjoyingalower-than-averageunemploymentrate.Moreover,itisargued,effortsarecurrentlyunderwaytoexpandtheeconomicbaseofthecitybyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.Thisargumentisproblematicfortworeasons.Tobeginwith,itisquestionablewhethertheavailablelaborpoolinHelioscouldsupportalltypesofcorporations.GiventhatHelioshasattractedmainlyindustrialandmanufacturingcompaniesinthepast,itisunlikelythatthelocalpoolofprospectiveemployeeswouldbesuitableforcorporationsofothertypes.Forexample,theneedsofresearchanddevelopmentcompanieswouldnotbemetbyalaborforcetrainedinmanufacturingskills.Forthisreason,it’sunlikelythatHelioswillbesuccessfulinitsattempttoattractcompaniesthatfocusorresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.Anotherproblemwiththeavailableworkforceisitssize.DuetothelowerthanaverageunemploymentrateinHelios,corporationsthatrequirelargenumbersofworkerswouldnotfindHeliosattractive.ThefactthatfewsareoutofworksuggeststhatnewcorporationswillhavetoeitherattractnewworkerstoHeliosorpaytheexistingworkershigherwagesinordertolurethemawayfromtheircurrentjobs.Neitherofthesealternativesseemsenticingtocompaniesseekingtorelocate.In,theauthorhasnotsucceededinprovidingcompellingreasonsforselectingHeliosasthesiteforacompanywishingtorelocate.Infact,thereasonsofferedfunctionbetterasreasonsfornotrelocatingtoHelios.NorhastheauthorprovidedcompellingreasonsforcompaniesseekingnewbusinessopportunitiestochooseHelios.8.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofacorporatenewsletter.“Thecommonnotionthatworkersaregenerallyapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisfalse,oratleastoutdated:arecentlypublishedsurveyindicatesthat79percentofthenearly1,200workerswhorespondedtosurveyquestionnairesexpressedahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms.”一份社团实事通讯的编者按：一般认为工人对管理事务缺乏的观点是错的，或至少是过时的。最近公布的显示回答了问卷的近1200工人中的79％表达了对公司重组，利润目标新设计的高度。1.surveyisdoubtful:Detailedinformationshouldbegivensuchastheabsolutenumberofworkersofthatcorporation.2.insufficientsample:Thecorporationisnotrepresentativeofalltheothercorporations.3.gratuitousassumption:Itisnaturalthatworkersareinterestedinthetopicssuchascorporatestructuringanddesignofbenefitsprograms.Thistrendcannotbecitedtosupporttheauthor’sallege.Baseduponasurveyamongworkersthatindicatesahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms,theauthorconcludesthatworkersarenotapatheticaboutmanagementissues.Specifically,itisarguedthatsince79percentofthe1200workerswhorespondedtosurveyexpressedinterestinthesetopics,thenotionthatworkersareapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisincorrect.Thereasoninginthisargumentisproblematicinseveralrespects.First,thestatisticscitedintheeditorialmaybemisleadingbecausethetotalnumberofworkersemployedbythecorporationisnotspecified.Forexample,ifthecorporationemploys2000workers,thefactthat79percentofthenearly1200respondentsshowedinterestinthesetopicsprovidesstrongsupportforthe.Ontheotherhand,ifthecorporationemploys200,000workers,theismuchweaker.Anotherproblemwiththeargumentisthattherespondents’viewsarenotnecessarilyrepresentativeoftheviewsoftheworkforceingeneral.Forexample,becausethesurveyhastodowithapathy,itmakessensethatonlylessapatheticworkerswouldrespondtoit,therebydistortingtheoverallpictureofapathyamongtheworkforce.Withoutknowinghowthesurveywasconducted,itisimpossibletoassesswhetherornotthisisthecase.Athirdproblemwiththeargumentisthatitmakesahastygeneralizationaboutthetypesofissuesworkersareinterestedin.Itaccordswithcommonsensethatworkerswouldbeinterestedincorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms,sincetheseissuesaffectworkersverydirectly.However,itisunfairtoassumethatworkerswouldbesimilarlyinterestedinothermanagementissues—onesthatdonotaffectthemoraffectthemlessdirectly.In,thisargumentisnotconvincingasitstands.Tostrengthenit,theauthorwouldhavetoshowthattherespondentsaccountforasignificantandrepresentativeportionofallworkers.Additionally,theauthormustprovideevidenceofworkers’interestothermanagementtopics—notjustthosethataffectworkersdirectly.9.Thefollowingappearedintheopinioncolumnofafinancialmagazine.“Onaverage,middle-agedconsumersdevote39percentoftheirretailexpendituretodepartmentstoreproductsandservices,whileforyoungerconsumerstheaverageisonly25percent.Sincethenumberofmiddle-agedpeoplewillincreasedramaticallywithinthenextdecade,departmentstorescanexpectretailsalestoincreasesignificantlyduringthatperiod.Furthermore,totakeadvantageofthetrend,thesestoresshouldbegintoreplacesomeofthoseproductsintendedtoattracttheyoungerconsumerwithproductsintendedtoattractthemiddle-agedconsumer.”财经杂志的意见栏：一般而言，中年消费者的零售消费额的39％用于专卖店的商品何服务。而在年轻一些的消费者中这一比例仅有25％。由于中年消费者的数量在下一10年中将大幅增长，专卖店可以预期他们的销售额会有大幅增长。进一步，为利用这一趋势，这些店应该开始将一些吸引年轻消费者的商品替换为吸引中年消费者的商品。1.Theabsolutevalueofconsumptionshouldbegivenbytheauthor.2.allthingsareequal3.Whethertheincreaseofprofitgainedbyattractingmoremiddle-agedconsumerswillbeoffset4.bythereductionofprofitbecauseofthelossofyoungconsumers.Sampleessay1:Theargumentthatdepartmentretailsaleswillincreaseinthenext10yearsandthusdepartmentstoresshouldbegintoreplaceproductstoattractmiddle-agedconsumersisnotentirelylogicallyconvincing,sinceitomitscertaincrucialassumptionsFirstofall,theargumentignorestheabsoluteamountofretailexpenditureofmiddle-agedandyoungerconsumersdevotedtodepartmentstoreproductsandservices.Althoughyoungerconsumersspendasmallerpercentageoftheirretailexpendituretodepartmentstoreproductsthandothemiddle-agedconsumers,theymightactuallyspendmoreintermsoftheabsoluteamount.Evenifmiddle-agedconsumersarespendingmorethanyoungeronesindepartmentstores,theargumentignoresthepossibilitythatthetrendmaychangewithinthenextdecade.Youngerconsumersmightprefertoshopindepartmentstoresthaninothertypesofstores,andmiddle-agedconsumersmightturntoothertypesofstores,too.Thiswillleadtoahigherexpenditureofyoungerconsumersindepartmentstoresthanthatofmiddle-agedconsumers.Besides,theargumentneveraddressesthepopulationdifferencebetweenmiddle-agedconsumersandyoungerones.Supposetherearemoreyoungerconsumersthanthemiddle-agedonesnow,thetotalpopulationbaseofyoungerconsumerswillbebiggerthanthatofthemiddle-agedonesifbothofthemgrowatthesamerateinthenextdecade.Thustherewillbeabiggeryoungerconsumerbase.BasedonthereasonsIlistedabove,theargumentisnotcompletelysound.TheevidenceinsupportofthedoeslittletoprovethesinceitdoesnotaddresstheassumptionsIhavealreadyraised.Ultimately,theargumentmighthavebeenmoreconvincingbymakingitclearthattheabsolutepopulationofmiddle-agedconsumersarehigherthanthatoftheyoungerconsumersandthenumberwillcontinuetogrowinthenextdecade,andthatthemiddle-agedconsumerswillcontinuetospendmoremoneyindepartmentstoresthanyoungerconsumersdointhenextdecade.Sampleessay2:Theargumentthatretailersshouldreplacesomeoftheproductsintendedtoattracttheyoungerconsumerswithproductsintendedtoattractthemiddle-agedconsumersisnotentirelylogicallyconvincing,sinceitignorescertaincrucialassumptions.First,theargumentomitstheassumptionthatthebusinessvolumesofboththemiddle-agedconsumersandtheyoungerconsumersarethesame.Ifthebusinessvolumeofthemiddle-agedconsumers’39%issmallerthanthatoftheyoungerconsumers’25%,theretailsaleswillnotincreaseduringthenextdecade.Second,evenifthebusinessvolumesofboththemiddle-agedconsumersandtheyoungerconsumerswerethesameinthelastdecade,theincreaseofthemiddle-agedpeopleinthenextdecadeisnotthesameastheincreaseoftheretailexpenditure,fortheretailtradedependsmoreonsuchfactorsastheeconomiccircumstances,people’sconsumingdesire.Finally,theargumentneverassumestheincreaseoftheyoungerconsumerswithinthenextdecade.Iftheyoungerconsumersincreaseatthesamerateandspendthesameamountofmoneyonthegoodsandservicesofdepartmentstores,theretailersshouldneverignorethem.Thustheargumentisnotcompletelysound.Theevidenceinsupportofthethatthegrowingnumberofmiddle-agedpeoplewithinthenextdecadedoeslittletoprovethe—thatdepartmentstoresshouldbegintoreplacesomeoftheirproductstoattractthemiddle-agedconsumerssinceitdoesnotaddresstheassumptionsIhavealreadyraised.Ultimately,theargumentmighthavebeenstrengthenedbymakingitclearthatthebusinessvolumesofbothtypesofconsumersarethesameandcomparable,thattheincreaseofacertaintypeofconsumersarecorrelatedwiththeincreaseoftheretailsales,andthatthegrowthrateoftheyoungerconsumersarethesameasthatofthemiddle-agedconsumers.Sampleessay3:Basedonanexpectedincreaseinthenumberofmiddle-agedpeopleduringthenextdecade,theauthorpredictsthatretailsalesatdepartmentstoreswillincreasesignificantlyoverthenexttenyears.Tobolsterthisprediction,theauthorcitesstatisticsshowingthatmiddle-agedpeopledevoteamuchhigherpercentageoftheirretailexpendituretodepartment-storeservicesandproductsthanyoungerconsumersdo.Sincethenumberofmiddle-agedconsumersisontheriseandsincetheyspendmorethanyoungerpeopleondepartment-storegoodsandservices,theauthorfurtherrecommendsthatdepartmentstoresbegintoadjusttheirinventoriestocapitalizeonthistrend.Specifically,itisrecommendedthatdepartmentstoresincreasetheirinventoryofproductsaimedatmiddle-agedconsumersanddecreasetheirinventoryofproductsaimedatyoungerconsumers.Thisargumentisproblematicfortworeasons.First,anincreaseinthenumberofmiddle-agedpeopledoesnotnecessarilyportendanoverallincreaseindepartment-storesales.Itdoessoonlyontheassumptionthatotherpopulationgroupswillremainrelativelyconstant.Forexample,iftheexpectedincreaseinthenumberofmiddle-agedpeopleisoffsetbyanequallysignificantdecreaseinthenumberofyoungerpeople,therewillbelittleornonetgaininsales.Second,inrecommendingthatdepartmentstoresreplaceproductsintendedtoattractyoungerconsumerswithproductsmoresuitabletomiddle-agedconsumers,theauthorassumesthatthenumberofyoungerconsumerswillnotalsoincrease.Sinceasizableincreaseinthepopulationofyoungerconsumerscouldconceivablyoffsetthedifferenceintheretailexpenditurepatternsofyoungerandmiddle-agedconsumers,itwouldbeunwisetomaketherecommendedinventoryadjustmentlackingevidencetosupportthisassumption.In,thisargumentisunacceptable.Tostrengthentheargumenttheauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatthepopulationofyoungerconsumerswillremainrelativelyconstantoverthenextdecade.10.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.“Thispastwinter,200studentsfromWaymarshStateCollegetraveledtothestatecapitolbuildingtoagainstproposedcutsinfundingforvariousstatecollegeprograms.Theother12,000Waymarshstudentsevidentlyweren’tsoconcernedabouttheireducation:theyeitherstayedoncampusorleftforwinterbreak.Sincethegroupwhodidnotisfarmorenumerous,itismorerepresentativeofthestate’scollegestudentsthanaretheers.Thereforethestatelegislatureneednotheedtheappealsoftheingstudents.”地方性报纸的编者按：过去的冬天里，200名学生从Waymarsh州立大学前往州府大楼对各项州立大学项目基金进行削减的 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 。另外12000名Waymarsh学生显然对他们的教育不太关心：他们或是留在学校里，或离开过寒假。由于不的人群更大，他们比人群更有资格代表州立大学学生。所以州会不必理会者。1.代表学生的形成方式不知道。如果是随机产生的，那么去的学生完全可以代表学生总体。2.没去的学生不一定不关心。他们可能有更重要的事情要忙。例如要赶回家过圣诞节。有已经订好的寒假计划等等。3.此外，没去的学生之所以没有去很可能是因为他们觉得那些代表足可以代表他们表达心声。1，没有投诉不代表没有不满。很可能学生以其他的方式发泄不满意，比如absenttheclass,leavetheschoolearlier,等等。Oneobviousrejoindertothislineofreasoningisthat。。。很可能他们已经知道了学生去了，所以才没有去。2，200名学生不具有代表性的说法不对。很可能是被推选出来的electedtorepresenttheentirestudents。缺乏根据的论证，错。Theinthisargumentisthatthestatelegislatureneednotconsidertheviewsofingstudents.Tosupportthis,theauthorpointsoutthatonly200ofthe12,000studentstraveledtothestatecapitoltovoicetheirconcernsaboutproposedcutsincollegeprograms.Sincetheremainingstudentsdidnottakepartinthis,theauthorconcludestheyarenotinterestedinthisissue.Thereasoninginthisargumentisflawedfortworeasons.First,theauthorassumesthatbecauseonlyone-tenthofthestudentstookpartinthe,thesestudents’viewsareunrepresentativeoftheentirestudentbody.Thisassumptionisunwarranted.Ifitturnsout,forexample,thattheingstudentswererandomlyselectedfromtheentirestudentbody,theirviewswouldreflecttheviewsoftheentirecollege.Withoutinformationregardingthewayinwhichtheingstudentswereselected,itispresumptuoustoconcludethattheiropinionsfailtoreflecttheopinionsoftheircolleagues.Second,theauthorcitesthefactthattheremaining12,000studentsstayedoncampusorleftforwinterbreakasevidencethattheyarenotconcernedabouttheireducation.Oneobviousrejoindertothislineofreasoningisthatthestudentswhodidnotparticipatedidsowiththeknowledgethattheirconcernswouldbeexpressedbytheingstudents.Inanycase,theauthorhasfailedtodemonstratealogicalconnectionbetweenthestudents’allegedlackofconcernandthefactthattheyeitherstayedoncampusorleftforwinterbreak.Withoutthisconnection,thereachedbytheauthorthattheremaining12,000studentsarenotconcernedabouttheireducationisunacceptable.Asitstands,theargumentisnotwellreasoned.Tomakeitlogicallyacceptable,theauthorwouldhavetodemonstratethattheingstudentshadsomecharacteristicincommonthatbiasestheirviews,therebynullifyingtheirasrepresentativeoftheentirecollege.11.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.“InthefirstfouryearsthatMontoyahasservedasmayorofthecityofSanPerdito,thepopulationhasdecreasedandtheunemploymentratehasincreased.Twobusinesseshaveclosedforeachnewbusinessthathasope