(完整word版)语言学问答题

Chapter1Doyouthinkthatonomatopoeiaindicatesanon-arbitraryrelationshipbetweenformandmeaning?Answer：Nomatteryousay"Yes"or"No",youcannotdenythatonomatopoeianeedsarbitrariness.Beforewefeelawordisonomatopoeicweshouldfirstknowwhichsoundthewordimitates.JustaswhatissaidinChapterOne,inordertoimitatethenoiseofflyingmosquitoes,therearemanychoiceslike"murmurous"and"murderous".Theybothbearmoreorlessresemblancetothegenuinenaturalsound,but"murmurous"isfortunatelychosentomeanthenoisewhile"murderous"ischosentomeansomethingquitedifferent.Theyarearbitraryassignifiers.6.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?Answer：Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals'calls.Re厂stopGreentgoYellowtgetreadytogoorstopWhatdoyouthinkofBertrandRussell'sobservationofthedoglanguage:“Nomatterhoweloquentlyadogmaybark,hecannottellyouthathisparentswerepoorbuthonest”A?reyoufamiliarwithanytypeofwaysanimalscommunicateamongthemselvesandwithhumanbeings?Answer：Whengazellessensepotentialdanger,forexample,theyfleeandtherebysignaltoothergazellesinthevicinitythatdangerislurking.Adogsignalsitswishtobeletinsidethehousebybarkingandsignalsthepossibilitythatitmightbitemomentarilybydisplayingitsfangs.13.Commentonthefollowingprescriptiverules.Doyouthinktheyareacceptable?ItisI.Itisme.YoushouldsayAinsteadofBbecause“be”shouldbefollowedbythenominativecase,nottheaccusativeaccordingtotherulesinLatin.Answer：theLatinruleisnotuniversal.InEnglish,meisinformalandIisfelttobeveryformal.Whomisusedinformalspeechandinwriting;whoismoreacceptableininformalspeech.Languagedoesnothavetofollowlogicreasoning.Heretwonegativeonlymakeamoreemphaticnegative.ThissentenceisnotacceptableinStandardEnglishnotbecauseitisillogical,butbecauselanguagechangesandrejectsthisusagenow.17.Thefollowingaresomewell-knownambiguoussentencesinsyntacticstudiesoflanguage.Canyoudisambiguatethem?Thechickenistoohottoeat.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.Answer：Thechickenistoohottoeat.Thechickenmeatistoohot,soitcannotbeeatenatthemoment.Thechickenfeelssohot(maybeaftersomeintenseaerobicexercises)thatitcannotstarteatingandneedstocalmdownfirst.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.Theambiguitycomesfrom"flyingplanes".Itcanbedecipheredas"theplanesthatisflying"or"toflyplanes".21.Giveexamplesofsituationsinwhichausagegenerallyconsiderednon-standard(e.g.ain'tw)ouldbeacceptable,evenappropriate.Answer：Inthetalksbetweenintimatefriends,onemaysay“gimmethat!doin'?”insteadof“whatareyoudoing?”andthislistmaygoon.insteadofgivemethat!andChapter22、GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.Answer：?——voicelesspostalveolarfricativee——voiceddentalfricative?——velarnasald——voicedalveolarstop/plosivep——voicelessbilabialstop/plosivek——voicelessvelarstop/plosivel——laterali——highfrontunroundedlaxvowelu:p——highbackroundedtensevowel?——lowbackroundedlaxvowel3、GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow.Answer：Voicelesslabiodentalfricative——fVoicedpostalveolarfricative——?Palatalapproximant——jVoicelessglottalfricative——hVoicelessalveolarstop——tHigh-midfrontunroundedvowel——eHighcentralroundedvowel——uLowfrontroundedvowel——eLow-midbackroundedvowel——?Highbackroundedtensevowel——u:5、Discussthefollowingquestions.Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedtoophoneticsandhowdotheydiffer?Answer：Bothphoneticsandphonologystudyhumansoundsbuttheydifferinthelevelsofanalysis.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Chapter310、Classfythefollowingwordsasloanwords(LW),loanblends(LB),loanshifts(LS)orloantranslation(LT).Answer：LW:monk,loan-word,teaLB:boobytrap,coconut,ChinatownLS:yankee,artificial,satelliteLT:firewater,freeverse,warpaint11、Iftherearetwoaffixes-ly,oneproducingadjectivesandtheotherattachingtoadjectivestoproduceadverbs,canwefindwordswithbothoftheseaffixes?Answer：No.Wordswithbothoftheseaffixes-lyarenotallocatedinEnglish.Seebelow:Friendlily(friend-friendly-friendlily)Oilily(oil-oily-oilily)Chillily(chill-chilly-chillily)12、Makealistofnounsfromthefollowingwordsthat-scanattchto.EpiphanyfoothathouseKitchenoxphenomenonregionsheeptomatoAnswer:hathousekitchenregionChapter42、Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.Answer:Theinstructortoldthestudentstostudy.[NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)+inf.]Thecustomerrequestedforacoldbeer.[NP(det.+n)+V+PP(prep.+det.+adj.+n.)]Thepilotlandedthejet.[NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)]Thesedeadtreesmustberemoved』NP(det.+adj+n)+mv+be+pastparticiple)]Thatglasssuddenlybroke.[NP(det.+n)+adv.+V]3、Putbracketsaroundtheimmediateconstituentsineachsentence.Answer:((The)(boy))((was))crying)).(Shiu)((the)(door)).((Open)((the)(door)))(quickly).((The)(((happy)(teacher))((in)((that)(class)))))((was)((beaming)(away))).——(He)(((bought)((an)((old)(car))))((with)((his)((first)((pay)(cheque)))))).4、Foreachoftheunderlingedconstructionsorwordgroups,dothefollowing.Answer:Duceksquack..(non-headed;independentclause)Theladderintheshedislongenough.(non-head：prepositionalphrase)Isawabridgedamagedbeyondrepair.(headed;headworc—damaged：adjectivalgroup)Singinghymnsisforbiddeninsomecountries.(headed;headword—singing;gerundialphrase)Hishandsomefaceappearedinthemagazine.(headed;headword-face;nominalgroup)Aladyofgreatbeautycameout.((non-headed:prepositionalphrase)Heenjoysclimbinghighmountains.(headed;headword—climbing;gerundialphrase)Themannoddedpatiently.(non—headed;independentclause)Amanrousedbytheinsultdrewhissword.(headed;headword—roused;adjectvealphrase)8、MarktheunderlinedpartsofthesentencesinEx.4-37withthetermssuchasparticipialphrase,gerundial,andsoon.Answer:Thebestthingwouldbetoleaveearly.It'sgreatamantobefree.Havingfinishedtheirtask,theycametohelpue.XiaoLibeingaway.XiaoWanghadtodothework.Filledwithshame,heleftthehouse.Alloursavingsgone,westartedlookingforjobs.It'snoucryingoverspiltmilk.Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow.Chapter5[DearWhiteFella.YouWhiteFella]Answer:Thispoemisabouttheuseoftheword“coloured”.Theauthorcleverlymakesuseof“coloured”insenof“differentcolours”toqpposethepractivetorefertoblackpeopleas“coloured”.Thisshowsformanotherpofviewthat“coloured”isnotasuperordinateto“red”,“green”,“yellow”.[Writeoutthesynonymsofthefollowingwords:youth;automobile;remember;purchase;vacation;big.]Answer:youth(adolescent);automobile(car);remember(recall);purchase(buy);vacation(holidays);big(large)dark(lignt:withrespecttobrightness)boy(girl:withrespecttosex)hot(cold:withrespecttotemperature)go(come:withrespecttodirection)bright(a,shining;b.intelligent)Toglare(a.toshineintensely;b.moneyinthebank)Adeposit(a.mineralsintheearth;b.moneyinthebank)Plane(a.aflyingvehicle;b.aflatsurface)[TheBritishlinguistF.RPalmerarguesinhisSemanticsthat“there”isnoabsolutedistinctionbetween(gradableantonymsandcomplementarysntonyms).]Answer:Itisnotadvisabletotellbeginnersoflinguisticstharthedistinctionbetweengradableantonymsandcomplementaryantonymsisrelative.Theexpression“moredeadthanalive”isnotatruecomparative.[姜望琪(1991:79)claimsthat“tosomeextent,wecansaythnayttawowordsofthesamepartofspeechmaybecomeantonyms..whatdoyouthinkoftheclaim?]Answer:thisisareasonableclaim.Astheauthorsaidinthepaper.“man”canbetheantonymof“woman”,bucanalsobetheantonymof“boy”inasitueantiothnewahgedifferenceisimportant.Whenthedifferencebetweenamanandananimalisimportant,“macna”nalsobetheantonymof“dog”An.dwhenthedifferencebetweensomethinganimateandsomethinginanimateisimportant,then“man”canevenbetheantonymof“stone”.Intheextremecases,so-calledsynonymsmayalsobecomeantonyms,forexample,“Youhavetopeelarawpotatobutyoucanskinaboiledone”,“He'snostatesman,butamerepolitician.Chapter8[Thedaughterwalksintothekitchenandtakessomepopcorn.]Answer：Theillocutionaryforceof“tIhoughtyouwerepracticingyourviolin”aiscriticismofthedaughterforhernotpracticingtheviolin.Thatofthedaughter'sanswerisadefe-nIc'efmorghoeirnsglftodothat.Andthatofthefather'sretortisadenialofthedaughter'sexcuse.[Ifyouasksomebody“Canyouopenthedbchreanswers“Yes"…]Answer：Iwouldbeangrywithhim.“Caynouopenthedoor”isnormallyarequestofthehearertodoitratherthanaquestionabouthisability.Thefactthatheanswers“Yes”dbuotesnotactuallydoitshowsthathedeclinesmyrequest.[On14January,1993,USPresident-electBillClintonspoketo…]Answer：Yes,thisisanoccasiononwhichtheCPanditsmaximsaresuspended.WhenheformulatedhisCP,Gricequalifieditwithexpressionslike“n，or“machllyara”cteristically”and“ceterisparibus”.InOtherwords,theCPanditsmaximsarenotmeanttobeobservedinallsituations.Alternatively,wemaysaythatassumptionslike“Thsepeakerbelievesinwhathesays”ariemplicatures,whichwillbecancelledinsituationswherethereareindicationstothecontrary.Similaroccasionsincludefuneralorations,poetrywriting,andjoking.[A：HaveyouseenPetertoday？B：Well,ifIdidn'tdenyseeinghimIwouldn'tbetellingalie.]Answer：Withoutapropercontext,theseconversationscanallberegardedasjokesresultingformtheexploitationofGrice'sCPandmaxims.In(1)SpeakerBusesalongandprolixwaytoexpressthemeaningof“YesI,have”,thusviolatingtheMannermaximof“Bebrief(avoidprolixity)”.(2B)resultsfromtheexploitingofQualitymaximsinthatthespeakerseemstobetellingthetruthwhiledeliberatelymisinterpretingSpeakerA's“there”.(3B)isanotherinstanceofexploitingtheQualitymaxims.ThoughlogicallyspeakingitmaybetruethatSpeakerBhasbeenhelpfultoA，wedon'tusuallyrespondtoothers'thanksinthisway.sofficeisreally,andhasthusviolOnonehand,(4B)isstillanotherinstanceofexploitingtheQualitymaximsinthatMrSmithhere”.Ontheotherhand,SpeakerBasviolatedtheQuantitymaximofbeingasinformativeasisrequiredsinceAneedsmorespecificinformationthan“nothere”.(5B)isanindirectwayofdecliningtheoffer.IntermsofGrice,thisisaca'sesomfnaoxitmbseingrelevant.Inthelastconversation,SpeakerBusesalongprolixwayforthesimpleanswer“Yes,hehastheMannermaximof“Bebrief(avoidprolixity)”