心脑血管疾病防治知识

心脑血管疾病防治知识 秋季～是心脑血管疾病易发、频发的季节～全体干部职工要进一步了解心脑血管疾病的危害、症状和防治措施～切实增强自我保护意识～健康生活、快乐工作。 二〇一三年九月九日 心脑血管疾病防治知识 一、心脑血管预防基本知识 合理膳食 12345 ?一是指每日一袋牛奶。牛奶富含优质蛋白，且可补充人体所需钙约300mg，而我国膳食普通缺钙，一般在500mg左右。牛奶宜从一岁开始，坚持终身饮用。 ?二是指每日250g左右碳水化合物，相当于主食6两，此量因人而异。可少至3两，多至1斤，通过调控主食，可调控血糖、血脂及体重。 ?三是指每日三份高蛋白食品。这是健康的重要物质基础，不可忽视，也可增至四份。相当于每公斤体重蛋白质1,1.5g。每份高蛋白相当于一两瘦肉，二两豆腐，一个大鸡蛋，半两黄豆，二两鱼虾，或二两鸡鸭; ?四指四句话:有粗有细;不甜不咸;三四五顿;七八份饱。 ?五是指每日500g蔬菜及水果。中国营养学会建议每日进食400g蔬菜及100g水果。 红、黄、绿、白、黑 ?红指红葡萄酒每日饮50-100ml，能升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇，减轻中老年动脉粥样硬化。白葡萄酒、米酒、绍兴酒也可，啤酒不宜超过300ml，白酒不宜超过25ml。世界卫生组织已把少量饮酒有利健康的观点改为酒越少越好。 ?黄指黄色蔬菜如胡萝卜、红薯、南瓜、玉米、西红柿。 ?绿指绿茶，绿茶中的茶多酚最多，有较强的抗氧自由基、抗动脉粥硬化和防癌的作用。 ?白指白燕麦粉及燕麦片，它有降甘油三酯的作用。 ?黑指黑木耳，有抗血小板聚集、抗凝、降胆固醇的作用。 1 适量运动 运动要坚持三个原则:有恒、有序、有度。指长期规律地、循序渐近地、持之以恒，按各人具体情况适度地运动才能收到最大效果。通常应坚持“三、五、七”的原则。“三”指每天步行三公里，时间在30分钟以上;“五”指每周要运动五次以上，只有有规律运动才能有效果。“七”指运动后的心率加年龄约为170，这样的运动属中等度。这样，既有利于健康又不会因过度运动产生无氧代谢，导致不良影响或意外。 戒烟限酒 吸烟被认为是心血管病的独立危险因素。 保持心理平衡 研究 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明:所有的保健措施中，保持心理平衡是最关键的一项。保持良好快乐的心境几乎可以拮抗其它所有的内外不利因素。 如果发现自己得了病应该早点抓紧治疗。 二、心脑血管疾病包括哪些, 所谓心脑血管疾病是一个大类疾病的总称。其主要是指冠心病，中风和高血压等。冠心病的全称是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病。临床主要表现为心绞痛，心肌梗塞，心力衰竭和猝死等。中风主要是指脑动脉硬化，造成脑的血液循环发生急性故障，导致出血性中风 ( 包括脑溢血蛛网膜下腔出血 ) 及缺血性中风( 包括脑血栓形成和脑梗塞等 )，中风发病率和死亡率目前在老年病中占首位，即使病后存活，也有80% 左右留下痛苦后遗症如脑瘫、失语、吞咽困难、痴呆等。影响病人的生活并给病人及其家属。社会带来极大危害。高血压病人由于长期持续地血压升高，影响病人的工作和生活质量，更为严重的，它是造成心、脑肾等重要器官损害的罪魁祸首。例如脑溢血的主要诱因是高血压的急剧波动所致。 心脑血管疾病可分为心血管疾病和脑血管疾病。心血管疾病以冠心病为主，是由于给心肌供应血液的冠状动脉发生粥样硬化，使动脉血管变窄或闭塞，心肌供血不足造成的。临床上可分为隐匿性冠心病、心绞痛、心肌梗塞、心肌纤维化和心性猝死。脑血管病是在脑动脉硬化基础上，脑血管破裂出血或血栓形成，引起以脑部出血性或缺血性损伤为主要临床表现的一组疾病，俗称为脑中风，是目前造成人类死亡和致残的主要疾病。 冠心病:全称为冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病，以冠状动脉粥样硬化和心绞痛为主要特征。冠状动脉粥样硬化发展到一定程度，就会导致冠状动脉的管腔严重狭窄，造成心肌缺血、缺氧，从而发生一系列的症状。如胸闷、心区刺痛、心绞痛、心律不齐等，严重时会发生心肌梗塞，造成心力衰竭、猝死、危及生命。冠心病的主要危险因素有高血脂、高血压、吸烟酗酒、糖尿病，缺乏运动、不规律饮食和肥胖。 心绞痛:是冠心病的主要症状，是一组由于急性暂时性心肌缺血、缺氧所引起的症候群。主要表现为胸部压迫窒息感、闷胀感、剧烈烧灼样疼痛，一般疼痛持续15分钟，偶有自行缓解，疼痛常放射至左肩、左臂前内侧直至小指与无名指。心绞痛会加重冠心病的病情，并造成心力衰竭和猝死。 心肌梗塞是指冠状动脉的某分枝闭塞、血流中断，造成该分枝所营养的心肌持久缺血、缺氧、是心脏病死亡的首要原因。如果病变范围过大或抢救措施不力，会导致心脏破裂、心 2 力衰竭、猝死等严重后果。抢救及时，经过一段时间治疗和静养，可以得到一定的恢复，但大多数会留下心功能不全、心律不齐等后遗症。 心肌梗塞是冠心病的危急症候，通常有心绞痛发作频繁和加重为基础，也有无心绞痛引发心肌梗塞的病例(此种情况最为危险，常因没能防备而造成猝死)。 脑梗塞:是因脑血管发生动脉粥样硬化，并使脑血管堵塞，致使脑部供血供氧不足。常见症状有头晕目眩、失眠健忘、肢体麻木、情绪不稳、记忆障碍、严重时会致使脑细胞受损或死亡，导致脑痴呆、脑中风、甚至成为植物人状态。脑梗塞是脑血管疾病的早期症状。 脑痴呆:又称痴呆综合症，是慢性精神功能紊乱，以缓慢出现的智能减退为主要特征，多有不同的脑萎缩。早期表现为记忆下降、思维混乱、理解困难、判断力差、计算功能减退，以致失语。随着病情的发展，可出现精神症状，最后生活完全不能自理，成为植物人状态，一般在发病后3,8年常因脑衰竭或并发症而死亡。主要有早老性痴呆、老年性痴呆、动脉硬化性痴呆。现代医学研究表明，脑痴呆主要是由于患者脑部的血液微循环出现障碍，自由基过多并长期作用脑细胞的缘故。在我国，65岁以上老人脑痴呆的患病率高达3(86,，随着老龄化进程的加快，数字将会急剧上升。 脑出血:又称脑溢血、出血性脑中风，是一种常见的急性出血性脑血管疾病，主要是由于脑部血管出现动脉粥样硬化，致使脑血管局部官腔变窄、变脆，并且血管堵死，当血流行至此处时，血流所产生的冲力对血管壁产生巨大的压力，最终导致血管破裂。 三、冠心病防治知识 冠心病它是因供应心脏本身的冠状动脉管壁形成粥样斑块造成血管腔狭窄所致心脏病变。由于冠状动脉狭窄的支数和程度的不同，其临床症状也有不同。 【诊断】 1.病史、症状:典型的症状为劳力型心绞痛，在活动或情绪激动时出现心前区压榨性疼痛，部分患者向左肩部或和左上臂部放散，一般持续5,10分钟，休息或含服硝基甘油等药物可缓解。部分伴有胸闷或以胸闷为主，严重者疼痛较重，持续时间延长，休息或睡眠时也可以发作。病史提问要注意诱因、疼痛的部位、持续时间，有无放散，伴随症状及缓解方式。 2.体检发现:一般早期无明确的阳性体征，较重者可有心界向左下扩大，第一心音减弱， 有心律失常时可闻及早搏、心房纤颤等，合并心衰时两下肺可闻及湿罗音，心尖部可闻及奔马律等。 3.辅助检查:心电图呈T波低平、倒置及ST段下移，特别是水平型和下斜型下移更有意义，B超可有左室室壁节段性运动障碍。平板运动试验常阳性，同位素心肌扫描(ECT)可出现心肌缺血性改变，24小时心电图(Holter)监测运动时出现缺血性改变，冠状动脉造影是诊断冠心病的金标准，必要时可检查血脂、血糖。 4.鉴别诊断:应与心肌炎、肥厚梗阻性心肌病、心包炎、胸膜炎等所致胸痛进行鉴别。 【治疗措施】 3 可选用钙通道阻滞剂，硝酸脂类药物，转换酶抑制剂进行治疗，心率较快者可选用β受体阻滞剂，以缓释剂为好。可加用肠溶阿斯匹林100-325mg 1/d，注意对冠心病危险因素的治疗如降压治疗、调脂治疗、治疗糖尿病、戒烟、禁酒等。还可选用极化液和硝酸脂类药物静滴。合并心衰及心律失常时需加用纠正心衰及抗心律失常的治疗(详见心衰及心律失常篇)，必要时可行冠心病的介入治疗(PTCA+支架术)，严重者可考虑进行外科搭桥手术。在人到中年或过60岁的社会人群中，患冠心病的人并不稀见。因为有些人无自觉症状，心电图检查正常。这属于隐性冠心病，直到有间断发生心脏病各种症状时，才引起人们的注意。 已经确诊为患冠心病的病人，应该学会正确掌握几种药物，例如，硝酸甘油、消心痛、安定、中药保心丸等的正确使用。冠心病发作时，病人都有自我感觉的先兆症状，例如，心前区闷痛、绞窄感、恐惧感等等，可以根据自己以往的经验自行服药，就地休息，有条件时吸氧，可以得到很好的效果，不必等医生，防止严重发作。要特别注意，不要免强坚持所进行的各种活动，危险常常发生在“坚持一下”之中～外出旅行、公务活动，应该携带随身药品。特别强调戒烟，心绞痛频繁发作时禁止吸烟。 四、怎样预防脑血管病复发, 预防脑血管病复发应注意以下几点: (1)警惕复发的早期症状，脑血管病症状缓解后，若又出现头痛、头晕、说话不清、手指不灵、半侧肢体麻木等症状，多属复发，应及时到医院检查治疗。裂，引发脑出血。脑出血的后果常可导致严重的偏瘫等后遗症、植物人，甚至死亡。所以，对脑出血一要以防为主。 (2)消除复发的内在病理因素。脑血管病复发和首次发作一样，受多种因素影响，如高血压、动脉硬化、心脏病、糖尿病、高脂血症等，应积极治疗。特别是高血压，不论有无不适症状，都应坚持长期正规治疗，使血压控制在正常范围内。其次，对动脉硬化也应尽可能地避免加重的一切因素。 (3)避免复发的诱发因素，情绪激动、过度劳累、气候变化、烟酒刺激等，是诱发脑血管病的外部因素，要注意避免。应保持乐观情绪和良好的心理状态。不可过度劳累。并要注意气候剧变等客观环境的影响。 (4)建立合理的饮食习惯，注意饮食的营养结构，科学合理的安排饮食。食量应适当，不可过饱和过饥。戒除烟酒等不良嗜好。 (5)坚持药物治疗，加强体育锻炼。在脑血管病的康复期，可在医生的指导下，少量服用抗血小板聚集药及活血化瘀的中西药物。如潘生丁、肠溶阿斯匹林、复方丹参、脑益嗪等，以减少血小板聚集和增进正常的血液流动，并应结合自身情况，开展适当体育锻炼，增强体质，提高抗病能力。 五、饮茶能预防脑血管病吗, 饮茶在我国有着悠久的历史。随着人们生活水平的提高，饮茶者会越来越多。中医认为，茶叶具有清心明目、清热泻火、消食提神之效。近年来国内外学者研究发现，茶叶中含 4 有丰富的营养成分，其中茶多酚、咖啡碱、茶碱、维生素C、维生素P、维生素B、烟酸等含量较高。茶多酚不仅可收敛、凝固细菌蛋白质，起到杀菌消炎的作用，并可促进维生素C的吸收和提高其利用率，降低血液中胆固醇和甘油三脂的浓度，增强微血管壁的韧性，从而减少动脉硬化和高血压的发生。饮茶所引起的兴奋作用，是咖啡碱的功效。由于咖啡碱能兴奋中枢神经、增强大脑皮质的兴奋过程，从而达到振奋精神、消除疲劳、提高劳动效率的目的。茶叶中所含的茶碱，可以帮助溶解脂肪，有解腻减肥之效，并能扩张血管，促进血液循环和利尿排钾的作用，故可预防高血压和冠心病，换言之，就是预防了脑血管病的易患因素。值得注意的是，饮茶虽然对身体保健有一定益处，但一般不宜过多饮浓茶，特别是患有高血压和冠心病的人，更不宜饮浓茶，否则，可能会诱发心跳加快，血压升高，使病情加重。 六、脑血管病有哪些先兆症状, 脑血管病虽然起病急骤，但很多病人，在发病前1,2天或前几小时，都有一些早期信号，医学上称为“中风先兆”。脑血管病的先兆症状有哪些呢, (1)突然口眼歪斜，口角流涎，说话不清，吐字困难，失语或语不达意，吞咽困难，一侧肢体乏力或活动不灵活，走路不稳或突然跌倒。这是由于脑血管病供血不足，运动神经功能障碍所引起的。 (2)突然出现剧烈的头痛，头晕，甚至恶心呕吐，或头痛头晕的形式和感觉与往日不同，程度加重，或由间断变成持续性。这些征兆表示血压有波动，或脑功能障碍，是脑出血或蛛网膜下腔出血的预兆。 (3)面、舌、唇或肢体麻木，也有的表现眼前发朦或一时看不清东西，耳鸣或听力改变。这是由于脑血管供血不足而影响到脑的感觉功能的缘故。 (4)意识障碍，表现精神萎靡不振，老想睡觉或整日昏昏沉沉。性格也一反常态，突然变得沉默寡言，表情淡漠，行动迟缓或多语易躁，也有的出现短暂的意识丧失，这也和脑缺血有关。 (5)全身疲乏无力，出虚汗，低热，胸闷，心悸或突然出现打呃、呕吐等，这是植物神经功能障碍的表现。中老年人一旦有先兆症状出现，要特别警惕。此时，应让病人保持安静，及时卧床休息，避免精神紧张，尽量少搬动，最好就地治疗。必要时，应在病人平卧的情况下送医院诊治。 七、为什么说脑动脉硬化也是脑血管病的危险因素, 脑动脉硬化是指动脉壁弹力层增厚，管壁变硬，内膜粗糙，管腔狭窄。其发病与高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等因素有关，是一种脂质代谢障碍性疾病。由于脂质代谢障碍，使脂质沉积在动脉内膜上，形成粥样斑块，这些斑块向管内凸出，使管腔狭窄或闭塞，就像河流一样，若泥沙较多，天长日久，泥沙淤积，最终形成河流中断。脑血管因脂质沉积，血流缓慢，血液粘稠度增高，就容易发生脑血栓形成。另外，脑血管壁由于脂质积聚，内膜受损，结缔组织增生，变得脆弱，易形成微小动脉瘤，当血压骤升时，又易破裂出血，发生脑出血。可见， 5 不论是缺血性脑血管病，还是出血性脑血管病，都是在脑动脉硬化的基础上发生的，所以，脑动脉硬化也是引起脑血管病的重要危险因素。 八、肥胖是否会引起脑血管病, 许多料表明，肥胖者发生脑血管病的机会比一般人高出40%，突然死亡率是一般人的1.86倍。为什么肥胖容易发生脑血管病呢,主要是因为肥胖者多伴有内分泌紊乱，血中胆固醇、甘油三脂含量增高，高密度脂蛋白降低，容易发生动脉硬化。此外，肥胖者又易引起糖尿病、冠心病和高血压等疾病，这些都是脑血管病的危险因素。 有研究报道，肥胖病人容易引起糖代谢失常，发生糖尿病。其机制是肥胖病人的胰岛细胞分泌的胰岛素相对不足，会造成饥饿感，使人的进食量增加，肥胖程度加重，进而使胰岛素的分泌相对不足更加严重，这一恶性循环的结果，最终发生糖尿病。糖尿病可使小动脉玻璃样变，引起高血压而导致脑血管病。肥胖还容易引起高血压。有资料 证明 住所证明下载场所使用证明下载诊断证明下载住所证明下载爱问住所证明下载爱问 ，身体愈胖，愈易患高血压。不论是儿童或是成人，体重指数均与血压升高成正比，而高血压是脑血管病的常见病因。由此可见，肥胖不可轻视，预防脑血管病应注意控制饮食，减少进食量及高脂肪饮食，增加活动量，减少肥胖的发生。 九、急性冠心病防治要纠正误区 前急性冠心病发病率呈上升趋势，但许多患者在防治上却存在着一些误区，影响了救治的成功率。急性冠心病患者的误区主要有三方面: 1.在发生心绞痛等急性冠心病症状时，把它当作一般的小毛病，认为稍作休息就能缓解，结果贻误了最佳治疗时机; 2.在发生急性心肌梗死时，以为吃“速效救心丸”等普通药物就能挺过去，而不是及时赶往医院抢救，以至延误治疗危及生命; 3.认为心脏手术危险，很多人在紧急救命时仍不愿选择创伤小、疗效好的心脏介入手术，结果错失救治良机。 临床医学研究证实，急性冠心病患者在发病6小时内的救治效果最佳。目前，发达国家约90,的急性冠心病患者在紧急救治时选择心脏介入等先进的手术治疗方法，使这一疾病的死亡率从30,下降到5,以内。而我国则有70,的急性冠心病患者仍然选择药物保守治疗，从而导致种种不良后果。因此，急性冠心病患者应抛弃思想顾虑，力争及早防治，获得最佳治疗效果。 十、冠心病的防治 1.一般防治。 主要包括饮食、保持适当的体力活动、戒断不良嗜好和相应的药物治疗。 ?安排合理的膳食，以预防或纠正脂质代谢紊乱，要避免多食含饱和脂肪酸多的动物脂肪(如猪油、奶油、 肥肉等)和含大量胆固醇的食物(如脑、肝、肾、心等动物内脏及蛋黄等)。 ?适当的体力活动。 ?积极治疗高血压、高脂质血症和糖尿病。 ?戒烟。 ?药物防治心绞痛。 2.应急防治。冠心病人若经常有胸闷、胸痛症状，应常备硝酸甘油、消心痛、心痛定、 6 速效救心丸、麝香保心丸、复方丹参滴丸等药物，夜间睡时也要放在容易随手拿到的地方。 心绞痛发作时，立即含服1片硝酸甘油，含服后1-5分钟生效。为防止短时间内心绞痛复发，可随后再服1片消心痛。高血压病人或心绞痛伴有血压升高者，可口含心痛定1片，5分钟内开始降压，可持续4-6小时。中药比较常用的有:速效救心丸，能缓解冠心病的心绞痛，当出现有胸闷、憋气、心前区痛等症状时可用，每次服4-6粒，急性发作时可服10-15粒，每日3次含服，一般在5分钟内心绞痛可缓解。冠心苏合丸，每次l丸，每日3次，口含或嚼服，起效时间较硝酸甘油慢，但缓解期长，心绞痛刚开始即服疗效佳。 十一、何为冠心病的一级预防，一级预防的内容有哪些, 冠心病的一级预防是指对没有冠心病的人群进行对危险因素的干预，目的是防止动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展，其措施主要有: (1)控制高血压。对高血压病人应饮食清淡，防止食盐过多，多吃蔬菜、豆类等含钾高的食物及含钙高的食物，避免饮酒和肥胖，并适当运动，保持精神愉快。 (2)降低血脂。较长时间的维持胆固醇于理想的水平，可达到预防冠心病的发病或不加重冠心病的目的。根据自己的胆固醇水平，在生活中采取正确的措施。在膳食结构上，要保持传统的低脂肪、多青菜、素食为主的优点，改变低蛋白、低钙、高盐的缺点，使总胆固醇水平保持在5.2mmol/L(200mg/dl)以下，对总胆固醇水平在6.24mmol/L(240mg/dl)以上者应在医生指导下采取药物和非药物两种降脂措施。 (3)戒烟 (4)增加体力活动。运动是最有效的健康手段。如能每日或至少隔日作20,30分钟的中等程度的活动(达极量的50%,70%)就能有效地增强心功能。 (5)调节。A型性格。A型性格具有时间紧迫感、争强好胜、易激怒、缺乏耐心等特点。所以，A型性格的人宜针对性地采用心理调整、气功、太极拳等方法加以调整。 十二、防治冠心病的中成药主要有哪些, 目前用于防治冠心病的中成药有10多种，但常用的主要有以下几种: (1)速效救心丸:该药属于活血理气药，可以缓解冠心病的心绞痛，用于治疗胸闷、憋气，心前区疼痛，每日三次含服，每服3,6粒，急性发作可服10,15粒。一般在5分钟内心绞痛得到缓解。 (2)苏合香丸:功能芳香开窍，理气止痛。每次1丸，温开水送服。 (3)冠心苏合丸:由苏合香、乳香、檀香、青木香、冰片、朱砂、白蜜组成，制成小蜜丸。用于心绞痛，胸闷，憋气，心前区疼痛等。1次1丸，日服3次，口含或嚼服。 (4)苏冰滴丸:由苏合香脂，冰片组成，口含或吞服，每次2,4粒，可以较快地缓解心绞痛，治疗胸闷气短等。 (5)冠心二号片:由丹参、赤芍、川芎、红花、降香组成，功用理气活血止痛，有强心和扩张血管的作用。每次服5片，1日2次，该药可较长时间服用，一般没有副作用，不属 7 于速效药物。 (6)复方丹参注射液，有扩张冠状动脉，减慢心率，轻度增加心肌收缩力的作用，很少有副作用。口服制剂有复方丹参片及丹参滴丸。可以较长时间应用，该药也不属于速效药物。 十三、患过脑血管病是否还会复发, 患过脑血管病是否还会复发，这是病人和家属十分关心的问题。答复是肯定的。据报道约有 1/3的脑血管病人在5年内可能复发。脑血管病一旦复发，治疗更困难。有些病人常因反复发作而丧生，所以对脑血管病来说，应预防复发。那么，脑血管病为什么会复发呢,主要是第1次发病后，病情虽经治疗得到了控制，但引起脑血管病的常见病因如高血压、脑动脉硬化、心脏病、糖尿病、高脂血症等却没有完全消除。，这些病多属慢性疾病，彻底治疗是不容易的。经过治疗，一些易发因素，虽然一时得到控制，但病后若疏于继续坚持治疗，血压仍会升高;脑动脉硬化仍然缓慢进展;糖尿病、心脏病仍会依然存在，这些都仍然是引起脑血管病复发的危险因素。所以，脑血管病的复发问题应予重视，在恢复期除应积极采取各种康复措施外，还应注意治疗原发病，预防脑血管病的复发。 十四、性格与脑血管病有何关系, 人的性格区别很大，多种多样，一般可将人的性格分为三个类型:A型、B型和X型。 A型性格者，性情急躁，争强好胜，求成欲望强烈，固执，紧张，易冲动。 B型性格者，办事慢条斯理，不慌不忙，无明显竞争意识，高兴和悲伤反应皆不强烈。 X型性格者，是A型和B型的混合体。而众多资料表明，A型性格的人脑血管病的发病率，是一般人的3.5倍，被认为是脑血管病的危险因素。 A型性格易发生脑血管病的机制尚不完全清楚，一般认为，由于自身具有强烈的求成欲望，使自己整日处于紧张的环境中，引起高级神经活动紊乱，交感神经兴奋性增高，体内肾上腺素及儿茶酚胺等血管活性物质分泌增多，使心跳加快，血管收缩，血压升高而导致脑出血。同时，还可使血糖增高，体内血液中的各类物质比例异常，如血小板粘附性和聚集性增强，又容易形成动脉粥样硬化，而促发脑血管病。因此，A型性格的人，应注意改变生活模式，对那些有碍于健康的性格，要注意自我调整。正确对待生活，培养生活情趣，加强体育锻炼，使自己的性格适应健康的要求，以预防脑血管病的发生。 十五、年龄与脑血管病有何关系, 随着年龄的增长，脑血管病的发病率和死亡率均有明显增加。从流行病学调查情况看，脑出血多见于60岁左右的人，脑梗塞的发病年龄较脑出血晚一些，而蛛网膜下腔出血的病人，多见于青壮年，这是因为此类病人与先天性脑动脉瘤及动静脉畸形有关。年龄的增长引起脑血管病的发病率增高，主要与人的逐渐衰老有关。众所周知，人随着年龄的增长，会渐渐的衰老，各组织器官的机能逐渐减退。而对于脑血管病的发生，起重要影响的是血管的衰老。其衰老的主要表现是，动脉壁厚度增加，弹性降低;血管内膜增厚，弹性蛋白断裂，钙化和胶原增加等。同时，动脉平滑肌细胞的衰老性改变，包括平均寿命期缩短，细胞数量成 8 倍减少，使动脉弹性降低，脆性增加。而随着年龄的增长，脑血流量减少，速度减慢，也是引起脑血管病的另一重要因素。因此，适当调整饮食，合理使用大脑，预防和治疗脑动脉硬化，防止或减慢衰老，就可有效地预防脑血管病的发生。 十六、情绪与脑血管病有何关系, 情绪是人类在进化过程中所产生的，包括积极情绪和消极情绪两种。积极情绪表现为快乐、喜悦、舒畅等，这些好的情绪，可使人精神振奋，消除疲劳，增强抗病能力。而消极情绪则表现为忧虑、悲伤、烦恼、焦急等，若长期下去，可使神经功能失调，内分泌紊乱而发生一系列疾病，脑血管病就是其中的一种。不良刺激为什么能引起脑血管病呢,许多医学专家经过研究证实，一切忧愁、愤怒、悲伤、烦恼等不良刺激和精神紧张，可使大脑皮层及丘脑下部兴奋，促使去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素及儿茶酚胺等血管活性物质分泌增加，而引起全身血管收缩、心跳加快、血压升高，使已经变硬变脆的动脉内压力增大，容易在薄弱处发生破裂，而发生脑出血。临床研究发现，一些经常急躁易怒、逞强好胜及性格孤僻、多疑善感的人，诱发脑血管病者要比一般人高得多。所以，我们要注意控制情绪，避免不良刺激和精神过度紧张与疲劳，以预防脑血管病的发生。 十七、饮食与脑血管病有关系吗, 饮食与脑血管病的关系十分密切。为什么饮食也能引起脑血管病呢,主要是因为饮食成分的不同，可影响人的血压、血脂、血糖以及钠、钙等离子的含量，这些都是与脑血管病发病密切相关的因素。众所周知，食物中的主要成分是糖、脂肪、蛋白质、无机盐和维生素。它们与脑血管病都有关系。如食物中糖的来源主要是碳水化合物，而过多地摄入含碳水化合物的食物，可在体内转化为甘油三脂，使血脂升高。长期的高血脂，可引起高血压、动脉硬化。所以，饭不可吃得太饱，可适当多吃一些含纤维素较多的新鲜蔬菜和含果胶的水果。脂肪食物含有大量的饱和脂肪酸，能使血中的胆固醇、甘油三脂升高，引起动脉硬，对此也应有所限制，而豆制品、牛奶、淡水鱼等，含胆固醇较低，可适当多吃一些。蛋白质饮食可延缓血管壁弹性减退进程，改善中枢神经系统对血压的调节功能，降低血压，从而降低脑血管病的发病率，所以，对蛋白质饮食不必限制。盐是人们生活中不可缺少的，但如果膳食中含盐量较高，则易引起高血压，进而导致脑血管病。因此，在膳食中应注意限制盐的摄入量，每天宜降低到10克以下，最好保持5克左右。总之，要科学合理地安排饮食，以便有效地预防脑血管病的发生。 十八、脑血管病人为什么要注意口腔卫生, 脑血管病人由于唾液分泌减少，唾液粘稠或因面瘫残渣易在病变侧面颊内停留，常导致细菌或霉菌感染，而发生口腔溃疡、腮腺炎、上呼吸道感染等并发症，因此，应注意口腔卫生，加强口腔护理。护理方法:及时清除口腔内分泌物，并用冷开水、1%双氧水、0.2%呋喃西林液或3%硼酸溶液作口腔擦洗。同时注意面瘫侧颊部粘膜的清洁，以免食物残渣滞留而发生口腔感染。如有口腔粘膜糜烂，可用1%龙胆紫涂抹，或用冰硼散、锡类散涂抹。 9 口唇干裂可涂甘油或防裂油。如口腔粘膜及舌面上有片状或点状的白膜，提示霉菌感染，可轻轻拭去白沫，露出湿润潮红的糜烂面，再涂上制霉菌素甘油或制霉菌素麻油。此药可自己制作，将制霉菌素片压成粉状，拌在甘油或麻油中即成。有假牙的患者，每次吃过饭，要将假牙取下，用牙刷刷干净，待口腔清洁后，再带上，以免挂带食物。吞咽困难留置鼻饲管者，也必须注意口腔卫生，一般每日应清洁口腔两次。 十九、脑血管病病人怎样进行家庭护理, 发生脑血管病后，除及时请医生诊治外，家庭护理也是的重要一环，家庭护理有以下几方面: (1)家属要多方耐心关照病人，帮助病人树立战胜疾病的信心。中风病人常表现烦躁易怒或悲观失望，家庭要经常开导病人，使之心情开朗，消除顾虑，保持乐观情绪，以利于病情好转。 (2)注意饮食，保证足够的热量供给。中风病人宜食清淡、易消化而富有营养的食物，可让其多吃些新鲜蔬菜、水果及豆制品。忌食过咸、过甜及辛辣、油腻等食物，并应经常保持二便通畅。 (3)要常更换体位，预防褥疮、肺炎等并发症的发生。家属要鼓励或帮助病人经常更换体位，避免患肢受压时间过久而发生褥疮。一般可每2,3小时翻身一次。还应注意保持皮肤和被褥的干燥、清洁。皮肤有轻度破溃时，可用滑石粉或涂些龙胆紫药水治疗。破溃严重或局部发黑，可在患处放置气圈，避免局部受压，并注意敷药，使之早日痊愈。经常更换体位，也有利于痰液咯出及改善肺部血液循环，故可有效地预防肺炎的发生。 (4)加强语言训练及被动活动患肢，促进功能恢复。当病情稳定时，家属应及早帮助病人进行语言训练及被动活动患肢。也可以自己用健侧肢体帮助患侧肢体活动，防止瘫痪侧肢体肌肉萎缩或关节强直，以促进早日恢复语言和运动功能。 10 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 11 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 12 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 13 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 14 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 15 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 16 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 17 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 18 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 19 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 20 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 21 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 22 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 23 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 24 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 25 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 26 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 27 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 28 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 29 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 30 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 31 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 32 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 33 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 34 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 35 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 36 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 37 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 38 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 39 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 40 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 41 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 42 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 43 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 44 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 45 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 46 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 47