蜈蚣养殖技术-蜈蚣概况

蜈蚣养殖技术-蜈蚣概况 蜈蚣养殖技术 一、 蜈蚣概况 (1)蜈蚣俗称“金头蜈蚣”，百脚、钱串子, 因为它的足很多，所以又有“百足虫”的美称。自古就被列为“五毒之一”。在动物界中分类上属动物界、节肢动物门、唇足纲、整形目、蜈蚣科，蜈蚣作为传统药材已有数千年的历史，是常见的药用动物之一。 (2)蜈蚣种类:少棘蜈蚣、多棘蜈蚣、模棘蜈蚣、哈氏蜈蚣、马氏蜈蚣 (3)蜈蚣在全世界共有65种和13个亚种分布在全球热带区，尤其东南亚地区种类最多。从我国自然地区划分看，在华南区、华中区，华中区北部，跨越北纬30度的我国地区。蜈蚣主要分布在江苏、安徽、浙江、河南、湖北、湖南地区，另外在四川、广西、广州、江西等地也产少量。影响蜈蚣种类、地区主要因素有气候、地形、植被、土层等。 二、蜈蚣的外部形态 药用蜈蚣的体形呈带状，背腹扁平，左右对称的体形。整体是由大小相差不多、形状也相同的21个足体节组成，每个体节的两侧只有1对步足。身体表面覆盖着大小不同、形状各异的几丁质层，形成所谓的外骨骼。 (一) 头部 1、 大颚 :是口器的主要肢体，也是口器的第一对肢体。功能是用它的齿板切割 和磨碎食物。大颚相当复杂可分柄部和干部。 2、 第一小颚 :第一小颚是口器的第二对肢体，全肢短而扁;左右端肢由腹面覆 盖着大颚。第一小颚可分成基节与端节两部分。 3、 第二小颚 ;第二小颚是口器的第三对肢节左右肢节愈合，呈桥状，无缝合线。 第二小颚的端肢有3节，它和一末爪组成。 4、 幕骨内突 :幕骨内突，又称支板。它埋藏在颚板内的深处，与大颚的发育台 和形成有密切的关系。如果说，体外的几丁质层是外骨骼，而幕骨内突也可以说是一 块内骨骼。 (二)躯干部 1、 颚肢节 :颚肢节是躯干部的第一体节。颚肢节分三节，第一节非常粗状，它 是由转节、前股节和股节愈合而成的，第二节短而宽，呈条状，相当于胫节第三节较 短些，相当于跗节。最末节为弯钩状的跗爪。毒颚(颚肢)的毒腺呈囊状，埋藏在巨 大的第一节内，并由导管通向末爪的近末端的开口处。 2、 有足体节 :蜈蚣除颚肢和身末端的肛生殖节外，每个体节都有具1对步足，因 此这样的体节称为有足体节，有1个背板，1个胸板和左右侧板，有21节或23节(最多 31-177节)。 3、 胸板: 又称腹板。颚肢体节的胸板与颚肢的基节愈合成强大的基胸板。第一 有足体节的胸板略呈圆形，颇小，胸板呈三角形。 4、 侧板 :侧板是位于硬化的背板和胸板之间的皮膜。在皮膜的表面上具有复杂 的几丁质小板以及气孔等。并从左右侧板上伸出来1对步足。 (1)步足转节:它是 基节与前股节之间的一节 (2)真基节:真基节与转接相似，也呈环状。 (3)前侧 板:有1对，但不明显，一片在靠近前背板，另一片在靠近前胸板。(4)气门板与其 外围的小板:在气门上有气门的开口，但是，有气门的侧板在蜈蚣目里只限于第3、5、 8、10、12、14、16、18、20、22诸有足体节上有。以气门板为中心，可以找到气门 前板、气门后板和气门下板 implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 5、 步足 :节肢动物的步足是有力的运动器官。(1)转节:很短，呈环形。它的 为侧较宽而内侧较窄，内壁没有肌肉的固着点。(2)前股节:粗大，与转节为侧相连。 (3)股节:位于前股节的外侧。(4)胫节:它在外端腹面和背面各有一胫刺。(5) 跗节:无肌肉，只有固着在前跗节的肌腱穿过其中，在跗节的腹面生有一跗刺。(6) 前跗节:形成主爪，主爪基部的两侧各有一副爪。最末步足，又称肛足。它比前面的 任何步足都长大、并伸向斜向方;爬行时，只是像一对拖在身后的长尾巴。 (三)、肛生殖节 在蜈蚣最末对步足基部之间的身体末端，(1)前生殖节:前生殖节是第一前生殖节。雌性无生殖肢。(2)生殖节:是第二生殖节，它无背板。对于雌性说，胸板不复存在。蜈蚣的生殖孔与阴茎:雌性生殖孔在前生殖节胸板和肛门之间;雄性生殖孔位于副几丁质板和肛门之间，阴茎呈三角形，几丁质化，呈褐色，有时伸出体外。(3)肛门:蜈蚣的肛门位于生殖节的背后方，有褶皱，分4片肛门板，即上肛门板、下肛门板、左肛门板、右肛门板幼体和未成年与皮膜无异样。 三、 蜈蚣的内部结构特征 1. 肌肉系统 2. 消化系统:?口腔 ?前肠 ?中肠 ?后肠 ?消化腺(1)咽腺(2)颚腺(3)基节 腺 ?马尔皮基氏管 3. 气门:?呼吸孔(在腹部体节与步足处) ?气管 4. 循环系统:?心脏管 ?腹主动脉管 ?环状血管 ?侧管 ?血液与循环管 5. 神经系统:?脑 ?腹神经索 6. 生殖系统:?雌性生殖系统:卵巢、输卵管、纳精囊 ?雄性生殖系统:精巢、输卵 管、贮精囊、副腺和附属物组成。 四、 蜈蚣的雌雄鉴别 蜈蚣的雌雄鉴别在外形，仔细观察其雌性行动迟缓、头背部扁、圆、大些呈饼状，第一体节凸起;第21节背板后缘亦较平、圆、体型较大、宽、腹部肥厚，体躯较软。雄性运动频繁，头部稍隆起，椭圆而小呈孢子状，第一体节较平;第21节背板后缘亦隆起、尖、体型较小、窄、腹部较瘦、体躯较硬。最可靠的方法是用手指轻轻的挤尾部生殖器(最后体节)在泄殖孔中会突出两泡形结构，其内侧各有两对棘刺，为雄蜈蚣，雌体没有。 五、 蜈蚣的年龄鉴别 蜈蚣的年龄在体长容易分别，体长7cm左右即为一龄蜈蚣;第二年7~8月份脱皮一次，体长10cm左右为二龄，以后每年8月份脱皮一次，同时长大一次。三龄11-12cm、四龄13-15cm、五龄15-16cm、六龄17-19cm。寿命一般为6年，很少有7年(一般一生脱11次皮)。雄性比雌性脱皮时间早，生长速度缓慢，第3年才有10cm长最大可达13cm，一般成活期三年。 六、蜈蚣的药用价值 【性味归经】 辛、温、有毒、归肝经。 【功效】 息风止痉、攻毒散结、通络止痛。 蜈蚣的药用价值蜈蚣，是一种有毒的节肢动物，具有很高的药用价值。蜈蚣作为传统药implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 用动物已有数千年的历史，研究表明，蜈蚣含有两种类似蜂毒的有毒成分胺样物质、溶血蛋白质及酪氯酸、蚁酸等多种活性物质。中医认为蜈蚣味辛、温、有毒，具有祛风镇惊、息风抗癌、解毒散结、通络止痛的功效。蜈蚣入药治疗小儿惊风、抽搐、口眼歪斜，破伤风、风癖、斑秃等病。蜈蚣的水浸液能抵制结核杆菌和皮肤真菌。民间将蜈蚣去头、足研末内服治疗结核性胸膜炎、结核性肋膜炎、肺结核、散发性结核、乳腺结核以及颈淋巴结核等。另外，临床还用蜈蚣治疗瘰疬、骨髓炎、疱节肿毒、慢性溃疡、烧伤等，均有一定疗效。 七、蜈蚣的生活习性 1、喜群居，胆小怕惊 蜈蚣喜群居，同群的蜈蚣能和睦相处，很少发生斗殴而自相残杀的现象。 但是蜈蚣胆小怕惊，稍微受到惊吓就会停止摄食、逃走或卷曲不动。 2、喜欢阴暗潮湿的地方昼伏夜出 蜈蚣喜欢栖息在阴暗潮湿的环境，蜈蚣虽有8只眼，但视力退化白昼视力差，主要靠两触角觅食物、活动。白天隐藏在阴暗处，夜间四处活动，寻找食物。怕光、怕水。 3.杂食性耐饥饿 蜈蚣属杂食性动物。喜欢吃各种昆虫如蚂蚱、蜘蛛以及蝇类、蜂类、蛾类等，除此之外还喜欢吃西瓜、西红柿以及幼嫩的青草、蔬菜等。蜈蚣是较耐饥饿的一种小动物，每吃饱一次够其消化4-6天的时间。 4、有冬眠习性 蜈蚣是变温动物，它的一切生命活动都受温度支配。所以一般在每年立冬前后，天气转冷时，蜈蚣会停止一切活动，钻入土石缝中进入冬眠状态。至翌年惊蛰后随着天气转暖，出洞觅食活动。 5、具有舔舐的习性 蜈蚣的舔舐的习性表现在舔卵上，保持卵的清洁，防止霉菌的危害，经常舔舐自己的触角、步足、也会把自己的窝舔舐的干干净净的，这种习性排除寄生虫性小动物和细菌、真菌对蜈蚣的侵害，起防御病害的作用。 八、蜈蚣的饲养环境、设施 目前蜈蚣养殖主要有室内、室外(大棚、散养)由于塑料大棚养殖，可以缩短甚至取消蜈蚣的冬眠期，延长蜈蚣的生长时间，提高养殖效益，所以是养殖场比较热衷的一种养殖方法。那么关于养殖池的建造，我们应从以下方面着手。 (一)、池的筑造 (1)池的地点选择:通风、采光。养殖蜈蚣的池选择任何地势对室内养殖者来说不是特别重要，而在室外，建造蜈蚣养殖池的地点应在向阳的坡地，既可以避免雨水蓄积，又可以避免风的吹打。为蜈蚣所创造的生活环境必须同时满足阴暗、潮湿、温暖、通风的要求，通风、采光主要是:便于控制湿度大小、温度高底与发生传染病害时不会发生面积性传播。 (2)池的建设:用于养殖蜈蚣的池为长方形水泥构造池，池的大小与排列，应根据养殖场地或房舍来合理布局，池底部可以用红砖铺一层，不需要用水泥道地平，只需要把砖与砖之间的缝隙用水泥灌实。(在摆放蜈蚣巢穴的时候在养殖池的底部砖上铺约5,10cm的土)池的四周用砖侧立砌起，高约50,60cm的围墙，围墙的内壁尽量用水泥抚平。在砖内上缘镶嵌一圈宽为50,60cm的玻璃，保持光滑无缝，如有缝隙可以用，玻璃胶先填充满。再在接口处implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical 用宽透明胶布粘贴，粘贴时要保持透明胶布不起皱纹铺平，以防蜈蚣外逃。在饲养池或饲养棚的四周修建水沟，其作用可以万一有蜈蚣外逃可以阻拦，可有效的防止天敌的进入，控制饲养池、舍内的湿度和渗透地下的作用。 (3)蜈蚣的栖息床的筑造:蜈蚣栖息床一般采用砖码型栖息床，用特制砖(蜈蚣巢穴)按一定的方式堆码构成的蜈蚣栖息床，砖与砖之间保留一定的缝隙作为蜈蚣的居所与钻爬通道。也是蜈蚣逃避各种不利因素的“避难所”藏身之处。栖息床要求底部要平，装饲养土做到内少外多或平铺于窝口。含水量手挪成团，一触即散为易。 (4)防逃、防天敌设施:在养殖池四周，修建水渠宽为20,30cm，深约15-25cm，可以有效的防止万一蜈蚣逃出，产生经济损失，可以防止天敌的进入(蚂蚁、老鼠) 控制养殖池四周的环境湿度。千万不能在养殖池舍，喷灭蚊剂、蚊香有刺激性的气体，会照成蜈蚣中毒死亡。其它地区要防止黄鼠狼、鸟、蛇，尤其是室外养殖者更加小心防范。 (二)饲养土的选择 饲养土既是蜈蚣栖居、生活、繁殖的场所，也是蜈蚣、养殖池保持湿度的必要来源，因而对蜈蚣非常重要。蜈蚣对饲养土的土质没有很高的特殊要求砂土、壤土都可以，入池的饲养土湿度为10%,20%，但饲养土必需疏松、潮湿，而且要保温、保湿性能好，无污染的土壤即:没有被农药、化肥污染的土质为益。忌用黏土，易粘住蜈蚣口器、爬行和取食活动。在阳光下暴晒3-4天，用3%高锰酸钾消毒。有条件的养殖户可以把饲养土用火烧或者用开水烫。把在土里的细菌和虫卵给彻底的处理死。如果发生病害，土全部要换，而且还要彻底消毒。铺土的厚度，春天8cm、夏天5cm、冬天10,15cm。 (三)、投料、饮水设施 要做到定点、定量、定时投放.蜈蚣的饵料常常是一些活体的小动物，因此给蜈蚣投饵时常常要设置木板、饵料盘，常用的设施为塑料浅盘或木制板，此外，饮水也是蜈蚣的生命活动之一，因此，养殖场内一定要设置供水设施。 (四)、供热保温设施 对于准备周年生产的养殖者来说，冬季升温是必需考虑的问题，因此，在建筑养殖设施时，应考虑给温设施。供热设施可采用地龙式、火龙式，现方便的，可以采用材炉、煤炉(即安装导烟管)取暖器等。也可以在养殖池里加盖草席、乱稻草，条件许可时还可以因地制宜地使用锅炉暖气等供热，同时，饲养池的空中，饲养土中及养殖池的底部、空中、最好多设置一些温度计、湿度计多点测量。 (五)供湿设施 蜈蚣场地的供湿包括两个方面:一个空气供湿，一个土壤供湿，对于室外养殖者来说，土壤湿度是最需要关注的问题，常常在场地建筑上就需要考虑这个问题。主要考虑饲养池底的渗水、饲养土上的喷水与渗水以及通风等几个方面来控制饲养土的湿度，而室内养殖者饲养土的湿度则可用喷水、通风设施、洒水设施、排水设施等。在饲养过程中做到湿则少喷水，干则多喷水，每次喷水时宜做到少量多次，万不能过量，忌喷到蜈蚣身上，会因受水刺激受凉而死亡，特别是正在卵化的蜈蚣和小蜈蚣的身上。 添加时间: 2011-08-22 implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical implementation model. Pay special attention to prevent floating style, do something superficial, cosmetic, overcome the love of work, short of a name, one of the benefits of bad ideas. To strengthen the sense of dedication. Office in the work of the Government "nerve centre", task, and burden, busy with work, hard, tough and sometimes thankless. Come into the Office the door, will not name, not for profit, unsung hero willing; to stand up to all kinds of misunderstandings, disappointments and setbacks, inclusive of ups and downs; "any hard labor, difficult, pick is hard to pick of Dan" the spirit of love and dedication, and hard work. Second, capacity-building, top-notch performance. Office of theWork lies in the people. Government offices at all levels must follow the 16 session of the plenum on strengthening the ruling ability construction of the party in order to improve the professional quality as the core, to strengthen capacity-building, picked up a pen to write, pen said, when anything can be done. To enhance the research capacity. Neither leaders nor the General staff, will continue to face the masses, face reality and society, doing the research work. Conditions permitting, are often grassroots, institutionalized, and perseverance. Investigation depth must not be superficial, also must have the breadth must not be biased. Through research, formed a quality, thoughtful, valuable research reports, improving the ability to analyze and solve practical