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ContentPART1IntroductiontoMaterialsScience＆Engineering1Unit1MaterialsScienceandEngineering1Unit2ClassificationofMaterials9Unit3PropertiesofMaterials17Unit4MaterialsScienceandEngineering:WhatdoestheFutureHold?25PartⅡMETALLICMATERLALSANDALLOYS33Unit5AnIntroductiontoMetallicMaterials33Unit6MetalManufacturingMethods47Unit7StructureofMetallicMaterials57Unit8Metal-MatrixComposites68PartⅢCeramics81Unit9IntroductiontoCeramics81Unit10CeramicStructures—CrystallineandNoncrystalline88Unit11CeramicProcessingMethods97Unit12Advancedceramicmaterials–FunctionalCeramics105PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS112Unit13IntroductiontoNanostructuredMaterials112Unit14PreparationofNanomaterials117Unit15RecentScientificAdvances126Unit16TheFutureofNanostructureScienceandTechnology130PartⅤPOLYMERS136Unit17ABriefReviewintheDevelopmentofSyntheticPolymers136Unit18Polymersynthesis:Polyethylenesynthesis146Unit19Polymersynthesis:Nylonsynthesis154Unit20ProcessingandPropertiesPolymerMaterials165PARTVIPOLYMERICCOMPOSITES172Unit21IntroductiontoPolymericCompositeMaterials172Unit22Composition,StructureandMorphologyofPolymericComposites178Unit23ManufactureofPolymerComposites185Unit24EpoxyResinComposites191Part7Biomaterial196Unit25IntroductiontoBiomaterials196Unit26Biocompatibility205Unit27PolymersasBiomaterials213Unit28FutureofBiomaterials224PARTⅧMaterialsandEnvironment237Unit29EnvironmentalPollution&ControlRelatedMaterials237Unit30Bio-degradablePolymerMaterials241Unit31　EnvironmentalFriendlyInorganicMaterials248Unit32APerspectiveontheFuture:ChallengesandOpportunities256附录一科技英语构词法263附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 280附录四：练习 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 参考 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 284 PART1IntroductiontoMaterialsScience＆EngineeringUnit1MaterialsScienceandEngineeringHistoricalPerspectiveMaterialsareprobablymoredeep-seatedinourculturethanmostofusrealize.Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation,andfoodproduction—virtuallyeverysegmentofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranotherbymaterials.Historically,thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimatelytiedtothemembers’abilitytoproduceandmanipulatemateri-alstofilltheirneeds.Infact,earlycivilizationshavebeendesignatedbytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment(StoneAge,BronzeAge,IronAge).Theearliesthumanshadaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials,thosethatoccurnaturally:stone,wood,clay,skins,andsoon.Withtimetheydiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones;thesenewmaterialsincludedpotteryandvariousmetals.Furthermore,itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialcouldbealteredbyheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances.Atthispoint,materialsutilizationwastotallyaselectionprocessthatinvolveddecidingfromagiven,ratherlimitedsetofmaterialstheonebestsuitedforanapplicationbyvirtueofitscharacteristics.①Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.Thisknowledge,acquiredoverapproximatelythepast100years,hasempoweredthemtofashion,toalargedegree,thecharacteristicsofmaterials.Thus,tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolvedwithratherspecializedcharac-teristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety;theseincludemetals,plastics,glasses,andfibers.Thedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibilityofsuitablematerials.Anadvancementintheunderstandingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunnertothestepwiseprogressionofatechnology.Forexample,automobileswouldnothavebeenpossibl-ewithouttheavailabilityofinexpensivesteelorsomeothercomparablesubstitute.Inourcontemporaryera,sophisticatedelectronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemiconductingmaterials.MaterialsScienceandEngineeringThedisciplineofmaterialsscienceinvolvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.Incontrast,materialsengineeringis,onthebasisofthesestructure–propertycorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties.“Structure’’isatthispointanebuloustermthatdeservessomeexplanation.Inbrief,thestructureofamaterialusuallyrelatestothearrangementofitsinternalcomponents.Subatomicstructureinvolveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnuclei.Onanatomiclevel,structureencompassestheorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother.Thenextlargerstructuralrealm,whichcontainslargegroupsofatomsthatarenormallyagglomeratedtogether,istermed‘‘microscopic,’’meaningthatwhichissubjecttodirectobservationusingsometypeofmicroscope.Finally,structuralelementsthatmaybeviewedwiththenakedeyearetermed‘‘macroscopic.’’Thenotionof‘‘property’’deserveselaboration.Whileinserviceuse,allmaterialsareexposedtoexternalstimulithatevokesometypeofresponse.Forexample,aspecimensubjectedtoforceswillexperiencedeformation;orapolishedmetalsurfacewillreflectlight.Propertyisamaterialtraitintermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecificimposedstimulus.Generally,definitionsofpropertiesaremadeindependentofmaterialshapeandsize.Virtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories:mechanical,electrical,thermal,magnetic,optical,anddeteriorative.Foreachthereisacharacteristictypeofstimuluscapableofprovokingdifferentresponses.Mechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforce;examplesincludeelasticmodulusandstrength.Forelectricalproperties,suchaselectricalconductivityanddielectricconstant,thestimulusisanelectricfield.Thethermalbehaviorofsolidscanberepresentedintermsofheatcapacityandthermalconductivity.Magneticpropertiesdemonstratetheresponseofamaterialtotheapplicationofamagneticfield.Foropticalproperties,thestimulusiselectro-magneticorlightradiation;indexofrefractionandreflectivityarerepresentativeopticalproperties.Finally,deteriorativecharacteristicsindicatethechemicalreactivityofmaterials.Inadditiontostructureandproperties,twootherimportantcomponentsareinvolvedinthescienceandengineeringofmaterials,viz.‘‘processing’’and‘‘performance.’’Withregardtotherelationshipsofthesefourcomponents,thestructureofamaterialwilldependonhowitisprocessed.Furthermore,amaterial’sperformancewillbeafunctionofitsproperties.Fig.1.1Photographshowingthelighttransmittanceofthreealuminumoxidespecimens.Fromlefttoright:singlecrystalmaterial(sapphire),whichistransparent;apolycrystallineandfullydense(nonporous)material,whichistranslucent;andapolycrystallinematerialthatcontainsapproximately5%porosity,whichisopaque.(Specimenpreparation,P.A.Lessing;photographybyJ.Telford.)Wenowpresentanexampleoftheseprocessing-structure-properties-perfor-manceprincipleswithFigure1.1,aphotographshowingthreethindiskspecimensplacedoversomeprintedmatter.Itisobviousthattheopticalproperties(i.e.,thelighttransmittance)ofeachofthethreematerialsaredifferent;theoneontheleftistransparent(i.e.,virtuallyallofthereflectedlightpassesthroughit),whereasthedisksinthecenterandontherightare,respectively,translucentandopaque.Allofthesespecimensareofthesamematerial,aluminumoxide,buttheleftmostoneiswhatwecallasinglecrystal—thatis,itishighlyperfect—whichgivesrisetoitstransparency.Thecenteroneiscomposedofnumerousandverysmallsinglecrystalsthatareallconnected;theboundariesbetweenthesesmallcrystalsscatteraportionofthelightreflectedfromtheprintedpage,whichmakesthismaterialopticallytranslucent.②Andfinally,thespecimenontherightiscomposednotonlyofmanysmall,interconnectedcrystals,butalsoofalargenumberofverysmallporesorvoidspaces.Theseporesalsoeffectivelyscatterthereflectedlightandrenderthismaterialopaque.Thus,thestructuresofthesethreespecimensaredifferentintermsofcrystalboundariesandpores,whichaffecttheopticaltransmittanceproperties.Furthermore,eachmaterialwasproducedusingadifferentprocessingtechnique.And,ofcourse,ifopticaltransmittanceisanimportantparameterrelativetotheultimatein-serviceapplication,theperformanceofeachmaterialwillbedifferent.WhyStudyMaterialsscienceandEngineering?Whydowestudymaterials?Manyanappliedscientistorengineer,whethermechanical,civil,chemical,orelectrical,willatonetimeoranotherbeexposedtoadesignprobleminvolvingmaterials.Examplesmightincludeatransmissiongear,thesuperstructureforabuilding,anoilrefinerycomponent,oranintegratedcircuitchip.Ofcourse,materialsscientistsandengineersarespecialistswhoaretotallyinvolvedintheinvestigationanddesignofmaterials.Manytimes,amaterialsproblemisoneofselectingtherightmaterialfromthemanythousandsthatareavailable.Thereareseveralcriteriaonwhichthefinaldecisionisnormallybased.Firstofall,thein-serviceconditionsmustbecharac-terized,forthesewilldictatethepropertiesrequiredofthematerial.Ononlyrareoccasionsdoesamaterialpossessthemaximumoridealcombinationofproperties.Thus,itmaybenecessarytotradeoffonecharacteristicforanother.Theclassicexampleinvolvesstrengthandductility;normally,amaterialhavingahighstrengthwillhaveonlyalimitedductility.Insuchcasesareasonablecompromisebetweentwoormorepropertiesmaybenecessary.Asecondselectionconsiderationisanydeteriorationofmaterialpropertiesthatmayoccurduringserviceoperation.Forexample,significantreductionsinmecha-nicalstrengthmayresultfromexposuretoelevatedtemperaturesorcorrosiveenvir-onments.Finally,probablytheoverridingconsiderationisthatofeconomics:Whatwillthefinishedproductcost?Amaterialmaybefoundthathastheidealsetofproper-tiesbutisprohibitivelyexpensive.Hereagain,somecompromiseisinevitable.Thecostofafinishedpiecealsoincludesanyexpenseincurredduringfabricationtoproducethedesiredshape.Themorefamiliaranengineerorscientistiswiththevariouscharacteristicsandstructure–propertyrelationships,aswellasprocessingtechniquesofmaterials,themoreproficientandconfidentheorshewillbetomakejudiciousmaterialschoicesbasedonthesecriteria.③Reference:WilliamD.Callister,Materialsscienceandengineering:anintroduction,Press:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,2007;2-5 deep-seated根深蒂固的,深层的pottery/(((((((/((陶器structuralelements结构成分；property//.性能stepwise/(((((((((/((((逐步的sophisticated/((((((((((((((/((((精制的，复杂的；semiconductingmaterials半导体 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 nebulous/(((((((((/((((含糊的，有歧义的subatomic/((((((((((/((((亚原子的microscopic/(((((((((((((/((((微观的/(((((((((((((/((((宏观的deformation/((((((((((((((/((变形deteriorative/(((((((((((((((/((破坏（老化的）elasticmodulus弹性模量strength/((((((/((强度；dielectricconstant介电常数；heatcapacity热容量refraction/((((((((((/((折射率；reflectivity/(((((((((((((((/((反射率processing/((((((((((/((加工transmittance/((((((((((((/(.透射性sapphire/((((((/((蓝宝石transparent/(((((((((((((/((((透明的；polycrystalline/((((((((((((((((/((多晶体；translucent/(((((((((((((/((((半透明的；opaque(((((((((((((不透明的singlecrystal单晶体transmissiongear传动齿轮dictate/(((((((/((决定tradeoff权衡；折衷ductility((((((((((((((延展性overriding/((((((((((((/((((最主要的judicious/((((((((((/((((明智的Notes1．Atthispoint,materialsutilizationwastotallyaselectionprocessthatinvolveddecidingfromagiven,ratherlimitedsetofmaterialstheonebestsuitedforanapplicationbyvirtueofitscharacteristics由此看来，材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。2．Thecenteroneiscomposedofnumerousandverysmallsinglecrystalsthatareallconnected;theboundariesbetweenthesesmallcrystalsscatteraportionofthelightreflectedfromtheprintedpage,whichmakesthismaterialopticallytranslucent.中心由无数相连的微小单晶体所组成；这些微小晶体之间的界面散射了一部分从纸面折射来的光，从而致使材料变为光学半透明。3．Themorefamiliaranengineerorscientistiswiththevariouscharacteristicsandstructure–propertyrelationships,aswellasprocessingtechniquesofmaterials,themoreproficientandconfidentheorshewillbetomakejudiciousmaterialschoicesbasedonthesecriteria.工程师或科学家对材料的各种性质、结构与功能之间的关系以及生产工艺越熟悉，就能越熟练自信地根据这些标准选择出最合适的材料。Exercises1.Choosethebestanswerforthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext(1)Whymaterialsaresoimportantinthemoderntimes?___(a)Materialsinfluenceoureverydaylivesandacceleratethedevelopmentandadvancementofsocieties.(b)Theyaredeep-seatedinourculture.(c)Therearemanykindsofmaterials.(d)Theyareveryexpensive.(2)Whatistherelationshipbetweenstructureandproperties?___(a)Propertiesofmaterialsdependlargelyontheirstructures.(b)Structuresofmaterialsaffectindirectlyontheirproperties.(c)Bothofthemhavemutualeffect.(d)Therearenodirectrelationbetweenthem.2.TranslatethefollowingintoChineseOneofthereasonsthatsyntheticpolymers(includingrubber)aresopopularasengineeringmaterialslieswiththeirchemicalandbiologicalinertness.Onthedownside,thischaracteristicisreallyaliabilitywhenitcomestowastedisposal.Polymersarenotbiodegradable,and,assuch,theyconstituteasignificantland-fillcomponent;majorsourcesofwastearefrompackaging,junkautomobilesanddomesticdurables.Biodegradablepolymershavebeensynthesized,buttheyarerelativelyexpensivetoproduce.Ontheotherhand,sincesomepolymersarecombustibleanddonotyieldappreciabletoxicorpollutingemissions,theymaybedisposedofbyincineration.3.PutthefollowingwordsintoEnglish高分子化合物；多晶体；功能；化学反应活性；弹性体；参数；原子结构；参考标准；加工工艺；多孔材料；延展性；弹性模量4.TranslatethefollowingwordsintoChinesealuminumoxide;characteristicsofmaterials;specimens;processing-structure-properties-performanceprinciples;mechanicalstrength；investigationanddesignofmaterials；transparent,translucentandopaque.SupplementaryReadingMetalsandpolycrystallinemetalsMetalsareanespeciallyimportantclassofmaterials.Theyaredistinguishedbyseveralspecialproperties,namelytheirhighthermalandelectricalconductivity,theirductilityandthecharacteristiclustreoftheirsurfaces.Theirductility,togetherwiththehighstrengththatcanbeachievedbyalloying,rendersmetalsparticularlyattractiveasengineeringmaterials.Innature,metalsoccuronlyseldomastheypossessahightendencyforoxidation.Ifonelooksatthepureelements,morethantwothirdsofthemareinametallicstate.Manyelementsaresolubleinmetalsinthesolidstateandthusallowtoformametallicalloy.Forinstance,steelscanbeproducedbyalloyingironwithcarbon.Thelargenumberofmetallicelementsoffersabroadrangeofpossiblealloys.Ofmosttechnicalimportancearealloysbasedoniron(steelsandcastirons),aluminum,copper(bronzesandbrasses),nickel,titanium,andmagnesium.Inthissection,westartbyexplainingthenatureofthechemicalbondofmetals.Wewillseethatmetalsusuallyarrangethemselvesinaregular,crystallineorder.Therefore,wewillafterwardsdiscussthestructureofcrystalsand,finally,explainhowametallicmaterialiscomposedofsuchcrystals.Atomsinametallicsolidarrangethemselvessothattheirelectronscanspreadovermanyatoms.Thisspreadingismosteasyiftheatomsarearrangedinadenseandregularmanner.Therefore,metalsformcrystalswhicharedistinguishedbytheirwell-orderedstructure.Tounderstandthedifferenttypesofcrystalstructuresfoundinnature,itisusefultothinkrathergenerallyabouttheproblemofarrangingobjectsIfametaliscooleddownfromameltandsolidifies,itstartstocrystallise.Dependingonthecoolingrate,manysmallnucleiofcrystallisation（晶核）(form,smallsolidifiedregionswithcrystallinestructure.Thesenucleithengrowandcoalesce.(a)(b)Fig.1.1.Exemplarymicrostructuresofmetals(a)Micrograph(opticalmicroscope)(b)Micro-structureofanickel-basealloy(scanningelectronmicroscope（电子扫描显微镜）pictureofanintercrystallinefracturesurface)Astheinitialnucleidevelopindependently,theypossessnolong-rangeorder（长程有序）betweenthem.Therefore,ametaldoesnotusuallyconsistofonesinglecrystalwithlong-rangeorder,butratherofseveralcrystallineregionscalledcrystallites（微晶）orgrains.Theyhaveadiameteroftheorderofafewmicrometresuptoafractionofamillimietre,butcanalsobemuchlargerinspecialcases.Grainscanbemadevisiblebypolishingthesurfaceofthemetalandthenetchingitbecausetheacidattacksdifferentlyorientedgrainsdifferently(figure1.1(a)).Thestructureofthegrainsofametalisusuallytermeditsmicrostructure.Thegrainboundariesi.e.,theinterfacesbetweenthegrains,donothaveaperfectlycrystallineorderasdifferentlyorientedregionsadjoinhere.Therefore,theycanbeconsideredaslatticeimperfections.Frequently,theystronglyinfluencethepropertiesofamaterialbecause,forexample,theymaybepreferreddiffusionpathsforcorrodingmedia.Thiskindofweakeningofgrainboundariesmaythenleadtofailureofthematerial.Thisiscalledintercrystallinefractureandisshowninfigure1.1(b).Technicalalloysfrequentlyconsistofdifferentphasesi.e.,regionswithdifferingchemicalcompositionorcrystalstructure.Aswewillseelater,particlesofasecondphasethatareenclosedbyamatrixofafirstphaseareespeciallyimportanttoinfluencemechanicalproperties（力学性能）.Oneexampleforthisisironcarbide(cementite,Fe3C)thatincreasesthestrengthofsteelswhenprecipitated（沉淀）asfineparticles.Dependinginthecrystalstructureofthetwophases,theinterfacebetweenthemmayadoptdifferentstructures:Ifthecrystalstructuresandthecrystalorientationofbothphasesareidenticalandthelatticeconstantsdonotdiffertoomuch,theparticlesofthesecondphasewillbecoherenti.e.,thelatticeplanesofthematrixcontinuewithintheparticle(seefigure1.2(a)).Ifthelatticestructureandorientationareidentical,butthelatticeconstantsdifferstrongly,theparticleswillbesemi-coherentbecausesomelatticeplanesofthematrixcontinueinsidetheparticlebutothersdonot(figure1.2(b)).Generally,thecrystallatticeisdistortedneartothecoherentorsemi-coherentparticle.Ifthelatticestructureofbothphasesorthelatticeorientationdiffer,theparticlesareincoherent;thelatticeplanesofparticleandmatrixhavenorelationatall(figure1.3,Ommited).(a)Coherent(b)Semi-coherentFig.1.2Coherentandsemi-coherentparticles.Thesymbol⊥insubfigure(b)denotesinsertedhalf-planesofthelattice.Theedgewheresuchahalf-planeendsiscalledanedgedislocation.(a)Allcrystalplanesarecontinuousbetweenmatrixandparticle（b）Someofthecrystalplanesarecontinuousbetweenmatrixandparticle.Reference:JoachimRösler,HaraldHarders,MartinBäker.MechanicalBehaviourofEngineeringMaterials.TeubnerVerlagWiesbaden,2007:5-15 Unit2ClassificationofMaterialsSolidmaterialshavebeenconvenientlygroupedintothreebasicclassifications:metalsandalloysceramics,andpolymers.Thisschemeisbasedprimarilyonchemicalmakeupandatomicstructure,andmostmaterialsfallintoonedistinctgroupingoranother,althoughtherearesomeintermediates.Inaddition,therearethreeothergroupsofimportantengineeringmaterials-composites,biomaterialsandadvancedmaterials.Abriefexplanationofthematerialtypesandrepresentativecharacteristicsisofferednext.MetalsandAlloysMetallicmaterialsarenormallycombinationsofmetallicelements.Theyhavelargenumbersofnonlocalizedelectrons;thatis,theseelectronsarenotboundtoparticularatoms.Manypropertiesofmetalsaredirectlyattributabletotheseelectrons.Metalsareextremelygoodconductorsofelectricityandheatandarenottransparenttovisiblelight;apolishedmetalsurfacehasalustrousappearance.Furthermore,metalsarequitestrong,yetdeformable,whichaccountsfortheirextensiveuseinstructuralapplications.MostoftheelementsinthePeriodicTablearemetals.ExamplesofalloysareCu-Zn(brass),Fe-C(steel),andSn-Pb(solder).Alloysareclassifiedaccordingtothemajorityelementpresent.Themainclassesofalloysareiron-basedalloysforstructures;copper-basedalloysforpiping,utensils,thermalconduction,electricalconduction,etc.;andaluminum-basedalloysforlight-weightstructuresandmetal-matrixcomposites.Alloysarealmostalwaysinthepolycrystallineform.CeramicsCeramicsarecompoundsbetweenmetallicandnonmetallicelements;theyaremostfrequentlyoxides,nitrides,andcarbides.Thewiderangeofmaterialsthatfallswithinthisclassificationincludesceramicsthatarecomposedofclayminerals,cement,andglass.Fig.2.1Commonobjectsthataremadeofceramicmaterials:scissors,achinateacup,abuildingbrick,afloortile,andaglassvase.(PhotographybyS.Tanner.)Thesematerialsaretypicallyinsulativetothepassageofelectricityandheat,andaremoreresistanttohightemperaturesandharshenvironmentsthanmetalsandpolymers,suchasAl2O3(forsparkplugsandforsubstratesformicroelectronics),SiO2(forelectricalinsulationinmicroelectronics),Fe3O4(ferriteformagneticmemoriesusedincomputers),silicates(clay,cement,glass,etc.),andSiC(anabrasive).Withregardtomechanicalbehavior,ceramicsarehardbutverybrittle.Ceramicsaretypicallypartlycrystallineandpartlyamorphous.Theyconsistofions(oftenatomsaswell)andarecharacterizedbyionicbondingandoftencovalentbonding.PolymersPolymersincludethefamiliarplasticandrubbermaterials.Manyofthemareorganiccompoundsthatarechemicallybasedoncarbon,hydrogen,andothernonmetallicelements;furthermore,theyhaveverylargemolecularstructure