会计英语全套课件

会计英语课件 WhydowelearnAccountingEnglish? WhatarethelearningobjectivesofAccountingEnglish? IsAccountingEnglishdifficult?CHAPTER1ACCOUNTING:THEBASISFORDECISIONSLearningObjectives Explainthedefinitionofaccounting; Understandthebasicfunctionofaccounting; Understandthetypesofaccountinginformation; Ascertaintheusersofaccountinginformationandknowwhytheyneedtheinformation; Haveageneralideaoftheprofessionalfieldsofaccountingandtheirduties.DefinitionofAccounting Accountingisaninformationsystemdesignedtorecord,classifyandsummarizesystematicallysignificantfinancialandothereconomicinformationaboutbusinessfirms,andanalysesandinterpretsitsresults,withmonetaryunitasitsmaincriterion. Differentexpressesabout“企业”inEnglishBusinessEnterpriseFirm Accounting会计（学） Accountant会计师 BeanCounter中国注册会计师协会*Accounting:InformationforDecisionMaking Theprimaryobjectiveofaccountingistoprovideinformationthatisusefulformakingdecisions. Typesofaccounting FinancialAccounting ManagementAccounting TaxAccountingFinancialAccounting Financialposition财务状况 Resultofoperation经营成果 Incometaxreturns纳税申报 Question: What’sthepurposeoffinancialaccounting?ManagementAccounting Bankaccount银行账户 Oweto欠…债 Question:What’sthepurposeofmanagementaccounting?TaxAccounting Prepare编制 Confirmto/with与…相一致 Question:Whatfunctionsdoestaxaccountingencompass?ExternalusersInternalusersUsersofAccountingInformationInternalusersofaccountinginformation Question: Howtodefineinternalusersofaccountinginformation? Whoareinternalusersofaccountinginformation?Internalusersofaccountinginformation Mature=beduev.到期 Maturityn.到期 Meet=payoff偿还 Inventory存货 Expense费用 Revenue收入 Earnings=profits利润Internalusersofaccountinginformation Question:Whichdecisionsaretobemadebyinternalusers?Externalusersofaccountinginformation Warrantyobligations保证责任 Question:Howtodefineexternalusersofaccountinginformation?Whoareexternalusersofaccountinginformation?Andwhoarethetwoprimaryexternalusersofaccountinginformation?Whichdecisionsaretobemadebyexternalusers?ObjectivesofExternalFinancialReporting Wholesalehouses批发商 Debt-payingability偿债能力 Returnoninvestment投资回报 Returnofinvestment投资回收 练习：P13Exercises1ProfessionFieldsofAccountingprivateaccountingpublicaccountingaccountingforgovernmentsandnonprofitorganizationPublicAccounting CPA(CertificatedPublicAccountants) CPAfirm普华永道(PriceWaterhouseCoopers，PwC)安永(Ernst&Young，E&Y)毕马威(KPMG)德勤(DeloitteToucheTohmatsu，DTT)安达信(ArthurAndersen)(已倒闭) ACCA(AssociationofCharteredCertificatedAccountants) AICPA(AmericanInstituteofCPA) CICPA(ChineseInstituteofCPA) Auditing审计，审计学 Internal/externalauditing AuditorPrivateAccounting Controller总会计师，会计主管 Treasurer财务主管 Question:Whataretheresponsibilitiesofaccountantsattheprivatebusiness?AccountingforGovernmentsandNonprofitOrganizationsMerchandisingBusinessMajorTypesofBusinessesServiceBusinessMajorTypesofBusinessesManufacturingBusinessMajorTypesofBusinessesTherearethreetypesofbusinessorganizations Proprietorship Partnership CorporationAsoleproprietorshipisownedbyoneindividual.Advantages Easyformation Lowcostoforganizing totalundividedauthorityDisadvantages limitationonsize:fundraisingpower Unlimitedliability lifeofentity:limitedbyowner’schoiceordeathJoe’sAsoleproprietorship Asoleproprietorshippaysnoseparateincometaxes.Theownermerelyaddsanyprofitsorsubtractsanylossesfromthebusinesswhendeterminingpersonaltaxableincome. Thisbusinessformiswidelyusedinserviceindustry.Apartnershipisownedbytwoormoreindividuals.Advantages Raisemorefundthanasoleproprietorship. Additionalmanagementskills.Disadvantages Unlimitedliability. lifeofentity:limitedbyowners’choiceordeathJoeandMarty’sApartnership Apartnershiphastwotypes:ageneralpartnershipandalimitedpartnership. Inageneralpartnership,allpartnershaveunlimitedliabilityforthedebtsofthefirm.Thesepartnersarecalledgeneralpartners.Acorporationisorganizedunderstateorfederalstatutesasaseparatelegalentity.Advantages separatelegalexistence limitedliabilityofstockholders transferabilityofownershiprelativelyeasyDisadvantages Doubletaxation. ExtensivegovernmentalregulationJ&M,Inc.Designofaccountingsystems 会计制度设计包括会计核算制度，成本计算制度，内部控制制度，会计工作组织制度。Internalcontrolandauditing 内部控制广义的讲是指企业的内部管理控制系统，包括为保证企业正常经营所采取的一系列必要的管理措施，贯穿于企业经营活动的各个方面。 内部审计同样是一种内部控制，是服务于经营管理的。 内部审计对内部控制的作用内部审计人员参与内部控制的制定内部审计人员监督内部控制的执行并对其进行评价 内部审计在实际工作中独立于内部控制内控的设计、执行、检查和评估首先是经营管理部门的职责，而内部审计是在经营管理部门基础上的再监督。CHAPTER2THEORETICALFRAMEWORKUNDERLIYINGFINANCIALACCOUNTINGLearningObjectives Knowtheconceptualframeworkforfinancialreporting Understandthequalitativecharacteristicsofaccountinginformation Describetheelementsoffinancialstatements Understandthebasicassumptionsandthebasicprinciplesofaccounting KnowtheaccountingregulationsysteminChinaAccountingtheory Whatdoesaccountingtheoryconsistof? Wheredotheycomefrom?NatureofaTheoreticalFramework Atheoreticalframeworkorconceptualframeworkisacoherentsystemofinterrelatedobjectivesandfundamentalsthatcanleadtoconsistentstandardsandthatprescribesthenature,function,andlimitsoffinancialaccountingandfinancialstatements. Roleofconceptualframework Formofconceptualframework Accountingassumptions会计假设 Accountingprinciples会计原则FirstLevel:BasicObjectivesSecondLevel:FundamentalConcepts QualitativeCharacteristicsofAccountingInformationFigure2-2inP16Hierarchy等级制度Pervasive普遍的Threshold门槛、起点、开端 ElementsofFinancialStatementsassetsliabilitiesequityrevenueexpensesnetincome(ornetloss)ThirdLevel:RecognitionandMeasurementConcepts Basicassumptions Basicprinciples ConstraintsEacheconomicunitisanentityandmustbekeptseparateanddistinctfromitsowners,creditors,andotherentities.AccountingEntityAssumptionTherearethreetypesofbusinessorganizations Proprietorship Partnership CorporationAsoleproprietorshipisownedbyoneindividual.Advantages Easyformation Lowcostoforganizing totalundividedauthorityDisadvantages limitationonsize:fundraisingpower Unlimitedliability lifeofentity:limitedbyowner’schoiceordeathJoe’sAsoleproprietorship Asoleproprietorshippaysnoseparateincometaxes.Theownermerelyaddsanyprofitsorsubtractsanylossesfromthebusinesswhendeterminingpersonaltaxableincome. Thisbusinessformiswidelyusedinserviceindustry.Apartnershipisownedbytwoormoreindividuals.Advantages Raisemorefundthanasoleproprietorship. Additionalmanagementskills.Disadvantages Unlimitedliability. lifeofentity:limitedbyowners’choiceordeathJoeandMarty’sApartnership Apartnershiphastwotypes:ageneralpartnershipandalimitedpartnership. Inageneralpartnership,allpartnershaveunlimitedliabilityforthedebtsofthefirm.Thesepartnersarecalledgeneralpartners.Acorporationisorganizedunderstateorfederalstatutesasaseparatelegalentity.Advantages separatelegalexistence limitedliabilityofstockholders transferabilityofownershiprelativelyeasyDisadvantages Doubletaxation. ExtensivegovernmentalregulationJ&M,Inc.Thebusinesswillremaininoperationintheforeseeablefuture.GoingConcernAssumptionAlltransactionsshouldbemeasuredinmoneyform.Itimpliesthestable-money-unitassumption.Itmakestheinformationreliable&comparable.MoneyUnitAssumptionPeriodicityAssumption Thelifeofbusinessshouldbedividedintoshortonesofequallength. Itmakesiteasiertomakefinancialstatementsandsatisfiestheaccountinginformationusersneedofknowingthecurrentconditionsofthebusiness. Accrual–basisprinciple Cash–basisprincipleAccrual–basisPrincipleAssetsandservicesacquiredshouldberecordedattheiractual(historical)cost.HistoricalCostPrinciple Historicalcost历史成本 Replacementcost重置成本 Netrealizablevalue可变现净值 Currentvalue现值 Fairvalue公允价值TheCostPrinciple-ExampleYoupurchasedsomelandfor$95,000onJanuary1ofthecurrentyear.Then,youborrowed$100,000for2yearsat10%interestatthelocalbankthatappraisedthelandfor$105,000.Youwilleventuallypaythebank$120,000(20,000fortheinterest).OnDec.31ofthatyear,youreceivedaofferforthelandfor$110,000,butyoudon’twanttosell.Atwhatvalueshouldthelandbereportedonthebalancesheet?RealizationprincipleUndertherealizationprinciple,revenuesshouldberecognizedatthetimegoodsaresoldorservicesarerendered.MatchingprincipleUnderthematchingprinciple,revenueforaperiodismatchedwiththeexpensesincurredingeneratingtherevenue.FulldisclosureprincipleFinancialstatementsshouldcontainallrelevantinformationareaderneedstounderstandthefinancialconditionandperformanceofabusiness.Constraints Cost–benefitrelationship Materiality ConservatismCost–benefitrelationshipAccountantsshouldweighthebenefitderivedfromtheinformationagainstthecostofprovidingthatinformation.MaterialityTheword“materiality”referstotherelativeimportanceofanitem.ConservatismAccountantsshouldbeconservativeinchoosingtheonethathastheleastfavorableimpactonnetincomewhentherearetwoormorealternativeaccountingmethods.TheAccountingRegulationSysteminChinaAccountingLawNPCMinistryofFinanceAccountingStandardsConcreteAccountingStandardsBasicAccountingStandardsEnterpriseAccountingSystemApplyingGuideofAccountingStandardsNationalPeople'sCongress(NPC)MinistryoffinancePeople’sRepublicofChina* BasicAccountingStandardsConceptsFrameworkofFinancialAccounting(CF) Function:Conductformulatingaccountingstandards我国的企业会计基本准则 总则 会计信息质量要求 资产 负债 所有者权益 收入 费用 利润 会计计量 财务会计 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 附则 ConcreteAccountingStandardsGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP) Function:Guidelinestogoverntheconductofaccountants Financialaccountingstandardsboard,FASB,美国会计准则委员会 Statementoffinancialaccountingconcepts,SFACS,财务会计概念公告 Statementoffinancialaccountingstandards,SFASs,财务会计准则公告 InterpretationoftheSFASs,财务会计准则解释CHAPTER3ACCOUNTINGCYCLELearningObjectives Understandthedefinitionofaccountingcycle; Haveageneralideaofthecompleteaccountingprocess; Understandtherulesofdouble-entryaccounting; Learntheaccountingtermsinthischapterandusetheminthetranslationtask. Definitionofaccountingcycle StepsofaccountingcycleAtransactionisanyeventthatbothaffectsthefinancialpositionofthebusinessandcanbereliablyrecorded. Understandhowdouble-entry accountingworksAccountingequation Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sequityT-account T-account:asimplestformofanaccount,usedtohelpillustratetheeffectoftransaction.AccountnameDebitentries(leftside)Creditentries(rightside) Debitn.借,借方,借记Debitcard借记卡 v.计入借方,借计Debitanaccount计入借方账 Creditn.贷,贷方,贷记Creditcard贷记卡 v.计入贷方,贷计Creditanaccount计入贷方账Owner’sEquityAssetsLiabilitiesDebit+Debit–Credit–Debit–Credit+Credit+=+rulesofdebits&creditsThetypeofaccountdeterminesthesideonwhichincreasesanddecreasesarerecorded.**Therulesofdebitsandcreditskeeptheaccountingequationinbalance.DebitsCreditsRevenueaccounts…… Decrease(-) Increase(+)Expenseaccounts…… Increase(+) Decrease(-)IncomeStatementAccountsDouble-EntryAccounting“Double-entryaccountingisbasedonasimpleconcept:eachpartyinabusinesstransactionwillreceivesomethingandgivesomethinginreturn.Inbookkeepingterms,whatisreceivedisadebitandwhatisgivenisacredit.TheTaccountisarepresentationofascaleorbalance.”LucaPacioliDeveloperofDouble-EntryAccountingScaleorBalanceReceiveDEBITGiveCREDITTaccountLeftSideReceiveDEBITRightSideGiveCREDIT Double-entryaccountingmeanstorecordthedualeffectsofeachbusinesstransaction. Single–entryaccountingTheDouble-EntrySystem 1.Eachtransactionaffectsatleasttwoaccounts.2.Totaldebitsmustequaltotalcredits.RulesofTheDouble-EntrySystemRecordtransactionsinthejournalJournalWhatisajournal? Itisarecordofeachbusinesstransactioninachronologicalorder. steps:Identifytransactionfromsourcedocuments.Specifyaccountsaffected.Applydebit/creditrules.Recordtransactionwithdescription. Whynotrecordtransactiondirectlyintheledger?OmittingthedebitorcreditEnteringthedebitorcredittwiceJournalclassificationGeneraljournal-----torecordallkindstransactionsSpecialjournal-----torecordacertainkindtransactionsJournalformat Whatdoesajournalinclude? dateofthetransaction titleoftheaccount descriptionofthetransaction reference debit creditPostfromthejournaltotheledger Whatisposting?Postingistheprocessthatdebitsandcreditsaretransferredfromthejournaltotheledgeraccounts. Whatisaledger?Abookofaccounts Whatisanaccount?Arecordbasedontheitemsofaccountingelements,representinganincreaseoradecreaseandtheresultofthoseitems. Itclassifiestheeffectsofbusinesstransactionsintermsofspecificassets,liabilities,andowner’sequityaccounts. Intheprocess,eachamountinthedebitcolumnofthejournalispostedbyenteringitonthedebitsideofanledgeraccount,andeachamountinthecreditcolumnofthejournalispostedbyenteringitonthecreditsideofanledgeraccount.1234PrepaidInsurance 240000Cash 240000Paidpremiumontwo-yearpolicy.Dec.1 NetSolutionspaidapremiumof$2,400foracomprehensiveinsurancepolicycoveringtwoyears.1234PrepaidInsurance 240000Cash 240000ACCOUNTPrepaidInsuranceACCOUNTNO.15BalanceDebitCreditDateDebitCreditItemPost.Ref.240000240000Paidpremiumontwo-yearpolicy.1234PrepaidInsurance 240000Cash 240000ACCOUNTPrepaidInsuranceACCOUNTNO.15BalanceDebitCreditDateDebitCreditItemPost.Ref.240000240000215Paidpremiumontwo-yearpolicy.ACCOUNTCashACCOUNTNO.11BalanceDebitCreditDateDebitCreditItemPost.Ref.2000005900002Dec.1240000350000ACCOUNTCashACCOUNTNO.11BalanceDebitCreditDateDebitCreditItemPost.Ref.2000005900002240000350000Dec.1112ClassificationofLedgers Ledgersarecreatedonthebasisoftheitemoffinancialstatements. GeneralledgerItcontainsallofthebalancesheetandincomestatementaccounts. SubsidiaryledgerAseparaterecordcreatedtorecordtheindividualitemsrelatingtoasinglegeneralledgeraccount. Asummerizingaccount Balance Relationshipbetweengeneralledger&subsidiaryledgerDifferencebetweenjournal&ledger Journal:achronologicalrecordofallthetransactionsforabusiness. Ledger:abookofaccounts.PrepareatrialbalanceTrialBalance Whatisatrialbalance?Aworksheetlistingthenamesandbalancesofalltheaccountsintheorderwhichtheyappearinthegeneralledger. FormatofatrialbalanceNetSolutionsTrialBalanceDecember31,2005Cash 206500 AccountsReceivable 222000Supplies 200000PrepaidInsurance 240000Land 2000000OfficeEquipment 180000AccountsPayable 90000UnearnedRent 36000ChrisClark,Capital 2500000ChrisClark,Drawing 400000FeesEarned 1634000WagesExpense 427500RentExpense 160000UtilitiesExpense 98500SuppliesExpense 80000MiscellaneousExpense 45500 4260000 4260000NetSolutionsTrialBalanceDecember31,2005Cash 206500 AccountsReceivable 222000Supplies 200000PrepaidInsurance 240000Land 2000000OfficeEquipment 180000AccountsPayable 90000UnearnedRent 36000ChrisClark,Capital 2500000ChrisClark,Drawing 400000FeesEarned 1634000WagesExpense 427500RentExpense 160000UtilitiesExpense 98500SuppliesExpense 80000MiscellaneousExpense 45500 4260000 4260000BalanceSheetItemsNetSolutionsTrialBalanceDecember31,2005Cash 206500 AccountsReceivable 222000Supplies 200000PrepaidInsurance 240000Land 2000000OfficeEquipment 180000AccountsPayable 90000UnearnedRent 36000ChrisClark,Capital 2500000ChrisClark,Drawing 400000FeesEarned 1634000WagesExpense 427500RentExpense 160000UtilitiesExpense 98500SuppliesExpense 80000MiscellaneousExpense 45500 4260000 4260000StatementofOwner’sEquityItemNetSolutionsTrialBalanceDecember31,2005Cash 206500 AccountsReceivable 222000Supplies 200000PrepaidInsurance 240000Land 2000000OfficeEquipment 180000AccountsPayable 90000UnearnedRent 36000ChrisClark,Capital 2500000ChrisClark,Drawing 400000FeesEarned 1634000WagesExpense 427500RentExpense 160000UtilitiesExpense 98500SuppliesExpense 80000MiscellaneousExpense 45500 4260000 4260000IncomeStatementItems Whytopreparethetrialbalance? Whatreasonscancauseerrorsduringposting? 1. Failuretorecordatransactionortopostatransaction.2. Recordingthesameerroneousamountforboththedebitandthecreditpartsofatransaction.3. Recordingthesametransactionmorethanonce.4. Postingapartofatransactioncorrectlyasadebitorcreditbuttothewrongaccount.Errorsthatwillnotcausethetrialbalancetobeunequal:End-of-periodAdjustingEntries Whyshouldadjustingentriesbemade? TypesofadjustingentriesAccruals:forrevenuesandexpensesthatarematchedtothedatesbeforethetransactionhavebeenrecordedAccruedRevenuesAccruedExpensesDefferals:forrevenuesandexpensesthatarematchedtothedatesafterthetransactionhavebeenrecordedUnearnedRevenuesPrepaidExpenses Doadjustingentriesgodirectlytotherelativeledgeraccounts?WorkSheet Whytoprepareworksheet? Worksheetincludesunadjustedtrialbalance,adjustingentries,adjustedtrialbalance,andincomestatementandbalancesheet(withaDr.columnandaCr.columneach).ClosingEntries ClassificationofaccountsBalancesheetaccounts------Permanent(real)accountsIncomestatementaccounts-----Temporary(nominal)accounts Closesthtosth Transfersthtosth TheaimofmakingclosingentriesPreparefinancialstatementsCHAPER4BASICFINANCIALSTATEMENTSFinancialstatements,calledaccountingreports,provideinformationaboutprofitabilityandfinancialpositionofabusinesstothemanagementandtheinterestedoutsider.–arethefinalproductoftheaccountingprocess.–reflectthefinancialpositionandoperatingresultsofthebusiness.FinancialStatements...Thebalancesheet(orstatementoffinancialposition)Theincomestatement(orprofitandlossstatement)ThestatementofcashflowsCompaniespresentatleastthreemajorfinancialstatements:FinancialStatementsBalanceSheetThebalancesheetreportsacompany’sfinancialpositionasof(at)apointintime.Whatisfinancialcondition?Balancesheet’sthreemajorcategories Assetstheeconomicresourcesofthefirm Liabilitiesthedebtsofthefirm Owners’equitytheowners’interestinthefirmEconomicResourcesClaimstoEconomicResourcesAccountingEquationAssets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityAccountingEquationTherightsofcreditorsTherightsofthestockholdersreportform:thebalancesheetdisplaystheassetsonthetop,andbelowitareliabilitiesandowner’sequityinthatorder.accountform:thebalancesheetpresentsassetsontheleftcolumnandliabilitiesandowner’sequityontherightcolumn.AnExampleofBalanceSheet(accountform)AssetsCash $20,000Accountsreceivable 2,000Supplies 500Land 11,000Totalassets $33,500LiabilitiesandStockholder’sEquityLiabilitiesAccountspayable $200Stockholder’sequityCapitalstock 20,000Retainedearnings13,300Totalliabilitiesandowner’sequity $33,500Assets ClassificationofassetsCurrent/short-termassetsNon-current/long-termassets Definitionofcurrentassetsareexpectedtobeconvertedtocashorsoldorusedupwithinoneyearorlessthanthenormalcourseoftheentity’soperatingcycle. MaincomponentsofcurrentassetsCash,cashequivalents,accountsreceivables,inventories,marketablesecurities,prepaiditems Definitionoffixedassetshaverelativelypermanentusagecharacterandareusedinnormalbusinessoperations. MaincomponentsoffixedassetsEquipment,machinery,building,andland Definitionofintangibleassetsrefertolong-termassetsthatdonothavephysicalattributesandareheldforuseinoperationbutnotforsale. MaincomponentsofintangibleassetsPatentrights,copyrights,andgoodwillLiabilities ClassificationofliabilitiesCurrentliabilitiesLong-termliabilitiesLiabilities DefinitionofcurrentliabilitiesLiabilitiesareduewithinashorttime(usuallyoneyearorlessthanthenormalcourseoftheentity’soperatingcycle)andaretobepaidoutofcurrentassets. MaincomponentsofcurrentliabilitiesAccountspayable,notespayable,otherpayables,short-termloan,receivedunearnedrevenue,thelong-termdebtsthatwillbeduewithinoneyearLiabilities DefinitionofLong-termliabilitiesLiabilitiesaredueforalongtime(usuallymorethanoneyear) MaincomponentsofLong-termliabilitiesLong-termloan,long-termbonds,andlong-termpayableOwner’sequity Owner’sequitypresentstheinterestoftheownershipgroupinthenetresourceoftheenterprise,whicharisesfrominvestmentsbyowners,andwillincreaseordecreasewiththechangeofoperationresults.Owners’equityPaid-incapitalorContributedcapitalRetainedearningsOwners’equityinthecorporationhastwocomponents:*Owners’equity Paid-incapital(orcontributedcapital)istheamountthatstockholdershavecontributedtothecorporation.Capitalstock:commonstockandpreferredstockAdditionalpaid-incapital Retainedearningsistheamountofnetincomenotpaidtostockholdersasdividend.(reinvestment)Owners’equity Inourcountry,owners’equityincludescapital、capitalreserve、surplusreserve、undistributedprofits。IncomeStatementAnincomestatementisasummaryoftherevenueandtheexpense