3人的神经系统和感知

3人的神经系统和感知 The third chapter, nervous system and perception Main teaching content 1, the composition and function of the nervous system 2, feeling and perception 3, vision and proprioception 4, the psychological characteristics of people Key points and difficulties: I. feeling and perception Two, vision and proprioception Three, the types and meanings of personality psychology. I. The composition and function of the nervous system nervous system Central nervous system peripheral nerve Brain: medulla; brain; midbrain; diencephalon; Cerebellum; brain, spinal cord According to anatomy, the cranial nerves; spinal nerves By function, sensory (afferent) nerves, motor nerves (efferent), somatic motor nerves; (innervated skeletal muscles), autonomic nerves (dominating visceral organs) The significance of studying the nervous system: 1, the nervous system is the dominant system in the body: the body organs and systems in the nervous system of unified control and regulation, mutual influence, mutual coordination, ensure the overall unity of the body and the outside environment of relative balance. In this process, the first is based on the sensory organs receive all kinds of information in the environment, through the integration of the brain and spinal cord at all levels of the central nervous system, the control and regulation of various systems of peripheral nerve activity, allowing the body to response to the changing external environment, but also regulating the internal environment balance. 2, the nervous system is the material basis of psychological phenomena: from a psychological point of view, all the psychological and conscious activities are realized through the activities of the nervous system. Two, feeling and perception Sense definition: sensation is the reflection of the human brain on the individual attributes directly acting on the sensory organs. Sensation is the channel for people to understand the external world, and also the basis and premise of all complex mental activities. Sensory types: visual, auditory, chemosensory (olfactory and gustatory), skin sensation, proprioception, etc.. Proprioception can inform the operator of the movements of the body and its position relative to the environment and the machine, while others can convey information from the external environment to the operator. The process of sensation: the sense organ of the human body receives the stimulation of the inside and outside environment, transforms it into the nerve impulse, passes through the afferent nerve, passes it to the cerebrum cortex sense center, then has produced the feeling. The definition of perception: perception is a reflection of the human brain's objective and subjective conditions directly affecting the sensory organs. The perceptual process: the various properties of the objective things are different from human sensory organs, causing people's different feelings, the association area comprehensive processing of all kinds of information from different sensory organs, so a variety of objective things, the various attributes of each part and the relationship between the integrated decision-making in the human brain, which is perceived. perception The relationship and difference between sensation and perception Learned from the perceptual process of objective things is the first feeling, then can further be perceived, so the perception is generated on the basis of feeling, feeling things individual properties more abundant and accurate perception of things is more complete and more accurate. Sensation and perception are objective things that act directly on the sense organs and produce responses to the action in the brain. In life and production activities, people directly reflect things in the form of perception, The feeling exists only as a component of perception, and there is very little sense of isolation. It is called sense perception in psychology". Sensation reflects the individual attributes of objective things, while perception reflects the whole of objective things. The quality of sensation depends more on the nature of the stimulus, and the process of perception has a component of will, and the human knowledge, experience, needs, motivations, interests and other factors directly influence the process of perception. Summary: there are many substances form of energy in the external environment, particularly sensitive to a sensory organ of the human body to a form of energy stimulation, can cause sensory organs to respond effectively to the stimulus is called the sensory stimuli. (for example, the proper stimulus of the eye is visible light; and the proper stimulus of the ear is sound waves of a certain frequency range) Types: absolute sensibility and absolute feeling threshold; difference perception and difference perception threshold; Sensory characteristics Perceived and perceived thresholds Sensory adaptation Threshold of sensation and Sensibility 1, produce a feeling, need to have a certain strength of the appropriate stimulus. The minimum amount of stimulus that can cause sensation is called the lower threshold of absolute sensation threshold, and the ability to sense the minimum stimulus is called absolute sensibility. 2, absolute sensibility is inversely proportional to absolute sensory threshold, that is, the smaller the amount of stimulus needed to induce sensation, the lower the lower limit of absolute sensory threshold, the higher the absolute sensitivity and the sharper the sensation. Absolute and absolute sensation threshold 3, if the amount of stimulation is too large, beyond the normal limit, will cause the sensation to disappear and cause sleep, and even cause damage to the senses. The maximum amount of stimulus that has just made sense hours is called the upper limit of absolute sensory thresholds. The stimulus can cause sensation between the upper and lower thresholds. (for example, the human eye reacts only to light wave stimuli of the wavelength of 380-780mm, 380mm and 780mm are the lower and upper visual thresholds, and wavelengths of light below 380mm and above 780mm do not cause visual perception) Absolute sensibility and absolute sensation threshold When two different intensities of the same type of stimulus act simultaneously or successively on certain sensory organs, their differences in intensity must reach a certain level in order to arouse people's sense of difference. The difference sensory threshold is the smallest difference between the stimuli that can cause the difference perception, and the perception ability of the minimum difference is the difference, and the sensibility is inversely proportional to each other. Differential perception and differential sensory thresholds The development of perception of the human sensory organs are not balanced, and different occupation and different aspects of the ability to feel, such as music workers, requires a high resolution ability of hearing, art workers and some industry inspection personnel requirements are of relatively high visual color resolution, and the automation system the monitoring personnel, requires the visual and auditory feel high. Receptivity has practical value and significance for the choice of occupation and assignment of work type. People's sense ability also has great potential for development. After training, some aspects of sensibility can be greatly improved. Differential perception and differential sensory thresholds Under the constant effect of the same stimulus, the process of human receptivity changes is called "sensory adaptation"". This kind of adaptation is in addition to pain, Almost all sensations exist, but the performance and speed of adaptation vary. In addition to the dark adaptation, most of the other sensory adaptations showed decreased or even decreased gradually. Visual adaptation in dark adaptation should be about 45 minutes or more; the invention is suitable should be about 1-2 minutes; auditory adaptation takes about 15 minutes; taste and light adaptation adaptation were about 30S and 2S. Basic characteristics of perception 1, the integrity of perception: the perception of objects of various attributes, each part of perception into a similar organic whole, this characteristic is called perceptual integrity. The wholeness of perception enables people to perceive themselves as objects as a whole only when they perceive the objects they are familiar with Be perceived. If the tower of cold water is seen in the building, the engineer will immediately identify the building as a thermal power plant. Perceptual comprehension: the perception of current objects based on existing knowledge and experience. This trait is called perceptual comprehension. Because people have different knowledge and experience, they will have different understanding of perception objects, and the more knowledge and experience related to perceptual objects, the more profound the perception of perception objects will be. In a complex environment, the object of perception of concealment, external sign is not clear, the information provided is not sufficient, inference language tips or thinking, can arouse the experience of the past, to help people understand the current percept immediately, to complete. In addition, people's emotional state also influences people's understanding of perceptual objects. Constancy of perception: people always according to past impressions, knowledge and experience to the current perception of object perception, perception when conditions change in a certain range, the object of perception remains relatively unchanged, this characteristic is called perceptual constancy. Size constancy: aircraft flying in the sky, mapping in the retina is near the small, but in the perception of its size is constant. Color constancy: Shape constancy: Constancy of hearing perception: The constancy of perception ensures that people in a changing environment are still aware of what is real and that they are better adapted to the environment. Selectivity of perception: There are many things that act on the senses, but one cannot perceive all things that affect the senses at once, or perceive all the things clearly. People always follow a need or objective initiative to consciously choose one of the few things as the object of perception, perception of its outstanding image clarity, but also on the surrounding effect on the senses of other things are perceived to be fuzzy mappings of the retreat, heighten the awareness of object background, this feature is known as perceptual selectivity. Factors affecting perceived selectivity: 1, the greater the difference between perceived objects and backgrounds, the easier it is to distinguish objects from the background. 2. In a fixed or relatively static setting, moving objects are most likely to become perceptual objects, such as the changing curves displayed on a fluorescent screen. Factors affecting perceived selectivity: 3, people's subjective factors, such as tasks, purposes, knowledge, interests, emotions, are different, the choice of perception objects are different. 4. Combinations of stimuli, such as objects that are close to each other, are easier to group together than objects that are far apart and objects that are similar to each other, And become the object of perception. near Be similar continuity Three, vision and proprioception Vision (I) overview: In the process of people's cognition of the world, about 80%-90% of information is obtained through the visual system, so the visual system is the most important way to connect with the outside world. Objects depend on the reflection of light to the eye, so light, objects, and eyes are the three elements of the visual phenomenon. But the visual system is not just the eye; it includes the eye and the brain from a physiological point of view; it includes not only the current vision, but also the past knowledge and experience. In other words, the information captured by the vision is not only the result of the natural action of the human body, but also a reflection of human observation and past experiences. How do people get information? Immediate Indirect If you see people and things around you directly. That is, with various visual display devices, such as CRT screen, radar, TV, etc.. Today, with the development of science and technology, the latter approach is more important for people to obtain visual information. From the perspective of the target angle: two light eye look into. Visual terminology visual angle The eye can distinguish the object into two light angle recently seen when the eye is called the critical perspective. Visual acuity is 1, that is, normal vision, the critical visual acuity of =1 at this time, if visual acuity drops, the critical angle of view increases. In the design, the angle of view is the basis for determining the size of the design object. The visual acuity of the shape of the object is central vision. In the dark, the discrimination of the shape of the object is vision at night. The objects formed in the two eyes are fused into binocular vision, which can be used to distinguish the height, the depth, the distance and the size of the object. The stereoscopic vision of the object is stereoscopic vision or depth perception. Vision Critical visual angle of vision =1/ Vision: visual acuity is a physiological measure of the eye's ability to distinguish objects from detail, represented by the reciprocal of the critical angle: View General view: the field of view that is visible to the human eye when the head and eye of a human being is motionless, usually in angle Color vision: different colors on the human eye stimulation is different, so the vision is also different. The largest view of white, yellow, blue, red, green vision gradually smaller. Vertical viewing area: up, down 1. 5 degrees Best view range: 30 degrees below the line of sight. Effective range of vision: 25 degrees above the level of sight, 35 degrees below. Horizontal line of sight Maximum fixed view: 115 degrees. Extended view: 150 degrees. In the vertical plane, in fact, the person's natural line of sight is below the standard line of sight, vertical 15 degrees low, relaxed standing low 30 degrees, relaxed sitting posture when low 40 degrees. Therefore, vision in the vertical plane under the boundary should also change with the relaxed standing and relaxed posture. Vertical view Visual field in a horizontal plane Optimum range of vision Effective range of vision Maximum stationary field Enlarged view Color vision A horizontal vision of color vision A vertical vision of color vision Visual distance: sight distance is the normal observation distance of a human in an operating system. Determination of stadia: Generally, sight distance should be determined according to the size and shape of the observation target as well as the working requirements. Usually, Observation target is suitable at 5600mm, lower than 3800mm will cause dizziness, more than 7800mm, the details can not see clearly. Head rotation angle: Should not be more than 45 degrees, up and down are not more than 30 degrees. About 97% of the time vision is unreal when shifting the line of sight, so avoid observing in the shifting eye. Contrast sensitivity When the object has a certain contrast to the background, the human eye can see its shape. This contrast can be made with colors (backgrounds and objects have different colors), or brightness (the background is different from the brightness of the object). The minimum brightness difference between the background and the object is called the critical brightness difference when the human eye can just see the object. The ratio of the critical brightness difference to the background luminance is called the critical contrast. The reciprocal of the critical contrast is called the contrast sensitivity. Contrast sensitivity is related to illumination, object size, sight distance, and eye adaptation. Ideally, people with good vision have a critical contrast of about 0.01, or a contrast sensitivity of 100. Visual adaptation: visual adaptation is a process in which the human eye changes in sensitivity to changes in the amount of light in the visual environment. Types of visual adaptation: dark adaptation and adaptation Dark adaptation: people from a bright environment into the dark environment, in the dark environment, the retina of the 120 million rod cells to feel the stimulation of light, so that the gradual increase in visual perception of the process called dark adaptation. The duration of the dark adaptation process is longer, the initial 5 minutes, the adaptation rate is very fast, and then gradually slowed down. 80% dark adaptation should be 25 minutes, 1 hours is required to fully adapt to the. People can see large objects and moving objects in the dark environment, but they can not see the details and can not distinguish the colors Visual adaptation Ming: people from the environment to adapt to the dark and bright environment, rods and 600-800 million lost sensitive cones on the retina feel bright light, is the visual threshold increased from very low to normal levels, a process called light adaptation. Light adaptation in the early 30S period was very fast, and then gradually slow, about 1-2 minutes to complete. People in a bright environment can not only recognize small details, but also distinguish colors. Types of proprioception 1. Balance: the perception of changes in the head position and the balance of the body. Factors affecting balance perception: Wine, age, fear, sudden movement, heat, urgency, unusual posture, etc. 2 a sense of the position and movement of the body in various parts of the body. Motion perception involves every movement of the human body, which is second only to the sense of sight and hearing. The formation of human's operation skills depends more on the feedback regulation of motor sensory information. 4, the psychological characteristics of people Psychological feature Mental process Individual psychology Ability, temperament, character, motivation; Memory; forgetting; attention; thinking and imagination The steady psychological characteristic of a person who performs certain activities successfully. It directly affects the efficiency of activities. Ability Classification of abilities Special ability General ability General ability - the ability to recognize activities, also known as intelligence. (including observation, memory, attention, thinking, imagination, etc.) Special ability - the ability to engage in some kind of professional activity. Including writing ability, management ability, mechanical operation ability and so on. The dynamic character of psychological activity that is determined by biological genetic factors and is fairly stable. 4. Motivation: motivation is the motivation that drives an individual to do something. It is based on the material needs and spiritual needs of the individual, and has an internal psychological tendency that is not directly observed by others. Role of motivation Priming Decision function Selection function 5, memory: people perceive, think, experience, operate things can be retained in the mind, and when needed, they can be reproduced again, this process is memory. The function of memory: he is a necessary condition for people to acquire knowledge, accumulate experience, carry on advanced cognition and develop individual psychological characteristics. The meaning of memory: including memory and memory. Remember to keep as memory and memory reflect; reflects the recognition and recall. Three stages of memory: instantaneous memory and short-term memory; Long term memory. Three stages of memory Instantaneous stage Long duration Short-term phase The primary stage of memory, which is a process of rapid registration and retention of a certain amount of information within a sensory channel after an external stimulus has been rendered at an extremely short time. It is the memory that keeps the information within one minute after the presentation of the information. The highest stage of memory development, keeping the memory of a time of more than one minute, days, months, years, or even a lifetime. Seven, note is a kind of psychological phenomenon in attachment and with people's cognition, emotion, volition, psychological process and the existence of certain point and the concentration of the psychological activities of people have, psychology is called "attention". Note: the process when a person has to pay attention to certain things, will on the part of his brain in the most superior form of excitement, the excitement will happen at the same time the center induced effects on other parts of the surrounding, which has high awareness on this thing, to produce a clear, complete and profound reflection on the the things. classification involuntary attention Intentional attention 8, thinking and imagination Thinking Definition of thinking Thinking process Thinking is a reflection of human to the objective things indirect and general, it is the advanced stage in the process of cognition, people gain knowledge and experience through thinking ability, to adapt to and create environment, thinking is the soul of the central. Analysis: the process of decomposing things into parts. The process of thinking that links together parts of a thing. The process of comparing things to determine their similarities and differences Abstract: the process of distinguishing essential features from non essential features of things. The process of linking together the common and common points of things and connecting them as a basis. Form of thinking Characteristics of thinking concept judge reasoning It is a reflection of the general characteristics and essential characteristics of things. Is a reflection of the relationship between things. A new judgment from one and several known judgments. Agility Profundity flexibility Originality Critical Imagine The meaning of imagination Imagined categories The process of forming a new image in the human brain using the original image. Unconscious imagination Intentional imagination An imagination that has no purpose or effort Refers to the imagination of reproduction (that is, according to certain words or graphic descriptions of the imagination), the creation of imagination (that is, in the mind to build an unprecedented imagination), fantasy (is an imagination of the future). One of the functions of imagination The design requires imagination, each design creative activities are lack of imagination, creative imagination of creative designers, no guiding ideology, it is not possible to create excellent design, has a certain style. Reproduction or imitation of other people's design, can not jump out of reality and existing design patterns, lack of personality and judgment, and the results must be very similar or stereotyped. The role of imagination two 1, imagination is an introspection, which can regulate the reaction of human body in all kinds of situations. Imagine responding to things through the positive, polar areas, giving the body a healthy response. 2. Imagination helps us to overcome our fears, build our confidence, increase our interests, and make our subconscious mind full of happiness, which is an important part of our attitudes and thoughts. 3. Imagination, like what people call "daydreaming", can free our minds from the monotony of everyday routine into a better universe, where our desires can be fulfilled. 4, imagine being able to help us set up a positive and optimistic way of thinking, so as to cultivate personality, to enjoy the real beauty of life and hopes for the future, will be a variety of good and evil in the past into their experience and wisdom. 5. Imagination is a feeling, an idea, a plan, far from being so simple as a happy daydream. Imagination is the best preparation for what we desire in our hearts. 6, imagination is to maintain a positive attitude, and imagination is to improve the quality of our life. 7, imagination can train people's image, thinking ability and creative ability. Translate the power of image into inner health, confidence, and satisfaction. All people can create a beautiful image in their own minds. 8. Imagination helps us link the left and right hemispheres of the brain and stimulate the brain's various parts to participate in the whole movement. (our brains have the ability to change real life into a wonderful picture. Each hemisphere of the brain has its own different functions. The left hemisphere is responsible for logical thinking, analysis, computation and language learning. The right hemisphere is responsible for image thinking, representing our imagination and creativity, and is responsible for images, feelings, poetry, dreams, and innovation. The ideal state is the coordinated work of the two hemispheres of the brain, in which the brain can fully capture the information of the outside world so that it can make a comprehensive decision. But in normal circumstances, the two hemispheres rarely work together The exercise of imagination 1, imagine a simple object, such as a crystal made of small Pyramid, completely transparent, very bright. Then try to conceive of the shape of the Pyramid, the refraction of the inner light in your mind, and then assume that you put it in your hand and feel its energy. 2. Look for the most complex impression in your memory, such as a day in a field outing, Let your mind go over every detail, the warm sunshine, the cool breeze of the face, the fragrance of flowers and trees, the birds' cry and the blue sky. 5 minutes later, you will find that this time travel can make you relaxed, as is true in the field had a great day.