魔法英语语法
在英语中，不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，这就叫做动词
的时态。
一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
A
一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。当主语是第三人称单数时，动词后面一般要加-s
或-es。
They want god jobs.
他们想要好的工作。
The coat matches the dress.
外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.
这项工作我不满意。
Do you understand?
你懂了吗？
?表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态。
He always takes a walk after supper.
晚饭后他总是散散步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.
现在大家都情绪高涨。
?表示客观事实或普遍真理。
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The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
太阳从东方升起在西方落下。
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.
声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时间不等人。
?表示主语的特征、能力和状态。
This cloth feels soft.
这布摸上去很软。
I love classical music.
我喜欢古典音乐。
The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.
看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。
?表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
The meeting begins at 7:00.
会议七点钟开始。
We leave here at 8:00 sharp.
我们八点整离开这里。
?在时间、条件和让步状语从句中表示将来动作。
When you come next time, bring me some magazines.
你下次来时，给我带几本杂志。
If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去那里。
Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.
不管他同意与否，我都会待在家里。
?用于新闻标题或图片说明中。
China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful
中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功
Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow
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劳拉•布什抵达莫斯科
?用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中。
Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and
shoots it into the basket.
弗朗西斯穿过去，把球传给姚明，姚明跳起来，接住球投进篮里。
Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.
现在，看，我按下按扭，打开了这台机器。
?表示告诫或劝说。
You mind your own business.
你不要管闲事！
If he does that again, he goes to prison.
如果他再那样的话，他就会进监狱的。
?表示现在瞬间的动作。
Here comes the bus.
汽车来了。
There goes the bell.
铃响了。
B
?一般过去时是用动词的过去式来表示。
His words fetched a laugh from all present.
他的话使在场的人都笑了。
I did not sleep well last night.
我昨晚没睡好。
Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?
你告诉这位游客去旅馆的路了吗？
在一般过去时的句子中通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。
【误】I visited the Palace Museum. (在没有上下文的情况下，应避免这样说)
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【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.
【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.
?一般过去时的基本用法
?表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
He suddenly fell ill yesterday.
昨天他突然生病了。
The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.
发动机因燃料用光而停机了。
?表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
I wrote home once a week at college.
我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。
He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.
他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。
表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用过去时外，还可以用used to或would来表示。
She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.
她上高三时经常学习到深夜。
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
?表示过去连续发生的一系列动作。
She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.
她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，认真地翻阅了起来。
The students go up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then
read English aloud in the open air.
学生们很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗读英语。
?在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作。
We would not leave until the teacher came back.
老师回来我们才会离开。
She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.
她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话，她就不去了。
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?一般过去时的特殊用法
?在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。
It's time we went.
该是我们走的时候了。
I wish I were twenty years younger.
但愿我年轻20岁。
I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.
我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。
?在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。
I wondered if you could give me a hand.
我想请你帮个忙。
Might I come and see you tonight?
我想今晚来看你，好吗？
一般现在时要和现在的时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的“现在”没有联系。
His father is a film director.
他父亲是电影导演。 (他现在还是)
His father was a film director.
他父亲曾是电影导演。 (他现在不是)
How do you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样？ (还在看小说)
How did you like the novel?
你觉得这部小说怎么样？ (已看完小说)
C
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一般将来时是由"will / shall +动词原形"构成的。shall只限于第一人称，主要见于英
国英语，现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中，shall和will常缩写成"'ll"，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not和will not的简略式分别为shan't和won't。
I'll go and shut the door.
我去关门。 在you and I或both of us等短
语后，只用will，不用shall。 When will you know your exam results?
你什么时候能知道考试结果？ You and I will arrive there
I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long. next Monday.
我看得出你很忙，所以我不会呆太久的。 我和你下周一都要到达那里。
Both of us will graduate from
middle school next year.
我们俩明年中学毕业。
?表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
I shall be free this afternoon.
我今天下午有空。
There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.
明天没有化学课。
They will probably go to Shanghai for their
holiday.
他们可能去上海度假。
?表示将要反复发生的动作。
在口语中，常用will / shall + be My uncle will come to see me every
doing结构来代替will / shall +动Saturday.
我叔叔每个星期六都会来看我。 词原形，以表示生动。
The students will have five English classes I'll be seeing a friend off at per week this term. the airport.
本学期学生们每周要上五节英语课。 我要去机场给一个朋友送行。
He'll be going with us
?表示同意或答应做某事。 tomorrow.
他明天和我们一起去。 That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.
这个包看起来很重，我来帮你提。
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I won't tell anyone what happened, I
promise.
我保证不告诉别人所发生的事。
?表示一种倾向或推测。
Flowers will die without water.
没有水花会枯死的。
Water will change into ice at 0?.
水在零摄氏度就会结冰。
This will be your sister, I guess.
我猜想这是你姐姐。
?用于"I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 宾语从句"中。
Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。
I wonder what will happen.
我不知道将会发生什么事。
I don't think the test will be very difficult.
我想这次测验不会太难。
?用于"祈使句 + and + 陈术句"中。
Work hard and you will succeed.
如果你努力，就会成功的。
Go at once and you will see her.
马上去，你就会见到她了。
?与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用。
I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.
他一到我就通知你。
If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请他，他会帮助你的。
We shall go unless it rains.
如果不下雨，我们就去。
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?be going to + 动词原形
"be going to+动词原形"这一结构常用于口语中。
?表示决定或打算要做某事
I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.
今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。
Are you going to play basketball after class?
下课后你去打篮球吗？
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.
他长大后要当医生。
What are you going to do today?
今天你打算做什么？
?表示有迹象即将要发生什么事。
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
The car is going to turn over.
汽车要翻了！
There is going to be a snowstorm.
将有一场暴风雪。
"be going to + 动词原形"与"will / shall + 动词原形"的区别
1. be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。
She is going to get better. 她的病要好了。（有恢复健康的迹象）
She will get better. 她的病会好的。（认为最终会恢复健康的）
2. will 表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的；be going to则表示事
先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。
－George phoned while you were out.
你外出的时候乔治打电话来的。
－Ok. I'll phone him back.
好的，我给他回电话。（临时决定）
－Matthew phoned while you were out.
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你外出的时候马修打电话来了。
－Yes, I know. I'm going to phone him back.
是的，我知道了。我准备给他回电话。（早有安排）
但在正式文体中，要用will来表示事先安排的动作。
The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m. 会议将在10点开始。
Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards. 从今天起9:30开始供应咖啡。
3. 表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不用will或shall。
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick.
我觉得不舒服，我想我要生病了。
4. be going to可用于条件句，表示将来时间，will则不能。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.
如果你要出席会议，你最好现在就动身。
?be + 动词-ing形式
"be+动词-ing形式"表示根据现在的计划或安排，预期将会发生某事，这种安排不容
随意改变。在这一结构中，动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get以及eat, meet, die, see off等，并与表示将来的时间状语连用。如果没有时间状语，则所表示的动作有即将发生之意。
He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few day.
他几天后要动身去新疆。
I am dining out tonight.
今晚我将出去吃饭。
The plane is taking off soon.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
The old man is dying.
那位老人快要死了。
"be + 动词-ing形式"和"be going to + 动词原形"的异同
1. 表示按计划发生的动作时，两者可互换。
We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.
= We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.
我们明天就要搬到新房子里去了。
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2. 表示由于客观因素而产生的将来动作或状态时，用be going to结构，不用be + 动词-ing形式。
You are going to fall if you climb that tree.
如果你爬树的话，你会摔下来的。（不可说You are falling if ...）
Be careful. You are going to break that chair.
当心！你会把那张椅子弄坏的。（不可说You are breaking that chair.）
?be + 动词不定式
这一结构中的be，只有现在式 (am, is, are) 和过去式 (was, were) 两种形式。
?表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
The highway is to be open to traffic in May.
这条公路将在五月份通车。
Am I to take over his work?
我是不是要接管他的工作？
?用于条件句中强调按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.
如果我们乘坐5点的火车的话，那我们现在就得出发。
?表示命令或吩咐等，否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不许”。
You are to be back before 10:00 p.m..
你必须在上午10点前回来。
You are not to go out alone at night.
晚上你不能单独出去。
"be + 动词不定式"与"be going to + 动词原形"的区别
1. "be going to + 动词原形"侧重说话人个人的意图和打算，"be + 动词不定式"侧重受别人的指示或安排要做的事。
I'm going to try my best to write this article well.
我将尽力把这篇文章写好。
Am I to wait here till their arrival? 我要在这儿一直等到他们抵达吗？
2. 表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只用"be going to +动词原形"，不用"be+动词不定式"。
It's going to rain. 天要下雨了。（不能说It's to rain.）
Rachel is going to faint. 雷切尔要晕倒了。
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?一般现在时
一般现在时也可以用来表示将来时间，主要用法有：
?表示由于日历或时刻表的规定而固定不变的将来时间发生的动作。
Tomorrow is Friday.
明天是星期五。
What time does the next train leave for Paris?
下一班开往巴黎的火车几点出发？
?在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时间的动作或状态。
I'll give the book to you after I finish it.
我看完这本
书
关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf
就给你。
If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.
如果他到了，我们就得到火车站去接他。
?在hope，suppose等后面的宾语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来动作或状态。
I hope all is well with him.
我希望他一切都好。
Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.
我们明天还是去远足吧。
D
一般过去将来时是由"should/would + 动词原形"构成的。
He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.
昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎。
They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.
他们想知道怎样才能早一点儿完成家庭作业。
一般过去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。
?一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中
He said they would arrange a party.
他说他们将安排一个晚会。
I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.
我问他是否来帮我修电视机。
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?一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态
If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.
如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.
今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。
?was/were going to + 动词原形
He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.
他说他退休后要住在农村。
They thought it was going to rain.
他们认为天要下雨了。
?was/were + 动词-ing形式
Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.
没人知道客人们是否要来。
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.
我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。
?was/were + 动词不定式
She said she was to clean the classroom after school.
她说她放学后要打扫教室。
It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.
据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。
"was/were going to + 动词原形"或"was/were +动词不定式完成式"可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。（没有去成）
I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.
我是打算帮忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（没有帮上忙）
?was/were about to do
"was/were about to do"表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。
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I felt something terrible was about to happen.
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。
?was/were on the point of doing
I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.
很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦了。
提 示
"be about to do" 和 "be on the point of doing"结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要动身天突然下雨了。
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进行时表示动作正在进行，这个动作是暂时的，也是未完成的。进行时包括现在进行时、过
去进行时和将来进行时。
A
现在进行时是由"am, is, are + 现在分词"构成的。
I'm reading the evening newspaper.
我正在看晚报。
Now it isn't snowing outside.
现在外面不在下雪。
Are they playing soccer in the playground?
他们正在操场上踢足球吗？
?现在进行时的基本用法
?表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作。
通常由表示“此刻”的时间状语（如now, at this moment等），或通过Look/Listen!
这两个提示语来表明此时此刻的动作正在进行。
She is making a fire now.
她正在生火。
Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.
听！玛丽正在教室里唱英文歌。
?表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作。
They are planting trees on the hill these days.
这几天他们正在山上种树。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不在这儿工作，我只是在新秘书来之前帮帮忙罢了。
?表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
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能这样用的动词并不多，通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave,
stay等表示位置转移的动词。这种用法比较生动，给人以一种期待感。
Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.
几天后简和贝蒂将出去度假。
Where are you staying in Guangzhou?
你到广州后准备住在哪里？
?现在进行时的特殊用法
?表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩。
现在进行时往往与constantly, always, forever等状语连用，给现在的动作披上一
层感情色彩。
She's constantly complaining.
她不停地抱怨。
My brother is always leaving things about.
我弟弟总是乱丢东西。
He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.
他总是想着为学生多做些事情。
?表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程。
下面句子中的-ing形式为形容词，并 The house is falling down.
房子正在倒下。 非表示动作；
The weather is changing for the better. A page is missing.
天气慢慢转好了。 少了一页。
Something is wanting.
?强调动作的重复。 缺了点什么。
The train is arriving late almost every The dress is not becoming here.
这种场合穿这衣服不合适。 day this summer.
这个夏季火车几乎天天晚点。
Someone is knocking at the door.
有人不断地在敲门。
The boy is jumping with joy.
那男孩高兴地跳个不停。
?表示两个动作是同一动作。
He who helps others is helping himself. You are not polite.
帮人就是帮自己。 你不讲礼貌。
(一贯如此) If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish
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thing. You are not being
如果你坚持做这件事，你就是在干傻事。 polite.
?be动词的进行时态。 你可有点儿不礼貌了。
be动词一般不用于进行时态。 (暂时的现象)
但有时可用"am, is, are + being + 形容词"结构表示暂时
或故意如此。
The boy is being naughty.
这孩子有点儿淘气。
I don't think you are being fair.
我认为你不公正。
He is being modest.
他现在很谦虚。
?表示状态的动词
这类动词有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。
This backpack belongs to me.
这背包是我的。
He seems rather angry with you.
看起来他很生你的气。
?表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动词
这类动词有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope,
doubt等。
I don't think he will come tomorrow.
我想他明天不会来。
I still remember the days when we studied together.
我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。
?表示要求、心愿等意义的动词
这类动词有want, wish, need, desire等。 有时这些动词的进行时态可表示
心理状态的缓慢发展过程。 Your clothes need washing.
你的衣服需要洗了。 She's understanding you
How I wish I were a bird! better now.
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我多希望我是一只鸟啊！ 她越来越了解你了。
?表示继续或持续含义的动词
这类动词有continue, keep, last, go on等。
Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.
他每天做完作业后，都会继续看会儿书。
She still continues in poor health.
她仍然身体很差。 如果这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则
?表示感觉的动词 可用进行时态。
这类动词有see, hear, smell, taste, She is tasting the apple. feel等。 她正在尝苹果。
The apples taste good. The dog is smelling the footprints.
这些苹果尝起来不错。 狗正在嗅脚印。
This flower smells nice. The bell is sounding for dinner.
这花闻上去很香。 晚饭铃响了。
You suggestion sounds reasonable.
你的建议听起来有道理。
?暂时性动作和经常性动作 ?持续性动作和短暂性动作
The computer is working The bus is stopping.
(暂时） 车停了下来。 (渐渐地) perfectly.
计算机运转得很好。 The bus stops.
(一直如 车停了。 (迅速) The computer works
此) perfectly.
计算机运转很好。
?暂时性动作和永久性动作 ?有感情色彩和没有感情色彩
She is living in the He is doing well at school.
(暂时) 他在学校表现很好。 (赞扬) country.
她现在住在农村。 He does well at school.
(永久) 他在学校表现很好。 (一般事 She lives in the country.
她住在农村。 实)
B
17
过去进行时是由"was / were + 现在分词"构成的。
I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.
昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。
Were you expecting him yesterday?
你昨天一直在等他吗？
They were not talking when I came in.
我进来的时候他们没在说话。
?过去进行时的基本用法
?表示在过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或该动作与过去的另一 当句子意思很清楚时，动作同时发生。 我们也可以把两个动词
都换成一般过去时。 I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.
昨天晚上7点我正在吃晚饭。 We listened closely
She was playing the piano while I was reading the while the teacher newspaper. read the text.
她弹钢琴时我在看报。 老师读课文时，我们都
仔细地听着。
?表示过去一段时间内正在进行的动作。
We were talking about you the whole morning.
我们整个上午都在说你。
He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00
yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午从3点到5点他一直在看电视。
18
?表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。
过去进行时还可和 He told me that he was going soon.
他告诉我他很快就要走了。 when结构遥相呼应，含有
意外之意。 She said she was leaving for New York the next
month. I was walking in the
她说她下个月动身去纽约。 street when someone
called me.
?过去进行时的特殊用法 我正在街上走时突然有
?表示故事发生的背景。 人喊我。
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to We were playing
the front. outside when it began
那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。 to rain.
Tom slipped into the house when no one was 我们正在外面玩时天突looking. 然下起了雨。
汤姆乘没人注意时溜进了房间。
?表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像
镜头转换。
Five minutes later, he was standing at the door,
smoking.
5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。
The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying
stopped.
这婴儿在大声啼哭，突然，哭声停止了。
?用来陈述原因或用作借口。
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.
我作业没做完是因为我昨天一直帮妈妈在家干活。
19
?与always, constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩。
The girl was always changing her mind.
这女孩老是改变主意。
In the past he was constantly asking me for money.
过去他总是向我要钱。
?一般过时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。
She wrote a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚给朋友写了封信。 (信写完了)
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.
她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。 (信不一定写完)
?一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。
She waved to me.
她朝我挥了挥手。
She was waving to me.
她不断地朝我挥手。
The boy jumped up and down.
这男孩跳了一下。
The boy was jumping up and down.
这男孩不停地跳着。
将来进行时是由"shall/will + be + 现在分词"构成的。
Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.
8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，我们那时正在上课。
Will you be using your bicycle this evening?
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今晚你用自行车吗？
She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.
明天8点她不在办公室开会。
?将来进行时的基本用法
?表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。
I'll be taking my holiday soon.
我不久就去度假了。
They will be meeting us at the station.
他们会在车站接我们的。
?在口语中代替will/shall do。
I hope you will be coming on time.
我希望你按时来。
I'll be seeing Mr Smith tomorrow.
我明天将见到史密斯先生。
The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.
部长将就国际事务发表演讲。
?将来进行时的特殊用法
?表示原因、结果或猜测。
Please come tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning I'll be having a
meeting.
请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。 (表原因)
Stop the child or he will be falling over.
抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。 (表结果)
You will be making a mistake.
你会出错的。 (表推测)
?用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌。
Will you be reading anything else?
你还要看点儿什么吗？
When shall we be meeting again?
21
我们什么时候再见面？
?表示稍后一点儿的安排。
The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week they'll be
studying Unit 4.
这周学生们学第三单元，下周他们将学第四单元。
My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.
我的任务在7月结束，之后我会回上海。
22
完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来
完成时。
A
现在完成时的构成形式是"have / has + 过去分词"。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗户打破了。
I haven't seen much of her lately.
我最近不常见到她。
How long have they been married?
他们结婚多长时间了？
?表示结果的现在完成时
现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”
用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过
去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。
I have bought a pen.
我买了一支笔。 (结果：I have a pen now.)
The temperature has increased by 10?.
温度上升了10摄氏度。 (结果：It is quite hot now.)
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。 (结果：Air pollution is very serious now.)
现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。
【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.
〈have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾〉
【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.
我(过去)买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。
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【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.
〈have lost强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突〉
【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.
我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。
?表示经历的现在完成时
强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
你去过长城吗？
I have visited Beijing at least ten times.
北京我至少访问过十次了。
She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.
她从未到海滨度过假。
?表示延续的现在完成时
这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，
可能要继续下去。
He's loved fishing for a long time.
他爱好钓鱼为时已久。 (他现在仍爱好钓鱼)
I have lived here for more than thirty years.
我已在这儿住了三十多年了。 (也许还会继续住下去)
现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词(主要是持续动词)，也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定结构。
I haven't seen a film for weeks.
我已经好几个星期没看电影了。
She hasn't written to me since September.
自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。
?与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语
现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内，和
它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。
?不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等。
I've seen the film before.
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我以前看过这部电影。
Have you been there lately?
近来你去过那里吗？
?频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等。
We have never heard of that.
我们从未听说过这事。
He has sometime played tennis.
他有时打网球。
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本钟很少出差错。
?包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等。
I have just finished the letter now.
我现在刚写完信。
You have just missed the bus.
你刚好错过公共汽车。
Has he done much work today?
他今天做了很多工作吗？
already和yet用法上的区别：
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already
有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。
She has already gone. 她早就走了。
Have you eaten your diner already? 你已经吃过饭了？
He has not come yet. 他还没有来。
?与现在完成时"未完成"用法连用的时间状语
与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其
连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。
?since + 具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始。
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。
25
He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他毕业后就没回过家。
?for + 一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久。
We have worked here for ages.
我们在这里工作很久了。
There has been no rain here for nearly two months.
这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。
?until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment，到目前为止。
I have not seen him so far.
到目前为止我没见过他。
Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到目前为止一切正常。
?in/during the past/last five years, 在刚刚过去的5年里。
He has been away from school during the last two weeks.
过去的两个星期里他没在学校。
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.
在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。
?all the while, all day 一直，一整天。
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。
?两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则
只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。
He locked the door.
他锁过门。 (但现在门是开是锁不清楚。)
He has locked the door.
他把门锁上了。 (现在门是锁着的。)
Who turned on the light?
谁开的灯？ (着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。)
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Who has turned on the light?
谁把灯打开了？ (着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。)
?两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而
一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。 (现在仍住那儿。)
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。 (现在不住那儿了。)
B
过去完成时的动作是在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在"过去的过去"。
过去完成时是由"had+过去分词"构成的。
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not
flown before.
飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。
Had he gone home when you arrived?
你到的时候他已经回家了吗？
?“已完成”用法
表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去 某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语 在包含before和after的复合，或以before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先过去时的时间状语从句。 后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过
去时代替过去完成时。 By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done
that work. The train (had) started
27
到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。 before I reached the station.
在我到达车站之前，列车已经开 He had just finished sweeping the
了。 classroom when the teacher returned from the
office. After he (had) arrived in
老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。 England, Marx worked hard to
They came earlier than we had expected. improve his English.
他们到的比我们预料得要早。 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高
他的英语水平。 It rained yesterday after it had been dry for
many months.
旱了好几个之后，昨天下雨了。
?“未完成”用法
表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能
再持续下去。
Up to that time all had gone well.
直到那时一切都很顺利。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。
?“想像性”用法
过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish，as if引导的从句中。
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.
要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。(事实上她没努力，也没成功。)
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.
我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。(事实上没去)
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.
那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。(事实上不是朋友)
?表示“刚刚„„就„„”
过去完成时常用hardly/scarcely/barely...when..., no sooner...than...等结构
中，表示“刚刚„„就„„”。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
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No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我原本打算来的，但发生了点事。
I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.
我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.
他们原想帮忙的，但没能及时赶到这里。
一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去
时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.
他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
我在车站等了20分钟车才来。
C
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
29
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
?表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某 一时间产生影响。 在时间状语从句中，不用
将来完成时，要用现在完成 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this
时来代替。 term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。 When I have finished
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the that, I shall have done
house from top to bottom. all I am supposed to do.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。 等我做完这件事时，我就
做完我该做的所有的事了。
?表示推测，相当于"must have done"结构。 Please don't get off the
You will have heard of this, I guess. bus until it has stopped.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。 请等车停稳后下车。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。
A
现在完成进行时是由"have/has been + 现在分词"构成的。
He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks.
他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
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你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？
What have you been doing all this time?
这半天你干什么来着？
?表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在。
现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the
morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.
这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。
?表示动作刚刚结束。
My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain.
我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。
He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends.
他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。
?表示一个近期内时断时续，重复发生的动作。
You've been saying that for five years.
这话你已经说了五年了。
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he
became a teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。
?表达较重的感情色彩。
What have you been doing to my dictionary?
看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！
Too much has been happening today.
今天可真是个多事的日子。
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?现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently?
你最近常和他见面吗？
Have you met him recently?
你最近见到过他吗？
?现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我一直等了你两个小时。 (可能表示不满)
I have waited for you for two hours.
我等了你两个小时。 (说明一个事实)
?现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。
Who has been eating the oranges?
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？ (还剩余一些)
Who has eaten the oranges?
谁把桔子吃光了？ (强调吃得一个不剩)
B
过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成。
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Had they been expecting the news for some time?
他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？
Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.
尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。
32
?表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去
完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿车就来了。
?表示反复的动作。
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
You had been giving me everything.
你对我真是有求必应。
?过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中(详见第12章)。
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.
我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。
?过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister
interrupted her.
她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。
She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.
她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。 (强调结果)
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.
她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。 (强调动作一直在进行)
33
被动语态的构成：
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动
语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。如果有必要强调动作的执行者，
动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的
不同而变化。
A
主动语态：do 被动语态：am/is/are done
我们每天打扫教室。 We clean the classroom every day.
?The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。
这些歌通常是女孩们唱的。 Such songs are usually sung by girls.
我们学校不教俄语。 Russian is not taught in our school.
每天都有许多货物运往国外吗？ Are many goods shipped abroad every day?
主动语态：did 被动语态：was/were done
昨天我们打扫了教室。 We cleaned the classroom yesterday.
?The classroom was cleaned by us 昨天教室被我们打扫了。 yesterday.
窗子是我儿子打破的。 The window was broken by my son.
昨天山上种了许多树吗？ Were many trees planted on the hill
yesterday?
一共被偷了多少钱？ How much money was stolen in all?
主动语态：will/shall do 被动语态：will/shall be done
我们很快要打扫教室。 We will clean the classroom soon.
34
?The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打扫了。
这工作将马上做。 The work will be done immediately.
校运动会将在下星期举行吗？ Will the school sports meeting be held next
week?
什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲 When shall we be given a lecture on the
座？ Internet?
主动语态：would do 被动语态：would be done
我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。 We told him that we would clean the
classroom soon.
?We told him that the classroom would be 我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。 cleaned soon.
他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建 He said that a new trade center would be
起来。 built in the centre of the city.
她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考 She asked whether their plan would be
虑。 considered with great care.
没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。 I wasn't told that I should be invited to the
party.
主动语态：am/is are doing 被动语态：am/is/are being done
我们现在正在打扫教室。 We are cleaning the classroom now.
?The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。
镇中心正在兴建一家医院。 A hospital is being built in the centre of the
town.
这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？ Are the babies being taken care of by this
nurse?
那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的？ How is the new teaching method being tried
there?
主动语态：was/were doing 被动语态：was/were being done
昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。 We were cleaning the classroom this time
yesterday.
?The classroom was being cleaned this time 昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫。
35
yesterday.
那时正在讨论教学计划。 The teaching plan was being discussed at that time.
昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗？ Was the TV set being fixed this time
yesterday?
我们到他家时，他家房子正在粉刷。 The house was being painted when we
arrived at his home.
主动语态：has/have done 被动语态：has/have been done
教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。 The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it.
?The classroom looks tidy. It has been 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了。
cleaned.
上个月以来，电视中播放了许多外国影 Many foreign films have been shown on TV
片。 since last month.
收音机还没开。 The radio has not been turned on yet.
我们镇上新的
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中心建好了吗？ Has a new training centre been set up in our town?
主动语态：had done 被动语态：had been done
教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过 The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned
了。 it.
?The classroom looked tidy. It had been 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过
了。 cleaned.
上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了 His newly written novel had been translated
英语。 into English by the end of last month.
她告诉我，她的老板已把她解雇了。 She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss.
我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。 Her homework had not been finished when I
got home.
主动语态：will/shall have done 被动语态：will/shall have been
done
36
我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。 We will have cleaned the classroom by 5:00.
?The classroom will have been cleaned by 教室将在五点以前打扫完。
5:00.
这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完 The new books will have been entered in the
毕。 register before another parcel arrives.
到明年年底将建成多少条高速公路？ How many expressways will have been
completed by the end of next year?
你回来前我的工作将会做完。 Before you return my work will have been
done.
主动语态：would/have done 被动语态：would/have been done
我说我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。 I said we would have cleaned the classroom
by 5:00.
?I said the classroom would have been 我说教室将在五点以前打扫完。
cleaned by 5:00.
校长说文章将在下月底翻译好。 The headmaster said the article would have
been translated by the end of next month.
大坝完工的日子不远了。 The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed.
他告诉我准备工作将在六点完成。 He told me that preparations would have
been finished by 6:00.
37
B get+
用"get+过去分词"结构
被动语态除常用"be + 过去分词"构成外，还可用"get+时，其后的动作执行者(即过去分词"结构。这种结构多用在口语中，强调动作的结果。 by短语)一般不表示出来。
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. Finally his bike got
那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。 repaired.
Did your letter get answered? 最后他的自行车得到了
你收到回信了吗？ 修理。
As I passed by, my C seem / appear+ skirt got caught on a
nail. 有时"seem/appear+过去分词结构"也可以构成被动语
我经过的时候，我的裙子态。
被钉子挂住了。 She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。
The house appears deserted.
这房子好像没人居住。
并不是所有的"be+过去分词"结构中的be都能被get或seem，appear等词代替。
【误】She got born in a small village.
【正】She was born in a small village.
她出生在一个小村庄。
【误】The old man got offered a large sum of money.
【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money.
这位老人获得了一大笔钱。
【误】Colin got caught cheating in the exam.
【正】Colin was caught cheating in the exam.
科林考试作弊被抓住了。
38
D
by 动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语
By whom is the book written? 表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语并不总
这本书是谁写的？ 是表示动作执行者。
The children were driven indoors by A policeman is known by the the rain. clothes he wears.
孩子们被雨赶进了室内。 警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。
(by表示方式)
with He was much flattered by her
asking him to dinner. The wolf was killed with a gun.
她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。 狼被枪打死了。
(by表示原因) The field was spread with wild
flowers.
田野里野花遍地。
from()
Good wine is made from grain.
好酒是粮食制成的。
of()
The table is made of wood.
这张桌子是用木头做的。
有电话找你。 You are wanted on the phone.
大家都认识他。 He is known to everybody.
她遭雨淋了。 She was caught in the rain.
39
英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它
也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态：
A
How is this word pronounced?
这个单词怎么发音？
Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves.
科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。
A greater number of Magic English books will be published next year.
明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。
B
If you break the school rules, you will be punished.
如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。 (强调you)
A new Hope School will be opened in our village.
我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。 (强调a new Hope School)
She is liked by everybody.
大家都喜欢她。
C
The bridge was washed away by the flood.
桥被洪水冲走了。
We were shocked by the news of his death.
我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。
Many accidents were caused by careless driving.
许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。
D
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。
I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school
just a year before.
肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。
E
40
You've been told many times not to make the same mistake.
你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。
The control room may not be entered without permission.
非经许可，勿入控制室。
F
The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light.
胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。
G
The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation's west development campaign.
西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。
H
He was born in this city.
他出生在这个城市。
The school is situated in the suburbs.
这所学校位于郊外。
被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。
The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been coked too long.
蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。(不需要动作的执行者)
He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend.
他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。
(没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整)
Everybody was cast down by such news as that.
大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。(需要by短语)
41
中国人的思维着眼点在于动作的施动者，而英美人的思维着眼点在于动作的承受者，这就是
英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被
动语态的方式也各不相同。
中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time.
我希望你准时到那里。
英美人常这样说：You are expected to be there on time.
希望你准时到那里。
A + +
"主语 + 谓语 + 宾语"结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语：
They will discuss the plan at the meeting.
他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。
The plan will be discussed at the meeting.
这个问题将在会议上讨论。
In the past the king possessed great wealth.
过去国王拥有巨大的财富。
In the past great wealth was possessed by the king.
过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。
B +++
在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语
转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：
We gave the student some books.
我们给了这个学生几本书。 用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要
在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of The student was given some books.
这个学生被给了几本书。 等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。
Some books were given to the The host had caught us some fish.
主人给我们捉了一些鱼。 student.
42
几本书被给了这个学生。 ?Some fish had been caught for us
His father bought him a computer by the host.
主人给我们捉了一些鱼。(for不可省) last week.
上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
He was bought a computer by his
father last week.
上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
A computer was bought for him by
his father last week.
上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。
C +++
在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化
成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语：
All the villagers painted the houses
有些使役动词和感官动词，如make, see, white.
所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。 hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to
等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作 The houses were painted white by
宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应all the villagers.
房子都被所有的村民涂成了白色。 加上to。
They kept us waiting for a long We heard him say good-bye to his
time. friends.
他们让我们等了很长时间。 我们听见他向朋友们道别。
?He was heard to say good-bye to We were kept waiting for a long
time. his friends.
我们等了很长时间。 他被听到向朋友们道别。
We regarded him as the best doctor in town.
我们认为他是城里最好的医生。
He was regarded as the best doctor
in town.
他被认为是城里最好的医生。
43
D
含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用"情态动词+be done"构成。
情态动词 主动形式 被动形式
can/could can/could do can/could be done
many/might may/might do may/might be done
must must do must be done
have/had to have/had to do have/had to be done
will/would will/would do will/would be done
shall/should shall/should do shall/should be done
ought to ought to do ought to be done
The machine must be operated with care.
这机器必须小心操作。
Such a sentence ought not to be used here.
这个句子不应该用在这里。
People had to be reminded of the danger that night.
那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。
E 含有"be going to do"等结构的主动句变被动句
含有"be going to do"或"be to do"等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用"be going to be done"或"be to be done"。在这两种结构中，be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
这个问题将在会上讨论。
This new film is to be shown on TV next week.
这部新片下周将在电视上放映。
F 含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句
带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时， 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用
为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句it来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。
的主语，从句的谓语部分变为不定式短 They said that he had gone abroad to
语。 study English.
他们说他出国学英语去了。 We believed that he would
44
It was said that he had gone abroad to succeed.
我们相信他会成功。 study English.
据说他出国学英语去了。 ?He was believed to succeed.
人们相信他会成功。 We haven't decided when we should go
camping. Father expected that I should
我们还未决定什么时候去野营。 become an engineer.
It hasn't been decided when we should 父亲希望我成为工程师。
?I was expected (by my father) go camping.
什么时候去野营尚未决定。 to become an engineer.
(父亲)希望我成为工程师。
G
肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Don't + let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词(或Let + 宾语 + not + be + 过去分词)。
Move the desks into the corridor.
Let the desks be moved into the corridor.
把课桌搬到走廊去。
Don't trust her.
Don't let her be trusted.
Let her not be trusted.
不要相信她。
H
一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词 才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变
成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。
The nurses in this hospital look after the
在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏patients very well.
The patients are well looked after by the 句末的介词或副词。 nurses in this hospital. Such a bad habit should be
病人在这所医院里被护士们照料得很周到。 got rid of.
这样的坏习惯应该改掉。 They have put off the meeting till next
Saturday. The meeting has been put off till next
45
Saturday.
会议已推迟到下周六了。
I
双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词
的承受者，又是不定式动作的承受者。
They asked us to discuss the problem at once.
We were asked to discuss the problem at once.
The problem was asked to be discussed at once.
这个问题被要求立刻讨论。 (双重被动)
She offered to buy a recorder for me.
A recorder was offered to be bought for me.
有人提出要帮我买一台录音机。 (双重被动)
The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away.
The desk was ordered to be taken away. (双重被
课桌被要求搬走。 动)
J withby
Smoke filled the meeting room.
烟充满了会议室。
The meeting room was filled with smoke.
会议室里充满了烟。
A cloth covered the table.
一块布把桌子罩了起来。
The table was covered with a cloth.
桌子上铺着一块布。
46
K
?表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。
某些表示状态的及物动词，如have，own，cost，lack (缺乏)，want，become (适
合)，fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。
She resembles her mother.
她像她妈妈。
He lacks self-confidence.
他缺乏自信。
This hall can hold 2,000 people.
这个大厅能容纳两千人。
?当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动
语态形式。
Would you have a cup of tea?
你要喝杯茶吗？
She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better.
昨天她得了重感冒，现在好多了。
?当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生
命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。
Do you get me?
你明白我的意思吗？
How do you take this passage?
这段话你怎么理解？
I owe 50 pounds to you.
我欠你五十英镑。
His careless driving cost his life.
他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。
47
?当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词 的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。 动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般
不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。 For years the two sisters looked after one
another. He fixed his eyes on the oil
多年来两姐妹互相照顾。 painting.
他注视着这幅油画。 They simply cannot contain themselves for
joy. His eyes were fixed on the oil
他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。 painting.
他的两眼注视着这幅油画。 He absented himself from a meeting
yesterday.
他昨天缺席会议了。
?当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。
I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.
看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words.
医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。
?当宾语起状语作用，表示数量，重量、大小或程度 时，不能用被动语态。
一些常见的不能变为被动语态的 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars.
这种字典价值十美元。 动宾词组。
The case weighs twenty kilos. 感冒 catch a cold
这箱子重二十公斤。 食言 eat one's
words
?当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。 丧失信心 lose heart
He laughed a hearty laugh. 失去耐心 lose patience
他由衷地笑了笑。 做鬼脸 make a face
She dreamt a sweet dream. 决 心 make up one's
她做了一个美梦。 mind
铺床 make the bed
?如果宾语是动词不定式或动词-ing形式时，谓语 守望 keep watch 动词一般不能变换成被动语态。 保持安静 keep silence
48
He admitted having done wrong. 表明见解 speak one's
他承认做错了。 mind
He has decided to go and study abroad. 发生 take place
他已决定出国留学。 就职 take office
请假 take one's
?如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机leave 关等，不能改为被动语态。 作
笔记
哲学笔记pdf明清笔记pdf政法笔记下载课堂笔记下载生物化学笔记PDF
take notes
He left the army in 1998. 拿起武器 take up arms
他1998年退伍。 就位 take one's
She entered the hall at once. place
她立刻就进入了大厅。 别着急 take one's
time
?另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of,
change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。
The book belongs to me.
这本书是我的。
She caught a very bad cold.
她患了重感冒。
?含有would rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。
I would rather do it now.
我宁可现在就干这件事。
He dare not do it.
他不敢干那件事。
49
所谓系表结构，在此指"连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed形式"结构。它与被动语态的形式完
全一样，所以在理解和使用时应注意它们的区别。
A
被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调
动作；系表结构中的-ed形式相当于形容词， 少数"连系动词be+用作表语的动词多强调状态。前者通常可用by+名词表动作-ed形式"也带有by短语。 的执行者，而后者则一般不用。 The old man was surrounded by
The gate to the garden was locked small children.
老人被孩子们团团围住。 (被动语by the girl.
花园门被那个女孩锁上了。 (被动结态)
构) Guilin is surrounded by hills and
The gate to the garden was mountains. 桂林周围是山。 (系表结构) locked.
花园门锁了。 (系表结构) We were held up by fog.
The tree was blown down by the 我们因雾受阻。 (被动语态) high winds. The tree is known by its fruit.
那棵树被大风吹倒了。 (被动结构) 看到果子就知道是什么树。 (系表结
构) The tree was blown down when we
saw it.
我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒
了。 (系表结构)
B
系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态：而被动语态可用多种时
态。
The composition is well written.
这篇作文写得很好。 (系表结构)
The composition is being written.
这篇作文正在写。 (被动语态)
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C
系表结构中的过去分词可被very，too，so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词需用much修饰。
The boy was too frightened to move.
这孩子吓得动也不敢动。 (系表结构)
He was very excited.
他很激动。 (系表结构)
He was much excited by the news.
他听到消息后很激动。 (被动结构)
D
be + 不及物动词的-ed形式通常是系表结构。
Her money is all gone.
她的钱都花光了。
The honoured guests are arrived.
贵宾们到了。
The moon is risen.
月亮升起来了。
She is grown up.
她长大了。
We are prepared for the worst.
我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。
E with
表示“充满”意思的"be + 过去分词 + with"结构多为系表结构。
The mountain is covered with snow all the year round.
这座山终年被积雪覆盖。
The classroom was crowded with pupils.
教室里挤满了学生。
The lake is dotted with fishing boats.
湖里渔帆点点。
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The floor was piled with old books.
地板上堆满了旧书。
F
femain, feel, lie, stand以及become, grow等词+过去分词结构多为系表结构。
The matter remained unsettled.
这件事悬而未决。
She felt disappointed.
她感到失望。
The road became crowded.
道路拥挤了。
G
句中有时间状语或地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。
The bank is closed.
银行现在关门了。 (系表结构)
The bank is usually closed at 6:00.
银行通常六点关门。 (被动语态)
He is married.
他结婚了。 (系表结构)
He was married in Beijing.
他是在北京结婚的。 (被动语态)
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英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的。
A
英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候，
某些不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。
When did the accident occur?
事故是什么时候发生的？
Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather.
冰淇淋在暑天销路好。
Does life exist on the moon?
月球上存在着生命吗？
B
Class begins at eight.
八点钟开始上课。
The meeting ended up with warm applause.
会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。
C
The machine runs well.
机器运转良好。
His voice records well.
他的音录下来很好。
D +
动词read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut,
keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动
词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动
词，即用主动形式表示被动意义。
The book sells well.
这书的销路很好。 这些动词常和情态动词(多半是否定式)连
用，表示被动。 My pen writes smoothly.
我的笔很好写。 His car can't move.
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The play reads more easily than 他的车不能开了。 acts.
这剧本易读不易演。
E
有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear, turn out等主动形式表示被动意义。
Good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口
What he said proved to be correct.
他的话证明是正确的。
The flowers smell sweet.
这些花闻起来很香。
F
The meat is cooking.
肉正在烧。
The book is printing.
这本书正在印刷之中。
G 某些动词不定式作表语
有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame.
她应该受到责备。
The house is to let.
此房出租。
54
英语的被动形式表示主动的意义，主要见于表示状态的被动句中。一般说来有以下几种情况：
A
反身动词(及物动词+反身代词)作谓语时，其宾语反身代词，表示动作返回到执行者本
身，主语既是动作的执行者，又是动作的承受者。由于反身动词具有这一特点，在被动结构
中动作的承受者，也就是动作的执行者，在句中表现出主动的意义。
He seats himself at the back of the classroom.
有些介词短语 He is seated at the back of the classroom.
他坐在教室的后面。 作定语或表语
时，也有被动的 He lost himself in the forest.
含义。 He was lost in the forest.
他在森林中迷了路。 The tall
He dressed himself in a dark blue suit. building
He was dressed in a dark blue suit. under repair
他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。 is an office
B building.
正在修建的那
The teacher is satisfied with what he said. 高楼是一座办公
老师对他所说的感到满意。 楼。
We are opposed to unjust wars. The result is
我们反对非正义的战争。 now under
We are prepared to accept his proposal. consideration.
我们准备采纳他的建议。 结果现在正在
He was tired with playing all day. 考虑中。
玩了一整天他感到很疲倦了。 个别介词短语
用冠词时表示被
动的意义，不用
冠词时表示主动
意义。
The
children are in
the charge of
this nurse.
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孩子们由这位
护士照管。
This nurse
is in charge of
the children.
这位护士负责
照看孩子们。
C
The earth is tilted a little.
地球有点儿倾斜。
Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison.
数百个士兵驻扎在监狱周围。
The village is located at the foot of a hill.
这个村庄坐落在山脚下。
D -edbe
Spring is come.
春天来了。
The moon was set and it was very dark.
月亮落了，天很黑。
He is advanced in years.
他年纪很大了。
E -ed
He is done with it.
他做完了这件事。
My fever is gone, but I still have a cough.
我的烧已经退了，但还有点儿咳嗽。
F
He was graduated from Beijing University.
他毕业于北大。
You are mistaken.
你弄错了。
He is retired.
他退休了。
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G
Do be seated.
请坐！
Be prepared, please.
请准备好。
Get washed.
洗吧。
Be concerned more about the well-being of the masses.
多关心群众的生活。
THE DILIGENT OX 勤勤恳恳的牛
born in 1949,1961,1973,1985,1997
Ox people are hard-working and persistent.
属牛者工作努力，且能持之以恒。
They are confident yet not social; they appear to be silent but in fact
impulsive when angry.
他们自信但不善社交，虽然话少，但实际上发怒时很冲动。 Ox can succeed in arts and businesses, thanks to its observant and creative
nature.
属牛者易在艺术和商业上获得成功，这主要得益于他们善于观察和独创的天性。
Ox people are stubborn yet caring, patient, responsible and loyal. 属牛者固执，但有耐心，关心他人，有责任感且忠心耿耿。
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语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气有三种，分别是陈
述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句
中。
Where there is a will, there's a way.
有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs?
你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？
How I missed the life in the countryside!
我多么想念乡村的生活啊！
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。
Come this way, please!
请这边走。
Don't make any noise, will you?
别吵，行吗？
Do be careful when crossing the street.
过马路时一定要小心。
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish it were spring all the year round.
58
但愿四季如春。
May good luck be yours!
祝你好运！
59
英语中条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况
可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况不存在或不大可能发生，则是虚拟条件句。
A
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8:00,we won't wait for him.
如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。
If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life
and property.
过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.
如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。
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B
在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成有三
种形式：
if条件句的谓语 主句的谓语
were would (could/should/might) + 与现在事实相反 do did
would (could/should/might) + 与过去事实相反 had done have done
did/were would (could/should/might) + 与将来事实相反 should do do were to do
条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were)，主 句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+ 动词 虚拟条件句往往暗含否定 原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, If I were you would表示情态。 我要是你
?I am not you If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go
我不是你 and see my friends.
明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。 If I had know your telephone
If I were you, I should go and try. number
我要是你，我就去试试。 如果我知道你的电话号码
?I did not know your If wishes were horses, beggars might
ride. telephone number
如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑。 我并不知道你的电话号码
I would go if they treated me like a slave.
要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。
条件从句用动词的过去完成时，主句用should (第一人称) 或would (全部人称) +
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have done，也可用could，might代替should, would。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.
如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.
今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.
倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。
表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式：
?were/did
条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were)，主句用 should (第一人称) 或would (全部人称) + 动词原形。 If I do和If I did两种结构也可用could，might代替should，would。 都可以表示现在或将来。If I do
表示可能性较大，而If I did表 If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to
示可能性较小，或完全没有可him.
明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 能。
If I win the race...如果我 If you dropped the glass, it would break.
你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 跑了第一名„„(运动员这样
If she had time, she could help me. 说)
她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 If I won first prize...如果
我中了一等奖„„(买彩票的人
? should do 这样说)
条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do，可表示有 If I become president, 偶然实现的可能性。 I'll...如果我当总统，我就„„
We would trust him if he should be honest. (竞选总统的候选人这样说)
如果他真是诚实的，那我们就相信他。 If I became president,
If it should rain, the crops could be saved. I'd...如果我当总统，我就„„
假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。 (一个小学生这样说)
?were to do
条件从句用were to do这种形式比较正式，常出现在书面语中，其假设成份很大，实
现的可能性很小。
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If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.
要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。
If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him?
假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？
非真实条件句(虚拟条件句)谓语 将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中
动词变化口诀： 的虚拟语气对比。
碰到虚拟条件句，时态向前移一 If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay
档。 at home.
假设现在某情况，从句应用过去 如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。 (常
时。 用形式)
假设过去某情况，应用过去完成 If it should snow tomorrow, I would
时。 stay at home.
假设将来某情况，需用过去将来 要是明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。 (可
时。 能性较小)
If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.
万一明天要下雪的话，我就留在家
里。 (可能性最小)
63
C
在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。
Were it necessary, I might go without delay.
如果需要的话，我可以立即去。 (= If it were necessary,...)
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.
你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格 (= If you had taken my advice,...) 了。
Should I have time, I would call on her.
要是有时间，我就去看她。 (= If I should have time,...) D
虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间 不一致，这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发 在很多情况下，我们也可以用生的实际时间来表达。 was来代替当主语是第一人称或
第三人称单数时的were。 If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you
wouldn't be so sleepy now. If he were here tomorrow...
如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。 也可以说成：If he was here
(从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在) tomorrow...
If they had left home early this morning, they I wish I were a bird.
也可以说成：I wish I was a would arrive in half an hour.
如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们bird.
就该到了。 但倒装句型中的were不可被
(从句说明过去，主句说明将来) was来替换：
If you hesitated this moment, you might Were I in your position, I suffer in the future. would not do it.
如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。 如果我处在你的位置，我是不会
(从句说明现在，主句说明将来) 干这件事的。
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E
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。
含蓄条件句大体有三种情况：
He would not get such a result without your help.
没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。
(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中)
But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.
要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中)
This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster.
同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。
(条件暗含在动词-ing形式短语happening in the past中)
He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.
他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。
(暗含条件是连词or)
It would do you no good.
这可能会对你没好处。
(条件可能是if you should give up the job如果你放弃这项工作的话)
They could have won.
他们本来是会赢的。
(条件可能是if they had been patient如果他们有耐心的话)
Such mistakes could have been avoided.
这种错误完全能避免。
(条件可能是if you had been more careful如果你更加小心一点的话)
Why didn't you tell me about it? I should have helped you.
为什么你不告诉我？我会帮助你的。
(条件可能是if you had told me about it如果你当时告诉我的话)
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－Did you go to see him yesterday?
你昨天去看他了吗？
－I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit.
原想去的，但有人到我家来玩了。
(条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit如果没人到我家来玩的话)
提示 She was ill, otherwise she would have been
在很多情况下，虚拟式已present at the meeting.
她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。 变成习惯说法，很难找出其
(条件通过连词otherwise/or表示出来：If she had not 暗含的条件。 been ill...) You wouldn't know.
I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I 你不会知道。 should have gone together with him. I would like to go with
我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。(连词butyou. 暗示条件) 我愿意和你一起去。
Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do?
假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办？
(用suppose/supposing/providing等词表示if)
To talk with her, you would know she could not
hear well.
如果你同她交谈，你就会知道她的听力不好。
(动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于If you should talk
with her...)
Left to himself, he could not have finished the
work.
要是放任他的话，他是不可能完成工作的。
(动词-ed形式表示条件：If he had been left to himself...)
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虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位
语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。
A
主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义，与其相关的名词
性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
主语从句通常用于"It is + 形容词 / 名词 /动词-ed形式+that..."结构。主语从句中
是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词-ed形式，其谓语动词常用"should + 动词原
形"(美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形)。
?表示建议或命令
It is important that we (should) work out a study plan.
重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。
It will be better that we (should) meet some other time.
最好我们在另一个时间见面。
It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English.
有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。
It is demanded that he should leave at once.
要求他立刻离开。
?表示惊讶
It is strange that he (should) have failed to see his own shortcomings.
真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。
It is a pity/shame that I (should) be at school instead of lying here in hospital.
真可惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。
It is natural that you (should) forget it first.
你起先记不住是很自然的。
常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词：
形容词：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等
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动词-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等
It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer.
有必要把程序输入电脑。
It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time.
很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.
希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。
虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。
?在suggest (建议)，order (命令)，propose (建议)，insist (坚持要做)，command (命令)，request (要求)，advise (建议) 等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用"should + 动词原形"(美国英语常省略should)。
常见的宾语从句中需用 The examination instructor asked that the
"should + 动词原形"的动词students (should) not use a calculator.
考官要求学生不要使用计算器。 有：
一个坚持：insist The workers demanded that their wages
两个命令：order, command (should) be raised by 10 percent.
工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。 三个建议：suggest, advise,
The requested that he (should) sing a song. propose
他们要求他唱一首歌。 四个要求：demand, require,
ask, desire
动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。
suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。 (暗示)
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.
他建议我坚持自己的决定。 (建议)
insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.
他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。 (强调)
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He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.
他坚持每天都要做早操。 (要求)
?在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。
一般过去时 表示目前不可能实现的愿望 were/did
但愿我是一只小鸟。 I wish I were a bird.
我要是知道答案就好了。 I wish I knew the answer.
过去完成时 表示过去不可能实现的愿望 had done
那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。 I wish she had taken my advice.
真希望我昨天见过她。 I wish that I had seen her yesterday.
过去将来时 表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿 would/could do
望
我希望你再呆一个小时。 I wish you would stay an hour longer.
但愿雨能停。 I wish it could stop raining.
?由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。
wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语
气；hope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。
The students hope that their football team will win the game.
学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。 (可能实现)
I wish I could see him now.
我希望现在就能看到他。 (不可能实现)
在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用
"should + 动词原形"结构。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.
按照要求作文必须单面誊写。
It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.
我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。
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The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable.
教育要改革的建议是合理的。
表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有：
建议 愿望 意见 advice desire idea
命令 请求 要求 order request demand
决定 提议 提议 decision motion proposal
规章 要求 建议 regulation requirement suggestion
B
?方式状语从句
由as if或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也
可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。
?表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时。
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.
这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。 (这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子)
?表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时。
I felt as though we had known each other for years.
我感觉我们好像认识多年了。 (其实并没有认识多年)
?表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could。
It looks as if it might rain.
天看上去好像要下雨。 (不大可能下雨)
He looks as if he were young.
看样子他好像很年轻。 (实际上他不年轻)
He looks as if he is young.
看样子他好像很年轻。 (用陈述语气表示他就是年轻)
?目的状语从句
?由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用"should + 动词原形"
结构，表示忧虑或目的。
Please remind e of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.
请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.
她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。
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We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there
should be any misunderstanding.
我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会。
?在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can (could) 或may
(might)。
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work
ahead of time.
为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
?让步状语从句
让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在或将来的假设
情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。
Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.
即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。
I should say the same thing even if he were here.
即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。
However hard it might rain/rains, we shall go there together.
不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。
No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.
一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。 C
在It is (high) time (that) ...结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示“到
某人该做某事的时间了”。
It is time that the children went to bed.
到孩子们睡觉的时间了。
It is high time that we began the meeting.
正是我们开会的时间了。
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A
If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用 一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的 if only和wish的用法相同，表愿望，用would或could表示将来。 示的意愿也基本相同。
If only he knew the answer. If only it would rain.
他要是知道答案就好了。 但愿天能下点儿雨！
If only I could speak several foreign = How I wish it would rain. languages! If only I had known her
我要是能讲几种外语就好了！ earlier!
要是我早点儿认识她就好了！ If only you had told me the truth before.
要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。 = I wish I had known her
earlier.
B
Would rather, would prefer, would
sooner等后接从句，表示“宁愿”，动词 would rather 主要有两种用法： 用过去时表示当时和将来的情况，用过去 1. 后接不带to的不定式 完成时表示过去的情况。 I'd rather play tennis than swim.
我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。 I would rather you left today.
我宁可你今天走。 I'd rather not go to the movies. 我宁愿不
去看电影。 I would prefer he didn't stay here
too long. Which would you rather have, tea or
我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。 coffee?
I would rather I hadn't seen that 你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡？
2. 后接不用连词that的从句 film yesterday.
我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。 I'd rather you went home now. 我希望你
现在就回家。
I would rather my daughter attended a
public school.
我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。
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C
在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。
中华人民共和国万 Long live the People's Republic of China!
岁！
祝您快乐！ May you be happy!
上帝保佑你！ God bless you!
祝你成功！ Success attend you!
愿主救我们！ The Lord save us!
D
部分情态动词的过去形式 (could, might, should, would)，可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。
If I could speak French, I would teach you.
如果我会说法语，我就能教你。 (我不会，所以不能教你)
If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.
如果你现在给他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。
There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.
这台录音机可能出毛病了。
He might have said so.
他可能这样说过。
Could he have done such a foolish thing?
他会做这样的傻事吗？
表示委婉或客气
虚拟语气 (could, would, might + 动词原形) 可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。 would like to do
愿意，想要 You could answer this email for me.
你可以替我回这个电子邮件。 would like to have done
本来想 Could you leave me your telephone number
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and address? I would like (to have) a word
你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗？ with you.
我想和你谈一谈。 (现在想) Would you mind opening the window?
劳驾把窗子打开，好吗？ I would like to have talked
You might as well put off the discussion till with you.
我原本想和你谈一谈的。(没有谈next week.
你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。 成)
表示惋惜或责备
Given more time, we could have done better.
(我们并没有得到更多的时 如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。 间)
You could have got up a little earlier!
你完全可以早点儿起来！ (实际上没有早起)
It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.
昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。 (但我没穿)
This wall shouldn't have been painted blue.
这墙不应该漆成蓝色。 (但已漆了)
当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少，许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用
陈述语气代替。
He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.
他建议我们立刻去医院。 (原应用should go)
We shall write down the address lest we forget.
我们要把地址记下来，以免忘记。 (原应用should forget)
Imagine you are an astronaut.
设想你是个宇航员。 (原应用were)
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情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度，如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情
态动词有词义，但不完全，是所谓的“辅助性”动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语。
A
?情态动词的各种形式见下表：
情态动词 否定式 简略否定式
mayn't (老式英语，现在不常见) may may not
might might not mightn't
can cannot/can not can't
could could not couldn't
must must not mustn't
have to do not have to don't have to
oughtn't to (否定句中to可省略) ought to ought not to
will will not won't
would would not wouldn't
shan't (只用于英国英语) shall shall not
should should not shouldn't
need need not needn't
dare dare not daren't
used not to usedn't to used to did not use to didn't use to
B
情态动词+do
You shouldn't be so careless.
你不该这样粗心大意。
Jessica told him yesterday that she might not go on the trip.
杰西卡昨天告诉他，她可能不去旅行了。
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Difficulties can and must be overcome.
困难能够而且必须克服。
情态动词+be doing
She must be listening to pop music.
她肯定在听流行音乐。
You should be reviewing your lessons.
你应该在复习功课。
情态动词+have done
They might have visited the Great Wall.
他们可能参观过长城了。
He must have got up very early to catch the train.
他一定起得很早去赶火车了。
You ought to have come earlier.
你本该早一点儿来。
情态动词+be done
This word can also be used as a verb.
这个词也可以用作动词。
Something must be done to stop pollution.
必须采取措施来制止污染。
The work ought to have been finished long ago.
这工作早就该完成了。
C
You ought to wear a raincoat.
你应该穿件雨衣。
She ought to wear a raincoat.
她应该穿件雨衣。
Plants must have oxygen in order to live.
为了存活植物必须有氧气。
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A plant must have oxygen in order to live.
为了存活植物必须有氧气。
D
在一些场合中，情态动词的现在式和过去式都可以表示现在时间、过去时间或将来时间，
只是语气有所不同。
I'm afraid it might rain tonight.
我看今晚可能要下雨。
Could I borrow your thermos?
我可以借用你的暖水瓶吗？
It's a nice day today. We could go for a walk.
今天天气不错，我们可以出去散散步。
E
在一个句子中，一般不允许两个意义相近的情态动词连用。
【误】Soldiers must have to obey orders.
【正】Soldiers have to obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。
【正】Soldiers must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。
【误】Can I be able to borrow two books at a time?
【正】Can I borrow two books at a time? 我能一次借两本书吗？
【正】Will I be able to borrow two books at a time? 我能一次借两本书吗？
77
情态动词的意义和用法见下表：
义 务 猜 测 许可 请求 能力 习惯 意愿 过去习惯 虚拟 强 弱 强 弱
? ? ? ? may
? ? ? ? might
? ? ? can
? ? ? ? could
? ? must
? have to
? ? ? will
? ? ? ? ? ? would
? ? shall
? ? ? should
? ? ought to
? used to
A
在口语中可用can，could代替may，但在正式场合用may。表示允许时，也可用
might代替，might不表示过去时，而是表示口气比较婉转。
You may take this seat if you like.
如果你喜欢，可以坐这个位置。
May/Can/Could/Might I have a talk with you?
我可以和你谈谈吗？
－May/Might I come into the room to see my mother?
我可以进房间看我母亲吗？
－No, you mustn't. She needs to have a good rest.
不，你不能进。她需要好好休息。
May I ...? 问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答：
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肯定回答 否定回答
(具有强烈禁止的意思) Certainly. No, you mustn't.
(最常见) Yes, please. No, you can't.
Yes, of course. Please don't./You'd better not.
Sure. I don't think you can.
Go ahead, please. I'm sorry it's not allowed.
Your maths teacher may/might be in his
用may表示推测一般不用于office.
你们的数学老师可能在办公室里。 疑问句，在疑问句中通常用can
(一般情况下，might表示的可能性很小) 来代替。
The light isn't on. It may/might be broken. Can he be at home?
那盏灯没有亮，它可能坏了。 他可能在家吗？
－Can it be true? There may / might be some ink left in the
这可能是真的吗？ bottle.
瓶子里也许还剩点儿墨水。 －It may be, or may not
be.
可能是，也可能不是。
He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time.
他想坐出租车，这样他就能及时到达那里。
I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I
might meet him.
为了能接到他我早早地就到了机场。
May you succeed.
祝你成功。
May you be happy.
祝你快乐。
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May that day come soon.
希望那一天早日到来。
B
I can swim.
我会游泳。
The cinema can seat 1,000 people.
这电影院能容纳1000人。
I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old.
我七岁时连如此简单的书也看不懂。
couldcan
－Could I use your dictionary?
我可以用一下你的字典吗？
－Yes, go ahead.
可以，用吧。 (或Yes, you can.但不能说Yes, you could.)
Could/Can you tell me how to get to the zoo?
劳驾，你能告诉我怎么去动物园吗？
He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room.
他问我可不可以把书带出阅览室。
(can)
在此种用法中can和could没有时态的区别，只是表示可能性的大小，can表示推测的可能性比could大。
You mustn't smoke while you are walking around in the woods. You could start a fire.
在林子里走时一定不要吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。
Can the story be true?
这个故事会是真的吗？
80
He cannot be at home.
他不可能在家。
How can you be so careless?
你怎么这么粗心？
Where can / could they have gone?
他们会去了哪里？
He can't/couldn't be over sixty.
他不可能超过60岁。
could。
If I could fly, I should be very happy.
如果我能飞，我会很高兴。
If you had followed my advice, you could have finished it.
如果你当时听我的，你早就做完了。
can与be able to的区别
?can表示“能力”时，和be able to相当，许多场合都可以互相替换。但当叙述过去
经过一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊说明，表示你有能力时，只能用be able to。
【误】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape.
【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.
大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼，但大家都逃了出来。
【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody managed to escape.
大火迅速蔓延到整幢大楼，但大家都想办法逃了出来。
?be able to比can有更多形式。
No one could answer the question.
没人能回答这个问题。 (这里could可用was able to代替)
When he grows up, he will be able to support his family.
他长大后就能养家了。
Frank is ill. He hasn't been able to go to school for one week.
弗兰克病了，已经一周没能去上学了。
I'm sorry for not being able to help you in time.
81
对不起，不能及时帮你的忙。
?could经常和动词see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等连用。
When we went into the house, we could smell something burning.
当我们走进屋子时，我们闻到什么东西烧焦了。(不用was able to)
She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.
虽然她讲话的声音很低，但我还是明白了她说的话。
?在谈论说话时发生的动作，用can，不用be able to。
【误】Look! I'm able to swim.
【正】Look! I can swim. 看，我会游泳了！
C
must
Everyone must obey the rule.
人人都必须遵守制度。 在口语中，我们可以使用
have got to来代替have to. We must do everything step by step.
我们必须逐步做每件事。 I've got to work on
Teachers must be patient enough with their Sunday.
我不得不星期天工作。 students.
老师必须对学生有足够的耐心。 When has Ann got to go?
安必须什么时候走？
have to
You can't turn right here. You have to turn left.
你不能在这里右拐，你必须左拐。
My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses
for reading.
我的视力很差，看书时不得不戴眼镜。
You have to pass a test before you can get a
driving licence.
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你在取得驾照之前必须先通过考试。
musthave to
must与have to在表示“必须”这个意思时意义相近，但在用法上有所区别。
?must含有说话者的强烈决心(表示主观的看法)，have to则表示外力环境或习惯使然(即表示客观的必要，作“不得不”解)。
I must study hard.
我必须努力学习。 (发自内心的决定)
I have to study hard.
我不得不努力学习。 (外界因素逼迫)
You must stay for supper.
你必须留下来吃晚饭。 (because I want you to)
You have to stay for supper.
你得留下来吃晚饭。 (because there is nowhere else to go)
?must只有一种形式，而have to可有多种时态。
They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather.
由于坏天气，他们不得不推迟运动会。
These last two days he has had to take a rest at home.
这两天他必须一直在家休息。
?must的否定式和have to的否定式的意思完全不同。
You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone.
你必须保密，你不可以告诉任何人。 (mustn't表示“禁止”)
You don't have to tell me the secret.
你不必告诉我这个秘密。 (don't have to意思是"没有必要"= don't need to)
must表示推测时，它的肯定程度比may，might，could大得多，一般只用于肯定句。
?must do (这里的do通常是状态动词或系动词)，表示对现在状态的推测。
He must be very lazy, for his desk is very untidy.
他肯定很懒，因为他的课桌很不整洁。
Carol must get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every
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day.
卡罗尔肯定对她的工作厌烦了，她每天都做同样的事。
?must be doing表示对现在动作或状态的推测。
Put on more clothes. You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
多穿点儿衣服，你只穿一件衬衣，肯定觉得冷。
?must have done表示对过去的动作或状态的推测。
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.
地面是湿的，昨晚肯定下雨了。
must表示推测只用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句要用can，could来代替must。
He's just had his lunch. He can't be hungry.
他刚吃过午饭，不会饿的。
They have just arrived here. They can't know many people.
他们刚到这里，不可能认识很多人。
Leslie walked past me without speaking. He can't/couldn't have seen me.
莱斯利从我身边走过而没打招呼，他肯定没看见我。
must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事，可译为“必然会，总是会”。
Well all must die.
我们都会死。
Winter must be followed by spring.
冬天到了，春天还会远吗？
must有时可用来表示“偏偏”的意思。
Why must it rain today?
为什么偏偏在今天下雨？
When I was taking a nap, a student must knock
at the door.
正当我午睡时，偏偏一个学生在这个时候来敲门。
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D
willwouldwouldwill
Will you have some tea?
你喝点茶，好吗？
Will you share your happiness with us?
你可以把你的欢乐与我们共享吗？
Would you pass this book to the student in the last row?
请你把这本书传给最后一排的学生好吗？
Will/Would you ...? 表示请求和建议的答复：
肯定回答 否定回答
Yes, please. 是的，请。 I'm sorry. I can't. 对不起，不行。
Certainly. 当然可以。 No, thank you. 不，谢谢。
Sure. 当然了。 No, I won't. 不，不行。
All right. 好啊！
willwould
I will do anything for you.
我愿为你做任何事。
I will never tell you the secret.
我永远不会告诉你这个秘密。
None is so blind as those who won't see.
不愿看的人眼睛最瞎。
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.
他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
willwouldwillwould
He will surf the Internet every night.
他每天晚上都上网。
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The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
那男孩常常坐在那儿好几个钟头，看着车辆行人通过。
He would be nervous when he met strangers.
遇见陌生人时他总是很紧张。
In class he would ask some silly questions, and his classmates would laugh
at him.
课上，他总是问一些蠢问题，他的同学们总是嘲笑他。
willwill'll
I will take the job, and no one can stop me.
我就要这个工作，没有人可阻止我。
He won't do what he's told.
他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做。
The window won't open.
窗子打不开。
This glass will not crack under heavy pressure.
这种玻璃在重压下也不会破碎。
willwill
If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you.
如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
Would you like...表示邀请。 If you will give up smoking, your health will
Do you like...表示习惯。 improve.
如果你愿意把烟戒掉的话，你的健康状况就会好转。 －Do you like going to the
cinema?
你喜欢看电影吗？ willwould
－Yes, I go to the cinema a It would be about ten when he left home.
lot. 他大约在十点钟离开的家。
是的，我经常去看电影。 I thought he would have told you about it.
－Would you like to go to 我认为他已告知你此事。
the cinema tonight? The patient took the sleeping pills an hour
今天晚上去看电影好吗？ ago. He will be asleep now.
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病人一小时前吃的安眠药，现在应该睡着了。 －Yes, I'd love to.
非常乐意。 It would be raining when she went home.
她回家时可能正在下雨。
E
shall
?表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。
Shall I carry it for you?
我来帮你搬它，好吗？ Shall I open the window?
我打开窗子好吗？ Shall we sing a song?
我们唱一支歌，好吗？ Will you open the window?
你打开窗子好吗？ Shall they wait outside?
让他们在外面等吗？ Shall he open the window?
Shall the waiter bring meals to your room? 他打开窗子好吗？
要服务员把饭送到你房间去吗？
?表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句
中。
You shall do as I say.
按我说的做。 (命令)
You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing.
如果你一直玩，你就会在考试中落后。 (警告)
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.
什么也阻止不了我们执行这项计划。 (决心)
He shall have the book when I finish reading.
我看完这本书就给他看。 (允诺)
should
?表示义务，意为"应该"(某件事宜于做)，用于各种人称。
Children should obey their parents.
儿童应该服从他们的父母。
One shouldn't be selfish.
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人千万别自私。
Customers who get bad service should complain, shouldn't they?
没有得到满意服务的顾客应该抱怨，不是吗？
?常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。
How should I know?
我怎么会知道呢？
Why should I fear?
我为什么会害怕？
What should she do but cry for help?
除了呼救外，她还能干什么？
I don't know why you should think I did it.
我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
?表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。
If should be fine tomorrow.
明天可能是晴天。
He should be taking a bath now.
他可能在洗澡。
It's nearly 7:00. Jack should be here at any moment.
已经快七点了，杰克随时都可能到这儿。
The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.
这部电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。
?表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评(应做的事却没做)。
The boys shouldn't be playing football. They should be at school.
这些男孩子不应该在踢足球，他们应该在上课。
You shouldn't have entered the teachers' office without permission.
没有允许你们不应该进老师办公室。
F
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()should
We ought to defend our country.
我们应当保卫我们的国家。 (每一个公民应尽的义务)
You ought to respect your parents.
你应当尊敬你的父母。
Oughtn't we to do everything possible to stop pollution?
难道我们不应当尽可能地制止污染吗？
。
Prices ought to come down soon.
价格可能会很快下跌。
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.
韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.
今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。
ought toshould
You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong?
你应该在洗衣服，为什么你在打乒乓球？ (可是你没洗)
You ought to have handed in the exercise last week.
你上周就应当交练习。 (可你没交，含责备的意思。)
He ought to have asked me before he took my bike.
他在用我自行车之前应该和我讲一声。 (可他没讲)
ought toshould
ought to和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”，是从“义
务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。Should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。
You are her mother. You ought to look after
her. 表示“义务”时，我们在口
你是她的母亲，你应当照管她。 语中可以用be supposed to
(是道义上的责任，不能和should互换。) 来代替should和ought to。
We should encourage him, for we are his I'm supposed to be classmates. there at 8:00.
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我们应该鼓励他，我们是他的同班同学啊！ 我应该八点到那里。
Children should be seen, not heard.
对孩子要观其行，不要听其言。
G
used to
He used to drink tea but now he drinks
used to do:过去常常做某事。 coffee.
他过去总是喝茶但现在他喝咖啡了。 be/get/become used to doing:
(强调现在不喝茶了) 习惯做某事。
be used to do: 被用来做某事。 I know where there used to be a river
here. He used to get up early.
我知道这儿以前哪里有条河。 他过去经常早起。
(现在没有河了) He must get used to getting
When I was a child I didn't use to like up early.
他必须习惯于早起。 tomatoes.
我小时候不喜欢吃西红柿。 A clock is used to show what
He is not what he used to be. time it is.
他已不是原来的他了。 钟是用来表示时间的。
Where did you use to live before you
came here?
来此之前你住在什么地方？
wouldused to
?used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，强调“现已无此习惯了”，
而would只表示过去的情况，与现在无关。
When he was young, he would smoke a lot.
他年轻时总是吸许多烟。
(不含有和现在比较，现在他也许还在抽，也许不抽了。)
He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city.
他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。
?used to可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
Kate used to be very thin.
以前凯特非常瘦。
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There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled
down.
街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。(不用would)
?used to可泛指过去的习惯性动作或状态，而would表示过去的习惯性动作时，往往
要带有一个特定的时间状语。
【误】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields.
我们过去常在田野里玩捉迷藏。
【正】Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
每当我们在乡下，我们都在田野里玩捉迷藏。
H
dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作行为动词，指勇气和胆量上的可能，可译为“敢”。
dare
?dare作为情态动词时主要用于疑问句和否定句中，一般不用于肯定句中。
－Dare you walk through the forest at night? 你敢在黑夜穿过森林吗？
－Yes, I dare. 是的，我敢。
－No, I daren't. 不，我不敢。
He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day.
下雨天他不敢开得太快。
He dared not do it last year.
去年他不敢做这事。 (dare的过去时为dared)
?可以用于表示怀疑的名词性从句中。
I wonder how he dare say such things.
我真奇怪他怎么敢说出这们的话。
We don't know whether he dare climb the mountain.
我们不知道他是否敢爬那座山。
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?可以用于条件状语从句中。
If the enemy dare enter the village, we'll fight against them to the end.
如果敌人敢进入村里，我们就和他们战斗到底。
If you dare cheat in your exam, I will give you some punishment.
如果你们敢在考试中作弊，我就惩罚你们。
dare
?dare可以作为行为动词，多用于肯定句中，但也可用在疑问句和否定句中。
He will dare any danger.
他敢面对任何危险。
He dared me to jump over the stream.
他激我跳过小溪。
Did anyone dare to admit it?
有人敢于承认吗？
I have never dared (to) go back to take a look.
我再也不敢返回去看一眼了。 (否定句中to可省略)
?和其他行为动词一样，dare在句子中要随着主语的人称和数发生变化。
He doesn't dare to walk at night.
他不敢走夜路。 (作行为动词)
He daren't walk at night.
他不敢走夜路。 (作情态动词)
Does he dare to walk at night?
他敢走夜路吗？ (作行为动词)
Dare he walk at night?
他敢走夜路吗？ (作情态动词)
Will you dare to do the same experiment tomorrow?
明天你敢做同样的实验吗？ (作行为动词)
Dare you do the same experiment tomorrow?
明天你敢做同样的实验吗？
英语口语中dare的几个常用结构：
?I dare say...我想，大概，可能，或许„„
I dare say things will improve. 我想情况会好转的。
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?How dare you ...? 你怎么敢„„？
How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题？
?I dare you ... 我谅你也不敢„„
I dare you to tell your parents! 我谅你也不敢告诉你父母！ I
need
need和dare一样，作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句，一般不用于肯定句
中(在肯定句中常被must, have to, ought to, should等情态动词取代)。作为情态动词，它的词形只有need一种形式。
You needn't return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.
你现在不必还书，如果愿意，你可以下周还。(needn't = don't have to)
Need I hand in my homework now?
我现在就要交家庭作业吗？
－Need he finish the article next week?
他要下个星期完成这篇文章吗？
－Yes, he must.
是的，他必须完成。
－No, he needn't.
不，他不需要。(= he doesn't have to)
need
need和dare一样，也可以作行为动词，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中。行为动
词need有人称和数的变化。
My shirt needs a button.
我的衬衫需要一枚钮扣。
need作为情态动态时，不要用于肯定 Your car needs repairing.
你的车该修理了。 句中。
【误】She need do her homework He has grown up. We don't need to
worry about him. by herself.
他已经长大了，我们不必为他担心。 (need作为情态动词时，不用于肯定
句中) You don't need to buy so many things
【正】She needs to do her for the picnic.
你不必为这次野餐买这么多东西。 homework by herself.
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Patience is needed for that job. 她该独立完成家庭作业。
干那工作，需要耐心。
情态动词+动词完成式
"情态动词 + have done"是情态动词的一个十分重要的结构，这种结构有两个主要的用
法。
?表示对过去发生动作或状态的推测或估计
通常用于肯定句和否定句。might有时可用于疑 may / might 表示“大概已经” 问句。 have done
通常用于疑问句和否定句。could有时可用于肯 can / could have 表示“可能已经” 定句。 done
表示“一定已经” 只用于肯定句，具有较大的可能性 。 must have done
should have 表示“该” 可能性较小。 done
?表示对过去发生动作的遗憾或责备
might have 表示“本可以” 通常用于肯定句。 done
表示“本可以” 通常用于肯定句。 could have done
should have 表示“应该” 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。 done
ought to have 表示“应该” 同should have done。 done
表示“本没有必 needn't have 只用于否定句。 要” done
A
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They might have taken a later train.
也许他们乘坐的是晚一点儿的火车。
He seems to know the city quite well. He may have been there before.
他似乎对那个城市很熟悉，他以前可能去过那儿。
You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
你本来应该给他更多的帮助，虽然你很忙。
The proposal might have been refused.
这个建议本该拒绝的。
B
He can't / couldn't have watched TV yesterday for he knew they would have
an exam.
昨天他不可能看电视，因为他知道快要考试了。
I don't know why she didn't call me yesterday. Can/Could she have forgotten my telephone number?
我不知道昨天她为什么没给我打电话，难道她会把我的电话号码忘了吗？
could
Why didn't Sophie apply for the job? She could have got it.
为什么索菲不申请这项工作？她本来是能得到的。
Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara.
你到纽约时为什么住宾馆？你完全可以和芭芭拉住在一起的。
C
can/could have done
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His watch must have stopped.
他的表肯定停了。
－I rang your flat yesterday. A man answered but I didn't recognize the
voice.
昨天我给你家打电话，一位男士接了电话，但我没听出来是谁的声音。
－Oh, it must have been my brother Peter.
哦，那一定是我哥哥彼得。
You must have caught the bus if you had got up earlier.
如果你早一点儿起床的话，你准能赶上那一班公共汽车了。(事实上没有赶上公共汽车)
He must have won the game if he had been careful enough.
如果他足够细心，他准能赢得比赛。
D
用于对过去的责备，表示“没有必要做某事，可是做了”。
The airport is close to us. You needn't have hurried there early.
机场离这儿很近，你没必要早早地赶到那里。 (可是你早早地到那儿了)
He is still young. You needn't have sent him such an expensive present.
他还小，你没必要送他这么昂贵的礼物。
如表示“过去不必做也没有做”之意，需用didn't need to do。
I know the airport is close to us. I didn't need to hurry there early.
我知道机场离这儿很近，因此我也没必要早早地赶到那里。
(实际上也没早到那儿)
It is not cold today. I didn't need to take the thick sweaters out.
今天天气不冷，我没有必要把厚毛衣拿出来。
(实际上也没拿)
E
表示对过去动作的责任或批评。
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You should have gone over your lessons.
你们应把功课复习好的。 (可事实上你们没有。)
You shouldn't have watched TV last night.
你们昨天晚上本不该看电视。 (可你们看了。)
You oughtn't to have gone to the deserted place alone.
你不该独自去那荒凉之地。
表示期待或推测。
If the flight was on time, you should / ought to have arrived in Shanghai
early this morning.
如果航班准点的话，你今早就该到上海了。
The building should / ought to have been completed by the end of the week.
这幢建筑物本周末前应该能完工。
F
表示与过去事实相反的假设或结果。
I would have been happy to see him, but I didn't have time.
我会很高兴和他见面的，但我没时间见他。
If your father had still been alive, he would have felt very proud of you.
你父亲如果还健在的话，他会为你骄傲的。
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质，
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它可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有时态和语态的变化，即
一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式；主动语态和被动语态。同时，动词不定式也具有非动词
的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
动词不定式由"不定式符号to+动词原形"构成。在某些情况下，to也可以省略。
?动词不定式有一些形式的变化，见下表(以do为例)：
主动式 被动式
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 无 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 无 to have been doing
A
不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后
发生。
He appears to be very happy.
他看起来好像很高兴。 (同时发生)
To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.
为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。
(to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后)
B
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
It happened to be raining when I got there.
我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。
I'm glad to be traveling with you.
我很高兴和你一起旅游。
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C
不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have lost your key.
我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。
I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well.
我本来想昨晚完成工作的，但是我感觉身体不舒服。
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.
对我来说，应邀来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。
D 不定式的时态意义。
He is said to be studying
不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语表示的动abroad. 作之前发生并且一直进行着。 据说他正在国外读书。
He was said to have been living in London (不定式的进行式表示动作正在
for twenty years. 进行)
据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。 He is said to have studied
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you. abroad.
很抱歉，我一直打扰你。 据说他在国外学习过。
(不定式的完成式表示动作已经
结束)
E
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形
式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成式两种。
to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.
这些是要发给学生的书。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.
他要求被派往最需要他的地方。
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to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.
据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times.
看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。
F
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。
We decided not to go out because of the bad I did not promise to wake weather. him up.
由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。 我没有答应叫醒他。
Never to have made any mistake is I promised not to wake him impossible. up.
从不犯错是不可能的。 我答应了不叫醒他。
动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。
A
不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。
当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能
To know oneself is difficult. 用形式主语代替动词不定式。
人贵有自知之明。 To respect others is to be
To say is one thing and to do is another. respected.
说是一回事，做又是另一回事。 尊重别人就是尊重自己。
To love and to be loved is the greatest To become a slave is to give happiness one can get.
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爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。 up one's freedom.
作奴隶就等于放弃自由。
it
在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子
结构显得平稳一些。
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.
背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking
effort.
想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。
It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.
浪费了这么多时间，真是遗憾。
B
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表 示目的。 有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动
的，但在意义上却是被动的。 His wish is to become an astronaut.
他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。 She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。
The house is to let. 此房出租。 What he hoped was to be admitted into
The result is not long to see. 结果the university.
他希望能被大学录取。 不久就会看到。
To live is to do something worthwhile.
活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
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C
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
?不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence.
父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg.
他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。
I never thought to meet you here.
我没想到在这里遇见你。
可接不定式宾语的动词有：
负担得起 同意 以„„为目标 afford agree aim
要求 尝试 开始 ask attempt begin
喜爱 决定 继续 care choose continue
决定 要求 决心 decide desire determine
期待 不能 忘记 expect fail forget
不愿 希望 打算 hate hope intend
设法 打算 表示愿意 manage mean offer
计划 宁愿 假装 plan prefer pretend
答应 拒绝 记起 promise refuse remember
努力 想要 希望 try want wish
?在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们
常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.
我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。
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She made it a rule to get up at 5:00.
她养成了五点起床的习惯。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many
students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
?在表示“希望、打算”等动词 (如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等) 的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
I intended to have called on you, but was
表示“原打算、原以为”，还可以prevented from doing so.
我原想来拜访你的，但没来成。 用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。
I expected to have met him here last night. I had intended to call on you.
我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。(但没做到) 我原想来拜访你的。
We meant to have stayed there a week. I had expected to meet him
我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。 here last night.
我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到 I wanted to have dropped her a line, but
他的。 forgot to do so.
我原想写一封信给她，但忘记了。 We had meant to stay there a
week.
我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。
不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.
老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual.
他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently.
我们只能耐心等待。
不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，二是句子的
主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
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?句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。
这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel,
determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy,
impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry,
surprised, willing等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.
很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下。
She was not content to live a quiet life I a small town.
她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。
John was happy to be given the job.
约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
?句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, 在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及
物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange,
useful等。 的介词。
This problem is easy to solve. The river is dangerous to
这个问题很容易解决。 swim in.
在这条河里游泳很危险。 The water is not fit to drink.
这水不适于饮用。 A spring mattress is
She is hard to get along with. comfortable to sleep on.
她这个人很难相处。 席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。
D
不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型
中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to。
这类动词有：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 转为被动语态时，原不带to的不
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I heard them sing yesterday. 定式要变成带to的不定式 (notice
昨天我听见他们唱歌了。 和watch没有被动语态)。
Did you see him go out? We saw the car stop.
你看见他出去了吗？ ?The car was seen to stop.
我们看见这辆车停了下来。 I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。
在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。
这类动词有：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式 (have没有被动语态)。
有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语 What would you have me do?
你要我做什么？ 时省去了to，这些动词有：
一感二听三让四观看。 She made him give up smoking.
她让他戒了烟。 一感：feel
二听：hear, listen to Let him do whatever he wishes to do.
他想干什么就让他干吧。 三让：let, have, make
四观看：observe, see, watch, Though he had often made his little sister
cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. look at
虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄
哭了。
在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose,
prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是"to be+形容词或名词"结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher.
我们认为他是一个好老师。
He proved that theory (to be) very important.
他证明那个理论是很重要的。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
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在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.
我希望你不要打扰他。
I don't want there to be any trouble.
我不想有任何麻烦。
动词advise, allow, ask, beg, hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能command, tell, invite, force, oblige, 接不定式作宾语补足语。 get, help, encourage, persuade, 【误】I hope you to give me a hand. permit, remind, request, order, warn, 【正】I hope you can give me a hand. cause等后面，多接不定式短语作宾语补足 我希望你能帮我一把。 语。 【正】I wish you to give me a hand.
We don't allow such things to 我希望你能帮我一把。 happen again. 【误】He demanded me to be present at
我们不容许这种事情再发生。 the meeting.
Most of the parents agree to forbid 【正】He demanded that we should be
their children to smoke. present at the meeting.
大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽 他要求我们出席会议。 烟。 【正】He required us to be present at the
She asked me to answer the phone meeting.
in her absence. 他要求我们出席会议。
她请我在她不在的时候接电话。 【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there
Please remind me to leave her this alone.
note. 【正】Mr Li suggested that she should
请提醒我留给她这张纸条。 not go there alone.
She requested him to go with her. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。
她邀请他一同去。
动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。
I'm waiting for James to arrive.
这些带介词的短语动词有： 我正等着詹姆斯的到来。
He's arranged for a car to pick them up at arrange 号召 安排 call on the station. for
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他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。 盼望 等待 long for wait for
The UN has called on both sides to observe depend 依靠 依赖 rely on the cease fire. on
联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。
E
不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关
系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。
由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往
The future to greet us will be bright. 往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动
我们的未来会十分美好的。 词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
He is always the first person to come She has a child to take care of. and the last one to leave. 她有一个孩子要照看。
他总是第一个来最后一个离开。 There is nothing to worry about.
The next train to arrive was from New 没什么可担心的。
York. He has no friend to depend on.
下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 他没有可依靠的朋友。
I've got a lot of things to see to
this morning.
今天上午我有许多事情要处理。 On Sundays, he always has a lot of
letters to write.
星期天，他总是有许多信要写。
The teacher left us a lot of problems to
solve.
老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。
He can find no one to make friends
with.
他找不到可交朋友的人。
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He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他没有遵守定期给他父母亲写信的诺言。
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
I have no wish to quarrel with you.
我不想和你吵架。
Now it is time to begin our class.
现在是上课的时间了。
I need somewhere to take a nap.
我需要一个地方打个盹。
Is that the way to open the can?
那就是打开罐头的方法吗？
F
不定式作状语可以表示行为的
目的、结果、原因、条件等。 有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order
(not) to do, 和so as (not) to do结构 (so as to 表示目的 do不可以置于句首)。
I'm saving up to buy a He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.
computer. 为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。
我在存钱买电脑。 I'll write down his telephone number so as
To save the child, he laid not to forget it.
down his life. 我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。
为了救那个孩子，他献出了生
命。
表示结果
He got to the station only to find the train had gone.
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他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。
What have I said to make you so angry?
我说了什么话使你气成这样？
After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again.
散会后，他们分手了，从此再也没有见面。
不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：
1) so...as to do
Would you be so kind as to lend me your 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ bicycle?
2) such...as to do
我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。 We are not such fools as to believe him.
3) enough to do
他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。 He didn't run fast enough to catch the train.
4) only to do
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 feet.
5) too...to do
他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的 His eyesight is too poor to read such small
字。 letters.
表示原因
I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. too...to...结构中的形容词如果是eager,
我当时不听你的话，真傻。 pleased, happy, ready等，动词不定式不
She wept to find him in such a 表示结果，也没有否定的意思。 difficult situation. The boy was too eager to get a
看到他处于这么困难的境况，她哭了。 geography book.
那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理
表示条件 书。
He is too anxious to know the A man would be blind not to see
examination results. that.
他很急切地想知道考试结果。 一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。
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How can you catch the train to start
so late?
这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？
A
动词不定式的逻辑主语(即不定式动作的执行者)通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果不定式
的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用"for + 名词(代词)+ 不定式"来构成不定式的复合结构，这种复合结构在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、状语和定语。
This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry.
这个箱子让这个小男孩来搬太重了。
That's for you to decide.
那个由你来决定。
He stood aside for me to pass.
他站到一边让我通过。
I have some books for you to read.
我有几本书送给你读。
B
"be + 不定式"结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：
表示命令和指示
The room is to be locked. be to do表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。
这房间要上锁。 Another new railway is to be built in my
You are not to stand here. hometown next year.
你不能站在这里。 明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。
be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。
表示计划或安排 The manager was about to leave when his
secretary called him back. We are to begin the work
经理正要离开时，他的秘书叫住了他。 next month.
我们下月开始这项工作。
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What's to be done next?
下一步该怎么办？
C
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not.
我不知道要不要去开会。
The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers.
问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。
When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet.
何时参观故宫博物馆还没有决定。
D
"with/without + 名词 + 不定式"结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with
you.
有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。
With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe.
有他呆在家里，我感到十分安全。
Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.
由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。
E
在"It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式"结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，
如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude,
impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在"It is + 形容词 +
for sb + 不定式"结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
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It's kind of you to think so much of us.
难为你这么为我们着想。(=You are kind to It is good of you to help me think so much of us.) with my English.
你真好，帮助我学英语。 How careless it is of him to break such a
(强调you的特征=You are valuable vase!
他真不小心，竟把如此贵重的花瓶打破了。 good to help me.)
It is easy for me to see through his trick. It is good for you to give up
我很容易看穿他的鬼把戏。(=For me to see smoking. through his trick is easy.) 戒烟对你有好处。
(强调的是give up smoking这 It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.
他很难改掉自己的坏习惯。 一行为= For you to give up
smoking is good.)
F
动词不定式to do通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也可在不定式符号to和动词原形之间插入一个副词，构成分裂不定式。
He was too ill to completely carry out that program.
他病得太重，不能完成那个项目。
He has made up his mind to once more try this method.
他已经下定决心再试试这个方法。
G
有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。
To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest.
说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。
To be frank, I don't agree with what you said.
坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。
He is very honest, to begin with.
首先，他很诚实。
说老实话 首先 to tell you the to begin with
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truth
姑且诚然，固 to say 可以这么说 so to speak to be sure 不说 然 nothing of
精确说句对他公长话短to do him to make a long story to be exact 地说 道的话 说 justice short
坦率总而言简言之 to be frank to be brief to conclude 地说 之
H
动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂，主要有下面几种情况：
Do you have anything to say on this question?
针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？ There is a lot of work to
He is a pleasant person to work with. do.
他是一个与其合作起来令人感到愉快的人。 有许多事情要做。
(表示某人必须做这工作)
There is a lot of work to
be done.
有许多事情要做。 The book is difficult to understand.
(强调有许多事情必须做) 这本书很难理解。
She has two letters to The chair is comfortable to sit on.
type. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
她有两封信要打。
(自己打)
There be She has two letters to be
typed.
There is nothing to worry about. 她有两封信要打。
没什么可担心的。 (别人打)
There is nothing to fear.
没有什么可害怕的。
I
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I hope to have met him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up.
我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。
We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold
out.
我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。
The plane was to have taken off at 9:00, but something went wrong.
飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。
J
不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。
To think that he should do this!
想想，他竟然干出这等事！ (表示惊讶)
Oh, God, to see her dance!
哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！ (表示赞美)
To think that all the money has been wasted.
想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！ (表示不满)
A
comegoto
Go tell her.
去告诉她吧。
Come have a glass.
来喝一杯。
why"not + "
Why make so much noise?
为什么发出这么大的噪音？
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Why not join us?
为什么不加入我们？
had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would
sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot
help but"not + "
You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion.
你最好听一听老师的意见。
We had best call for the doctor at once.
我们最好马上就请医生来。
She can't do anything but ask silly questions.
她什么都不会做，除了问一些愚蠢的问题。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。
He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon.
他不得不搬到另一条街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。
We cannot help but admire his courage.
我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气。
doexcept/but
to
The only thing I could do was go home.
我能做的惟一一件事就是回家。
They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.
除了等待医生的到来，他们什么都不能做。
to
The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.
这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
115
helptoto
Can I help (to) carry the box for you?
我帮你搬箱子，好吗？
to
He let go the rope.
他松开了绳子。
I hear say there will be an earthquake soon.
我听说不久就要有一次地震。
She made believe she was innocent.
她假装清白。
see, hear, watch, feel, noticemake, let, have
to
She watched the children cross the street.
她看着孩子们穿过了马路。
They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude.
他们让那男孩因他的粗鲁而向他的朋友道歉。
Don't forget to have him come earlier.
别忘了让他早点儿来。
B
为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。
be, going to, used to, have to, ought to, be
able to, be about to
She must go but you don't have to.
她必须走，但你没有必要。
－Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor?
你认为我应该去看医生吗？
－Yes, I think you ought to.
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是的，我想你应该去。
want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try
You may go with them if you hope to.
如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。
－Did you go to see the Great Wall?
你游览长城了吗？
－I wanted to, but I was too busy.
我本来想去的，但我太忙了。
ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish,
permit, allow, forbid
Don't do anything unless your father tells you to.
除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
－May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗？
－No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased,
afraid
－Will you lend me a hand?
你能帮我一个忙吗？ 如果动词不定式是to be或to
－I'm willing to, but I can't now. have，则一般不省略动词。
我很愿意，但现在不行。 －Did you finish the work?
－Would you please come to my birthday 你的工作完成了吗？
－No, but I hoped to have. party tomorrow?
明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？ 没有，但我希望已经完成了。
－I'll be glad to.
我很乐意。
C
to既可以是不定式符号，后接动词原形，也可以是介词，后接名词或动词-ing形式。英语中有很多常用短语带有to，要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。
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to
He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning.
他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。
These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match.
这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。
常见的带不定式的短语：
应该做某事 决心要做某事 be supposed to do be determined to do
全力以赴做某未能做某事 fail to do go all out to do 事
have a great mind to 有胆量做某事 很想做某事 have the nerve to do do
make up one's mind to 决定做某事 坚持做某事 make a point to do do
有思想准备做不辞辛苦地做
prepare oneself to do take the trouble to do 某事 某事
to
If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear.
如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。
You must get used to getting up early.
你必须习惯早起。
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers?
难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗？
常见的带介词to的短语：
习惯 与„„有关 着手做 be used to be related to get down to
沉溺于 全神贯注于 引起 be given to put one's mind to give rise to
胜任 献身于 导致 be equal to devote oneself to lead to
反对 盼望 反对 be opposed to look forward to object to
坚持 注意 stick to pay attention to
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-ing
动词-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”和“现在分词”两个部分。动词-ing形式具有动词的特征，同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、
宾语、宾语补足和状语。
动 词 -ing 形 式 的 特 征 和 种 类
与动词不定式一样，动词-ing形式也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带
状语、宾语等。动词-ing形式的时态和语态的变化见下表(以动词do为例)：
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
A
-ing
Swimming is her favorite sport.
游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.
学习对现代生活很重要。
-ing
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
他们有说有笑地走出教室。
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.
她倾听她邻居的讲话。
-ing
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.
我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.
他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
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B
动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已
完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语 在现代英语中，作宾语的动词-ing形式的完成动词表示的动作之前。 式可用一般式来代替。
Having lived in this city for I really regretted missing such an three years, she knows it very well. exciting lecture.
在这个城市生活了3年，她对这里已 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 很熟悉。 (=I rally regretted having missed such an
I really regretted having exciting lecture.)
missed such an exciting lecture. We remembered seeing the film.
错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的 我们记得看过这部电影。 很遗憾。 (=We remembered having seen the
film.)
C -ing
动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。
The question being discussed is very important.
正在讨论的问题很重要。
I can't stand being kept waiting.
我不堪久等。
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.
我听说他被选为球队的教练。
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.
在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。
D
120
动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.
他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。
I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.
我很抱歉没能按时赴会。
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
A
动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。 动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用
Seeing is believing. 句型。
百闻不如一见。 It's no good talking to him.
Learning about a language is easier than 和他谈话是没有用的。 using it. It is useless telephoning him.
学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。 He is not willing to come.
Being invited to the party was a great honor 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。 to the family. It's worth making an effort.
被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。 努力一下是值得的。
There is no saying when it
为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，will stop raining.
无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。 而把真正的主语放在句末。
There is no joking about such It is easy making plans, but it is difficult
matters. carrying them.
这种事开不得玩笑。 制订计划很容易，实施它却很难。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it.
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争论这事是浪费时间。
B
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean
一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一as possible.
般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动 她的工作是尽量使
报告
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厅保持干净。
作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表 The real question is getting to know the
示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的needs of the students.
动作，特别是将来的动作。 真正的问题是了解学生的需要。
Smoking is forbidden here. His hobby is collecting stamps.
这里禁止吸烟。(泛指) 他的爱好是集邮。
It's not good for you to
smoke so much.
吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具
The problem is quite puzzling. 体) 这个问题很令困惑。 They prefer staying indoors It was astonishing to see the animals and when the weather is cold. plants that are found nowhere else in the world. 天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指) 看到了世界上其他地方找不到的动植物真是令人 Would you prefer to stay at 惊讶。 home this evening? The food at the dinner party did not seem 今晚你想待在家里吗？(具体) very inviting.
宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。
C
动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
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能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。
?只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词
这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾
语。
Fancy meeting you here! 只能接动词-ing形式作宾语 想不到在这儿见到你了！ 的动词： I suggest doing it in a different way. 建议冒险去献身， 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。 忍受期待不停顿； They admitted smoking/having smoked in the 放弃延期悔失去， hall. 坚持欣赏实践成； 他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。 注意原谅避反对， I regret saying/having said those works. 考虑要求不自禁； 我很后悔自己说过的话。 允许习惯不介意， He couldn't help laughing. 价值开始想动名。 他情不自禁地笑了起来。
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to
you.
我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：
感避推保承认 admit appreciate avoid put off keep 激 免 迟 持
耽嫌抵提考虑 consider delay dislike resist mention 搁 恶 制 及
避原练介喜欢 enjoy escape excuse practice mind 免 谅 习 意
意完冒包想不到 fancy feel like finish risk include 欲 成 险 括
放建逃设原谅 forgive give up suggest miss imagine 弃 议 过 想
情不自 cannot 禁 help
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? 既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语
这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要
有以下几种情况：
?有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate,
intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词-ing 应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形形式或不定式区别不是很大。 式。
They prefer spending/to spend their I am starting to learn Russian. 我
开始学俄语。 summer vacation in Dalian.
他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。 避免说：I am starting learning
Russian. 我开始学俄语。 I intend to buy/buying an
English-Chinese dictionary.
我想买一本英汉词典。
?有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。
?表示一个渐渐发展的过程 ?表示陪衬性的动作
I hope we shall be friends and It was already two o'clock when come she came hurrying in. 她急急忙忙come to understand one another.
我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解。 跑进来时已经两点了。
?做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事 ?继续做同一件事。
Having finished the exercises, we Though it was raining heavily,
they went on working, 尽管天下着 go on went on to learn the new words in
the next unit. 做完练习以后，我们继大雨，他们仍然继续工作。
续学习下一单元的单词。
?想要做某事 ?意味着要有一个结果
I didn't mean to hurt you. 我并不Missing the train means waiting mean 想要伤害你。 for another hour. 误了这班车就意味
着再等一个小时。
?对即将要做的事表示遗憾 ?对所做的事感到后悔
I regret to say I must leave I regret not having told her earlier. regret tomorrow. 很遗憾，我明天必须离开没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。
了。
?讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记” ?讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”
I remember posting that letter. 我remember Remember to lock the door when
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you leave. 离开时记得要锁门。 记得寄了那封信。
?忘记要做某事 ?忘记以前曾做过的事
She nearly forgot to give the I'll never forget meeting my
porter a tip for his service. 她几乎 forget school headmaster for the first
忘记给行李搬运工付小费。 time. 我永远忘不了和我小学校长初
次见面的情景。
?停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事 ?停止正在做的事
While working, he stopped to talk When the teacher came into the
with Tom at times. 工作的时候，他 stop classroom, the pupils stopped
不时停下来和汤姆谈话。 talking. 教师走进教室的时候，小学生
们停止了说话。
?设法做某事 ?试验做某事
I must try to get everything ready Would you please try doing that try before he arrives. 在他到来之前，我again? 请你再试一次好吗？
必须尽力把一切都准备好。
?need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。
Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected.
你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
他的外套需要洗了。
The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
这个老大娘需要细心地照料。
动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。常见的几种搭配形式有：
? 动词 + 介词 + 动词-ing形式
keep doing 继续或保持做某事(强调 Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.
詹森立志要当宇航员。 动作的持续性)
I dream of being the best footballer in News of successes keeps pouring
the school. in.
我梦想成为全校最好的足球队员。 捷报频传。
keep on doing
? 动词 + 名词 + 介词 + 动词-ing形式
125
Please excuse me for being late. 继续或反复做某事(强调动作的反复
对不起，我迟到了。 性)
What prevented you from joining us We will keep on trying and, if we last night? get anything done, will notify you.
昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起？ 我们将继续努力，有结果将通知你。
keep sb doing
? 名词 + 介词 + -ing形式 使某人一直做某事(表示被迫进行的动
作) We like his way of teaching English.
我们喜欢他教英语的方式。 I'll try not to keep you waiting.
我尽量不让你久等。 He has little hope of passing the
examination. keep sb from doing
他几乎没有什么希望通过考试。 阻止某人做某事(=prevent/stop sb
I have no difficulty in communicating from doing) with foreigners. The stone walls keep the farmer's
我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。 cows from joining his neighbor's
cows.
石头墙使农民家的牛不会混入邻居的
牛群中去。
? 形容词 + 介词 + 动词-ing形式
I'm tired of having the same food every day.
天天吃同样的东西我感到腻烦了。
Peter is angry about not being invited to the party.
没有被邀请出席聚会，彼得很生气。
Who's responsible for organizing this conference?
是谁负责组织这次大会？
? what/how about + 动词-ing形式
What about going for a walk?
去散步好不好？
How about playing a game of chess now?
现在下盘棋好吗？
? 介词to + 动词-ing形式
126
to既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，
to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接动词-ing形式。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water.
你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.
我盼望今年暑假见到你。
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.
他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生。
However, others strongly object to developing private cars.
然而，另有一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车。
He is equal to doing this task.
他能胜任这项任务。
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers?
难道还没到你安下心来阅卷的时间吗？
D
-ingsee, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at,
listen to, observe, find
We heard the children shouting upstairs.
我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人从银行里跑出来。
I felt my heart beating violently.
我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。
-ing。
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
127
He saw a girl getting on the bus.
他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。 (She was getting on the bus.)
He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.
他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。 (She got on the bus and drove off.)
Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
你听见有人在敲门吗？ (Someone is knocking at the door.)
Do you hear someone knock at the door?
(Someone knocked at the door just 你听见有人敲门了吗？ now.)
动词-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示"致使"的动词后作宾语补足语。
They should not leave us
如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只wondering what they will do next.
他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。 做什么。 I saw him enter the room sit down
I won't have you running about in and light a cigarette.
我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一the room.
我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。 根香烟。
We kept the fire burning all night
long.
我们让火整夜燃烧着。
E
128
-ing
? 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
阅览室 a reading room (= a room which is used for reading)
跑鞋 running shoes (=shoes for running)
工作方法 a working method (= a method of working)
a drawing a sewing machine a waiting a swimming pool 游泳池 board 画板 缝纫机 room 候车室
a driving permit 驾 a dining car a singing a walking 餐车 驶许可证 competition 歌咏比赛 stick 手杖
? 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进
行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
(= countries that are 发展中国家 developing countries developing)
看起来很普通 an ordinary-looking (= a house that looks
的房子 house ordinary)
(= a problem that puzzles 困扰人的问题 a puzzling problem somebody)
a barking dog 狂吠a disappointing play 令人失 的狗 望的戏剧
a sleeping baby 熟 an astonishing boiling water 正在沸腾的水 adventure 惊人的冒险 睡的婴儿
failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun 落日 the coming week 下一周
-ing
129
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。
They lived in a house facing south.
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
The book being discussed a lot will be published next month.
人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版。
-ing
? 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时
发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
? 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
F
动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、
行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作
结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。 (= When she saw those pictures...)
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以(= After we have made full
应考了。 preparations...)
130
Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送(= As I don't know his
给他。 address...)
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
由于生病，他昨天没有上学。 (= Since he was ill...)
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
(= ... and left him a lot of 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 money)
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎(= ... and broke it into
片。 pieces...)
Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.
顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百(= If you go straight down the
货商店。 road...)
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
(=If you work hard at your 如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。 lessons...)
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔(= Although they knew all this...) 偿损失。
Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.
他虽然努力地干，但仍然挣不够买车的(= Though he worked hard as he
钱。 did...)
131
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天(= ...and stared at the sky for a long
空。 time)
动 词 -ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语
A
动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。
Reading aloud is very helpful.
朗读是很有好处的。 (Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出
来)
如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加's)
His father's falling ill worried him greatly.
他父亲生病使他很着急。 (his father是falling ill的逻辑主语)
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us.
你来和我们一道工作，对我们是很大的鼓舞。 (you是coming to work with us的逻辑主语)
B
动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is her staying too late every night.
我担心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太迟。 (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)
The main problem is your not having practiced a lot.
主要的问题是你缺乏大量的练习。 (not having practiced a lot的逻辑主语是you)
132
C
动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。
一本有意思的书 an interesting book (= a book that interests its readers)
一条奔流的小溪 a running stream (= a stream that is running)
如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。
The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.
正在北京召开的会议非常重要。 (the meeting和"举行"之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held)
D
动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也
可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people.
我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。 (John是giving a speech的逻辑主语)
He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.
他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。 (someone是knocking at the door的逻辑主语)
The boss understood him/his wanting to leave.
老板明白他为什么要离职。 (“他”是wanting to leave逻辑主语)
He insisted on doing it himself.
他坚持要自己做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)
He insisted on my doing it.
他坚持要我做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是“我”)
Would you mind opening the window?
请你把窗子打开好吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”)
Would you mind my opening the window?
你介意我把窗子打开吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”)
E
133
动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。
We often hear her singing this song.
我们经常听见她唱这首歌。 (singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”)
We often hear this song (being) sung.
我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。
(逻辑主语"this song"和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。)
F
-ing
Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it.
走进教室，我发现里面没人。(entering的逻辑主语是I，相当于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.)
如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的
-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。
【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.
(looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对)
【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.
从窗户看出去，我们看见一个漂亮的花园。
【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.
(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报)
【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.
我看晚报的时候，一只狗开始叫起来。
-ing
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
末班车已经开走了，我们不得不走回家。 (having gone的逻辑主语是the last bus，不是we)
Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.
天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。 (permitting的逻辑主语是time，不是the football match)
134
高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing...等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一
致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。
Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.
一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.
从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for
free.
考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。
Supposing it rains, what will you do?
假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？
-ed
动词－ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、
副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。
动 词 -ed 形 式 的 特 征
A
动词－ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词-ed形式由动词原形扣－ed构成，也有一些动词－ed形式是不规则的。
ed
limit ? 限逃提 escape ? escaped refer ? referred 制 脱 交 limited
pray ? 祈 pretend ? 假 provide ? 提
祷 装 供 prayed pretended provided
drag ? 拖 supply ? supplied 供
135
应 dragged
ed
cast ? cast 投掷 bite ? bitten 咬 spit ? spat 吐
fight ? fought 搏斗 spread ? spread 传播 forgive ? forgiven 原谅
wear ? worn 穿 lose ? lost 丢失
ed
a learned professor an aged man his beloved computer
一位知识渊博的教授 老人 他心爱的计算机
B
动词-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词-ed形式构成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside.
不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。
Never invited to his part, she got angry with him.
从未被邀请去他的聚会，她对他很生气。
C
动词-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。
ed
除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有
被动的意义。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was found broken.
有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。
136
ed
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.
要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。 (句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。 (宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.
在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。
ed
逃犯 an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped
退休工人 a retired worker = a worker who has retired
新来的客人 a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.
我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
People should pay attention to the changed situation.
人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
动词-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语补足语。
A
ed
The students are fully prepared.
学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed.
我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
137
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars.
她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。
The land remained unexploited.
这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed.
听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year.
山顶上终年被积雪覆盖。
要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表
示被动动作。
(动词-ed形式作表语，所有的门都是锁着的。 All the doors are locked. 表示状态)
All the doors were locked by 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。 (被动语态，表示动作) the guard.
(动词-ed形式作表语，彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。 Peter the Great is buried here. 表示状态)
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬 Peter the Great was buried (被动语态，表示动作) 在这里。 here in 1725.
eding
动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动
词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
amuse amusing amused encourage encouraging encouraged
使发笑 使人高兴的 开心的 使鼓舞 鼓舞人心的 受鼓励的
disappoint disappointing disappointed excite exciting excited
使失望 令人失望的 失望的 使激动 使人激动的 激动的
puzzle puzzling puzzled satisfy satisfying satisfied
使迷惑 迷惑人的 迷惑的 使满意 令人满意的 感到满意的
worry worrying worried tire tiring tired
使烦恼 令人烦恼的 烦恼的 使疲倦 引起疲劳的 疲劳的
please pleasing pleased astonish astonishing astonished
138
使喜欢 令人愉快的 高兴的 使惊讶 令人惊讶的 惊讶的
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.
他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved.
看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
上述动词-ed形式，有的(如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等)已经变成形容词，可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的(如amused, puzzled, relaxed等)还不能被very, too修饰只能被much修饰。
These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不
得其解。
His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪
了。
B
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补足语。
see, hear, feel, 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ingnotice, watch, find 形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played I couldn't get the car to start this last night. morning.
昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
We found all the rivers seriously He got his sister to help him with his polluted. clothes.
我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl It is not hard to get him talking; the caught stealing in the shop. problem is stopping him!
昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。 西被抓住了。 Can you really get that old clock
139
He felt his collar pulled by someone going again?
你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗？ from behind.
他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。
get, have, make, leave, keep
? 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
动词make后的宾语补足语可用 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the
hospital. 不带to的动词不定式或动词-ed形
多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 式，但不可用动词-ing形式。
【误】Can you make the I'll just get these dishes washed and then
I'll come. students understanding the
我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。 text?
【正】Can you make the
? 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 students understand the text?
你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ He raised his voice in order to make himself
heard. 【正】Can you make the text
他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 understood by the students?
你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ You should make your views known to the
public.
你应该让公众知道你的观点。
?动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone.
所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.
侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房。
? 使役动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。
不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事
*I'm going to have the teacher answer this question after class.
我打算课后让老师回答这个问题。
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1. 让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。
*He had the car waiting outside.
他让小汽车在外面等着。
2. 常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。
*We won't have the child talking to his mother like that.
我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。
1. 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。
*Where did you have your hair cut?
你在哪儿理的发？
2. 表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。
*The house had its roof blown off.
房子的屋顶被吹掉了。
3. 完成某事(自己也可能参与)。
*He has had one thousand yuan saved.
他已存了1000元。
4. 否定式表示“不允许”。
*I won't have anything said against her.
我不允许别人说反对她的话。
edwith (without)
With everything well arranged, he left the office.
一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging.
家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.
如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。
某(want, need, prefer, would like)
"to be"ed
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
我希望这事立即得到解决。
141
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister.
我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday.
我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
C
动词-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词 之前，作前置定语。 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式
也可作后置定语。 A watched pot never boils.
心急锅不开。 Money spent is more than
All the broken doors and windows have money earned.
入不敷出。 been repaired.
所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从
句。
We have read many novels written by this author.
我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。 (= that are written by this author)
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign
ambassadors.
被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外(= who had been invited to the
国大使。 reception)
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学(= which was attended by one thousand
142
生出席了。 students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法(= who was dressed like a lawyer) 官就座。
eding
动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。
升起了的太阳 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun the rising sun
开水 正沸腾的水 boiled water boiling water
落叶 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves falling leaves
改变了的情况 变化着的情况 changed condition changing condition
发达国家 发展中国家 developed countries developing countries
D
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让
步、方式或伴随情况等。
动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
(= When the city is seen from the 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。 tower...)
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了(= After we had been shown the
图书馆。 lab ...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
(= After he was completely 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。 examined...)
143
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭(= Since they were moved by the heroic
了起来。 deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。 (= As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去(= Because we were excited by...) 庆祝一下。
动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated, water changes into steam.
加热，水就能变成蒸汽。 (= If water is heated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。 (= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.
与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演(= If she was compared with other
说家。 protessors...)
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。
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Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，但他们并没有丧失信心。
Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。
动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)
Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder.
尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。
(= Although Andrew was questioned many times a day...)
有时动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互
换。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
他因突然发热不能来上学。
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城镇生活。
动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相
当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by
动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语the students.
老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。 或宾语。
145
(= and he was surrounded by the 【误】Invited to the state banquet students) is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state He went into the office, followed by
some children. banquet is a great honour.
他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。
【误】I cannot stand laughed at. (= and he was followed by some
【正】I cannot stand being laughed children)
They turned around and stood in the at.
middle of the room, completely astonished. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。
She accepted the gift, deeply moved.
她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。
A
动词-ed形式在句中作状语或表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，动词-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。
Locked up, he had no way to escape.
他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。
Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。
She became discouraged at the news.
听到这个消息，她泄气了。
Though it was 10:00 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked.
尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。
B
当动词-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被
动关系。
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came
out in the 16th century.
第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。
The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students
146
in this school.
去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。
A lighted candle lit up the cellar.
一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。
C
Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.
薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。 (trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers)
The valuable vase was found stolen.
那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。 (stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase)
We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in.
我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟，很明显小偷闯进来了。
(turned up side down的逻辑主语是句子的宾语house)
D
动词-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语(详见“第8章 独立主格结构”)。
Everything done, we went home.
一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。
All our money run out, Henry had to find another job.
钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.
他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。
E
动词-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。
Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said.
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坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。
Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover
from the operation.
考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，
从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”
也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
非 谓 语 动 词 独 立 主 格 结 构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你，你迟早一定会成功的。(such an able man和to help you之间存在着主谓关系)
(= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or
later.)
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he)
(= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.)
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。(lost的逻辑主语是the key, lost也可以用完成式having been lost)
(= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.)
页码 标题
第(1)页 不定式“独立主格结构”
第(2)页 动词-ing形式“独立主格结构”
第(3)页 动词-ed形式“独立主格结构”
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page:[1] [2] [3]
A
在“逻辑主语 + 动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存
在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来，他正在忙着准备饭菜。
(= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.)
－Will you go to the concert tonight?
你今晚去听音乐会吗？
－Sorry. So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.
对不起，有这么多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。
(= Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can't afford any time.)
The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
(=The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to
translate a quarter of the book.)
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。
(= If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)
-ing
149
B
动词-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。如果动
词-ing形式拥有了自己的主语，与整个句子的主语不一致时，我们就把"逻辑主语+动词-ing形式"称为“独立主格结构”。
Being ill, he went home.
由于生病，他回家了。 (being ill的主语就是句子的主语)
(= As he was very ill, he went home.)
Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.
在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。(seating himself at the desk的主语就是句子的主语)
(= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.)
ing
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.
每个人都准备好后，老师开始(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone 上课。 was ready)
Spring coming on, the country is very green.
(相当于一个时间状语从句when spring 春天来了，田野一片翠绿。 comes)
ing 含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today, the
The boy leading the way, we streets are very crowded. had no trouble finding the strange 今天是国庆节，街上很拥挤。 cave. (= As it is National Day today,
由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就the streets are very crowded.) 找到了那奇怪的洞。 There being no further business
(相当于一个原因状语从句to discuss, we all went home. Because the boy led the way) 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
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Many eyes watching him, he (= As there was no further
felt a bit nervous. business to discuss, we all went
许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧home.)
张。
(相当于一个原因状语从句As
many eyes were watching him)
ing
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一(相当于一个条件状语从句If time 次野炊。 permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health 夜。 allows)
ing
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都戴着一张卡。
(相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest)
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)
page:[1] [2] [3]
-ed
151
C
与"逻辑主语 + 动词-ing形式"一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致，就需要用动词-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners are able to
read it.
该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。
(= As the book is written in simple English, English beginners are
able to read it.)
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工作们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
(= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers
worked still harder.)
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
(= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.)
The task completed, he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。
(= When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.)
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried, many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急，有这么多的事情要处理。
(事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle)
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
(事情已经处理好了，有动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.
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饭做好了，小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的)
"逻辑主语 + being + 其他"是独立主格结构中的"逻辑主语 + 动词-ing形式"的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
A
The students entered for the
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的况下一般不能省略，一是在"There being 是个12岁的男孩。 + 名词"结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的
(the youngest和a boy of 12 之间省去情况下。
了being) There being no bus, we had to walk
The brave man fought the wolves, a home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 stick his only weapon.
那勇士与狼群博斗，木棍是他的惟一武器。 It being Sunday, all the offices are
(a stick和his only weapon之间省略了closed.
being) 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
B
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地转向我。
(his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being)
(= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.)
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
153
他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。
(his mouth和wide open之间省去了being)
(= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.)
C
School over, we all went home.
放学了，我们都回家了。 (school和over之间省去了being)
(= School was over, and we all went home.)
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。 (his shoes和off之间省去了being)
(= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.)
D
He is standing in front of the
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词、
同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 (=He was standing in front of the
blackboard, and his back was towards The music teacher stood at the door, us.) violin in hand.
The new teacher came in, a smile 音乐老师站在门口，手里拿着一把小提琴。
on her face. (= The music teacher stood at the
新老师面带微笑地走了进来。 door, a violin in his hand.)
(= The new teacher came in and
she had a smile on her face.)
介词with/without + 宾语 + 宾语补足语"可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主
格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能现出来。
A
He doesn't like to sleep with the
在"with + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词"构成windows open.
他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的动
(= He doesn't like to sleep when 词-ing形式或-ed形式。 the windows are open.) With his son so disappointing, the old
He stood in the rain, with his man felt unhappy.
154
clothes wet. 由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快
他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 乐。
(=He stood in the rain, and his With his father well-known, the boy clothes were wet.) didn't want to study.
父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。
B
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上 去更美。
(= Our school looks even more beautiful if/when all the lights are on.)
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
(= The boy was walking and his father was 父亲在前，小孩在后跟着。 ahead.)
C
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
(= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.)
(= He stood at the door, computer in hand.)
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.
文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。
(= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.)
(= Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.)
D
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩(= When his home work was done, Peter went out to
了。 play.)
With the signal given, the train started.
信号发出了，火车开始起(= After the signal was given, the train started.) 动了。
I wouldn't dare go home without the job finished.
155
工作还没完成，我不敢回(= I wouldn't dare go home because the job was not
家。 finished.)
E
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
(= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting
around him.)
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
(= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.)
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
(= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
或Without being noticed, he slipped through the window.)
F
The little boy looks sad, with so much
在with/without的复合结构中，多homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开数情况下with能省略，但without不心。 能省略。
(= The little boy looks sad because he Without a word more spoken, has so much homework to do.) she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。 The kid feels excited with so many places
(without不能省略) of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。
(= The kid feels excited as there are so
many places of interest to visit.)
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。
在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A
156
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
(= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.)
All the guests seated, they began their dinner.
所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。
(= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.)
With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.
所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打车回家了。
(= After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.)
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is
having a hard time.
因为有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
(= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president
is having a hared time.)
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at
midnight.)
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连
运动会。 词。
(= If weather permits, we will hold our 【误】When class being over, yearly sports meeting next week.) the students left their
All the work done, you can have a rest. classroom.
所有工作做好后，你可以休息。 【正】Class (being) over, the
157
(= As long as all the work is done, you can students left their classroom.
下课了，学生都离开了教室。 have a rest.)
【误】The moon appearing and Everything taken into consideration, your
plan seems to be more practical. they continued their way.
如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。 【正】The moon appearing,
(= If everything is taken into consideration, they continued their way.
月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。 your plan seems to be more practical.)
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
那个奇怪的男人在街上走着，手里拿根手杖。
(= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in
his hand.)
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。
(= The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.)
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
(= Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were
children.)
B
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定
语从句。 在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两
个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。但需要 He is the person with a lot of
注意的是，并不是所有用连词的地方都可questions to be settled.
(with的复合结构作定语，修饰the 以改为独立主格结构。 student) If you stand on the top of the
他就是有许多问题需要解决的那个人。 mountain, the park looks more
(= He is the person who has a lot of beautiful.
如果你站在山顶，公园看上去更美。 questions to be settled.)
(不能改为独立主格结构) You can use a large plastic bottle with
its top cut off. If you check your test paper
(with的复合结构作定语，修饰bottle) carefully, some mistakes can be
你可以使用一个瓶颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。 avoided.
158
(= You can use a large plastic bottle 如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是
可以避免的。 whose top was cut off.)
(不能改为独立主格结构)
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的
作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、
宾语、表语和同位语。
引 导 名 词 性 从 句 的 关 联 词 ?引导名词性从句的关联词
A
连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可
省略。
I hear (that) he has joined the football club.
我听说他已经加入了足球俱乐部。
That light travels in a straight line is known to all.
众所周知，光是以直线传播的。
It so happens that I know the man.
碰巧我认识那个人。
Is it certain that they will win?
他们一定会赢吗？
B
连词whether和if本身有意义(解释“是否”)，在从句中不可省略。
whetherif
I didn't know whether he would attend the
在现代英语中，既可用concert.
159
我并不知道他是否参加音乐会。 (宾语从句，可whether...or not，也可用if...or 用if代替whether) not引导宾语从句。
The question is whether it's worth trying. I don't care whether he has a
问题是值不值试一试。 (表语从句，不可用if代holiday or not. 替whether) 我不介意他有没有假期。
Whether she comes or not makes no I don't care if he has a difference. holiday or not.
她来不来都没有关系。 (主语从句，不可用if代 我不介意他有没有假期。
替whether)
He must answer the question whether he
agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意。 (同位语从句，不可用
if代替whether)
whetherif
It all depends on whether they will support us.
这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。(不用if)
Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. (不用if)
瑞恩担心是否伤害了她的感情。
ififif
whether
Please let me know if you want to join us.
请告诉我你是否想加入我们。(if引导的从句可被看成是宾语从句，if表示“是否”)
Please let me know if you want to join us.
如果你想加入我们的话，请告诉我一声。(if引导的从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示“如果”)
Please let me know whether you want to join us.
请告诉我你是否想加入我们。(为避免引起歧义，可用whether表示“是否”)
C
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当
主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
160
No one knows who he was waiting for.
没人知道他当时在等谁。 when引导的时间状语从句和
名词性从句中的不同时态。 Tell me whose house it is.
告诉我这是谁的家。 Please let me know when
Let me know which train you will be arriving you arrive.
你到的时候，请告诉我一声。 on.
告诉我你将乘哪列火车到达。 (when引导的是时间状语从
句，从句中用一般现在时表示将
D 来。)
Please let me know when
you will arrive. 连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是 请告诉我你什么时候到。 连接词，又作状语。 (when引导的是宾语从句，从 I don't know where we are going to have the 句中用一般将来时。) meeting. 我不知道我们将在哪儿开会。
She always thinks of how she can work well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
What I am anxious to know is when we can
visit the museum.
我急于知道我们什么时候能参观博物馆。
E
连接代词whoever = anyone who任何人，无论谁；whatever = anything that凡是„„，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论哪一个，任何一个；whomever = anyone whom (whoever的宾格形式)。
Whoever comes to the club is welcome.
不论谁来参加这个俱乐部都欢迎。 连接代词whoever在宾语从句中
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth 作主语，whomever作宾语从句中
宾语。 doing well.
凡是值得做的就值得做好。 You may offer the book to
whoever wants it. 你可把这本书 They ate whatever they could find on the
给任何想要的人。(此句中不能使用deserted island.
他们在荒岛找到什么就吃什么。 whomever，因为whoever在宾语
从句作wants it的主语) You may do whatever you will.
你可做任何你想做的事。
161
Whosever book is overdue will be fined. You may offer the book to
不管谁的书过期未还都要被罚款。 whomever you like. 你可把这本
书给任何你喜欢的人。(whomever
在宾语从句中作you like的宾语)
在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。
A
That you are leaving is a pity.
你要走，真遗憾。
连词that引导的主语从句位于句首 What matters is how you live.
重要的是你如何生活。 时，that不可以省，反意问句用it。
Where he lives is not clear. That he has lost his watch is not
他住哪儿不清楚。 true, is it?
他手表丢了不是真的，是吗？ Who will stay makes no difference.
谁留下来都一样。
Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.
足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。
B
为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种：
It is + + that
It's a pity that we can't go.
很遗憾我们不能去。
It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
英语正在被人们接受为一种国际语言，这是一个事实。
It is no wonder that he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day.
难怪他不饿，他整天在吃糖果。
It is + + that It is reported that there was a
162
It is certain that she will do well in her fire in the supermarket last
exam. night.
毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 据报导超市昨晚失火了。(主语从
句) It is probable that he told her everything.
很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 As is reported, there was a
Is it true that the scientist will give us a fire in the supermarket last lecture next week? night.
下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？ 据报导超市昨晚失火了。(定语从
句)
It + + that
It seems that Alice is not coming to the
party at all.
艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day.
碰巧我那天外出了。 (= I happened to be
out that day.)
It is + + that
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into
orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：
据说„„ 据报导„„ It is said that... It is reported that...
众所周据宣布„„ It is well known that... It is announced that... 知„„
人们相人们认 It is believed that... It is thought that... 信„„ 为„„
自不待必须指 It is understood It must be pointed out 言„„ 出„„ that... that...
必须承 It must be admitted 认„„ that...
163
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not.
她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.
她突然想到她忘记锁门了。
thatit。
Is it possible that they may complete the task ahead of time?
他们有可能提前完成任务吗？
Does it matter much that he won't be able to come tomorrow?
他明天来不了很要紧吗？
it
How strange it is that the students are so quiet!
学生们这么安静真奇怪！
What a shame it is that you cannot stay for dinner!
你不能留下来吃饭多可惜呀！
what, whoever, whatever, whichever
it
Is what he told us really true?
他所告诉我们的的确是真的吗？
Whichever of you want to come to our party will be welcome.
你们中任何想来参加我们晚会的人都欢迎。
C
It is suggested, ordered, requested, insisted, etc. + that
should + should(3)
164
It is suggested that we (should) do the experiment a second time.
有人建议我们再做一次实验。
It is important, natural, necessary, etc. + that
should + should
It is important and necessary that we (should) keep the balance of nature.
我们要维持生态平衡，这是重要而且必不可少的。
It is funny, strange, surprising, a pity, a shame, no wonder, etc.
+ thatshould +
should
It is a pity that you (should) miss such a good chance.
真遗憾你竟然失去这么好的机会。
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
A
可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be.
今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题还是他们能否帮我们。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.
当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
B
He looked just as he had looked ten years
what引导的主语从句表示结果或before.
他看起来还与十年前一样。 名词reason作主语时，后面的表语
从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜 It sounds as if someone is knocking at the
用because。 door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。 The reason why I was sad was
C that he didn't understand me.
我难过的原因是他没有理解我。
165
That's because he didn't understand me.
那是因为他没有理解我。 (That's because...
强调原因)
That's why he got angry with me.
那正是他对我生气的原因。 (That's why...强
调结果)
D
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用"should+动词原形"表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea
等。
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
His proposal was that they (should) challenge the other classes to a friendly
competition.
他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。
在复合句中用作动词宾语或介词宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
A doubt (怀疑)的肯定句接if/whether
引导的宾语从句，但否定句和疑问句接
He told us (that) he felt ill. that引导的宾语从句。
他对我们说他感到不舒服。 I doubt whether/if he will
Do you know whose dictionary it is? succeed.
你知道这是谁的字典吗？ 我怀疑他是否会成功。
He has informed me when they are to I do not doubt that he can recite discuss the work plan. the poem.
他已经通知我他们将什么时候讨论工作计划。 我相信他能把这首诗背下来。
Do you doubt that he will win?
你不相信他会获胜吗？
B
166
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I am curious as to what he will say.
我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
They were praised or criticized according to how they had done their
work.
他们受表扬还是受批评是根据他们工作好坏而定的。
C
I am not sure what I ought
that引导的宾语从句只用在少数介词后，如：to do.
我不能确定我该做什么。 except, in, but等。此时，that不能省略。
I'm afraid (that) you don't I know little about him except that he lives understand what I said. downstairs.
恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 我对他知之甚少，只知道他住在楼下。
I'm surprised (that) I didn't He differed from his classmates in that he see all that before. devoted his spare time to reading.
我好奇怪，我以前没见过那一 他和他的同学们不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在
切。 阅读上。
D
itit
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。
167
that
thatit
You may depend on it that I shall always support you.
你可以放心我会永远支持你的。
I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately.
我保证你的问题会立即得到处理的。
take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on""
(enjoy, hate, like, love, don't mind, resent) it
I take it that he's not interested in the book.
我猜想他对这本书不感兴趣。
She hid it that she was married.
她隐瞒了她已婚的事实。
itwhoever, whomever, whosever, whatever,
whichever
You may do whatever you will.
你可做任何你想做的事。
I'll take whichever book interests me.
我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。
We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it.
我们乐意帮助任何需要帮助的人。
E
和其他名词性从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。
How can I get to the station? Can you
tell me? He asked me what was the
?Can you tell me how I can get to the matter.
他问我出了什么事。(the matter = station?
你能告诉我怎样去车站吗？ wrong)
What does he like? I wonder... He asked me what the matter
168
?I wonder what he likes. was.
我想知道他喜欢什么。 他问我那是什么物质。
Where were you born? He asked...
?He asked me where I was born.
他问我出生的地方。
F
He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberation.
他说自解放以来他一直住在北京。
He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English.
他明确地说他更喜欢学英语。
You can't imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in
the game.
你无法想像他们获得比赛第一名时是多么的兴奋。
Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun.
迈克问地球是否绕着太阳转。
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。
G
一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可
省略：
that
Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.
彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。
169
andandthatand
that
Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
大家都会看出所发生的事情，并知道汤姆非常害怕。
My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month.
我叔叔说他在这儿已工作二十年了，下个月即将退休。
thatthat
That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe.
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
thatthat
He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner.
他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。
that
He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night.
他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。
H
在think, consider, believe,
suppose, expect, fancy等动词后 在下列情况下，宾语从句不“否定转移”： 的宾语从句，如有否定意思，一般要 1. think等词前有副词和表示强调的do 把否定词前移到主句的谓语上，从句 I really expect he won't fail the
的谓语用肯定的形式。 examination.
I don't think he can do it 我真希望他不会不通过考试。 better than me. I do think that he is not fair.
我想他不会干得比我好。 我确实认为他是不公正的。
2. think等词和其他词构成并列谓语 I don't believe they have
finished their work yet. I think and hope that he won't cheat at
我相信他们还未完成他们的工cards.
作。 我想，也希望他打牌不会作弊。
3. think等词作为插入语 I don't suppose he cares,
does he? His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的
170
我想他是不会在意的，是吗？ 决定并不明智。
suggest, insist, order, demand, request, require, command,
propose, desire
"should + "should。
He suggested that we (should) have a further discussion about the final
decision.
他建议我们对最后的决定作进一步讨论。
She insisted that they (should) show her their passports.
她坚决要求他们向她出示护照。
wish
How I wish I had learned more!
我多么希望我以前多学一些啊！
He wishes he would have another chance to go abroad.
他希望能再有一次出国的机会。
I
?反意疑问句一般与主句一致。
如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑 He said they were going to help me, didn't
he? 问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定
他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？ 转移的问题。
She told you that the mat was her own You don't think we can speak work, didn't she? English, do you?
她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？ 你认为我们不会说英语，对吗？
?当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, He thinks he's got the right
believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope等词answer, doesn't he? 时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致，这时特别要注 他认为自己找到了正确的答案，是意否定转移的问题。 吗？
I suppose you're serious, aren't you?
我想你是当真的，不是吗？ (不可用don't I)
I don't suppose he's serious, is he?
我想他不是当真的，是吗？ (不可用do I)
171
同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether以及连接代词和连接副词引导。
A
同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion,
information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem,
rule等后面。
They were all very much worried over the fact
当含有同位语从句的主句谓语that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。 部分过短时，可以把谓语动词提
前，使同位语从句与名词隔开， Where did you get the idea that I could not
以避免头重脚轻的现象。 come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来？ Word came that Mr
We haven't yet settled the question where we President would come and are going to spend our summer vacation. inspect our school himself.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 有消息说总统先生将亲自来视
察我们学校。 There is no doubt that we will win.
毫无疑问我们会赢的。
B
在一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用"should + 动词原形"，should可省略。
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as
possible.
尽快解决这个问题，这是我们惟一的请求。
He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train.
他建议我们坐火车去。
在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的
某一名词、代词或整个主句，所以也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定
172
语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系
词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
关 系 代 词 引 导 的 定 语 从 句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
A
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？ (定语从句修饰先行词the man)
He who laughs last laughs best.
谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。 (定语从句修饰先行词he)
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。 (定语从句修饰先行词the chairman)
B
指人，在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略，或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。
There are some people (whom/who) we like and others (whom/who) we dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。
(定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others)
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested
in our plan.
昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。
(非限制性定语从句中一般不用who代替whom)
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。
C
173
通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。
There are some people whose faces you can never forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。 (定语从句修饰先行词people)
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。 (定语从句修饰先行词trees)
在正式书面英语中，人们常使用of which或of whom代替whose。
A huge amount of oil spilled, the effects of which are still being felt.
大量的原油溢了出来，其后果还在估(用the effects of which代替whose effects) 量之中。
In my class there are 50 students, the backgrounds of whom are different.
我班有50位学生，他们的背景都不(用the backgrounds of whom代替whose 相同。 backgrounds)
D
English is a language which is easy to learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。 (which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略)
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。 (关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略)
whichand this
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到(定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the 惊讶。 driving test)
174
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
(定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the 希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。 party)
which
John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake
together.
约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。
E
指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语
(作宾语时常可省略)。
He is the man that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 (定语从句修饰先行词the man, that作主语)
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢以悲剧结尾的故事。 (定语从句修饰先行词stories, that作主语)
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
有我能为你效劳的事吗？ (定语从句修饰先行词anything, that作宾语，可省略)
在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或"介词+which"结构。
We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。(that代替when)
He doesn't' see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。(that代替in which)
F
as和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。
175
as
as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
?在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。
Such men as heard him were deeply moved.
听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。 (as在定语从句中作heard的主语)
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。 (as在定语从句中作tell的宾语)
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.
他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。 (as在定语从句中作lift的宾语)
?在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
the same...as强调“相同”，the same...that注重“同一”。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。 (as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物)
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 (that指的是与先行词相同的同一事物)
一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。
as has been said 众所周知 如前所说 as is known to all before
这可以想像得情况常常如此 as is often the case as may be imagined 出
正如已经指出的这种情况常常 as has been pointed as often happens 那样 发生 out
176
but
but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于
that...not, who...not或which...not。
There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more.
我们班上没有一个学生不愿意多学一点东西的。
There are very few but are against war.
很少人不反对战争。
G
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。
+
关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之
间(that, who不可以)，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修
饰的先行词。
He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.
(= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.)
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。
The school in which he once worked is a key school.
(=The school (which / that) he once worked in is a key school.)
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
+
?介词 + which/whom
含有介词的短语动词(如： This is the famous singer about whom we have
often talked. look for, look after, take
这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。 care of)一般不拆开，介词仍放
在短语动词的后面。 Fortunately we had a map, without which we
【误】：This is the very would have got lost.
很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷book for which I am 路了。 looking.
【正】：This is the very
?名词 + of + which/whom book (that) I am looking
177
Please pass me the book the cover of which is for.
这正是我在找的书。 blue.
请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。
?数词 + of + which/whom
She's got three luck pens, two of which she
never uses.
她有三支幸运笔，其中两支从未用过。
In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women.
我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。
?代词 + of + which/whom
In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.
我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。
?最高级 + of + which/whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。
?介词 + which + 名词
He usually returns home at 10:00, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows.
他通常十点钟回家，这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。
?根据动词和介词的搭配关系选择。
The things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's hair.
他们引以为豪的东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。
(feel proud of是固定搭配词组)
In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.
178
在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。
(turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组)
?根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语
时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数 I'll never forget the day on which I first met
保持一致。 him.
我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。 I, who am your best friend,
(the day前面一般用介词on) will do all that I can to help you.
我是你的好朋友，我会尽我一切所 Can you imagine a proper situation in
能来帮你。 which the expression can be used?
你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？ The family, who are fond of
(a situation前面一般用in) music, go to the concert once a
month.
?有时需同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和 这家人很爱音乐，他们每月都去听
名词的搭配关系。 一次音乐会。
Galileo made a telescope through which he He is one of the boys in our could study the sky. class who speak English well.
伽里略制作了一个望远镜，通过它他得以研究天 他是班上英语说得很好的男生之
空。 一。
(study the sky through the telescope) ("one of + 复数名词 + 关系代
Is that the house in which you once lived? 词" 引导的定语从句谓语动词用复
那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？ 数形式)
(live in the house) He is the only one of the boys
in our class who speaks ?根据所要表达的意思来确定。
English well. This is my pair of glasses, without which I 他是班上惟一英语说得很好的男cannot see clearly. 生。 这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。
("the
one/the very
one/the right one of + 复数名词
+ 关系代词"引导的定语从句谓语动
词用单数形式)
引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where或why等。When, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于"介词+ which"结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先
行词。
179
when (=during/in/on 表示时间的名词 作时间状语 限制性和非限制性定语从句
which)
表示地点的名词 作地点状语 限制性和非限制性定语从句 where (=in/at which)
作原因状语 限制性定语从句 why (= for which) reason
A
指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
无论是关系代词，还是关系副词， I still remember the day when I first
都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因came to this school.
此，先行词在定语从句中不复出现。 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一
【误】This is the book that I 天。 (when = on which)
borrowed it yesterday. He came at a time when we needed him
【正】This is the book that I most.
他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。 (when = at borrowed yesterday.
这就是我昨天借的书。 which)
(that在定语从句中取代了先行词
the book，作borowed的宾语，因 B
此，要去掉it)
【误】The English Corner is the
place where people often go 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
there to practise their spoken I recently went back to the town where I
English. was born.
【正】The English Corner is the 我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。 (where =
place where people often go to in which)
practise their spoken English. What's the name of the place where you
英语角是人们经常去练习英语口spent your holiday?
语的地方。 你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？ (where = at
(where在定语从句中取代了先行which)
词the space，作go的状语，因此，
要去掉there)
C
指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。
180
Please tell me the reason why you
missed the plane.
请告诉我你误机的原因。
(why = for which)
The reason why he was punished is
unknown to us.
他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
A
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，
主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。
这就是打破窗子的孩子。 This is the boy who broke the window.
(the boy是先行词，who broke the window是限制性定语从句，明确指出the boy是打破窗子的那个孩子)
我有一本讲解英语语法的书。 I have a book which teaches English grammar.
(a book是先行词，which teaches English grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰the book)
B
非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如
果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。
I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.
我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。
(I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用)
New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to us all.
《新概念英语》是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。
(which is known to us all是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明)
181
C
The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star.
太阳是一颗恒星，它给我们光和热。
Last year I visited the People's Great Hall, where many important meetings are held every year.
去年我参观了人民大会堂，每年许多重要会议都要在那里举行。
Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.
天气非常糟糕，这点我们没有料到。
Mr. Joe now lives in Beijing, which is quite a long way from here.
乔先生现在住在北京，那里距离这儿很远。
I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the
election.
我祝贺我的邻居，他的儿子刚刚赢得选举。
引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选用，比较复杂，除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是
物，所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，以及关系词在从句中充当什么句子成分
外，还要根据习惯用法而定。
A
在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替who：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
182
他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
one, anyone, those
One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone who breaks the law shall be punished.
任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。
there/here be
Here is a boy who wants to see you.
有个男孩想见你。
Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know.
不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道它的人。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
我是办公室里惟一受到邀请的人。
B
在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替which/whom：
他早早地离开，那是很明智 He left early, which was wise. 的。
她要嫁给汤姆，可她并不爱 She is going to marry Tom, whom she does
他。 not love.
关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。
He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view.
183
他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，从那里他看到很好的景色。
Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each
other.
声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。
C
在下列情况下，定语从句中一般只用that引导：
everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little
every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much
Everything that they said was true.
他们所说的一切都是真的。 something后面可用which引导
定语从句。 He is dead and there's nothing that can be
done. There is something
他死了，再也没有什么办法了。 (which/that) I'd like to tell you.
有些事我想告诉你。 There was little that we could do to help
her.
我们没有什么能帮助她的。
These walls are all that remain of the
ancient city.
这些墙是这座古城所残存下来的全部。
关系词在定语从句中有三大作
The first place (that) they visited in 用
London was the Big Ben. 1. 连接作用－－连接先行词和
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 定语从句。
She was probably the hardest working I gave her all the money student (that) I have ever taught. that I had.
她也许是我所教学生中学习最勤奋的。 我把我所有的钱都给了她。
(that连接先行词money和定
the very, the only 语从句I had)
2. 替代作用－－在定语从句中 This is the very grammar book (that) I
替代从句所修饰的先行词。 want to buy.
这正是我要买的语法书。 The man who lives next
184
Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be door is a famous teacher.
住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。 proud of.
美丽是埃米莉惟一能骄傲的东西。 (who替代the man)
3. 成分作用－－在定语从句中
作主语、宾语、定语或状语。 whowho, which
I like pictures which are
painted in the traditional Who is the man that is standing by the
Chinese style. gate?
我喜欢传统的中国画。 站在门口的那个人是谁？
(which在定语从句中作主语) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
Who that has common sense will believe
such nonsense?
有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were
rescued this morning.
被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。
She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.
她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。
He is not the man (that) he seems.
他这人不可貌相。
D
当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，
要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。
185
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 (when作状语)
I will never forget the days which we spent together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。 (which作spent的宾语)
I know a place where we can have a picnic.
我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。 (where作状语)
I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名地地方。 (which作主语)
E
在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。
that, which, who, whom
Are these the keys (that/ which) you were looking for?
这是你正在寻找的钥匙吗？
The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.
飞机上坐在我旁边的那个人一直在喋喋不休。
the wayin whichthat
I don't like the way (that/ in which) she walks.
我不喜欢她走路的样子。
The way (that/ in which) he answered the questions was surprising.
他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
the time when, the place where, the reason why
when, where, why
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. 我永远不能忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
That's the place (where) he stayed when he was in the country.
那就是他在乡下呆过的地方。
F
186
强调句型中的it是个引导词，本身没有意义。如果去掉it is/was...that，句子结构仍然完整，句意也完整。定语从句中的it是指示代词，做主句的主语。如果去掉it is/was...that，句子结构不完整，意思也不完整。
It is a question that needs careful consideration. (定语从句)
这是一个需要慎重考虑的问题。
It is novels that she enjoys reading. (强调句型)
她喜欢阅读的是小说。(=She enjoys reading novels.)
在强调句中被强调的部分还可以是副词、介词短语或从句；在定语从句中先行词一般
是名词、代词或名词短语。
It was because she was ill that we decided to return. (强调句型)
正是因为她生病了，我们才决定回来。
Was it the palace where the last emperor died? (定语从句)
这是那位末代皇帝死的宫殿吗？
有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句，这往往给理解带来一定的难度。解决方法是仔细
分析
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that或who在句中的作用。
It was in the lab that was set up last year that they finished the
experiment.
他们是在去年建造的实验室里完成这个实验的。
(that was set up last year是定语从句，that在从句中作主语，并可被which替换)
It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest.
是来自我们学校的学生获得了竞赛一等奖。
(who came from our school是定语从句，who在从句中作主语)
G
定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，起限定作用。而同位语从句等
同于它所修饰的名词，是名词性的，其功能是对所修饰的名词作补充说明。
It is a fact (that) you can't deny.
这是一个你不能否认的事实。 (定语从句)
It is a fact that she has done her best.
187
她尽了最大的努力，这是事实。 (同位语从句)
在定语从句中，that代先行词，在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当某个句子成分，作
宾语时可省略。而在同位语从句中，that只起连接主句和从句的作用，无意义，在从句中
不充当句子成分，一般不可省。
The news (that) we heard spread all over the school campus.
我们听到的消息传遍了校园。 (定语从句)
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。 (同位从句)
在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一成分的从句叫状语从句。状语从句通常由从属
连词或起连词作用的词组引导，有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句相连。状语从句根据
它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让
步等九类状语从句。
时 间 状 语 从 句
时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和
主从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况：
A
when, while, as表示主句谓语动作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
when
?when表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，从句中用持续性动词。
When I got home, my family were already having dinner.
我到家的时候，全家已在吃晚饭。 (when表示点时间)
When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in.
当他们还在说笑的时候，老师进来了。 (when表示段时间)
He waved a hello when he saw her.
当他看见她的时候，就挥手打了个招呼。 (when表示点时间)
When you think you know nothing, you begin to know something.
当你认为自己一无所知的时候，就开始知道一些事情了。 (when表示段时间)
188
当when意思是“正当„„时候” (and at that moment)时，when通常跟在前一分句之后。
He was about to go to bed when the doorbell rang.
他正要上床，忽然门铃响了。
They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out.
他们正看着世界杯比赛，突然灯灭了。
They had just arrived home when it began to rain.
他们刚到家，天就开始下雨了。
?有时when表示“虽然，尽管”的含义，相当于although或since。
He walks when he might take a taxi.
尽管可以打车，但他还是步行。
How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
既然你不宽恕别人，你自己又怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢？
while
?while通常表示一段时间，从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。
Strike while the iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
She fell asleep while she was reading the newspaper.
她在看报的时候睡着了。
?while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成“„„而„„”。
I am fond of English while he likes
虽然during与while意思很相近，但是maths.
我喜欢英语而他却喜欢数学。 during是介词，不能引导从句。
We slept while the captain kept
watch.
我们睡觉而上尉担任警戒。
?while有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然”。
189
While they love the children, they are strict with them.
虽然他们都爱他们的孩子，但却对他们要求严格。
as
?as表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时间时，用持续性动词。as和when经常可能通用。
The thief was caught as/when he was stealing in the supermarket.
小偷在超市行窃时被逮住了。
I saw Jim as/when he left the meeting room.
吉姆离开会议室的时候我看到了他。
?as表示“一边„„一边„„”，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。
They talked as they walked.
他们边走边聊。
He looked behind from time to time as he went.
他一边走，一边不时地往后看。
?as表示“随着”。
As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer.
随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。
As spring warms the earth, all flowers begin to bloom.
随着春回大地，百花开始绽放。
when, while, as
?当从句表示的是段时间，即其谓语动词有持续性特征时，这三者可以通用互换。
I got the news on the radio when/while/as I was having breakfast.
我在吃早饭的时候从收音机里获悉这一消息。
?在下列情况下，三者彼此之间不能替换使用：
?as更强调同一时间或紧接的一前一后或伴随着的 变化。 状语从句可放在主句之前或之后，
放在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句 We listened to the singer sing as he played
分开。有时可置于主句中间，前后用the guitar.
我们听着歌星边弹吉它边演唱。 逗号。
190
I thought of it just as you opened your
mouth.
你一张嘴我就知道你要说什么。
As he grew older, he became less and less
active.
随着他年龄的增长，他变得越来越不活泼了。
?When更强调特定时间，还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作。
When I had given Mary the spare ticket, I found my own already gone.
当我把多余的票给了玛丽时，我才发现我自己的票已不知去向。
When I finally got there, the meeting had been on for ten minutes.
当我最终赶到那里时，会议已开始十分钟了。
?while从句只能表示延续的动作或状态或主从句中动作的对比。
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
她以为我在谈论她女儿，而事实上，我在谈论我的女儿。
?若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时，用as场合多于when。
As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause.
他结束讲话时，观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。
whenever
whenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动
作。
You are always welcome whenever you come. 无论你何时来都欢迎。
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.
每当我们遇上困难的时候，他们就来帮我们。
B
before
191
before表示在一段时间之前。
before从句往往带有否定的 I must finish all the work before I go home.
回家之前我必须干完所有的活。 含义。
You must first learn to walk before you try to He ran off before I could run. stop him.
在想要跑以前，你得先学会走。 我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑
掉了。 He had learned English for three years before
he went to London. Take it down before you
他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。 forget it.
趁着还没忘记的时候就记录
下来。
after before常用句型It is / was / will be...before...
after表示在一段时间之后。 It will be five years before we meet again.五
Let's play football after 年以后我们才能再见。
school is over. It will be not long before you regret what you
放学后我们踢足球吧。 have done.
The sun came out soon 不用过多久你就会对你所作所为感到后悔的。 after the storm stopped. It was not long before I realized I was wrong.
暴风雨过后不久，太阳出来了。 不久我就意识到我错了。
It was minutes before the police arrived. 过
了几分钟警察才到。
C
until/till
我们将一直等到他回来。 We shall wait until / till he comes back.
直到发生那个意外之前，一切都很 Everything went well until/till that accident
正常。 happened.
192
not...until/tilluntiltillbefore
I didn't leave until / till / before she came back.
直到她回来，我才离开的。
Bells don't ring till/until you strike them.
铃不打不响。
People do not know the value of their health till/until/before they lose it.
人们直至失去了健康才知其可贵。
not until
Not until she stopped crying did I leave.
直到她不哭了，我才离开的。 until引导的从句可以放
在主句之前或主句之后，但
untiltill till从句一般不放在句首。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.
直到她摘下墨镜，我才认出她。
D
since
since
It has been just a week since we arrived
有时since从句中也可以用延续性动here.
我们到这儿刚刚一星期。 词，注意它的译法。
Where have you been since I last saw Tom is now working on the farm. you? It's two years since he was a
自上次我见过你之后，你去了哪里？ college student.
汤姆现在农场上班，他大学毕业已有两 Since she was young, she has been
collecting stamps. 年了。
193
她自年轻时起就一直集邮至今。
ever since
since
Ever since they got married in 1950, they have lived happily.
自1950年结婚以来，他们一直生活得很幸福。
since
The big clock was damaged during the war and has been silent (ever) since.
这只大钟在战争中损坏了，从此就一直不响了。
You have made great achievements in your work since graduation.
你们自毕业以来已经在工作中取得了巨大成就。
E
as soon as...可译为“一„„就„„”，用来表示主从句的 动作是紧接着发生的。 “一„„就„„”还可
以用on/upon doing结 He will come and see you as soon as he can.
他一有空就来看你。 构来表示。
He rushed home as soon as he got the good news. On arriving home he
他一得到这个好消息就奔回家。 called up Lester.
= As soon as he
arrived home, he F
called up Lester. 这些词相当于as soon as，从句中用一般过去时。
他一到家就给莱斯特打 They phoned her immediately they reached home.
电话。 他们一到家马上就给她打了电话。
I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.
我一看见她就把她认出来了。
We came directly we got your telephone.
我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。
G
这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示“一„„就„„”。
194
He said he'd turn on TV the moment he got tome.
他说他一到家就打开电视机。
Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.
告诉他，他一到我就要见他。
The second the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom.
铃一响，学生就冲出了教室。
H
这两个短语都表示“刚„„就„„”，可以互换，主句通常用 过去完成时。 当hardly, scarcely,
no sooner位于句子的 He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick.
他刚出发就想起家来。 开头时，主句需用倒装语
序。 He had hardly started his speech when someone rose
to refute his points. Hardly had she
他刚开始发言，就有人站起来反驳他的论点。 fallen asleep when a
knock at the door I woke her up.
她刚睡着，敲门声忽然 once作连词时，也相当于as soon as，但它含有的条件意把她吵醒了。 味更浓，引导的从句较短。
No sooner was the Once you begin, you must continue. frost off the ground 一旦开了头，你就应当继续下去。
than the work began. Once you see him, you will never forget him. 地上的霜一消散，人们 你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。 就开始工作了。 Once it is gone, you will never get it back.
一旦失去，你就再也得不到它了。
J
Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.
下次你进城一定来看我们。
He left me a good impression the first time I met him.
我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象。
Every time I see him he looks miserable.
我每次见到他，他都是一脸痛苦的表情。
The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy enough.
上一次我和鲍勃说话时，他看上去很开心。
195
K
by the time以可以引导时间状语从句，意为“到„„时为止”，主句一般要用完成时
态。
By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics
all by himself.
爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。(从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时)
I shall have finished my work by the time you return.
在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。(从句为一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时) 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever和everywhere引导，是表示空间关系的状语从句。
A
where在„„地方，去„„地方。
地点状语从句之前，不要使用介词。 Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the
【误】You should put the book at Han River meet.
武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。 where it was.
【正】You should put the book where Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。 it was.
你应该把书放在原来的地方。 I found my books where I had left them.
我的书在我原来放的地方找到了。 【误】We should go to where we are
You'd better make a mark where you needed most.
【正】We should go where we are have any questions.
哪儿有问题，你最好在哪儿做个记号。 needed most.
(这里where引导的从句不是定语从句) 我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。
B
wherever在任何„„地方，无论哪里，是where的强势语。
Wherever you go, you should do your work well.
不论到什么地方，都要把工作做好。
You may sit down wherever you like.
你爱坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
C
196
Everywhere they went, they were kindly received.
他们每到一处都受到了友好的接待。
原因状语从句是表示原因和理由的从句。引导原因状语从句的有as, because, since, now (that), considering that, seeing that等。
A
because因为。
Because I like it, I do it. 因为我喜欢，所以我才干。
He couldn't have seen me, because I was not there.
他不可能见过我，因为当时我不在那儿。
becausefor
?for是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。because表示原因时，可位于句首。
For he did not obey the rules, he was punished.
Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished.
由于他不遵守规章制度，他受到了处罚。
?for表示的是推断解释，because强调动作发生的直接原因。
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.
天亮了，因为鸟在叫。 (不可用because，因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因)
He went to bed early, because he was tired.
由于他累了，所以他很早就上了床。 (直接的理由)
He must be tired, for he went to bed early.
他肯定累了，因为他很早就上了床。 (间接的推断)
?It is/was...that...和关联词not...but...引导的原因事从句中，宜用
because。
197
It's because he helped you that I'm prepared to help him.
正是因为他帮助过你，所以我乐意去帮助他。
He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill.
他决定放弃出国的机会，不是因为他不想去，而是因为他妻子病了。
B
since因为，既然。引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。
Since you have no licence, you are not allowed to drive.
因为你没有驾驶执照，所以不允许你开车。
Since you are all here, let's try and reach a decision.
既然大家都来了，咱们就设法做出一个决定吧。
C
as由于。一般多用于句首。
As she was ill, she didn't come to the party.
由于病了，她没来参加晚会。
As it rained, we all stayed at home.
由于下雨我们都呆在家里。
D
?because语气最强，表达的是未知的新信息，一般置于主句之后，也可以放在主句之
前，用逗号隔开。在回答"why"引导的特殊疑问句时，或在强调结构It is/was...that...和关联词not...but...引导的原因状语从句中，要用because。另外，because还常和副词just, merely等连用。
?since往往表示的是已知的客观事实，或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主
从句的时态一般相同。
?as表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句。as从句通常放在主句前。
Just because he doesn't complain, you must not suppose that he is satisfied.
你不可只因他不抱怨就以为他满足了。
because等词不能与so You shouldn't get angry only because some people
连用。 speak ill of you.
你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就生气。 【误】Because he was
198
Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it. careless, so he failed in
既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。 the exam.
【正】Because he was As you are unable to answer, perhaps we should ask
someone else. careless, he failed in the
因为你不能回答，也许我们该问一问别的人。 exam.
由于他粗心，所以他考试
不及格。
E
now that既然，因为。that可以省略。
Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands.
既然饭已好了，去洗手吧。
Now (that) you mention it again, I do remember.
既然你又提起此事，我倒回想起来了。
F
这两个词和since, now that意思相近，都有“鉴于„„事实，考虑到„„”的意思。
Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
由于好些人都没到会，我们决定延期开会。 (seeing后面的that可以省略)
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.
考虑到他们才刚刚学做，他们干得算很不错的了。
G
这一结构相当于汉语的“不是因为„„而是因为”。
Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it.
不是因为我不喜欢看这部电影，而是因为我没有时间看。
目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that, so that, so...that, in order that等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如can, could, may, might, should等。
A
199
表示“为了，以便”，that语气较弱，用的较少，多用so that或in order that，一般放在主句之后，in order that引导的从句可放在主句之前。
Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live.
人生存不是为了吃饭，而吃饭是为了生存。
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.
他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。
In order that everyone present might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again.
为了使在场的每个人都能听清楚，她再次提高了声音。
当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对
应的动词不定式结构。
We got up early so that we would arrive in time.
?We got up early so as to arrive in time. 为了能及时赶到，我们起得很早。
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.
?They hurried so as not to miss the train. 他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。
Betty saved money in order that she could buy a portable computer.
?Betty saved money in order to buy a portable computer.贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。
B
这几个短语都具有“万一”，“惟恐”的意思。
Better take more clothes for fear that the weather is cold.
最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
以防下雨，带把伞。
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有that, so (that), so...that, such...that等。结果状从句通常置于主句之后。
A
这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最为常用，so或that常用于事或非正式文体中。
200
What has happened that you look so worried?
发生了什么事，使你显得如此担心？
I didn't plan the work well, so I didn't finish it in time.
我没把工作计划好，结果没按时完成。
The room was packed with people, so that we couldn't get in.
房间里挤满了人，我们进不去。 (so that从句常用逗号与主句隔开)
B
so...that如此„„以致„„。其引导的结果状语从句有如下几种结构：
so + / + that
The village is so small that it cannot be shown
in the map.
这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
so that可以引导结果状语从句和
目的状语从句，其主要区别是目的状 so + + a/an + + that
语从句动词前要用may (might),
can (could), should和would等 He made so inspiring a speech that
词。另外，结果状语从句放在主句后，everybody got excited.
前面有逗号。 他发表了如此鼓舞人心的演讲以致大家都很激动。
He ran quickly so that he
might catch the first bus. so + many/few + + that
他快跑，目的是赶上头班公共汽
I have had so many falls that I am black and 车。 blue all over. (目的状语从句，含情态动词) 我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块，紫一块。 He ran quickly, so that he He has so few friends that he often feels caught the first bus. lonely. 他跑得很快，结果赶上了头班公共 他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。 汽车。
(结果状语从句，不含情态动词，
so + much / little + + that前面用逗号)
I had so little money then that I couldn't even
afford a used car.
我当时囊中羞涩，甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。
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He drank so much wine last night that he felt
terrible.
昨晚他喝了那么多的酒，他觉得很不舒服。
"so + / + that""so + / "
So excited was he that he could not say a word.
他很激动，一句话都说不出来。 "such + a/an + 形容词
+ 单数名词"结构可以和"so So loudly did he speak that even the people in the
+ 形容词 + a/an + 单数next room cold hear him.
他说得很响，连隔壁的人都能听见。 名词"结构互换。
He told us such a C funny story that we all
laughed. such...that如此„„以致„„，引导的结果状语从句有如 ?He told us so funny a 下几种结构：
story that we all laughed.
such + a/ an + + + that 他给我们讲了一个如此有
趣的故事，大家都笑了。
?The story he told us We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the
was so funny that we all door.
laughed. 我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
他给我们讲的故事是如此
有趣，大家都笑了。 such + + + that
He gave such important reasons that he was excused.
他说出了这么重要的理由，得到了大家的谅解。
They are such interesting novels that all of us want
to read them.
这些是十分有意思的小说，大家都想看。
such + + + that such...that...与such...as...:
He made such rapid progress that the teacher She had such a fright that praised him. she fainted.
他的进步很快，老师表扬了他。
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He shut the window with such force that the 她吓得昏了过去。(结果状语从句) glass broke. Luckily such earthquakes as
他关窗子用了那么大的劲，玻璃都碎了。 can cause a lot of damage do
not happen very often. D 很幸运，这种破坏性很大的地震并
不经常发生。(定语从句) such that可以连用，意思是“(是)这样„„以
致„„”。
Mother's answer was such that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no.
妈妈的回答就是这样，既没有同意也没有不同意。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他勃然大怒，以致不能自制。
条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。引导条件状语从句的连词有if, unless, so/as long as, as/ so far as, on condition that, in case, suppose,
supposing等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用一在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过
去将来时。
A
if表示正面条件，意为“如果”。
If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。
Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。
B
unless = if not, 表示反面条件，意思是“如果不”、“除非”。
They will go tomorrow unless it rains.
除非明天下雨，否则他们会去的。 (= They will go tomorrow if it doesn't rain.)
I won't let you in unless you show me your pass.
如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你(= I won't let you in if you don't show me your
进来。 pass.)
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if...not和unless通常是可以换用的。但在下列情况下，两者是有区别的：
1. unless多引导真实条件句，if...not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。
He won't be able to pass the final exams unless he works hard.
除非他努力，否则就通过不了期末考试。
He won't be able to pass the final exams if he doesn't work hard.
如果他不努力，就通过不了期末考试。
2. 如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的面容，if...not结构不能换成unless。
I'll be quite a glad if she doesn't come this evening.
她今晚如果不来我很高兴。
3. unless引导的状语人可用否定结构。
Don't ask me to explain again unless you really don't understand.
不要再叫我解释了，除非你真的不懂。
4. unless能作为介词使用，相当于except。
Nothing will come out of it unless disaster.
这种事除了引起灾祸之外不会有什么结果。
C
这几个短语意思差不多，都表示“只要，条件是„„”。
As / So long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
You may use the room on condition that you clean it afterwards.
只要你用完后打扫干净，你就可以使用这个房间。
D
in case既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，等于"if it happens that"。
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
如果我忘了，请提醒我所做的承诺。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.
万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。
E
这几个短语意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如”等意思。
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Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。 (that可以省略)
Suppose / Supposing we can't get enough food, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎么办？ (仅用于疑问句)
方式状语从句是描述动作方式的从句。方式状语从句常由as, as if/at though等词引导，通常位于主句之后。
A
这两个连词的意思是“如„„，正如„„一样”。just as比as语气要强一些。
Leave things as they are.
让一切顺其自然。 在口语中，可用like来代替as，引导一个
方式状语从句。 Please do as you are told.
请按照人家告诉你做的去做。 She is doing the work exactly like I
(也可说Please do as told.) want her to.
Balloons float in the air just as boats 她正在完全按照我要她做的那样在做这项
工作。 do on the sea.
气球在空中就如同船浮在海面上一样。 Do you make bread like you make
cakes?
你做面包的方法是不是和做点心一样？
B
由as if或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，以可
以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况(见第3章虚拟语气)。
The boy plays the piano as though he has a natural ear for music.
这孩子弹起钢琴来好像天生很懂音乐似的。
They talked loudly as if nobody were around.
他们大声说话仿佛周围没人似的。
He acted as if/though nothing had happened.
他装得似乎什么事也未发生过。
比较状语从句常由as, than等连词引导。
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A
这两组词用于同等程度级的比较。否定句用not so/as...as, not the same...as。
Our country is as big as the whole of
在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部Europe.
我们的国家同整个欧洲一样大。 分省掉，如果把省略部分补上，显得累赘
或不合乎习惯。 The result was not as/so good as I had
expected. Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy
结果不如我预料的那么好。 is.
莉莉是一个不如露西那样聪明的女孩 She works in the same building as my
(如说成：Lily isn't so clever a girl sister.
她和我的妹妹在同一大楼上班。 as Lucy is clever显得累赘)
The child sang as sweetly as a B nightingale.
这孩子歌唱得同夜莺般婉转。 than表示不同程度级的比较。
It rains more often in Shanghai than in
Beijing.
上海下的雨比北京的多。
He is two inches taller than his father.
= He is taller than his father by two
inches.
他比他爸爸高两英寸。
C
这是表示比例的比较，意思是“越„„就越„„”。第一个the more...也可以看成是一个条件。
The more you read, the better you understand.
你看的书越多，你懂得就越多。
(= If you read more, you will understand better.)
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
他越忙越开心。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to
answer them.
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问题越困难，我就越不可能回答。
他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。 His father is double/twice his age.
他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。 His father is twice/ double as old as he (is).
我们的新学校比老学校大三 Our new school is three times bigger than the old
倍。 one.
我们的新学校是老学校的四倍 Our new school is four times as big as the old one. 大。
我们的新学校是老学校的四倍 Our new school is four times the size of the old
大。 one.
让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下，主句中的情况依然会出现。让步状语从句由
although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever,
whenever, wherever, whether, no matter (who, what, etc), even if, even though
等词引导。
A
这两个词意思一样，都解释成“虽然，尽管”。although比though正式。
althoughthough
Although his illness had prevented him from studying, he managed to pass the exam.
尽管病情妨碍了他学习，但他还是通过了考试。
有时though = and yet“但是， It was an exciting game, although no goals
然而”，放在句子末尾，前面用逗号。 were scored.
那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。 It was hard work; I enjoyed
it, though.
那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。 though
(= It was hard work, but I
enjoyed it.) Though he is poor, he is happy.
他虽然穷，但很快乐。
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I haven't checked the information yet, though I think it is correct.
我还没有核实这份资料，但我认为它错不了。
My house, though it is large, is also made of stone and wood.
我的房子虽然大，但是也是用石头和木料建成的。
though although, though不能与but连用，
但是可以与yet, still连用。
Child though he is, he knows a lot. Although/Though he blames me,
尽管他是个孩子，他懂得的东西却很多。 yet I will trust him.
(= Although he is a child, he knows a lot.) 尽管他责怪我，但我还是愿意信任他。
Strange though it may look, it is true. Though he was hungry, still he
尽管看起来奇怪，但是却是真的。 would not eat.
(= Though it looks strange, it is true.) 尽管他饿了，但是他仍然不想吃。
B
这两个词语气比though, although强，解释为“即使”，两者可换用。
We won't be discouraged even if/though we fail ten times.
我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
Even if/though you fail, you will have gained experience.
纵然你失败，你也会得到一些经验。
C
这两个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出主句和从句的对比。
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉，而有些人讨厌肥肉。
D
这几个词引导的让步状语从句语气十分强烈。
This is not true, no matter who says so.
不管谁这么说，都不对。
Do it no matter what others say.
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不管别人怎么说，尽管干。
No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。
E
这些词在意思上和用法上都等于no matter how/what...。
Whatever happens/may happen, we shall never lose hope.
无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。
(有时从句中的动词与may连用)
However/No matter how expensive it may be, I'll take it.
无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
Don't let them in, whoever /no matter who they are.
不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。
F 可直接用or来连接两个相同结
whether...or (not)...意思是“不管„„还是„„”。 构表示让步。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true. Walking or sleeping, she
不管你信不信，这是真的。 always has the question in
Whether the weather is good or bad, they will her mind. set off as planned. 无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想
不管天气是好还是坏，他们都要按计划启程。 着这个问题。
G
连词as，同though一样，也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句中要用特殊语序。
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
他虽然年轻，但懂得很多。 (= Though he is young, he knows a lot.)
Cold as it is, the children are playing outdoors.
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外(= Though it is cold, the children are playing
玩。 outdoors.)
H
if有时也可用于让步状语从句，相当于even if。
If he is poor, he is at least honest.
尽管他穷，但至少他很诚实。
209
We'll go if it rains.
即使下雨我们也要去。
I'll do it if I die in the attempt.
即使会丧命我也要试一下。
有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it，常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉。
Look out for cars when crossing the street.
过街时当心车辆。 (=...when you are crossing the street.)
She hurriedly left the room as though angry.
她急匆匆地走出屋去，好像很生气的样子。 (=...as though she was angry...)
If possible, I'd like to have two copies of it.
可能的话，我想要两本。 (= If it is possible, ...)
She advised me not to say anything unless asked.
她劝我别说什么，除非有人要我说。 (=...unless I was asked.)
THE DUTFUL DOG
born in 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006
Dog people are honest, faithful and sincere
属狗的人诚实，忠诚，真挚。
They respect tradition and value honor, and enjoy helping people. They
are righteous and always the first to speak out against in justice.
他们尊重传统，珍惜荣誉，乐于助人。属狗者有正义感，总是率先出来与非正义作
斗争。
They are not social, and rarely shine in his company, but he is intelligent,
caring, dutiful and good listeners.
他们虽然不善于与人交往，在同伴中鲜有出彩机会，但是他们聪明，体贴，善于倾听，有很强的责任感。
The dog is very reliable in keeping secrets for others, so he can be an
agreeable companion.
属狗的人嘴巴牢，能为别人保守秘密，因此他是令人愉快的伙伴。
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